prosaplus guideline - oeko.de
TRANSCRIPT
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PROSA – Product Sustainability Assessment
PROSAplus Guideline
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PROSA–ProductSustainabilityAssessmentPROSAplus Guideline
PublisherÖko-Institute.V.–InstituteforAppliedEcology
POBox500240D-79028FreiburgPhone:0049-761-45295-0Email:[email protected]
AuthorsMartinMöllerFlorianAntonyRainerGrießhammerJensGrögerRasmusPrieß
LayoutTobiasBinnig–gestalter.de
DieserLeitfadenistauchindeutscherSpracheverfügbar.ThisguidelineisalsoavailableinGerman.
CopyrightsTitle:Auto©Moose–stock.adobe.com(P.16),Fernseher©4thLifePhotography–stock.adobe.com,P.15©Luftbildfotograf–stock.adobe.com,P.23©TIMDAVIDCOLLECTION–stock.adobe.com,P.26©chattrakarn–stock.adobe.com,andere©privatoderÖko-Institute.V.
Thisbrochurewasproducedaspartofthejointresearchproject“SDGAssessment–Furtherdeve-lopmentofasustainabilityassessmentmethodbasedonthesustainabilitygoalsoftheUnitedNations(Agenda2030)”.TheprojectonwhichthisbrochureisbasedwasfundedbytheFederalMinistryonEducationandResearchinthefundingprogrammeSocial-EcologicalResearchunderthefundingcode01UT1901B.Theprojectteamisresponsibleforthemethod.
ThejointprojectwascarriedoutbytheZNU–CentreforSustainableLeadershipattheUniversityofWitten/Herdecke(projectmanagement)incooperationwithOeko-Institute.V.TheprojectteamconsistedofDrUlrikeEberle(projectmanagement),JuliusWenzig,DirkPieper(allZNU)andMartinMöller(deputyprojectmanagement),RasmusPrieß,JensGröger,DrFlorianAntony(allOeko-Institut)andProf.Dr.RainerGrießhammer.
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PROSA – Product Sustainability Assessment
PROSAplusGuideline
1 PROSAinbrief 4
2 Pathfinder 6
3 LifeCycleAssessment(LCA)asoriginalmethod 8
3.1Comparisonofelectriccarswithpetrolanddieselcars 8
3.2Interpretationmodelstocaptureaggregateenvironmentalimpact 11
3.3ProductEnvironmentalFootprint(PEF)andaggregationmodel 12
4 LifeCycleCosting 14
5 Eco-EfficiencyAnalysis 17
6 SocialLifeCycleAssessment(SLCA) 19
6.1SocialIndicators 20
6.2ThePROSASLCA 22
7 BenefitAnalysis 24
7.1Societalutility(„publicvalue“) 26
7.2ConsumerresearchinPROSA 29
8 Sustainabilitycriteriaonthebasisofthe2030Agenda 30
9 Sustainabilityassessmentandaggregation 34
10 ProFitS 36
10.1TheProFitSsoftware 36
10.2Dataentry 36
11 ProductPortfolioAnalysis 44
Annex 48
Referencesandwebsite 54
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New challenges
Strategicproductportfolioplanning,productdevelopmentandproductmar-ketinghavebecomemorecomplicated.Digitalisation,targetedtransformationssuchasthetransitionintheenergysec-tor,globalmarketswithdiverseculturesandrapidlychangingconsumerattitudespresentaneedtodeployintegratedprospectivemanagementmethodsinthedevelopmentofproductsandservices.Thegrowinginfluenceofsocialframe-workconditionsisafurtherreasonforusingsuchtools.ThissettingincludesstatutoryrequirementssuchasSocio-EconomicBenefitAnalysisundertheEuropeanUnion’schemicalslawintheshapeofREACHandtheMEEuPinte-gratedassessmentmethodrequiredbytheEUEco-DesignDirective.Inaddition,market-drivenelementssuchasfinancialratingandvoluntaryagreementssuchascorporatereportingareplayinganincreasinglyimportantrole,butalsothesharpeyeofNGOsandthemediaonthesocialacceptabilityofproductionpro-cessesincountriesoftheglobalnorthandglobalsouthisdecisive.
Veryfewmethodstotacklethesenewchallengeshaveyetbeendevelopedwhichareclearlycharacterizedandproveninpractice.PROSAisonesuchmethod.PROSAgivesparticularatten-tiontotheanalysisofsocialandsocietalaspects,andtotheconsiderationofutilityaspectsandconsumerresearch.Intheprocessofdevelopingtheindividualtoolsthatmakeupthemethod,carewastakentoengageincloseinternationalexchangeandharmonization,forin-stancewithSETAConLifeCycleCosting,withUNEP-SETAConSocialLCAandwithmajorindustrialcompaniesonapplica-tioninpractice.ThepresentPROSAplusmanual(asofJanuary2021)presentsthestateoftheartofthePROSAmethod(updateoftheinitialversionfrom2007).
PROSA (Product Sustainability Assessment)
isamethodforthestrategicanalysisandevaluationofproductportfolios,prod-uctsandservices.Thegoalistoidentifysysteminnovationsandoptionsforactiontowardssustainabledevelopment.PROSAstructuresthedecision-makingprocessesthatthisrequires,reducingcomplexitytokeyelements.
Importantfieldsofapplicationinclude: Strategicplanningandproduct
portfolioanalysisincompanies, productdevelopmentandmarketing, productpolicyanddialogue
processes, sustainableconsumptionandproduct
information.
Thankstotheopenstructure,PROSAcanalsobeusedtoanalysesustainabilityatotherlevels,suchastechnologiesorcompanies.
PROSAspanscompleteproductlifecycles;itassessesandevaluatestheenvi-ronmental,economicandsocialopportu-nitiesandrisksoffuturedevelopmenttrajectories.PROSAisaprocess-drivenanditerativemethodologywhichgivesdueregardtotimeandcostrestrictions.Itcallsasfaraspossibleonexisting,well-establishedindividualtools:MegatrendAnalysis,LifeCycleAssessment(LCA),LifeCycleCosting(LCC),SocialLifeCycleAssessment(SLCA),supplementedbytheBenefitAnalysisdevelopedbyOeko-Institut.AnewfeatureofPROSAplusisthewell-foundedandpredefinedselec-tionofsustainabilityindicatorsbasedonthe2030Agenda.
Figure1showsthebasicstructureofPROSA.
1 PROSA in brief
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Figure1:BasicstructureofPROSA
ProFits evaluation model
Social Life-Cycle Ass. (SLCA)
Benefit Analysis (BA)
Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Life-Cycle Costing (LCC)
Life-Cycle Costing
BeneGrade
Rohstoffe & Vorketten
Produktion
Handel
Anwendung
Gesellschaft
Definition of objective Analysis of market Brainstorming Sustainability assessment Strategy development and context on the basis of Agenda 2030
Development phases
Core tools
Megatrend Analysis
SocioGrade
EcoGrade
ProfitS
Eco-Efficiency
Prod
uktli
nie
Systemebenen
PROSAisanopen-endedmethodologythatdoesnotpredefineoutcomes.Itplacesaparticularfocusontheevalua-tionprocessandonevaluationmodels.Prevailingnormativedisparitiesandcon-flictsamongindividualstakeholders,cul-turesand(world)regionsaswellaschangingsocialvaluesareidentifiedclearly–asarepotentialapproachestowardscommoninnovation.PROSAmoderates,inatargetedmanner,oppos-inginterestsanddecision-makingsitua-tionsthatariseincorporateproductdevelopmentorinproductpolicyanddialogueprocesses.
Thefollowingelementsareseenasman-datoryelementsofPROSA:
Focusonsysteminnovation, clearprocessmanagement
(“Pathfinder”), benefitanalysis, inclusionofthecompleteproduct
line, analysisofsustainabilityaspectson
thebasisofthe2030Agenda.
Inthefollowing,thismanualexplainshowtousePROSAandillustratesthemethodwithcasestudies.
As a further development of the PROSA method, PROSAplus offers a number of advantages in its application, because the instrument
actsasastrategicradarforopportu-nitiesandrisks,
identifiesfuturemarketsandnewconsumerneeds,
takesaccountofpresentandfuturesocietalsettings,
helpstoavoidmisinvestments, inspiresbyrelayingtheviewsandval-
uesofdifferentstakeholders,regionsandcultures,
highlightsandreducescomplexitytotheessentialsandsetsclearpriorities.
Thesequenceofworkisguidedbythetypicalphasesofstrategyformulationprocesses.Theso-calledPathfinderstructurestheimplementationofPROSA.
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Productsustainabilityassessmentspresentmajorchallenges.Thesechal-lengeswillbemasteredsuccessfullyandefficientlyifworkproceduresanddecision-makingprocesseshaveaclearandwell-reasonedstructure–which,inPROSA,isimposedbyaspecialprocesstoolcalledthePathfinder.ThePathfinderspecifiesthewayPROSAiscarriedout–thechronologicalsequence,theselectionof(core)tools–andprovidesaidssuchasindicatorlists,timeandcostmanage-mentstructures,graphicsroutinesandinterpretationframeworks.
ThePathfindersetsouttheprototypi-calperformanceofPROSA(cf.figureontheright).Whenusedbycompanies,thecompany’sownspecificmanagementtools,checklistsorinterpretationframe-workscanbeusedreadily.Astrategyteamshouldbeformedwithinthecom-panytocarryoutorsupportPROSA.
Thesequenceoftheprocessisguidedbythetypicalphasesofstrategyfor-mulationprocesses:definitionofob-jective,analysisofmarketandsetting,brainstorming,evaluationandstrategyformu-lation.TheperformanceofPROSAisprocess-ledanditerative–initial,orientinganalysesarepursuedingreaterdepthlateron,newideasorunexpectedfindingscanchangethecourseoftheprocessorcancausepreviousphasestobereworked.
Core tools and new toolsAsetofcoretoolsisusedtosupportworkintheindividualphases.Mostofthetoolsarematureandincommonuse.Theyarealreadydeployedinmostlargecompaniesandinpublicproductpolicy.Theseincludemegatrendanalysis,consumerresearchandLifeCycleAssess-ment(LCA).ThreenewcoretoolswerespeciallydevelopedforPROSA:SocialLCA(togetherwiththeUNEP-SETACLifeCycleInitiative),BenefitAnalysisandtheProFitS(ProductsFittoSustainability)as-sessmentsoftware.
Process-led and iterativeDependinguponcontext,certaintoolscangaingreaterorlesserimportanceorcanprovetolackrelevanceinthespecificcase.Conversely,othertoolscanbeusedwithoutdifficultywhentheyarerequired–a“joker”isplacedtomarkthepositionofsuchspecialtoolsintheprocess.Suchtoolsmayincludesafetyanalysesforfacilitieswheremajoracci-dentsareanissue,(eco)toxicologicalriskassessment,noisestudies,pre-investmentappraisalsetc.PROSAisusedtoselectanddeterminethedepthofanalysisofthedifferenttoolsandindicators,anditensuresintegrationofthevariousfind-ings.
Theassignmentofindividualstepsandtoolstospecificphasesistobeunder-stoodasarecommendation.Dependinguponcontext,thestepsarecarriedoutindifferentdepths.CoretoolscanalsobeappliedinotherorseveralphasesofthePROSAprocess.Forinstance,evaluationtakesplaceinthelastphase,butimpor-tantpre-evaluationsalreadytakeplaceinthefirstphases–whendeter-miningthegoal,identifyingstakeholders,prioritiz-ingideasandselectingindicators.Depar-turesfromtherecommendedorplannedsequenceofworkarepossiblewithoutfurtherado–buttheyshouldbedecideduponandreasonedclearly.
Thenextsectionsofthismanualpresentindetailandexplainwithcasestudiesthefollowingtoolsandtheselectionofindicators:
LifeCycleAssessment, LifeCycleCosting, Eco-EfficiencyAnalysis, SocialLCA, BenefitAnalysis, Selectionofsustainabilityindicators
basedonthe2030Agenda, Evaluationandaggregation, Theintegratedinterpretationframe-
workand ProFitSsoftware.
TheProductPortfolioSustainabilityAnalysisispresentedattheendofthis
2 Pathfinder
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brochure,asitrepresentsaspecialusecaseofPROSAincompanies.IfsuchaProductPortfolioAnalysisiscarriedout,itisofcourseatthebeginningoftheinvestigation.
TheannextothisbrochurecontainsseveralchecklistsandoverviewsdesignedtoaidtheperformanceofPROSA.Thesecanreadilybesubstitutedbycompany-specificchecklistswheresuchexist:
“Actors”checklist, “Stakeholderinvolvement”checklist, “Opportunitiesandrisksarisingfrom
cooperatingwithactors”checklist, “Integrationofthesub-methodsin
PROSA”checklist, Listofsocialindicators.
Figure 2 – Sequence of PROSA and tasks of the individual phases
Phase
Definition of objective
Analysis of market and
context
Brainstorming
Sustainability assessment
Strategy planning
Tools and aids
ActorAnalysisStakeholderInvolvementChecklistActorCooperationChecklist
ProductPortfolioAnalysis
IndicatorList
IntegrationChecklist
Life-CycleAssessment(LCA)
Life-CycleCosting(LCC)
SocialLCA(SLCA)
ConsumerResearchBenefitAnalysis
Joker
ProFitS”(ProductsFittoSustainability)integratedinterpretationframeworkandpartialevaluationframeworksforindividualdimensions.
Task and outcome of phase
Concretizethetaskandcapacities(humanandfinan-cial)andsetschedule
Carryoutinternalandexternalactoranalysisandclarifyinvolvementofinternalandexternalactors(companies,stakeholders)
Selectpriorityproductfields
Comprehensivecharacterizationoftheproductanditssetting(society,market,technology,countryorregionetc.),whereappropriatesynopsisofconceivablesystemdevelopmentsinconsistentscenarios
Collectvisions,ideas,productorsystemalternatives.Prioritizethesefortheassessmentphase
Adoptionoftheproduct-andcompany-relatedsus-tainabilityindicatorsandthebenefitindicatorsofthe2030Agenda.
Ifnecessary,expandtoincludemoredetailedindicators.
In-depthsustainabilityassessment
Analyseenvironmentalaspectsthroughouttheproductlifecycle
Analyseeconomicaspectsthroughouttheproductlifecycle
Analysesocial/societaldeterminantsthroughouttheproductlifecycle
Identifyconsumergroupsandtheirneedsandutilitydemands
Ifrequired,assessfurtherorotheraspectsusingspecialtoolssuchassafetyanalyses,toxicologicalanalyses,noisestudiesetc.(“Joker”tomarkthepositionofsuchtoolsintheprocess)
Derivedevelopmentpathsandconcretestrategicop-tionsforactionandsubsequentlyevaluatethese.Theevaluationincludesabenefit-sustainabilityap-praisalandanexaminationwhetherminimumsustain-abilitycriteriaarecompliedwith.Optionsforactioncanalsorelatetocommunicationorre-organization(modificationofstrategyoroftheorganization,or-ganizationallearningetc.).
