POTENTIALS AND PROSPECTS OF ORGANIC WASTE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO

HIMACHAL PRADESH

SUBMITTED TO - DR M.C. RANASUBMITTED BY – AKHIL BHARTI

(A-2014-01-006)

INTRODUCTIONORGANIC WASTES: These are the biological or organic

sources generally left unused or are of little or no economic importance; but can be recycled for generation of new resources. The organic waste present a vast potential in India and it can be an important resource for generating manures, compost, fodder, electricity, charcoal, methanol, ethanol, biodiesel and various other Products.

ORGANIC WASTE IN INDIA: The organic waste are widely available in India. They can prove an important resource for generating manures, fodder, fuel etc. However at present, the organic wastes in India are underutilized due to their inefficient management. The improper management of organic waste leads to loss of its potential use and also it poses various environmental and health hazards.

TYPES OF ORGANIC WASTESUrban waste/municipal solid waste (MSW)SewageAgro industrial wastes

Urban waste/municipal solid waste (MSW)

The generation of municipal solid waste is generally significant only in urban area where municipal solid waste is normally collected, transported and dumped in outskirts of towns and cities. Sorting out for the recyclable waste by rag pickers is common while other ways of handling like composting, burning etc. also take place to some extent. The MSW in India increased from 20.7 m tonnes in 1991 to 46.5 m tonnes in 2011-12.The cost of present MSW handling systems is very high.

Various components of municipal solid waste in a metro city (New Delhi)

Components Percentage of composition of MSW

Vegetable and related materials 57Paper and paper boards 6

Other organics 5Plastics 3

Metal and glass 6Fines and ash 23

Source: Bhattacharyaa et al.2005

Municipal solid waste (MSW) generation in India and H.P.

MSW generated (M tonnes)1999-2000 2011-12

India 19.03 46.53Himachal Pradesh 0.27 0.11

Source: Anonymous. 2012. National Accounts Statistics: Central Statistical Organization; Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.

SewageLike municipal solid waste, sewage is major organic waste generated in the urban regions. Sewage waste is characterized by a higher content of biodegradable organic matter and has high NPK content. It can be used to make high value manures, biogas and generation of electricity. Total sewage production in India in 2001 was 26164 million litre day-I (MLD).

Sewage generation in India and H.P.

Sewage generation (MLD) in 2000-01

India 26164

Himachal Pradesh 25.2

SOURCE: Anonymous. 2005. Status of Sewage Treatment in India. Central Pollution Control Board.

Agro industrial wastesThe main agro-industrial wastes include oil cakes, sugar

industry wastes, vegetable and fruit processing wastes, pulp and paper mill residues. In India, about 4 million tonnes of edible and non-edible oilcakes are availablea annually.T he edible cakes of groundnut, rape-mustard, sesamum and linseed are used as cattle feed and manure while the nonedible oilcakes are used as organic manures. Due to low C:N ratio (3-15), they tend to quickly decompose. Sugar industry produce 3 byproducts: bagasse, molasses and pressmud. Bagasse is most important among them as it forms 28-36% of the biomass. It is used as litter in poultry, mulching and composting material in crop production

POTENTIALS OF ORGANIC WASTE:

Increasing the revenue from agricultureConversion of organic waste in useful

materialsSource of plant nutrition and soil amendmentSource for energy generation

Per cent share of agriculture in GDP of IndiaYEAR % SHARE IN GDP (AGRICULTURE)

2004-05 16.0

2005-06 15.8

2006-07 15.3

2007-08 15.6

2008-09 15.2

2009-10 15.2

2010-11 15.3

2011-12 14.0

2012-13 13.7

Residue potential of rice, wheat and maize crops in H.P.

CROP CROP PRODUCTION 2006-07 (MT) CROP RESIDUE (MT) RESIDUE AVAILABLE

FOR RECYCLING (MT)RICE 1.18 1.77 0.59

WHEAT 3.81 5.72 1.91

MAIZE 6.76 10.14 3.38

TOTAL 11.75 17.63 5.88

Use of Agricultural waste for generating various products by various conversion processes

Growth in commercial energy consumption of selected countries and regions

COUNTRY/REGIONGROWTH IN ENERGY

CONSUMPTION DURING 1995-2000 (%)

BRAZIL 36.6

CHINA 69.6

INDIA 52.2

JAPAN 6.2

GERMANY -2.7

MEXICO 31.8

UK 6.0

USA 10.2Bhattacharya S.C. and Jana C. 2009. Renewable energy in India: Historical developments and prospects Energy 34: 981—991.

N-P-K potential of major crops in Himachal Pradesh

CropResidue available for recycling in 2007-08

(MT)N-P-K

ContentFertilizer

Equivalent (T)

Rice 0.59 12.80 6.41

Wheat 1.91 34.28 17.14

Maize 3.38 69.21 34.61

Total 5.88 116.29 58.16

SOURCE: Anonymous 2012; Statistical outline Himachal Pradesh

Effect of FYM on wheat yieldTreatment pH

Wheat yield (T/Ha)

1972-73 2004-05

Control 5.6 1.01 0.35

Recommended NPK 5.3 3.93 1.84

Recommended NPK + FYM 5.4 4.30 2.38

Recommended NPK + Lime 6.4 4.19 2.20

C.D. (0.05) 0.61 0.21

SOURCE: Mahajan et al 2007

Effect of organic manures on wheat yield

Treatment Biological Yield (Q/Ha) Grain Yield (Q/Ha)

Chemical Fertilizers

Control 71.66 18.02

2/3rd NPK 94.20 24.16

100% NPK 99.00 26.27

C.D. (@5%) 8.50 3.58

Organic Manures

Vermicompost @ 10T/Ha 97.37 25.69

FYM @10T/Ha 86.61 21.86

C.D. (@5%) 7.36 3.09

Effect of organic manures on crop qualityTreatment Protein content (%) in wheat

1999-2000 2000-2001

Control 9.23 9.81

Recommended NPK 13.16 13.43

FYM @ 10 T/Ha 13.45 13.95

Mashroom spent compost @10 13.11 13.58

Berseem green manure 12.02 12.65

Mashroom spent compost @5 13.15 13.83

Berseem + FYM 13.23 13.71

C.D. (With in Organic Manures) 0.20 0.41

SOURCE: Choudhary et al. 2005

Production of animal waste in H.P.Animal Population in 2007

(Million)Dung produced

(T/Day)Cattle and Buffalo 3.03 34800

Goat and Sheep 2.14 6400

Poultry 0.81 600

Total 5.98 41800

SOURCE: Statistical outline Himachal Pradesh 2011-12

Livestock population in H.P. (2007).

Source Population in 2007

(Million)

Dung Produced

per day (T)

Biogas production Potential

Fuel wood Equivalent

(T/Yr)Cattle & Buffalo

3.03 34800 647280 2265.5

Goat and Sheep

2.14 6400 119040 416.6

Poultry 0.81 600 11160 39.1Total 41800 777480 2721.2

SOURCE: Singh et al 1997; Anonymous 2012, Central Statistical Organization

Conclusions In present condition of agriculture where returns are

decreasing and the cost of inputs like fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides are increasing, the use organic waste can generate new cheap resources thereby increasing the return from agriculture sector.

After recycling, organic waste can provide plant nutrients at low cost through composts, manure and oilseed cakes which can help in reducing the fertilizer input in the farm. Organic waste management can prove vital resource in conserving the non-renewable resources like fuel wood, coal, natural gas and diesel.

Organic waste or residue when applied in soil, can improve soil physical, chemical and biological condition.

Organic residues when used along with fertilizer, can enhance their effect on crop yield and quality.