Protein Crystallography Module:

Lecture 1:Why do we use X-rays?

Why do we use crystals?signal amplification

Why diffraction?we get from the diffraction image to the electron density via the Fourier tranform

Protein crystals:the content of a protein crystal

the crystallization process

2D solubility diagram

precipitants:PEGs (polyethylene glycols)

salts

organic solvents

solubility screen

crystallization methods:batch crystallization

vapor diffusion

microdialysis

free interface diffusion

crystallization screening:screening methods:full factorial (full matrix)

incomplete factorial (sparse matrix)

commercially available screens

manual and robotic crystallization screening

crystal observation

crystal farms

growth of a crystal

refinement of crystallization conditions

seeding

crystallization of soluble proteins

requirements for crystallization:compactness

stable conformation

lacking unstructured regions

correct folding

purity

homogeneity

monodisperse

cystallization of membrane proteinsnonionic and zwitterionic detergents

purification and crystallization of membrane proteins

crystallization in lipidic mesophases

crystallization chaperones