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TheimplementationofLifeCycleAssess-mentsisdescribedindetailintheISOstandards14040and14044,LCAbeingawidelyknownandprovenmethodol-ogy.Inmanycompanies,itisusedforproductdevelopment,inpoliticsforsomeproduct-relatedlegislation(suchastheEcodesignDirectiveandthePackag-ingAct),andforconsumerinformationandproductlabels.ThebasicstructureoftheLCAcomprisesfourphases(goalandscopedefinition,inventoryanalysis,impactassessmentandinterpretation;seeISO14040).TheothercoretoolsofPROSAsuchasLifeCycleCosting(LCC)andSocialLifeCycleAssessment(SLCA)aswellastheintegratedproductsustain-abilityanalysisemploythebasicmeth-odologicalapproachofLCAasdirectlyaspossibleor,wherenecessary,inamodi-fiedform.
ThemethodologicaldescriptionoftheLCAcanbedispensedwithatthispointduetotheexistingstandards.ProspectiveLCAsposeaparticularchallengebe-causehereitisnecessarytousealargernumberofassumptionswithacompara-blyhighlevelofuncertainty.Thefol-lowingcomparisonofelectriccarswithpetrolanddieselcarsshowsontheonehandtheefficiencyoftheLCAmethod,andontheotherhandthegreatimpor-tanceofwell-foundedassumptionsanddataaswellassensitivitycalculations.
3.1 Comparison of electric cars with petrol and diesel cars
TheaimofthisLCAistocompareclas-sicpetrolanddieselcarswithbatteryelectricvehicles(hereinafterreferredtoas‘electriccars’)intermsoftheircon-tributiontoclimatechangemitigation,ineachcaseinrelationtonewcars.Theresultsserveasabasisforproduct-andmobility-relateddecisionsaswellasforconsumerdecisions.Thereby,itisgener-allyassumedthatalternativeformsofmobility(long-distancerail,publictrans-port,cycling,carsharing)havealreadybeenconsideredorexhausted,andthat
thepurchaseofanowncarisconsiderednecessary.
Thefollowingalternativeswerenotincludedinthecomparison:
Plug-inhybridvehicles,becausethesearepredominantlydrivenlikeclassiccars,i.e.withahighproportionjour-neyswithpetrol-ordiesel-poweredvehicles,mainlywithcompanycars,butalsowithprivatecars;
Fuelcellcars,becausetheseonlyhaveadvantagesforfrequentlong-dis-tancejourneysandtherearehardlyanyvehiclesavailableonthemarketanyway;
petrolordieselcarspoweredby“CO2
neutral”power-to-Xfuels,becausethiscombinationhasaveryhighdemandforrenewableelectricitycomparedtobatteryelectriccars.Inaddition,CO2emissionscanbeevenhigherthanwith(fossil)dieselorpetroliftheelectricitydoesnotcomefromadditionalrenewablesources.
Thefollowingframeworkconditionsapplytothecomparison:Thecountryofaccounting(fortheusephase)isGer-many,productionisgloballydistributed.TheGermanelectricitymixisusedasthebasisfortheelectricitysupplyintheusephase.Itisassumedthatrenewableener-giesareincreasinglyusedintheproduc-tionofelectricity(increaseoftheshareto65%by2030inaccordancewiththeGermanGovernment’sClimateActionProgramme).Itisalsoassumedthatthenetworkofelectricchargingstationswillbesufficientlyexpandedinthecomingyears.Theconstructionofthenetworkandthe(earlier)constructionofthecurrentfillingstationnetworkarenotaccountedfor(cut-offcriterion).
Giventhattherearewelloverathou-sanddifferentcarmodels,thecompari-sonismadeusingacasestudy,namelythemostfrequentlysoldcarmodelinGermany:theVWGolf.Asregardselec-triccars,theVW ID.3 Pro Performance(electriccarwith58kWhbattery)ismostsimilartotheGolf.Thedieselandpetrol
3 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as original method
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versionsmostsimilartotheID.3aretheVW Golf 1.5eTSI Life DSG(petrolcar)andthe VW Golf 2.0 TDI SCR Life.
Thedifferentbenefitaspectsaredis-cussedinchapter7(BenefitAnalysis).InthecaseoftheID.3,thevariantwithahigherbatterycapacity(i.e.58kWhbat-tery)waschosenbecausethisisassoci-atedwithagreaterrangeandisincreas-inglyindemand.
Thedifferentbenefitaspectsaredis-cussedinchapter7(benefitanalysis).InthecaseoftheID.3,thevariantwithahigherbatterycapacity(i.e.58kWhbat-tery)waschosenbecausethisisassoci-atedwithagreaterrangeandisincreas-inglyindemand.
Whenbalancingtheproductionandrecyclingofpassengercars,existingandgenerallyrecognisedLCAdatacanbe
usedforthe“vehiclebody”.Thevehiclebodyaccountsforthelargestshareofgreenhousegasemissionsduringpro-ductionexpressedinCO
2equivalentsorCO2e.Inthecaseofdieselandpetrolpassengercars,thefollowingpartsareaddedtothevehiclebodyintheLCA:Combustionengine,gearbox,additionalcomponents(e.g.fueltank),exhaustsystemandstarterbattery.Fortheelec-triccar,thefollowingpartsareaddedinstead:Electricmotor,(smaller)gearbox,variousadditionalcomponentsfortheelectricdrivetrain(e.g.high-voltagecables,chargingelectronics,inverter/converter)andaboveallalargebattery(inthecaseoftheID.3,alithium-ionbat-tery,theproductionofwhichcausespar-ticularlyhighgreenhousegasemissions(seeFig.3)).TherecyclingoftheID.3issomewhatmorecomplexthanthatoftheGolfdieselorGolfpetrol.
Figure.3-Greenhousegasemissionsofvehicleproductionanddisposalbycomparison
Source:OwncalculationsaccordingtoAgoraandIFEU
14.000
12.000
10.000
8.000
6.000
4.000
2.000
0 ID.3 GolfPetrol GolfDiesel
Disposal/Recycling
Battery
Gearbox(engine)
Vehiclebody
5.407
1.863
6.148
839
14.257
5.407
1.508
694
7.609
5.407
1.324
694
7.425
THG
-Em
issi
onen
ink
gCO
2e
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TheproductionoftheID.3sissignifi-cantlymoreCO2-intensive(around100kgCO2eperkWhofbatterycapacity),especiallyduetothebattery.Thedataontheproductionofthebatterydifferconsiderably,andthereiscurrently(asof2020)onlyasmallamountofreliableprimarydataavailable.Thereareseveralreasonsforthis:Batterydevelopmentiscomparativelynew,manufacturersarecompetingwithdifferentbatterysys-tems,productiondataisthereforepartlysecret,anddynamictechnicaldevelop-mentandupscalingarereducingCO
2eemissionsperkWhofbatterycapacity.Alotofelectricityisusedintheproductionofthebattery,sothatthetotalemissionsofbatteryproductionalsostilldependsignificantlyontheelectricitymixofthemanufacturingcountry.
Inameta-studyconductedbyAgoraVerkehrswende,23studiesonbatteryproductionwereevaluated.ThedataonCO2eemissionsperbatterycapacityrangedfromabout40to270kg/CO2e.Theaverageofthetenmorerecentstudies(asof2016)wasaround130kWh.AgoraVerkehrswendeassumedanaver-agevalueofaround145kgCO2e/kWhaf-teradetailedevaluation.AmorerecentSwedishstudyreportedarangeof61-106kgCO2e/kWh(Emilsson&Dahllöf2019).Inthefollowing,thehighervalueof106kgCO2e/kWhfromtheSwissstudyisusedasabasis.Fortheproductionofa58kWhbatterythiscorrespondsto6,148kgCO2e/kWh,forasmaller35kWhbat-teryonlyto3,710kgCO2e/kWh.
Fortheusephase,aholdingperiodof12yearsandatotalmileageof180,000kilometresor15,000kilometresperyearareselectedasthefunctionalunit.Thisassumptionontheannualmileageofprivateownersisacompromise:petrolcarsdriveonaverageabout10,400kilo-metres;dieselcars,ontheotherhand,about17,400kilometres;electriccarsabout11,500kilometres(ofcourse,thereisnolong-termexperiencehereyet).Car-sharingcarsandtaxishavemuchhigherannualmileages–upto70,000kilometres.
Theconsumptionvaluesofelectricity,dieselandpetrolper100kmarebasedonthestandardvaluesstatedbythemanufacturersaccordingtotheWLTPtest(therealvaluesarehigher).
WhiletheCO2eemissionsforpetroland
dieselareconstantinafirstapproxima-tion,eveninperspective,verydifferent,time-relatedassumptionscanbemadeforelectricity:
Currenthouseholdelectricitymix(electricitymixoftheyear2020);
Averageovertheperiodofuse(asassumed)andthusoftheaverageelectricitymixoverthenexttwelveyears(because,accordingtothefederalgovernment‘splans,theCO2eemissionsperkWhdecreaseeachyearduetotheincreaseinrenewableenergies);
Assumptionthattheelectriccarsarepredominantlychargedatprivateorcommercialphotovoltaicsystems(withverylowCO2eemissions);
Assumptionthattheelectriccarsarepredominantlychargedatnight(withathenhighershareofcoal-firedelectricityandcorrespondinglysig-nificantlyhigherCO2eemissionsperkWh).
InacompleteLCA,usuallyupto16impactcategoriesareanalysed.SincetheobjectiveoftheLCApresentedistoanalyseonlytheclimaterelevance,thecomparisonislimitedtothegreenhousegasemissionsalongthelifecycle(rawmaterials,productionofthepassengercar,productionofelectricityordieselandpetrol,useandrecyclinganddisposalofthecar).
TheLifeCycleInventory(Tab.1)showsthat,withtheassumptionsdescribed,theID.3producessignificantlylowerCO
2eemissionsoverallthandieselorpetrolcars.ThehigherCO2eemissionscausedbythebatteryproductionoftheID.3arecompensatedforafterabout80,000kilometresofdriving(withthesmaller35kWhbatteryalreadyafterabout60,000kilometres).
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OtheradvantagesoftheID.3snotinclud-edherearethesignificantlylowernoiselevelsinthecity(athigherspeeds,tyrenoisedominateswithallpassengercars)
andthattherearenopollutantemissionsinthecity(exceptfortheusualtyreabra-sionofallpassengercars).
Sensitivityanalysescanbeusedtoexam-inetheextenttowhichotherassump-tionswouldhaveanimpact.Forreasonsofspace,thisisonlypresentedqualita-tivelybelow:
Thecomparisonshiftspartiallyorcom-pletelyinthedirectionoftheGolfdiesel/petrolunderthefollowingassumptions:
Considerationofproductiononly, assumptionoflargerbatteries(and
largercars), significantlyhighervaluesforbattery
production, onlyasmalltotalmileageorconsider-
ationofthefirstyearsafterpurchaseonly(e.g.3-5years),
chargingofelectriccarsonlyormainlyatnight.
TheID.3performsevenbetterunderthefollowingassumptions:
Useofasmallerbattery, evenhighermileage, chargingmainlyduringtheday, andveryclearly:chargingpredomi-
nantlyatthe(own)PVsystem.
Thesensitivityanalysesalsoshowhowthereplacementofanelectriccarcanbeoptimisedfromanenvironmentalpointofview:assmallacaraspossible,assmallabatteryaspossible,chargingasoftenaspossibleduringthedayandasmuchaspossibleonone‘sownPVsystem.
3.2 Interpretation models to cap-ture aggregate environmental impact
LCAaccordingtoISO14040andISO14044capturesthemostvariedtypesofresourceconsumption(e.g.energycarriers,minerals,orwater)andenvi-ronmentalimpactintheformofimpactcategories(greenhousegases,acidifica-tion,eutrophicationetc.)andreportstheseinrelationtoafunctionalunitas“inventory results”.ThisisfollowedbytheImpact Assessmentasanevalua-tionofpotentialenvironmentalimpacts.IndividualLifeCycleInventoryresults(e.g.emissionsofCO
2andmethane)areclassifiedandassignedtoimpact
Table1–Comparisonofgreenhousegasemissionsinproductionanduse
ID.3 per perfor-mance 150 kW (58 kWh battery)
14.257
12.640
26.897
15,4
0,456
Petrol GolfVW Golf 1.5 eTSI Life DSG
7.609
28.728
36.337
5,7
2,8
Diesel GolfGolf VIII 2.0 TDI SCR Life DSG
7.425
24.536
31.961
4,3
3,17
Emissions(kgCO2e)per180.000kmand12years
Carproduction&disposal(kgCO2e)
Production&useofelectricity/diesel/petrol
Total
Assumption
Consumption/WLTPperkWh/100km(inclcharginglosses)orperlitre/100km)
GreenhousegasemissionsperkWh(averageoftheperiodoftheyears2020-2031)orperlitre(accordingtoDIN16.258)
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categories(e.g.greenhouseeffect)andcharacterisedorweightedaccordingtotheirspecificcontributionperkilogram(e.g.tokgCO2equivalents).AccordingtotheISOstandard,theinterpretationthentakesplaceasanevaluationoftheim-pactassessmentwithregardtothegoalandscopeofthestudy.Forthispurpose,furthersub-steps(optionalaccordingtotheISOstandard)cantakeplace–anormalisationtocomparablevalues(e.g.tonationalemissionsorlegallypermittedemissionquantities),similareffectscanbegrouped(grouping)ortheirsignifi-canceorweightassessed(weighting).
ISOStandards14040/14044,however,prohibitsuchoverallaggregationifdifferentproductalternativesaretobecomparedandpublished.ThisfeatureoftheISOstandardsstandsinthewayofpracticalapplication–inpractice,aggregationtoanexpressionofoverallenvironmentalimpactmusttakeplaceoutsideoftheLCAinformaltermsiftheprocessistoconformtothestandards.
Inpractice,aggregationsareoftenused,especiallywhenseveralproductsoralternativesarecompared.Forreasonsofpracticabilityandintegrationintoanoverallassessment,itisadvisabletoworkwithassessmentmodelsthatallowag-gregationintoanoverallenvironmentalimpact.Anoverallenvironmentalindica-torisparticularlynecessary,however,ifaneco-efficiencyanalysisistobecarriedout(seep.17)orifalargernumberofeconomicandsocialaspectsarealsocon-sideredinthecontextofasustainabilityassessment.Evenifanoverallaggrega-tioniscarriedout,however,recoursetothebasicdataoftheresultsoftheimpactassessmentontheindividualenvironmentalimpactsshouldalwaysbeensuredforreasonsoftransparencyandtraceability.
Numerouscompanieshavetheir“own”environmentalassessmentmodels,atleastinternally;onlyafew,suchasBASFwithitseco-efficiencyanalysis(Saling2016),publishtheirassessmentapproach.ThePEFaggregationmodelpresentedby
theEUCommissionaspartofits“Prod-uctEnvironmentalFootprint”strategy,ontheotherhand,offerstheopportu-nityforanoverarching,uniformassess-ment.ForPROS,itisthereforerecom-mendedtousethisaggregationmodel.Anotherassessmentmodelcanbeused,butthePEFaggregationmodelshouldthenbesupplementedasasensitivityanalysis.
3.3 Product Environmental Foot-print (PEF) and aggregation model
In2013,theEuropeanCommissionpublishedtheproduct-relatedstrategy“ProductEnvironmentalFootprint”(PEF).TheaimistostandardisetheLifeCycleAssessmentanalysisandevaluationofproductsasfaraspossible.Theback-groundtothiswastheverydifferentanddifficult-to-compareresultsofLifeCycleAssessmentsforindividualproducts,whichwerepossibleduetothecompara-tivelyopenISOstandard.TheEUCom-mission,ontheotherhand,isstrivingforanimproveduseforplanningandlegis-lationaccordingtotheprincipleof“com-parabilitybeforeflexibility”andwiththecreationofproductgroup-specificrules(ProductEnvironmentalFootprintCat-egoryRules–PEFCRs).Forexample,themostrelevantlifecyclephases,processesandenvironmentalimpactsshouldbeidentifiedforeachproductgroup.Theresultsoftheimpactassessmentarethenaggregatedonthebasisofauniformmodelacrossallproductgroups.
Afteralongpilotphase(2013-2018),theexperiencesandfurtherdevelop-mentrequirementsweresummarisedinaworkingdocument(ZamporiandPant2019).Inadditiontoavarietyofmeth-odologicalandprocess-leddiscussions,thepassagesonevaluationwereparticu-larlyrelevant.Fortheselected16impactcategories,impactassessmentsaswellasweightingsbetweentheimpactcatego-riesandaggregationtoasinglescorewerespecified.TheassessmentprocessisdescribedindetailinSalaetal.2018.
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InthePEF aggregation model,theLifeCycleInventorydataareassessedusingasetofpredefinedimpactassessmentmethods(Salaetal.2018,p.9f.).Thesubsequentstandardisationiscarriedoutinrelationtoglobalpercapitavalues.Theactualweightingofdifferentenvi-ronmentalimpactcategoriesiscarriedoutonthebasisofacombinedmodelinwhichexpertassessmentsandthesocietalperceptionoftherespectiveen-vironmentalproblemwereconsideredinsummary.Inaddition,therobustnessoftheestimationofenvironmentalimpacts(dataqualityanduncertainty)isalsoincludedintheevaluation(seeindetail).Theresultsoftheindividualimpactcat-
egoriesaremultipliedbythecorrespond-ingweightingfactorsandthenaddedtogetherwithoutfurtherweightinginaratioof1:1.Basedontheprioritisationsetbysocietyandscience,thePEFaggre-gationmodelmapssociety’sassessmentoftherelevanceofvariousenvironmen-talproblems.Thegreaterthe(numerical)aggregatevalue,thegreatertheenvi-ronmentalimpact.
Duetotheexistingweaknessesindataqualityanduncertaintyinweighting,theEuropeanCommission’sJointResearchCentrecurrentlyrecommendsnotyetincludingthetoxicity-relatedimpactcat-egoriesinthePEFcalculation(Tab.2).
Table2–RecommendedPEFassessmentmodel(excludingtoxicity-relatedimpactcategories)
Source:Salaetal.2018,p.34
Climatechange
Ozonedepletion
Particulatematter
Ionizingradiation,HH
Photochemicalozoneformation,HH
Acidification
Eutrophication,terrestrial
Eutrophication,freshwater
Eutrophication,marine
Landuse
Wateruse
Resourceuse,mineralandmetals
Resourceuse,fossils
Aggregated weighting set
(A)
15,75
6,92
6,77
7,07
5,88
6,13
3,61
3,88
3,59
11,1
11,89
8,28
9,14
Robustness factors
(B)
0,87
0,6
0,87
0,47
0,53
0,67
0,67
0,47
0,53
0,47
0,47
0,6
0,6
Intermediate Coefficients
C=A*B
13,65
4,15
5,87
3,3
3,14
4,08
2,4
1,81
1,92
5,18
5,55
4,97
5,48
Final weighting factors (incl. robustness)
Cscaledto100
22,19
6,75
9,54
5,37
5,1
6,64
3,91
2,95
3,12
8,42
9,03
8,08
8,92
14
LifeCycleCosting(LCC)isusedtoascer-taintherelevantcostsarisingforoneormoreactorsinrelationtoaproductanditsalternativesinthecourseofaproductlifecycle.Thereisnogenerallyapplicablestandardyetforthepreparationofalifecyclecostanalysis,onlytheDINENdraft60300-3-3:2014-09andrulesonindividu-alapplications,forexamplethetechnicalruleDINSPEC77234:2013-09:Guidelinesfortheassessmentoflifecyclecostsinproduct-servicesystems.
Economicanalysesaregenerallyconsid-eredtobehighlyexactandobjective,butinpracticethereareconsiderableproblemsduetothepooravailabilityofdataanddifferentassumptionsregard-ingthetypesofcosts(fullcosts,partialcosts,budgetcosts,actualcosts,time-de-pendentdynamiccosts,scaling-depend-entcosts),pricesinfluencedbythestate(subsidies,prescribedrecyclingquotasetc.),theassumptionofvaryinginterestratesortypesofdepreciationetc.
LikeaLifeCycleAssessment(LCA),anLCCcanbedividedupintofourparts:
studygoalandscopedefinition, inventoryanalysis(collectingdataon
individualcosts), costassessment, interpretation.
Sincethecostsvarydependingontheactor,itisnecessarytodetermineatthestarttheactor/sforwhomthelife-cyclecostsarebeingascertained.Whileeconomicdatahavetheadvantagethatthereisacorrespondingeconomicunit(leavingasidetheissueofdifferentcur-rencies),itisimportanttoremembernonethelessduringtheinterpretationstagethatcostscannotalwayssimplybeaddedup.Itmakeslittlesense,forexample,simplytocountupthewagesincountriesoftheglobalsouthandtheglobalnorthwithouttakingthecostoflivingineachcaseintoaccount.
Ifacomparisonwithcompetitorprod-uctsisconductedandpublished,theLifeCycleCostingshouldbeaccompaniedbyacriticalreview.
Decisionsandmodellingsthat,basedonexperience,shouldbegivenparticularattentionaresummarizedinthechecklistpresentedbelow(Figure4).
4 Life Cycle Costing (LCC)
Points to be given particular attention in the Life Cycle Costing
Determiningtheactorfromwhoseperspectivecostsarebeingascertained
Definitionofgoalandscopeofthestudy,andofthefunctionalunit
Prospectiveorretrospective
Fullcostsand/orpartialcosts
Actualcostsand/orbudgetcosts
Dynamicand/orstaticprocedures
Pricesand/orcosts
Inclusionofexternalorinformalcosts
Inclusionofhiddencostsandpossibleliabilityrisks
Marketprices,pricesinfluencedbylegalregulations(subsidiesetc.)
Taxesandcontributions
Handlingofdiscounting
Handlingofdepreciation(linear,degressive)
Handlingofdifferentcurrencies
Handlingofdifferentcostsoflivingindifferentcountries
Normalization
ConductofaCriticalReviewifLCCistobemadepubliclyavailable
4
4
Figure4–ChecklistforLifeCycleCosting
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
15
Example of life-cycle costs of three cars
InthechapteronLifeCycleAssessments,threecarswerecomparedtoeachother(theID.3electriccarwiththepetrolGolfandthedieselGolf).Thecompari-sonshowedthattheID.3hadthebestperformancefromaCO2pointofview.Butwhataboutthecosts?Thecalcula-tionbelowshowsthattherearemanyinfluencingfactorsandthattheperiodoftimeoverwhichcostsareincurredalsoaffectstheresult.
ThecalculationwasbasedonacostcomparisonbyADAC(ADAC2020)andsupplementedbytheCO2priceofpetrolanddieselapplicablefortheperiod2021-2024.Furthermore,thefuelpricesweremodifiedandthepricesatthetimeofthepreparationofthepresentLCA(September2020)wereusedasabasis.Asfarastransferable,thesameassump-tionsweremadeforthecomparisonasfortheLCAcomparison(seep.8),relating,forexample,tothesizeofthebattery.AswiththeADACcalculation,thefiveyears2020-2024weretakenastherelevanttimeperiod,i.e.notaperiodof12yearsasintheLCA.ThereasonforthisisthatthereisstillnoexperienceoftheresidualvalueofelectriccarsortheID.3forthislongerperiod.Thedeprecia-tioninthefirstfiveyearswasassumedbyADACtobecomparabletothatofdieselandpetrolcars;however,thegovern-mentpurchasepremiumwastakenintoaccount.Furthermore,electriccarswerealsoexemptfromvehicletax.
Thenewpricesofthethreecarsare€29,687(petrolGolf),€32,207(dieselGolf)and€35,575(ID.3).However,in2020therewasagovernmentsubsidyforelectriccarsof€6,000,combinedwitharebatebythemanufacturersof€3,000plusVAT,sothatthetotalsubsidyamountedto€9,570andthereducedpurchasepriceoftheID.3wasonly€26,005.
TheadditionalcostsduetoCO2pricing
werecalculatedasanaverageoverthe
fiveyearsof€0.076perlitreofpetroland€0.085perlitreofdiesel(CO2pric-ingstartedin2021with€25pertonneofCO2andisincreasedinstepsupto€45in2024;VATisaddedtotheaver-ageCO2price).FortheID.3,itwasas-sumedthat85%ofitischargedathomeand15%isfast-chargedatexternalchargingstations(withdoublethepriceof63cents/kWh).Forhomecharging,thecostsofanewlyinstalledwallboxwereassumed(atacostof€1,000;servicelife10years,calculatedproratafor5years).
Forfinancingtherelativelyhighpurchasepriceofthethreecars,noborrowingorinterestwasassumedbyADAC.
Thecalculationofthelife-cyclecostsoverthefive-yearholdingperiodisshowninFig.5.TheID.3isthereforealsothemostfavourablefromafinancialpointofview.
16
Beyondthecostcomparisonofthethreecars,furtherinterestingconclusionscanbedrawnfromLifeCycleCosting.Theaveragepriceperkilometreisveryhighforallthreecars,withtheID.3beingthecheapest(41centsperkilometre),whilethecostsofthepetrolGolf(49cents/km)andthedieselGolf(52cents/km)aresig-nificantlyhigher.Therealcostsof“own-ing”carsareusuallysignificantlyunder-estimatedbyconsumers.Acombinationofrailtravelandcarsharingwouldbesignificantlycheaper.Mostly,consumersonlylookatfuelcosts(whichareclearlydisplayedatthefuelpump)andcom-plainaboutpossiblepriceincreasesforpetrolordiesel.However,fuelcostsmakeuponlyasmallpartoftheaveragecosts:only10%forthedieselGolfandonly16%forthepetrolGolf;theelectricitycostsoftheID.3are14%.
Thecostbreakdownalsoshowswhyaswitchfromdrivingtopublictransportissodifficult.Ifyouownandrunacar,thepurchaseandfixedcostsarealreadyover70%,whilethevariablecostsperkmarecomparativelylow.
Figure5–LifeCycleCosting(Holdingperiod:5years,75,000kmmileage)
Source:OwncalculationsaccordingtoAgoraandifeu
40.000
35.000
30.000
25.000
20.000
15.000
10.000
5.000
0 ID.3 PetrolGolf DieselGolf
Workshopcosts(inspection,main-tenance,oilchange,repairs,tyrereplace-ment)
Otherfixedcosts(insurance,parking,generalinspection/emissionsinspection)
Vehicletax
Otheroperatingcosts(maintenance,Ad-Blue)
Energycosts
Valueloss
16.740
4.181
4.680
1.250500
3.300
30.651
20.040
5.917
1.343
36.540
22.200
4.005
1.650
38.775
5.380
3.360
500
6.190
1.130
3.600
Life
-cyc
lec
osts
in
Euro
17
5 Eco-Efficiency Analysis
Eco-EfficiencyAnalysisisatoolforcom-parativeassessmentsofenvironmentalandeconomicaspectsinPROSA–andindeedingeneralwhereversocialaspectsdonotplayamajorroleordataonsuchaspectsaredifficulttocollect.
Theterm“eco-efficiency”isusedindifferentways,forexamplefortheeco-efficiencyofnationaleconomies,ofindividualcompanies(e.g.ineco-ratingschemes)orofproductsandservicesasinPROSA.
Efficiencygenerallydescribestheratiobetweentarget(value)andinputandmustnotbeconfusedwitheffective-ness,whichcharacterizestheoutcome(regardlessofinput).Inbothprocessmanagementandpolitics,efficiencyandeffectivenessaregenerallyaimedatinparallel–adefinedgoalistobeattainedfullyortothegreatestpossibleextent(effectiveness)withthelowestpossibleinput(efficiency).
Eco-efficiencyanalysescapturetherela-tionshipbetweengoalattainment(low-estpossibleenvironmentalimpact)andresourceinput(costs).Usuallyonlypartialaspectsareconsidered,e.g.intheformofenergyefficiencyanalyses,materialef-ficiencyanalyses,CO
2efficiencyanalysesetc.Comprehensiveeco-efficiencyanaly-sesaremethodologicallymuchmorede-manding,becausehereanumericalag-gregationofthevariousenvironmentalimpactsmustbecarriedoutinadvance.Whencomparingseveralalternativesandconsideringnumerousenvironmentalimpactindicators,however,thisquicklybecomesunmanageableandstandsinthewayofanintegrated,comprehensiveassessment.ForPROSAplus,anaggrega-tionisthereforerecommended,basedontheEU‘sPEFaggregation(seep.13).
Thecomparisonoftwoalternativesplacesthereductioninenvironmentalimpactinrelationtotheadditionalcostsorsavings(expressedinmonetaryunits).Thelargerthisvalue,themoreeco-effi-cientthealternativeis.ThefindingsoftheLCAandLifeCycleCostingsubstudies
shouldbepresentedinbothnumeri-calandgraphicformfortheindividualalternatives.
Eco-Efficiency Analysis in PROSAProductEco-EfficiencyAnalysisisanassessmenttoolwithinPROSA.ItplacesthefindingsofanLCAandthoseofLifeCycleCostinginrelationtoeachother.Theimplementationoftheeco-efficiencyanalysisisbasedonDINENISO14045.WhenperforminganEco-EfficiencyAnalysis,caremustbetakenthatwhensettingthegoalofthestudy,thescopeofinventoryanalysis,thefunctionalunitandtheallocationrules,etc.,similarun-derlyingdefinitionsareapplied(cf.alsoFigure26intheannexofthisbrochure).
Case study CO2 efficiency of doing
laundry
WithinthecontextoftheEcoTopTenproductinitiative,itwasexaminedforthecaseofthewashingmachineproductgroup(RüdenauerandGrießhammer2004)whatcontributionfurtherproductinnovationsand,respectively,moreef-ficientuserbehaviouronthepartofcon-sumerswhenwashing(i.e.lowerwashingtemperatures,optimizedloadingofthemachine)candeliver.
Thefunctionalunitwasdefinedas“washingtheamountoflaundryarisinginoneyearinanaverageprivatehouse-hold”.Thecostswerecalculatedforoneprivatehousehold(purchasecostsofthewashingmachineattributabletooneyearofuse;costsofwater,electric-ityanddetergentconsumption;costsofwastewaterdisposal).Thefollowingfouralternativeswerestudied:
Alternative A:Low-costwashingma-chineandaverageuserbehaviour
Alternative B:Moreefficientwashingmachine(lowerwaterandelectricityconsumption,automaticloaddetec-tion)andaverageuserbehaviour
Alternative C:Low-costwashingma-chineandoptimizeduserbehaviour(optimizedloadingandlowerwash-ingtemperaturesthantheaverage)
18
Alternative D:Moreefficientwashingmachineandoptimizeduserbehav-iour
Table3andFigure6showthefindings.Inaddition,inordertoaidcompari-son,thefindingswerenormalized–i.e.
greenhousegasemissionsexpressedasaproportionofthegreenhousegasemissionsofanaveragehousehold,andcostsexpressedasaproportionoftheannualconsumerspendingofanaveragehousehold.ThescaleinFigure6issetaccordingly.
Figure6–Globalwarmingpotentialandlife-cyclecostsofvariousalternatives
0 95 190
150
100
50
0kgC
O2-E
quiv
alen
ts
Euro
AlternativeA
AlternativeB
AlternativeC
AlternativeD
Table3–Comparisonofwashingmachinesanduserbehaviour,annualfigures
Alternative GWP LCC Savings Extra costs Efficiency (GWP) compared to Baseline A
kgCO2- Euro kgCO2- Euro kgCO2- equivalents equivalents equivalents/Euro
A(reference) 139 117
B 130 118 9 1 9
C 84 80 55 -37 -1,49
D 82 84 57 -33 -1,73
GWP=GlobalWarmingPotentialLCC=LifeCycleCosts
Conclusions for product developmentTheCO2EfficiencyAnalysisrevealsthatthebehaviouraloptionsaresubstantiallymoreeco-efficient(thisisduetothecircumstancethatithasbecomeusualtodaytowashinefficiently,usingexces-sivewashingtemperaturesandloadingthemachinepoorly).
Thereasonforthegreatimportanceofappropriatewashingbehaviouristhatlittlescopenowremainstofurtherreducewaterandenergyconsumptionthroughtechnologicalrefinementofwashingmachines.Itisinthefieldofdetergentsthatfurthertechnicalop-timizationisstillpossible,forinstancebyintroducingspeciallow-temperaturedetergents.
19
6 Social Life Cycle Assessment (SLCA)
Socialaspectsareofgreatimportance.Traditionally,theyhavebeenacknowl-edgedincorporatemanagementbymeansofconsumerresearch,lateralsoinissuemanagementandinsustainabilityreportingand,forafewyearsnow,inanarrowersenseunder“humanrightsduediligenceobligations”.Theterm“social”refersgenericallytobothsocialandsoci-etalaspects.ConcerningSocialLifeCycleAssessments,threedifferentdirectionscanbedistinguished:
Onamoretheoreticalandacademiclevel,moremethodologicallyorientedworkisbeingunder-takenon“SocialLCA”.
Atthepracticallevel,possiblenega-tivesocialimpactsincompaniesandtheirsupplychainsareanalysed,es-peciallywithregardtohumanrightsduediligence.Inmostcases,thesup-plychainsofcompaniesareexaminedwithregardtocompliancewithsocialstandardsand,ifnecessary,certified.Methodologically,therequirementsoftheGlobalReportingInitiative(GRI)areimportantinthisrespect.
Socialaspectsareofcoursealsorecordedinintegratedsustainabilityassessmentsofproducts,softwaretoolsbeingincreasinglyusedforthispurpose.Asarule,twomethodsareusedtothisend–theproduct-related
analysisoftheproductsalongtheproductlines,combinedwiththecompany-relatedanalysisofsocialas-pectsand,ifapplicable,othersustain-abilityaspects.Thereasonforthisisusuallythelargenumberofsuppliercompaniesintheupstreamchains,astheexampleofthenotebookmanu-facturingchainshows(Fig.7).Againstthisbackground,itishardlypossibletorecordthemanufacturingpathsofdozensorhundredsofsuppliersonaproduct-specificbasis.Instead,poten-tialsuppliers‘compliancewithsocialstandardsisanalysedandcertifiedifitismet,andprimaryproductsareonlypurchasedfromcertifiedsuppli-ers.
WithintheframeworkoftheUNEPLifeCyleinitiative,anattemptwasmadetointegratethedifferentdevelopmentsmoreclosely.Tothisend,methodde-scriptionswerepresented,andindicatorsdescribedandcategorised(Grießham-meret.al.2006;UNEP-SETAC-LifeCycleInitiative2009).Attheendof2020,revisedandsystematisedguidelineswerepublished,supplementedbyproposalsfortheSLCAsoforganisations(Benoîtetal.2020).
ComputedisassemlbyinEthiopia(Source:Öko-Institut)
LeadsmelterinGhane(Source:Öko-Institut)
20
6.1 Social Indicators
Duetothesheernumberofpotentialsocialaspectsforanalysis,thedefini-tivetaskofselectingtheaspectsandindicatorstobestudiedindepthisofpivotalimportance.Thekeysocialas-pectsgenerallyoriginateinfourareas:repercussionsonworkers(e.g.wagesbelowtheminimumsubsistenceincome,orchildlabour);repercussionsontheregionalornearbylivingpopulation(e.g.throughdestructionofthehabitatofanindigenouspopulation),repercussionsoftheproductontheuser(e.g.privacyviolation),andindirectrepercussionsonsociety(e.g.corruption).IncontrasttoLCA,asyetandfortheforeseeablefuture,thereisnouniversallyacceptedlistofsocialindicators.InthecontextofthefirstmethoddescriptionofPROSA(Grießhammeretal.2007),Oeko-Institutprovidedanextensivelistofsocialindica-tors,arrangedaccordingtofourstake-holdergroups(cf.Figure27).Thelistwasextractedinamulti-stageprocessfromseveraldozenlistsofindicatorsrunningtoover3,000proposedsocialindicators.
Inanyevent,itincludestheindicatorscontainedinthemostimportantlawsorcodesonthetheme(ILO-standards,SA8000,StiftungWarentestcorecri-teria,etc.).TheindicatorsproposedbyPROSAcanbeaugmentedand/orreplacedtomeetcontext-andproduct-specificneeds.Itisrecommendedthatthenumberofindicatorstobestudiedshouldbekeptwithinreasonablelimits.A2017overviewofindicatorstypicallyusedinresearchandpractice(Kuehnenand2017)showedthattheindicatorsselecteduntilthenwerepredominantlyfromthefieldoflabourrightsandhealth.
InthenewSLCAGuidelines(Benoîtetal.2020),afifthstakeholdercategorywasintroducedintheformofvaluechainactors–themainreasonforthiswasthatthemostlysmallerupstreamsupplierscanhavesignificantlydifferentintereststhanthemostlydominantcompaniesattheendofthesupplychain.Typicalim-pactcategorieswereassignedtoeachofthefivestakeholdergroups(seeTable4).
Production stages Products and intermediate products
6. Marketing Brandednotebook
5. Finalassembly Notebook
4. Assemblyofcomplex Motherboard LCD Optical Harddisk Keyboard Touchpad components andnetwork display drive card
Batterypack Powersupply Coolingsystem Case Other
3. Manufacturing Microchips Passive Printed Cables Operator Plug ofsinglecomponents electronic circuit controls connections components boards
Screw Battery- connections cells
2. Refiningofraw Siliconwafers Glass Rawplastic Copper Copper-zinc Aluminium materials products products products products products
... Palladium Tantalum products products
1. Resourceextraction Quartzsand Crudeoil Copperore Zincore Bauxite ...
Palladiumore Tantalumore ... Scrapmetal
Figure7–StructureofthenotebookPCproductionchain
21
Table4–Listofstakeholdercategoriesandimpactsubcategories
Stakeholder categories
Subcategories
Worker
1.Freedomofassociation
andcollectivebargaining
2.Childlabor
3.Fairsalary
4.Workinghours
5.Forcedlabor
6.Equalopportu-nities/discrimi-
nation
7.Healthandsafety
8.Socialbenefits/socialsecurity
9.Employmentrelationship
10.Sexualharassment
11.Smallholdersincludingfarmers
Local
community
1.Accesstoma-terialresources
2.Accesstoimmaterialresources
3.Delocalizationandmigration
4.Culturalheritage
5.Safeandhealthyliving
conditions
6.Respectofindigenousrights
7.Communityengagement
8.Localemplo-yment
9.Securelivingconditions
Value Chain Actors
(not including consumers)
1.Faircompe-tition
2.Promotingsocialresponsi-
bility
3.Supplierrelati-onships
4.Respectofintellectual
propertyrights
5.Wealthdistri-bution
Consumer
1.Healthandsafety
2.Feedbackmechanism
3.Consumerprivacy
4.Transparency
5.End-of-liferesponsibility
Society
1.Publiccommitments
tosustainabilityissues
2.Contributiontoeconomicdevelopment
3.Preventionandmitigationofarmedconflicts
4.Technologydevelopment
5.Corruption
6.Ethicaltreat-mentsofanimals
7.Povertyallevi-ation
Children
1.Educationpro-videdinthelocal
community
2.Healthissuesforchildrenas
consumers
3.Childrenconcernsregar-dingmarketing
practices
Itwasshownthatthetypicalimpactcategoriesfitthe17goalsofthe2030Agenda(Benoîtetal.2020,p.24),butnoallocationtothe169individualindicatorsofthe2030Agendawasmade.
Theauthorsdistinguishbetweentwodif-ferentapproaches–the“ReferenceScaleApproach”andthe“ImpactPathwayAp-proach”–thelatterbeingmethodologi-callyequivalenttoLCA.
Special features of the SLCAComparedtoLCA,therearesomespecialfeaturesofSocialLifeCycleAssessmentthatcanbehandledwelliftheyaretakenintoaccountatanearlystage:
Socialaspectscanbehighlydiverseandweightedinhighlydisparate
waysbydifferentstakeholdergroupsindifferentcountriesandregions.Socialevaluationsalsochangemuchmorequicklyovertimethanenviron-mentalevaluations,forexample.
Majorimportancethereforeattachestothepre-selectionofthesocialaspectstobeconsideredindepth.Pre-selectionisthusapartofthenor-mativeevaluation.
Sofar,theavailabilityofdatahasbeenpoor.Normally,neitherquanti-tativenorqualitativedataalonewillprovidesufficientinformation;bothkindsareneeded.
TheSLCAalsoincludespotentialposi-tiveimpacts.AccordingtotheLifeCycleInitiative,thesecanbedividedintothreetypes(Benoîtetal.2020,p.29ff.):
Source:Benoîtetal.2020,p.17
22
1.TypeA–Positivesocialperform-ancegoingbeyondbusinessasusual;
2.TypeB–Positivesocialimpactthroughpresence(productorcom-panyexistence);
3.TypeC–Positivesocialimpactthroughproductutility.
6.2 The PROSA SLCA
SLCAisoneofthecoretoolsusedwithinPROSA.Inthecourseofimplementation,caremustbetakentocoordinatethekeyparameterswithLCAandLifeCycleCosting(cf.IntegrationChecklistintheAnnex).Itispossible,however,tocarryoutSLCAasafree-standinganalysisorincombinationwith(either)LCAorLifeCycleCosting.Theprocedureisbrieflydescribedbelow.TheSLCAguidelinescanbereferredtoindetail(UNEP2020).
Socialaspectsareinvestigatedthrough-outtheproductlinenormallyincompar-isontosomealternative.Stakeholdersshouldbeinvolvedasfaraspossible(cf.Figure24intheannex).Themethodo-logicalprocedurecorrespondstothatfortheLifeCycleAssessment(LCA)andiscarriedoutinfoursteps.
(1) Goal and scope definitionDefiningthegoalofthestudy,systemboundaries,referencealternatives/sce-narios,etc.Threepointsrequireparticu-larattention:
Thegeographicalsystemboundariesarenormallydefinedsoastoincludecountrieswithdifferentsocialcondi-tionsandcultures.
Productutility,andhencethefunc-tionalunit,mustbedescribedwithconsiderablymoreprecisionthanisusualintheLCA(cf.alsoBenefitAnalysis).Forexample,thereshouldbeadescriptionofwhatareknownas“symbolic”utilityaspects(prestige,etc).
Theselectionofindicatorsmakesspe-cialdemands(seebelow),butsurpris-inglytheretendstoberapidagree-mentontheselectionofthemost
importantindicators,evenwherestakeholderpositionsareotherwisehighlydivergent.
(2) Life Cycle Inventory (LCI)Duetothepooravailabilityofdatasofar,thisareaposesaparticularchal-lenge.Onlyasmallproportionofquanti-tativedataisavailablefromstatisticalorcomparablesources.Asyettherearenomoduledataforcentralprocessesorintermediateproducts(e.g.cottonman-ufacturing,plasticsmanufacturing,trans-port).Theupstreamchainsareoftencomplexandinvolvesuppliersfrommanycountries.WhilstsmallmaterialinputscanoftenbedisregardedforLCApurposes,whenitcomestotheanalysisofsocialconditions,smallcompaniesintheupstreamchaincanbehighlyrele-vant.
Thedepthofanalysiscanbevarieddependingonthequestionbeingaddressed(qualitativeassessment,expertjudgement,if-thenassumptions,semi-quantitativeorquantitativedatacollec-tion).(3) Impact AssessmentAsinLCA,thekeyelementsare:analysisofdataquality;classification;characteri-zation;and,optionally,normalization.Qualitativedatacanbe“translated”intoaquantitativeformbyapplyingspecifiedmethods.
Exampleofclassificationintheemploymentfield:categorizationintofull-timeandpart-timejobs,mini-jobs,state-subsidizedself-employment,pseudoself-employment,etc.
Exampleofcharacterizationintheemploymentfield:weightingofthespecifiedtypesofemploymentandcalculationoftotals(e.g.full-timejobat100%,part-timejobat50%,etc.)
Exampleofnormalization:relatingtheemploymentfiguretothenum-bersofpeopleinemploymentinthecountrystudied
(4) Interpretation of resultsAsinthecaseofLCA,thekeyelementsarecheckingforcompleteness,signifi-
23
canceandconsistencywiththegoalofthestudy,andcarryingoutsensitivityanalyses.
Ideallytheinterpretationshouldbecar-riedoutincollaborationwithstakehold-ersandwillnormallybequalitative-dis-cursive.Nevertheless,therearearangeofsituationswhichrequiretheuseof(semi-)quantitativeinterpretationframeworks,e.g.portfolioscreeningasaninternalcompanyexercise,producttestinginvolvingthecomparisonofmul-tipleproducts,ortheintegrationofmanyindividualresultsintoanoverallevaluationofsustainability.ThisisalsoemphasisedintheguidelinesoftheLifeCycleInitiative(Benoîtatal.“,p.83).Thisproposestwodifferentsystems:afive-partnumericalrating(-2,-1,0,+1,+2)oracolour-gradedrating,akindoftrafficlightsystem,butinfourgradations(very
highrisk,highrisk,mediumrisk,lowrisk).Furtherweightingsandanoverallaggregationarepossible.Ideallytheoverallinterpretationshouldbecarriedoutincollaborationwithstakeholders.Moreimportantthanthenumericalaggregationisthederivationofoptionsforactiontoavoidorreducenegativeimpacts.
24
7 Benefit Analysis
Thebenefitanalysisisusedtoanalyseandevaluatetheutilityofproductsandservices.Benefitanalysiscanbeusedinthecontextofproductandsustainabil-itypolicy(implementationofthe2030AgendaandtheSDGs),bycompanies,inpublicprocurement,bylargeorganisa-tionssuchaschurches,intheawardingoflabels,andbytestingandconsumerorganisations.
Whereasbenefitorutilityisrecordedanddefinedslightlyabovethefunc-tionalunitorthefunctionalequivalentinthecaseofaLife-CycleAssessment,inPROSAbenefit/utilityisanalysedmoreintensively.Beyondthecorebenefitofaproductorservicedefinedinthefunc-tionalunit,additionalbenefitaspectsareconsidered.Relevantmaterialandenergyflowsaswellaseconomicandsocialaspectsthatcanhaveapositiveornega-tiveimpactonsustainabilityaretakenintoaccount.Thisextensioncanproveusefulformanyobjectsofinvestigation,
sinceutilityaspectsultimatelydetermineconsumers’purchaseandusedecisions;furthermore,ifhighersocialorecologicalrisksareinvolved,theassessmenthastobereasonedandansweredforintermsofproductpolicyinviewofrelevantleg-islation–suchasintheSocio-EconomicBenefitAnalysis(SEA)inREACH,theEU’sChemicalsAct.
Thebenefitanalysisisusedtoanalyse–dependingontheissueandwiththehelpofconsumerresearch–practicalutility,symbolicutilityandsocietalutility.Theresultswillbequitedifferentandwillbeassesseddifferentlyindifferentcountriesandtargetgroups.Thisshouldbetakenintoaccountwhendefiningthescopeofthestudyintheanalysisandevaluation.
Utility type The users of the benefit analysis and their reasons
Practicalutility Portfoliostrategy,opportunitiesanalysis;optimizationofproduct developmentandmarketing
Testingandconsumerorganizations: basisforpurchaserecommendations
Users:basisforpurchaseandusebehaviour
Productpolicy:basisforrisk-benefitassessmentinrelation tolaws(e.g.EcodesignDirective)andsupportprogrammes
Symbolicutility Companies:optimizationofproductmarketing,firstandforemost forsustainableproducts
Societalutility Companies:productdevelopment,productimprovement,creating(“publicvalue“) transparencythroughoutthesupplychain,portfoliostrategy, opportunitiesanalysis;optimizationof(„publicvalue“)product marketing
Users:Ethicalbasisforpurchase,identificationofbenefit/utilityaspects beyondcorebenefit
Productpolicy:implementationofthe2030Agendaandthe use-relatedSDGs,basisforrisk-benefitassessmentinrelationtooptions foraction,lawsandsupportprogrammes,basisforpoliticalassessments withregardtocompliancewithplanetaryboundariesandpotential sufficiencymeasures
Figure8–Utilitytypesandusefullnessofresults
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Therearevariousconceptsanddescrip-tionsofpractical utility:functionalutility,technicalutility,mainutility,(simply)util-ity,coreperformance,quality(cf.Fig.9).Oneexampleofpracticalutilityistheresultachievedafterwashinglaundryintermsofhygieneandvisualaesthetics.Theessentialelementsofpracticalutilityaremeasurable(performance,durability,etc.)andcanberecordedincomparativeproducttests,qualityassurancesystemsorISOstandards.Atthesametime,indi-vidualelementsofpracticalutilitymayturnoutdifferentlyforindividualusers(gainintime,forexample).
Veryoftentherearesub-criteriafortheutilityaspectsmentioned.Forexample,thepracticalutilityofamediacentreisdetermined,amongotherthings,bytheloadingspeed,thetimeittakestoestablishaconnectionandthesoundandpicturequality.Itisclearfromthisthatweightingsarenecessaryinthiscontextdependingontheproductorservice;usuallytheyareimplicit.
Thepracticalutilitychecklistcanserveasagridtoderiveutilityaspectsindifferentsectors,productgroupsandservices.
Forcars,forexample,severaldozenpracticalutilityaspectsarelistedintheADACcardatabase,andfurtheraspects(suchasreliabilityorsafety)areexam-
inedintests.Typicalcentralaspects,whichcanvarygreatlydependingonthemodelandwhichareparticularlyexaminedorpresentedinadvertisingortests,areperformance(inhorsepower),topspeed,acceleration(from0to100km/h),consumptionfiguresandCO
2val-ues,numberofseatsandbootvolume.Manyotheraspectsarecompliedwithbymostnewcars,suchasfoldingrearseats,electricwindows,automaticstart-stoporparkingaids.Withtheintroductionofelectriccars,newaspectsofusehavebeenadded,suchastherangewithonebatterycharge(inthecaseoftheVWID.3electriccarwithabatteryof58kWhitis426km,forexample)orthecharg-ingtime.Inthisrespect,atleastatthecurrentstateoftheart,therearecleardisadvantagescomparedtocombustionengines.Electriccarsgenerallyhavead-vantagesintermsofdrivingnoiseatlowspeedsandintermsofperformanceoracceleration.TheID.3,forexample,hasanoutputof204hp,whilecomparabledieselandpetrolGolfshave150hp.Con-versely,electriccarsaredesignedwithlowertopspeeds(becausehighspeedsconsiderablyshortentherange).Thus,whilethetopspeedoftheID.3isstillveryhighat160km/h,itismuchhigherforthedieselandpetrolGolfsat224or223km/hrespectively.Foreverydayusability,however,thehighaccelerationvaluesandtopspeedsarelikelytohavelittlerelevance.
Productpolicydecisionstypicallytakeintoaccountthepracticalutilityofprod-ucts.ExamplesarethederogationforasthmaspraysintheCFC-HalonProhibi-tionOrdinance,derogationsintheEUregulationsonchemicalsortheconsider-ationofhigherpracticalutility(e.g.cool-ingvolumeofrefrigeratorsordrumsizesofwashingmachinesandtumbledryersintheenergyefficiencylabellingofelec-tricalappliances).Theanalysisofutilitycanalsoshowthatsomeproductpolicydecisionsarequestionable:Inthecaseofthecarlabel,theefficiencyclassesarestructuredaccordingtoweight.Aheavycarwithhighconsumptioncantherefore
Suitabilityforuse(accordingtoexisting
testcriteria,e.g.fromStiftungWarentest)
User-friendliness(accordingtoDINENISO
13407)
Availability
Convenience/timesaving
Durability
Functionalreliability
Safety/securityinuse
Goodconsumperinformation
Goodconsumerservice
Reparability/availabilityofspareparts
(accordingtoEcodesignDirective)
Figure9PracticalUtilityChecklist
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getabetterlabelthanasmallcarwithlowerconsumptionbuthigherconsump-tioninthesmallcarclass.Themajorityofconsumersthereforemisunderstandthelabel(Musteretal.2020,p.133).
Symbolic utilityisalsoknownaspsycho-logicalutilityoradditionalutility.Itisconveyedviatheproductanditsmarket-ingandtriggersfeelingsormoodssuchasprestige,anewsenseofidentityorthesenseofbelongingtoagroup.Oneexamplewouldbethemetallicpaintonacar.
Thedifferencesbetweenpracticalutilityandsymbolicutilityarenotallhardandfastandcanbevariouslyinterpretedandexperienceddependingonthepersonconcerned.Oneusedtobeabletoas-sumethatpracticalutilitywasthesameasthemainutilityfortheconsumerandthatsymbolicutilitywasmerelyaddi-tionalutility.Inprosperoussocietiesandmaturemarketswithhighproductqual-ity,theperceptionofutilitymayshiftinthecaseofsomeproductgroups,sothatpracticalutilityistakenforgrantedandisperceivedasbeingabasicquality,withsymbolicutilitydominatingpeople’sper-ceptions(inthecaseofcertaintextiles,forexample,moremoneyisspentforthe“brand”thanforactualproductquality).
7.1 Societal utility („Public Value“)
Withinasocialmarketeconomy,itisassumedthatconsumersmakedecisionsabouttheutilityofproductsandhencegeneratedemandforparticularproductsandservices.Andthatisagoodthing.Butthestateshouldintervenewhentheecologicalorsocietalburdensofproductsaretoohighforthecommongood.Itisalsoexpectedthatthestatewillpromotepromisingtechnologiesandproductsforthefuturetoensurethesustainabledevelopmentofsociety.Ap-propriatesupportprogrammes,taxreliefandlawsshouldonlycomeintobeing,however,onthebasisofclearanalysisandreasonedassessment.Inlinewitharisk-benefitassessmentboththerisksandthebenefitneedtobeclearlyanalysedandassessed.Indeed,thisisincreasinglybecomingstandardinEUlegislation.
Externalappearance/design/taste/
feel/soundetc
Prestige/status
Identitiy/autonomy/development
Expertise
Safety/precaution/careforothers
Privacy
Socialcontact/fosteringcommunity
Enjoyment/pleasure/joy/experience
Compensation/reward
Consonancewithsocietal,religiousor
ethicalmeta-preferences
Figure10–Symbolicutilitychecklist
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PROSAisaimedaboveallatproductsthathaveahighsocietalbenefitandoffercompanies“sustainabilityoppor-tunities“.Theproductsshouldmakeanessentialcontributiontokeynationalandinternationalobjectives,suchasinternationalpovertyreduction(setoutintheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals),securingpeace,thebasicobjectiveoftheRioDeclaration(economicdevelopmentandsatisfactionofbasicneeds),climateprotection(FrameworkConventionOnClimateChange),thepreservationofbiodiversity(ConventiononBiologicalDiversity),aswellasjobsandsocietalstability.Aminimumpreconditioninthiscanbethattheproductshaveahighpracticalutilityandnocontraryimpactswithinsociety.
Theassessmentofsocietalbenefitdependscruciallyonthestatusofthesociety.Forexample,thesatisfactionofthebasicneedforfoodisassumedtobetakenforgrantedinarichcountry.
Onthebasisofdirectreferencetothe2030Agendawithits17SustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)whichcoverabroadspectrumofsocietalgoalswithregardtosocietalneeds,theanalysisofsocietalbenefitscanbeuniversallyjustifiedandconcretised.Benefitindica-torscanbederiveddirectlyfromthe169SDGsub-goalsofthe2030Agenda.SDGsub-goalsthatarerelevantforsocietalbenefitmustfulfilthefollowingcriteria:
TheSDGsub-goalmustbeinfluence-ableattheproductorservicelevel.
Theinfluenceoftheproduct/serviceontheSDGsub-goalmustbedirect(i.e.indirecteffectsmustnotbetakenintoaccount).
Thebenefiteffectunfoldsbeyondthecorebenefitoftheproductorservice;relevantmaterialandenergyflowsaswellaseconomicandsocialaspectsaretakenintoaccount.
Inthisway,atotalof30benefitindica-torscanbespecifiedonthebasisoftheSDGalignment,cf.Table5.ParticularlyrelevantSDGs,eachwithseveralbenefitindicators,areSDG2(ZeroHunger),
SDG3(GoodHealthandWell-Being),SDG6(CleanWaterandSanitation),SDG8(DecentWorkandEconomicGrowth)andSDG12(SustainableConsumptionandProduction).
Duetothebindingnatureofthe2030Agenda,itisobligatorytoconsiderallindicatorswhencarryingoutthebenefitanalysisforproductsorservices.Inordertobeabletoclaimabenefitaspect,cor-respondingevidencemustbeprovidedineachcase(e.g.scientificpeer-reviewedstudy).Asaminimumrequirement,itmustalsobeensuredthattheproductshaveahighutilityvalueandnocoun-teractingorharmfuleffectsondifferentusergroups(suchascigarettesorsmok-ing).
Thefollowingexampleshowswhichpos-sibilitiesthe2030Agendaoffersforthebenefitanalysis:
SDG3.4:„By2030,reducebyonethirdprematuremortalityfromnon-commu-nicablediseasesthroughpreventionandtreatment,andpromotementalhealthandwell-being“.
ThisSDGprovidesthestartingpointforthebenefitindicatorB4“Reducingmortality”,specificallythereductionofprematuremortalityfromcardiovascu-lardiseases,cancer,diabetesorchronicrespiratorydiseases,whichisconsideredrelevantespeciallyforthemedical,phar-maceuticalandfoodsectors.Inadditiontotheexistingsustainabilityindicators(cf.chapter8),thisindicatorcanbeused,forexample,tomapimportantaddi-tionalbenefitaspectsbeyondthecorebenefitinthecaseoffood,e.g.health-promotingeffectsofoliveoilswithaparticularlyhighcontentofpolyphenols(antioxidants)inaccordancewiththe„NutritionandHealthClaims“codifiedatEUlevel.TheevidenceforsuchabenefitaspectwouldhavetobeprovidedbyascientificstudyconductedaccordingtotheprinciplesofGoodClinicalPractice(GCP)andsubjectedtoacriticalreviewbyathirdindependentparty.
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Table5–IndicatorsforSocietalBenefit
Adetaileddescriptionoftheindividualindicatorsintheformof„indicatorprofiles“canbefoundatwww.prosa.org.
# SDG Indicator
B1 2.1,2.2 Reductionofhungerandmalnutrition(byaccesstosafe,nutriousandsufficientfood;addressingnutritionneedsofadolescentgirls,pregnantandlactatingwomen,childrenandolderpersons)
B2 2.3 Increasingincomesofsmall-scalefoodproducers
B3 2.4,2.5 Strengtheningsustainablefoodproductionsystems(maintainingecosystems/geneticdiversity,fosteringresi-lienceagainstclimatechange,extremeweather,drought,floodingandotherdisasters)
B4 3.1,3.2, Reducingmortality(frommaternalmortality/neonatalmortality/epidemicsofseriousdiseases/ 3.3,3.4 cardiovasculardiseases/cancer/diabetes/chronicrespiratorydiseases)
B5 3.5 Strengtheningthepreventionandtreatmentofsubstanceabuse
B6 3.6 Reducingdeaths/injuriesfromroadtrafficaccidents
B7 3.9 Reducingdeaths/injuriesfromhazardouschemicalsandair,waterandsoilpollutionandcontamination
B8 4.4,4.7 Strengtheningknowledgeandskillsrelatedtosustainabilityissues(ICTskills/sustainabledevelopmentingeneral)
B9 6.1,6.2 Improvingtheaccesstosafedrinkingwater,sanitationandhygiene
B10 6.3 Improvingwaterqualitybyreducingthereleaseofhazardouschemicalsandmaterials
B11 6.4 Increasingwater-useefficiencyandstrengtheningsustainablesupplyoffreshwater
B12 7.2 Enabling/increasingtheproductionofrenewableenergy
B13 7.3 Enabling/increasingenergyefficiency
B14 8.5,8.6 Creationofwell-paidjobs/reducingyouthunemployment
B15 8.8 Strengtheningsecureworkingconditions
B16 8.9 Strengtheningsustainabletourism(localjobcreation,promotionoflocalcultureandproducts)
B17 8.10 Expandingtheaccesstobanking,insuranceandfinancialservices
B18 9.4 Fosteringdecarbonisationandresourceefficiencyofindustries
B19 11.5 Reducingdeaths/peopleaffectedbydisasters
B20 11.6 Improvingurbanairquality(withspecialattentiontoparticulatematter)
B21 12.2 Strengtheningsustainablemanagementandefficientuseofnaturalresources(byreducingthematerialfootprintofproductsandservices)
B22 12.3 Reducingfoodlossesandfoodwaste
B23 12.4 Reducingthereleaseofchemicals/hazardouswasteintoair,waterandsoil
B24 12.5 Reducingwastegenerationthroughwasteprevention,recyclabilityandreusability
B25 13.2 SignificantcontributiontoGHGemissionreductions
B26 14.1 Reducingmarinepollution/marinelittering
B27 14.7 Strengtheningthesustainableuseofmarineresources(fisheries,aquacultureandtourism)
B28 15.1 Fosteringtheconservationandsustainableuseofecosystems/biodiversity
B29 16.10 Strengthenpublicaccesstoinformation
B30 1.3,3.8, Strengtheningtheavailabilityofaffordableandsustainableproducts/services 4.3,6.1, (overarchingindicatorfortheaspect‚affordable‘) 7.1,9.1, 9.3,11.1, 11.2,
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7.2 Consumer Research in PROSA
Therearetwodifferentresearchtradi-tionsandareasforpracticalapplicationinconsumerresearch:marketing-orient-edconsumerresearchandconsumer-ori-entedconsumerresearch.Theunderlyingmethodsarethesame,butthequestionsandanalyticalperspectivearedifferent.
Marketing-orientedconsumerresearchiscarriedoutpredominantlyonbehalfofcompanies;itsprimaryobjectiveistoen-surethatproductssellsuccessfully(“sales research“),althoughofcoursepotentialproblemsinthepost-salephasearealsotakenintoaccount(dissonancereductionmanagementandcustomersatisfactionresearch).Bycontrastconsumer-orientedconsumerresearch(“consumption re-search“)analysesfromthepointofviewofconsumersandsocietyandalsounder-takesin-depthanalysisofthepost-salephase–inparticulartheusephase,usepatternsandpossibilitiesforanenviron-mentallysound,cost-savingandsociallysustainableuseofproducts.Bothpointsofviewshouldbegivenattentioninasustainability-orientedstudy.
ThefamiliarquantitativeandqualitativeconsumerresearchtoolscanbeusedforthebenefitanalysisinPROSA(question-naires,interviews,empiricalcontentanalysis,observations,experimentsandtestsituations);qualitativesocialresearchmethodssuchasgroupresearcharegen-erallygivengreateremphasis,however.Focusgroupsareespeciallywellsuitedforthisbecausecomplexaspectsofsustainabilityanddifficultsocial-psycho-logicalissuescanbeanalysedherewithlimitedeffort.Beingtogetherinagrouphastheadvantagethatthegenerationofprocessesofopinionformationcanbespeededupinthegroup,observedandanalysedlateraccordingtospecifictar-getgroups.Inadditiontothetraditionalquestions(practicalutility,symbolicutil-ity,targetgroups)patternsofuse,habitsofuseandaspectsofsustainabilityarealsosubjectedtoparticularstudy.
InfocusgroupswithPROSA,anexpertisincludedineachgroupinordertoan-swertrickyquestionsinanadhocman-nerintheoverlappingareasoftechnol-ogy,ecologyanduse(cf.Grießhammeretal.2007,p.37ff).Inadditiontothefocusgroupsitcanalsobeusefultoconsultstakeholdersandexpertsinmini-groups.
Theresultsofconsumerresearchorben-efitanalysisarecloselycoordinatedwiththosefromtheLife-CycleAssessment(LCA),theSocialLCAandtheLife-CycleCosting.
Theaimofthebenefitanalysisisnottoproduceanabsoluteassessmentofprod-uctsbutrathertoascertainopportunitiesandproductssuitedforthefutureandtoderivepotentialwaysofoptimizingproductssothattheybecomemoresus-tainable.Forexample,carsharingcanbemademoreattractivewhenthesymbolicutilityaspectsofindividualcarsaremadeclearerandthissymbolicutilitycanbesatisfiedbycarsharingaswell.
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8 Sustainability criteria on the basis of the 2030 Agenda
Whenanalysingandevaluatingtheimpactofproductsalongtheirlifecycle,theselectionoftheimpactcategoriesandindicatorstobeconsideredplaysacentralrolefortheresult.WhileLCAsincorporateavarietyofimpactcatego-riesthataretakenintoaccountaccord-ingly(seepage8),analysesareoftenrestrictedtogreenhousegasassessmentsinpractice.AccordingtotheEUPEFStrategy,therelevantimpactcategoriesforindividualproductgroupsshouldbedeterminedinadvance(seep.12).
Standardsthatcanbeusedforanalysingtheeconomicdimensionofsustainabil-ityare,forexample,DINENISO14045oneco-efficiency,orthedraftstandardDINEN60300-3-3:2005-03onLife Cycle Costing.Here,costs(expressedineurosorothercurrencies)arethecentralandusuallytheonlyindicator.However,theyshouldroutinelybesupplementedbytheanalysisofexternalcosts(seep.14ff).
OthereconomicaspectsarereportedinpracticeusingtheSocialLCA.Accord-ingtotheSLCAguidelines,40impactcategoriesshouldbetakenintoaccount,andthenumberofpotentialindividualindicatorsisfargreater.Againstthisbackground,itisobviousthatanarrow-ingdowntoaspectstobeanalysedwithprioritymusttakeplace(seep.19ff).
Thisappliesinparticulartointegrated product sustainability analyses.Theprioritisation–asinthecaseofSLCAs–hassofaroftenbeencarriedoutbyastakeholderpanel,asinthecaseoftheproductassessmenttoolforITandtelecommunicationproductsoftheGeSi–Globale-SustainabilityInitiative.Thecomparativelyopenorspecificselec-tionofindicatorshaslongbeenjustifiedbythefactthatthereisnogenerallyacceptednormativeorlegallydefinedbackgroundforthis.
WiththeadoptionoftheUnited Na-tions’ Agenda 2030inSeptember2015,thishasfundamentallychanged(UnitedNations2015).The2030Agendacontains17overarchingSustainableDevelopment
Goals(SDGs)and169sub-goals.Therati-fyingcountrieshavethusalsocommittedthem-selvestoimplementingtheSDGsintheirnationalstrategies.However,municipalities,companiesandconsum-ersshouldalsoimplementthegoalsofthe2030Agendaasfarasthisispossiblewithintheirsphereofinfluence.
The2030Agendathusprovidesaglo-ballyacceptedsystemofindicatorsformeasuringtheSDGs.However,onlyafewdozenofthe169sub-goalsexplicitlyrefertoproductsandcompanies;oth-ers,suchastheindicator“Ensureaccessforalltoadequate,safeandaffordablehousing”(SDG11.1),cannotberealiseddirectlybyindividualcompanies.
Product- and company-relevant indicators of the 2030 Agenda
Inthe“SDGAssessment”researchproject(Eberleetal.2021)fundedbytheGermanFederalMinistryonEducationandResearch(BMBF),amethodcalled“SDGEvaluationofProducts”(SEP)wasdeveloped(www.sdg-evaluation.com)whichprovidedforareasonedrestric-tiontothoseindicatorstotheachieve-mentofwhichproducts,servicesandcompaniescanactuallycontribute(EberleandWenzig2020).
IndicatorsformeasuringtheSDGshavealreadybeendevelopedintheGeneralIndicatorFramework(GIF)oftheUnitedNationsforthe2030Agenda.Thesearetheauthoritativesourceoftheselectedindicators.Incaseswheretheindicatorscouldnotbeapplied,theywereamend-edorsupplementedbymoresuitableindicators.Thesupplementedindicatorsusuallyoriginatefromotheracceptedindicatorframeworks,suchasthosepro-posedintheEuropeanprocesstoestab-lishaProductEnvironmentalFootprint(EuropeanCommission2012)orpro-posedbytheGlobalReportingInitiative(GRI)(GRI2016a;GRI2016b).Thisapproachwaschosentoensurethattheselectedsustainabilityindicatorshavethegreatestpossibleconnectivityand
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compatibilitywithotherinitiatives,suchastheEuropeanProductEnvironmentalFootprintprocess(EuropeanCommission2012).
Forthenarrowingdown,twotestques-tionswereasked:
DoestheproductorservicealongthelifecyclehaveadirectimpactontheachievementoftheSDGs?Theresult-ing25indicatorsarereferredtoasCase1(C1)indicators.
Dothecompaniesthatproduceoroffertheproductorservicealongthelifecyclehaveadirectinfluenceontheachievementofthegoalthroughtheiractivities,forexamplethroughthelevelofwagespaidorthroughmeasurestopreventcorruption?Theresulting20indicatorsarereferredtoasCase2(C2)indicators.
Inasecondstep,theindicatorsweresubdividedintomandatory core indica-torsandcomprehensive indicators.Thefollowingtwo“filters”wereusedtodeterminethecoreindicators:
ThePlanetaryBoundaries(Steffenetal.2015)toselectthemostrelevantecologicalindicators,
theDeclarationofUniversalHumanRightsoftheUnitedNations(UnitedNations1949)forselectingthemostrelevantsocio-economicindicators.
Thus,21mandatorycoreindicatorscouldbeidentified.Forindividualsectors,indi-catorsgoingbeyondtheseweredefinedasmandatory.TheC1indicatorsareshowninTable6,theC2indicatorsinTab.7.Adetaileddescriptionoftheindi-vidualindicatorscanbefoundintheformofindicatorprofilesat:www.sdg-evaluation.com.
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Table6–C1indicatorsfortheanalysisofproducts(EberleandWenzig2020,p.28)
Impact Indicators # SDG Indicator Core
C1.1 2.4 Soilqualityindex
C1.2 2.4,15.9 Terrestrialbiodiversitypotential X
C1.3 2.4 AccumulatedExceedance(terrestrialeutrophication,acidification) X
C1.4 3.9 ComparativeToxicUnitforhumansC1.4a:cancerC1.4b:non-cancer
C1.5 3.9 Photochemicalozonecreationpotential
C1.6 3.9 Diseaseincidences(Particulatematter)
C1.7 3.9,6.3, ComparativeToxicUnitforecosystems X 12.4
C1.8 6.3 P-equivalents(freshwatereutrophication) X
C1.9 6.4 Scarcity-adjustedwateruse
C1.10 8.4,9.4 AbioticresourcedepletionC1.10a:minerals&metalsC1.10b:fossilfuels
C1.11 9.4,13.2 GlobalWarmingPotential X
C1.12 12.4 Ionisingradiationpotential
C1.13 14.1 N-equivalents(marineeutrophication) X
C1.14 14.2 Marinebiodiversitypotential X
C1.15 14.3 Marineacidificationpotential
Inventory Indicatores # SDG Indicator Core
C1.16 2.3 Income/ha-onlySmallScaleProducers
C1.17 2.3 Yield/ha-onlySmallScaleProducers
C1.18 3.6 Deathrateduetoroadtrafficinjuries
C1.19 6.4 Wateruse
C1.20 7.2,7.3 Energyuse XC1.20a:renewableC1.20b:non-renewable
C1.21 12.3 Foodlosses
C1.22 12.4 Wastegeneration(perfraction)
C1.23 12.5 Useofrecycledmaterial
C1.24 14.1 Marinedebris(incl.(micro)plastic) X
C1.25 14.4 Shareofby-catchincatches X
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Table7–C2indicatorsfortheanalysisofcompanies
Inventor-Indicators # SDG Indicator Core
C2.1 1.1 Workersearningbelowpovertylineof1.90$/day X
C2.2 1.3 Coverageofsocialsecuritysupport X
C2.3 2.4,3.6, Coverageofproduct-relatedsustainability(risk)management: X 5.1,6.5, C2.3a:sustainableagriculture(SDG2.4) C2.3c 6.6,7.3, C2.3b:driver/passengersafety/reductionofaccidents(SDG3.6) C2.3i 8.7,8.8 C2.3c:equalopportunities(SDG5.1) C2.3j 9.3,12.2, C2.3d:wateruse&scarcity(SDG6.5,6.6) C2.3k 12.3,12.4, C2.3e:naturalresources(SDG12.2) C2.3o 13.2,14.2, C2.3f:foodlosses(SDG12.3) C2.3p 15.1-15.6, C2.3g:chemicals(SDG12.4) C2.3s 15.8,15.9, C2.3h:waste(SDG12.5) 15.a,15.b, C2.3i:climatechange(SDG13.2) 16.5,16.a, C2.3j:marinebiodiversity(SDG14.2) 17.7,17.11, C2.3k:terrestrial&freshwaterbiodiversity(SDG15.1-15.5,15.8) 17.16,17.17 C2.3l:patentsonnaturalresources(SDG15.6) C2.3m:corruptionprevention(SDG16.5) C2.3n:humanrights(SDG16.a) C2.3o:promotionofenvironmentalsoundtechnologiesindevelopingcountries(SDG17.7)
C2.3p:energyefficiencyz(SDG7.3)C2.3q:smallscalesuppliers/industryborrowersinsupplychain(particularfromLDC)(SDG9.3)C2.3r:shareofproducts/materialsfromDC(SDG17.11)C2.3s:Investmentsinconservationandsustainableuseofbiodiversity/ecosystems(SDG15.a,15.b)C2.3t:Engagementinmulti-stakeholderpartnershipsforsustainabledevelopment(SDG17.16,17.17)
C2.4 2.5 Numberofusedbreeds/varieties X
C2.5 3.8 Shareofemployeescoveredbyhealthinsuranceorapublichealthsystem X
C2.6 3.9,8.8 Numberof,timelossorfrequencyratesoffatalandnon-fataloccupationalinjuries
C2.7 3.9,8.8 Accessofworkerstoprotectiveclothing
C2.8 4.4,4.7, Shareofemployeestrainedinsustainabilityissues 13.3,16.5 C2.8a:ICTskills(SDG4.4)
C2.8b:sustainabilityingeneral(SDG4.7)C2.8c:climatechange(SDG13.3)C2.8d:corruptionprevention(SDG16.5)“
C2.9 4.5 Averagehoursoftrainingperemployeebyshareofmen/woman
C2.10 5.1,8.5 Ratioofaveragehourlywageofmentowomen X
C2.11 5.5 Shareofwomeninmanagerialpositionsatallhierachylevels X
C2.12 6.1 Availabilityofsafelymanageddrinkingwateratwork X
C2.13 6.2 Availabilityoflockablesanitationatwork,includingahand-washingfacilitywithsoapandwater X
C2.14 6.3 Percentageofsafelytreatedwastewaterflows
C2.15 8.6 Shareofemployees(incl.apprenticeships)under24
C2.16 8.7,8.8 FulfillmentofILOconventionsbysex XC2.16a:freedomofassemblyC2.16b:childworkC2.16c:forcedlabourC2.16d:discriminationC2.16e:collectivebargaining
C2.17 9.5 InvestmentsinR&D
C2.18 10.2 Relativepovertyrate(50%ofmediandisposableincome) X
C2.19 10.3 PalmaRatio
C2.20 12.6,12.8, Sustainabilityinformationabouttheproduct(incl.valuechain)publiclyavailable 14.4
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Theanalysisofthesustainabilityofproductsorcompaniesisalreadycom-plex.Thesubsequentevaluationoftheresultsofdozensofindicatorsrepresentsafurtherchallenge.
Beforegoingintodetail,threeimportantpointsshouldbenotedinadvance:
Incontrasttothesustainabilityanaly-sisforproducts,theevaluationisonlypoorlydevelopedintermsofmethod-ology.
Thedefinitionofgoalandscopewiththeselectedindicatorsdeterminestheresulttoalargeextent.IfananalysisislimitedtoaLifeCycleAssessment,forexample,socialaspectsarebasical-lynotevaluated.Likewise,ifrelevantindicatorsfrommanypossiblesocialindicatorsarenotanalysedinasocialLCA,noresultsareavailablefortheevaluation.
Assessmentsshouldalwaysbeaction-oriented.ItisdebatablewhetherindicatorAorindicatorBismoreimportant.ItwouldbepreferabletofindandimplementmeasuresthatreducethenegativeimpactsofAandB.
TheLCAaccordingto ISO 14040providesforimpactassessmentandinterpreta-tion,butnotforevaluationandaggrega-tion.Inpractice,however,aggregationcanbeobserved,especiallywhenseveralproductsoralternativesaretobecom-pared.SuchaggregationisalsousedintheEU’sPEF process(seep.12f).
InthecaseoftheSocial Life Cycle As-sessment (SLCA),asemi-quantitativeevaluationoftheindividualLifeCycleIn-ventoryresultsisrecommended,namelyafive-partnumericalrating(-2,-1,0,+1,+2)orakindoftrafficlightsystem,aswellasaclassificationofthepositiveimpacts.Furtherweightingsandanover-allaggregationarepossible.However,theoverallassessmentshouldideallybedeterminedtogetherwithstakeholders(seep.19ff).
Life Cycle Costingprovidesasingularindicatorresultintheformofcosts,so
thatitiseasytodistinguishbetweentwoalternatives(seep.14ff).Ifnecessary,itcanbesupplementedbyanEco-Efficien-cy Analysis(seep.17f).
InSustainability Analyses,weightingandevaluationwithastakeholderpanelhasprovensuccessfulsofar.Inthesoftware-supportedproductevaluationsystemofGeSi–theGlobale-SustainabilityInitiativeforITandtelecommunicationproductsandservices,numericalevalu-ationsofindividualindicatorsaswellastheweightingsbetweentheindicatorstowardsanoverallaggregationweredeterminedinthisway.
AthreefoldrequirementismadefortheLifeCycleInventorydatarelatedtosustainabilityindicators:
Firstly,theresultsmustbestandard-ised,i.e.relatedtoanoverarchingcomparativevalue,suchaswagespaidtotheminimumstandardofliv-ingintherespectivecountry.
Secondly,ausefulfunctionmustbedevelopedfortheevaluationbe-tweentheLifeCycleInventoryresultandthecomparativevalue.UnlikewithLCAresults,therelationshipisnotalwayslinear.Forexample,thetargetforincreasingtheproportionofwomeninmanagementpositionsisnot100%,but50%.Thistargetvaluecanbeconsideredwellmetevenwithasmalldeviation,e.g.iftheshareofwomenisbetween45%and55%.
Thirdly,thecorrespondingresultsalongtheproductlinemustbesum-marisedandweightedfordifferentcompaniesindifferentcountries.
9 Sustainability Assessment and Aggregation
35
Assessment of individual sustainability indicators
IntheSDG assessmentresearchproject(Eberleetal.2021),thesethreerequire-mentswereimplementedforsomecom-pany-relatedindicators,usingthemeth-odofSDG-EvaluationofProducts(SEP)(cf.EberleandWenzig2020).Furthermore,ratingcurveswerederivedthatshowarelationshipbetweentheperformanceoftheindicatorandthecontributiontotherespectiveSDG.Inordertoassessthepotentialcontribu-tionsoftheC2indicatorstotheachieve-mentoftheSDGs,ascaleof„-1“to„+1“waschosen(“+1”meansthattheprod-uctcontributesfullytoachievingthesus-tainabilitygoal;“-1”meansthattheproducthasanegativeimpactonachiev-ingthesustainabilitygoal).
Forexample,indicatorC2.1“EmployeesearningbelowtheUNpovertyline”measureshowmanyworkersalongthevaluechainearnbelowtheextremepov-ertylinesetbytheUNofcurrently$1.90perday.Accordingly,afullcontri-butiontotheSDGrated“+1”meansthatallemployeesalongtheentirevaluechainearnabovethepovertyline.Thepercentageofpeopleearningaccordingtothepovertylineonaverageinaspe-cificcountrywassetas0.Assessmentsbasedontheindividualenterprisesinvolvedarethensummarisedaccordingtotheirshareofthehoursworkedtoproducetheproductunderinvestigation.
Table8:SummaryofindicatorsthatconcretisetargetSD6(Cleanwaterandadequatesanitation)(EberleandWenzig2020,p.18)
Forfurtherassessment,individualindica-torsareassignedtotheindividualSDGs(cf.exampleinTab.8).Theycanalsobeaggregated.Evenifthisiswiththesameweighting(1:1:1)asintheexample,thisisstillanormativeassessment.Thegen-eralpublicmightgiveahigherweight-ingto“waterscarcity”,whereasworkersmightgiveahigherweightingto“ad-equatesanitationattheworkplace”.Forthisreason,sustainabilityanalysesshouldbeaccompaniedbystakeholderpanels–
startingwiththedefinitionofthetarget,frameworkconditionsandindicatorsuptothefinalevaluationand,ifnecessary,aggregation.
Tofacilitatetheevaluation,the“ProFitS”softwarewasdeveloped(seep.36ff).
Agriculture Processing Overall assessment
C2.3d Wateruse&scarcity
C2.12 Drinkingwaterattheworkplace
C2.13 Adequatesanitationatwork
C2.14 Wastewatertreatment
SDG6(balancedaggregation)
Location100%
0,00
1,00
1,00
1,00
0,75
Location100%
0,33
1,00
1,00
1,00
0,83
0,02
1,00
1,00
1,00
0,76
Product(Shareofworkinghours,93%)
0,00
0,93
0,93
0,93
0,70
Product(Shareofworkinghours,93%)
0,02
0,07
0,07
0,07
0,06
36
Forseveraldecadesnowtherehasbeendebateonsustainabledevelopment–sustainabilitystrategiesandsustainabilitygoalshavebeendefined,sustainabilityreportswereproduced,andproductsratedassustainableornon-sustainable,asthecasemaybe.Surprisingly,thereislittledebateandlittletransparencyastohow in fact sustainability is evaluated and which concrete improvements are proposed and implemented.
PROSA,incontrast,placesastrongfocusonaverifiableevaluationprocessandaclearevaluationframework.PROSAprovidesforthispurposethesoftwareProFitS(Products-fit-to-Sustainability)integratedevaluationframeworkandsoftware.ProFitSisaction-orientedanditsoutcomecanbepresentedinaquali-tative-argumentativemannerorinquan-titativeterms.Whererequired,itcanbecomplementedorsubstitutedbyothertransparentevaluationframeworks.
Thepurposeoftheevaluationisgener-allytopreparestrategicdecisionsandtoidentifysustainabilityopportunitiesandoptimizationavenues,andNOTtoper-formanyabsolutenumericalevaluation.
Nonetheless,ProFitSdoesprovideoppor-tunitiesforquantitativeassessment,
becausethismakesitpossibletotreatandpresentthegreatarrayoffind-ingsondifferentvariantsinamoresystematicfashion,
because,curiously,itisoftenthequantitativeassessmentproposedinastrategyteamoratastakeholderworkshopthattriggersmorein-depthdiscussionofqualitativeevaluations,
becausecompanieswithlargeprod-uctportfoliosuseindexes.
TheoutcomeofProFitSthereforecanbeaggregatedasoneindexwhererequired.Alloriginaldataandalltheindividualevaluationssteps,however,canbetracedback.Inadditiontoquantitativeassess-ment,theProFitSevaluationframeworkroutinelyaskswhichmeasurescanbetakentoimproveanindicatororstatethathasbeenratedpoorly.
10.1 The ProFitS software
TheProFitSsoftwarecombinesinasin-gletooltheevaluationmethodswhichhavebeendeveloped,thusenablingtherecordingofproduct-andcompany-relateddata,thebreakingdownofthemanufacturingprocessintoindividualsub-stepsandthegraphicaldisplayoftherespectivesustainabilitycontribution.Thesoftwareisfreelyavailableonwww.prosa.organdcanbeoperatedviaanin-ternetbrowser.Alldataenteredremainslocallyontheuser’scomputerandcanbesavedthereorexportedforprocessinginaspreadsheetprogramme.TheuserinterfaceofthesoftwareisdrawnupinEnglishtofacilitateinternationalappli-cability.
10.2 Data entry
PreferencesTheimplementationofasustainabilityanalysiswithProFitSisstartedwiththespecificationoftheobjectofinvestiga-tion(“assessmenttitle”and“product/servicename”),theselectionofthebranch(“branch”)andthe“assessmentfocus”(“core”or“comprehensive”)(seeFigure11).The“functionalunit(fu)”describestheobjectofinvestigationwithanexplanatorytext,inthesenseofalifecycleassessmentwiththespecificationofthesystemboundariesandtheunitandtimereference.Byselectingthescale,youcanchoosewhethertheresultsaredisplayedfrom-1to+1oraspointsfrom0to100.Thesettingscanbechangedsubsequently
10 ProFitS
37
Torecordthesustainabilityimpactsofaproductorservice,theentryofsustain-abilityindicatorsisdividedintothreesub-steps:
Productorservice-relatedSDGindica-tors(SDGimpacts:C1indicators,seealsop.32)
Company-relatedSDGindicators(SDGimpacts:C2indicators,seealsop.33)
Benefit-relatedindicators(benefitanalysis:Bindicators,seealsop.28)
C1 indicatorsTheproduct-relatedC1indicators(“prod-uct-orservice-relatedSDGimpacts”)aretheresultsoflifecycleassessmentsthatcanbeenteredinthefirstsub-stepoftheassessment(seeFigure12).TheProFitSsoftwareitselfdoesnotofferanysup-portinthepreparationofLCAs,butonlydocumentstherespectiveenvironmen-talimpactcategoriesandspecifiestheassociatedcalculationmethodsaswellasthesustainabilitygoalsaddressed.De-pendingonwhichfilters(“branch”and“assessmentfocus”)wereselectedinthedefaultsettings,themaximumnumberof25indicatorsisreducedtothenumberapplicabletotherespectiveproduct.
Figure11–Defaultsettingonassessment(“preferences”)
Figure12–Entryoftheproduct-relatedC1indicators
Source:ProFitSsoftware,examplevalues
Source:ProFitSsoftware,examplevalues
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C2 indicatorsWithregardtothecompany-relatedC2indicators(SDGimpacts),informationonsustainablecorporategovernanceisrequested(seeFigure13).Thisisthesecondstepintheprocessofenteringdata.Onthebasisoftheevaluationofeachindicatorthesoftwarecalculates
therespectivenumericalcontributiontotheachievementoftheSDGsfromthein-dicatorsenteredinthe“result”column.Thegraphicalrepresentation(“resultgraph”)immediatelyprovidesfeedbackonwhetherthiscontributionisnegative(redbar),neutral(orangebar)orpositive(greenbar).
Figure13–Entryofthecompany-relatedC2indicators
Source:ProFitSsoftware,examplevalues
Process editor for C2 indicatorsProductsareusuallynotmanufacturedbyasinglecompany,buttheyaremadeupofpartialproductsandservicesfromseveralcompanies(e.g.rawmaterialex-traction,transport,manufactureofsemi-finishedgoods,processing,assembly).Thesustainabilityimpactsofaproductatthecompanylevelarethereforemadeupoftherespectivepartialcontributionsofthecompaniesinvolved.Tomapthisinthesoftware,aso-calledprocesseditorisintegratedintheC2indicators.Dur-ingtherecordingprocessitispossibletospecifythenumberofsub-stepsforthemanufactureoftherespectiveproduct.Theprocesseditorisstartedfromtheen-trymaskforeachindicatorviathe“editprocesses”button(seeFigure14).By
entering“process”and“provider”,theprocessesareclearlyspecified,theselec-tionofthecountrydocumentstherefer-encecountryforeachnationalaveragevalue.Theso-called“quantifier”indi-catestheallocationfactorwithwhichtherespectiveprocessstepisweighted.Thiscanbedone,forexample,onthebasisofmassorworkinghours.TheoverallresultdisplayedfortheC2indicatoriscalcu-latedasthesumoftheweightedpartialresults.Afterconfirmingtheentriesforanindicator(“OK”),theprocessesforallotherC2indicatorsareavailable.
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Figure14–Processeditorfortherepresentationofthecompany-relatedsub-steps
Source:ProFitSsoftware,examplevalues
B indicatorsThethirdsub-stepforenteringthesustainabilityindicatorsforproductsandservicesistorecordtheproductbenefitsinrelationtotheachievementofthesustainabilitygoals(BenefitAnalysis,see
page24ff).Thefulfilmentofthebenefitisevidencedineachcasebyreferencetoacorrespondingdocument.IntheProF-itSsoftware,theexistenceofpositiveevidenceisdocumentedanddisplayedgraphically(greenbar).
Figure15–Enteringtheproduct-relatedbenefits,Bindicators
Source:ProFitSsoftware,examplevalues
40
Integrated information
Inadditiontorecordingsustainabilityinformation,theProFitSsoftwarealsoservestodocumentthe“SDGEvaluationofProducts(SEP)”calculationmethod.Forthispurpose,informationexplainingthemethodanditsapplicationisalreadydisplayedwhenthesustainabilityindica-torsareentered.
Information on how to fi ll in the formWhenindividualindicatorsareselected,aninformationfieldopenswithinstruc-tionsonhowtofillthemin(seeFigure16).There,theindividualidentifiersarespecifiedandexplanationsaregivenonhowtoenterthem.Theinformationalsoappearswhennavigatingwiththemouseovertheinputfields(tooltip).
Figure16–Instructionsforcompletingforindividualindicators
Source:ProFitSsoftware,examplevalues
Indicator profi leAllindicatorspecificationsinthesoft-warearefollowedbyaninformationbuttonthatopensanindicatorfactsheetasapop-upwindow.Thefactsheetscontaininformationexplainingtheindi-
cator,provideliteraturereferencesand,inthecaseofC2indicators,documentthecalculationformulaandtheassoci-ateddiagramshowingtherelationshipbetweenenteredindicatorsandsustain-abilityimpact(seeFigure17).
Figure17–Indicatorprofiles
Source:ProFitSsoftware
41
Reference to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)Bydefinition,thesustainabilityindicatorsmakeapositiveornegativecontributiontotheachievementoftheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs).ThenameofthisSDGisindicatedbyafurtherinfor-mationbutton,whichislocatednext
tothesustainabilityindicatorsinthe“referringSDG“column.Clickingonthisbuttonopensapop-upwindowinwhichtheSDGsarelistedinplaintextandthecorrespondingSDGlogoisshown(seeFigure18).
Figure18:–Informationonthereferredsustainabilitygoals(SDGs)
Source:ProFitSsoftware
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Figure19–MenubuttonsoftheProFitSsoftware
Function
Show home page
Start or continue data collection
Delete or restart data collection
View Example
Import local assessment fi le (*.profi ts)
Export recorded data for local storage (*.profi ts)
Export recorded data as spreadsheet (*.xls)
Restore previous session
Aggregate data to individual SDGs (experimental)
Menu button
Source:ProFitSsoftware
Other functions of the softwareThesoftwareisequippedwithamenuwithwhichotherfunctionsofthesoft-warecanbecalledup.AnoverviewofthemenubuttonsisshowninFigure19.Thenamesareself-explanatory.The“ex-port”buttontransferstheuserentriestoatextfilethatcanbesavedlocally.Thefilenameismarked“*.profits”andcanberenamedbytheuser.Itisajsonfile(JavaScriptObjectNotation)inwhichthedataisstoredasstructuredreadabletext.ThefilecanbereloadedfromthelocalharddiskintotheProFitSsoftwareatalatertimeviathe“import”button.
Asecondexportoptionisthe“export XLS”button.Thiscreatesafilethatcanbeopeneddirectlywithaspreadsheetprogramme(e.g.OpenCalcorExcel).Theresultsaredocumentedinthexlsfile,butnotthecalculationformulae.Thexlsfileissuitableforfurtherprocessingofthedata,forexampleforcreatinggraphics,butnotforre-importingthedataintothesoftwarelater.
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Anotherpossiblefunctionisthe“aggre-gate”button.Thisoffersthepossibilityforatwo-stagesummary(aggregation)ofthescoresoftheindicatorstotherespectiveSDGs(1ststage)andfinallytoanoverallassessmentoftheproductorservice(2ndstage).However,theweight-ingofthedifferentindicatorsamongeachothercanonlybedoneonthebasisofanintensiveweighingprocess,atbestasasocialconsensus.Theaggrega-tionisthereforecarriedoutinasimpli-fied,equallyweightedmanner,i.e.each
indicatormakesthesamecontributiontotheoverallresult.Figure20showstheexperimentalaggregation.TheindividualC2indicators(C2.1toC2.20)ontheouterringareassignedtothecolour-codedSDGs(SDG1toSDG17)inthemiddlering.Thenumericalvalueinthemiddleofthegraph(hereasanexample:50points)indicatestheaggregatedtotalvalueoftheproductandthustheoverallcontributiontotheachievementoftheSustainableDevelopmentGoals.
Figure20–AggregationofC2sustainabilityindicators(fictitiousexample)
Source:ProFitSsoftware,Examplevalues50or25pointseach(Pt.)
44
PROSAProductPortfolioAnalysisisusedtoselecttheproductareas,businessunitsorkeyproductstobeanalysedingreaterdepth.Ifworkconductedpreviouslyhasalreadyledtothisselection,ProductPortfolioAnalysiscanbedispensedwith.
PROSAPortfolioAnalysisinvolvesbothaclassic,economicallyfocussedPortfolioAnalysisandaSustainabilityPortfolioAnalysis.ThePROSAProductPortfolioAnalysisconfrontstheeconomicallydeterminedself-perceptionofacom-panywithanexternalperceptionfromthesustainabilityperspectiveandfromastakeholderperspective.
Classic product portfolio analysisInafirststep,aclassicProductPortfolioAnalysisfocussingonmarketandcompe-titionaspectsisconducted,andalignedwiththeproductportfoliomatrix.Dependinguponthecompanyinques-tion,differenttypesofProductPortfolioAnalysescanbecarriedout.Thetwobestknownare:
theBostonPortfoliodevelopedbytheBostonConsultingGroup.HereStrategicBusinessUnits(SBUs)ofthecompanyareanalysed,andamatrixchartisproducedplacingtheirrela-tivemarketshareinrelationtotheirmarketgrowthrate.Dependinguponthepositioninthechart,thisleadstofourtypesofSBU:cashcows,risingstars,poordogs,questionmarks.
thecompetitiveadvantage/marketattractivenessportfoliodevelopedbyMcKinsey.Heretherelativecompeti-tiveadvantageandmarketattrac-tivenessarecharacterizedinamoredifferentiatedfashionusingseveralindexes,andtheninetypesofstand-ardstrategiesaremoredifferentiatedaswell.
PROSA Product Portfolio AnalysisInasecondstep,thePROSAProductPortfolioAnalysisiscarriedout,whichsupplementstheeconomicaspectsoftheStrategicBusinessUnits(SBUs)tocapturesocialandenvironmentalaspects:
Socialandenvironmentalrisksinproduction,inbusinessprocessesand
inthemarket;capturedashotspotsinthePROSAProductPortfolio–Sus-tainabilityRisks(cf.Figure21;pre-sentedwithoutcasestudy).
Socialandenvironmentalopportuni-tiesarisingfromproductinnovations,improvedmarketpositionandadher-encetokeyobjectivesofsociety,capturedasbenefitsandeco-poten-tialinthePROSAProductPortfolio–SustainabilityOpportunities(cf.Figure22;shownfortheexampleofaprefabricatedhousemanufacturer).
Specialattentionisgiventopotentialnewproductsorservices.Product-relatedsustainabilityinnovationscanholdoutthefollowingopportunities:
Identificationofnewbusinessop-portunities(markets)thatwerenotpreviouslyrecognized
Migrationintobusinessfieldsthatwillbytheirverynatureprovidelong-termopportunities
Greaterorientationtogrowinglong-termcustomerwishes
Generationofwin-winsituationsforthecompanyandsociety,andthusimprovedreputationofthecompany
AfinalSWOT analysisprovidesanintegratedperspectiveontheinternallyperceived(economic)strengthsandweaknessesandtheexternallyperceived(socialandenvironmental)opportunitiesandrisks.
Work best conducted by means of a multi-stakeholder workshopThekeyenvironmentalandsocialsus-tainabilitylinkagesarebestidentifiedandassessedwithinamulti-stakeholderworkshop.Thisapproachdeliversdirectandup-to-dateinformationandaccurateappraisalsoffutureoptionsandposi-tions.Itwouldalsobeconceivabletocon-ductascreeningofproduct-specificsustainabilitylinkagesbymeansofanexpertappraisalorthroughastrategyteamwithinthecompany,butthiswouldpresupposegreateravailabilityofquan-titativedatawhichhithertohavebeendifficulttoobtaininordertodeliveracomparablestabilityofresults.
11 Product Portfolio Analysis
45
Involvingstakeholdersinthestrategicphasenaturallypresentsrisks,suchasconfidentialityproblems.Figure22intheannexshowsthreeoptionsbywhichtoinvolvestakeholders,andtheadvantagesanddrawbacksoftheseoptions.
Case study: Prefabricated house manufacturer
Amajorprefabricatedhousemanufac-tureraimstoexpanditsbusinessareasinGermany.Followingexhaustivemarketsurveysandconsumerresearch,fourpos-siblenewStrategicBusinessUnits(SBUs)areidentifiedandarediscussedwithstakeholders.ThePROSAportfolioanaly-sisofsustainabilityopportunitiesresultsinthefollowingassessments(cf.alsoFigure22).
Standardized thermal insulation of exist-ing buildings(SBU1)Higheco-potential(verylargestockofexistingbuildings,energyreductionpotentialisveryhighperbuildingandoverall;majorcontributiontoclimatechangemitigation);thekeysocialobjec-tiveof“creatingemployment/reducingyouthunemployment”ispromoted(ben-efitindicatorB14),becauseinsulatingexistingbuildingscreatesmanyjobsincraftscompaniesandtheconstructionsector;thekeysocialobjectiveof“ena-bling/increasingenergyefficiency”(benefitindicatorB13)ispromotedbecausethespecificenergyconsumptionforheatingisreducedsignificantly.Whenselectingthermalinsulationmate-rials,itisessentialtoensurethattheydonotcontainflameretardantsofconcerninordertosupportthekeysocietalobjectiveof“reducingthereleaseofchemicals/hazardouswasteintoair,waterandsoil”(benefitindicatorB23)andtoenablepositivecontributionsto“reducingwastegenerationthroughwasteprevention,recyclabilityandreus-ability“(benefitindicatorB24)attheendofthebenefitphase.
New construction of plus-energy houses (SBU2)Eco-potentialisgiven,butissmallerfortheforeseeablefuturethaninthecaseofthethermalinsulationofexistingbuildings,becauseonlyafewhundredthousandhousesarenewlybuiltperyear.Thekeysocialobjectiveof“ena-bling/increasingenergyefficiency(ben-efitindicatorB13)ispromotednonethe-less.
Wood pellet heating systems(SBU3)Eco-potentialisgiven(woodisareplen-ishableresource,butlimitedinGermany).Thekeysocialobjectiveof“creatingemployment/reducingyouthunemployment”ispromoted(benefitindicatorB14)becausetheforestryandwoodprocessingsectorsarelabour-intensive.Thekeysocialobjective“ena-bling/increasingtheproductionofrenewableenergies”(benefitindicatorB12)ispromotedbecausewoodisarenewableenergycarrier.
Gas-fired condensing boilers(SBU4)Eco-potentialissmallandisnotverypromisingagainstthebackgroundoflong-termCO
2reductiontargets.Nevertheless,duetothehigherutilisa-tionoftheenergystoredinthefuel,acontributionismadetothekeysocialobjectiveof“enabling/increasingener-gyefficiency”(benefitindicatorB13).Alternativesareelectricheatpumps,possiblyincombinationwithaPVsys-tem,orevenelectricheatinginthecaseofhighlyinsulatedhouseswithverylowheatingenergyrequirements.Untilthisbusinessfieldisestablished,gasheatingwithfossilgaswillbephasedoutforcli-mateprotectionreasons.
46
Figure21–PROSA“Strategicriskminimization”productportfolio
Severalsocialhotspots
butnoenviron-mentalhotspot
Severalsocialhotspots
andoneenviron-mentalhotspot
Severalenviron-mentalhotspots
andseveralso-cialhotspots
Onesocialhot-spot
butnoenviron-mentalhotspot
Nosocialhot-spot
andnoenviron-mentalhotspot
Onesocialhot-spot
andoneenviron-mentalhotspot
Nosocialhot-spotbutseveralenvironmentalhotspots
Severalenviron-mentalhotspots
andonesocialhotspot
Nosocialhotspot
butoneenviron-mentalhotspot
Social risks
Environmental risks
47PlusEnergyhousesinFreiburg(Source:RolfDischarchitects)
Figure22–PROSA“Strategicopportunities”productportfolio
Severalbenefits
butnoeco-potential
Severalbenefits
andeco-potential
Severalbenefits
andhigheco-potential
Onebenefit
butnoeco-potential
Nobenefit
andnoeco-potential
Onebenefit
andeco-potential
Nobenefit
buthigheco-potential
Onebenefit
andhigheco-potential
Nobenefit
buteco-potential
Benefit
Eco-potential
o1 SBU:Standardizedthermalinsulationof existingbuildingso2SBU:Newconstructionofplus-energyhouses
o3 SBU:Woodpelletheatingsystemso4 SBU:Gas-firedcondensingboilers
3
1
2
4
48
Annex
Actor Checklist BeforeimplementingPROSAthereshouldbeclarityaboutwhichinternalandexternalactorsplayaroleandinwhatformtheyareincludedoraddressed.Particularlyinlargeandinter-
nationalcompaniesthereisadangerthatrelevantinternalactorsarenotincludedappropriately.ThegeneralActorChecklistcanhelptoestablishtherelevantexternalactors.
Actor groups in general
Productioncompaniesinthechain(pri-maryandsecondarysuppliers,buyers)
Tradingcompanies(incl.Internettra-ding)
Customers(B2C,B2B,procurers,...)
State/administrativeactors
Financialinstitutions:shareholders,banks,insurancecompanies,ratingorganizations
Mediaandproducttestingmagazines
Localresidentsandlocalactors
Industrialassociationsandstandardsorganizations
Consumerorganizations,environmentalcoalitions,developmentorganizations,tradeunions,product-specificassocia-tionsorinitiatives(suchasautomobileclubs,mobilephoneinitiatives)
Actor groups relevant to the product(portfolio) under study
Thissectioncontainschecklistsandover-viewsintendedasaidsforimplementingPROSA.Inlargecompaniestherewillgenerallybecompany-specificchecklistsforthis,whichcanequallybeused.
Figure23–ActorChecklist
49
Stakeholder Involvement Checklist
Stakeholdersshouldbeincludedespe-ciallyinsustainability-orientedstrategicprocesses.Thedifferentpossibilitiesaredescribedinthefollowingoverview.
Therearealsotransitionsbetweentheprototypicaloptionslistedhere.Options1und2shouldbeusedaspreparationpriortoincludingstakeholdersdirectly(Option3).
Options for stakeholder involvement
(1)Researchonstake-holderpositions(Internet;publications)
(2)Conversationswithindividualstakeholdersonthesubject
(3)Directinclusioninstrategyorproductpanels
Advantages
quicknoproblemswithconfi-
dentialitynoobligations
moredirectandup-to- dateinformation
initialassessmentoffu- turedevelopmentsand changesinpositionpos- sible(dependingonex- tentofinformationpro- videdtostakeholders)
Directandup-to-date information
goodassessmentof futuredevelopments andchangesinposition possible
largegainincreativitypotentialforcoopera-
tiveactivitiesthatsup- portthemarket
Disadvantages or risks
oftenout-of-datepubli- cations
littlechancetoassess futuredevelopmentsand changesinposition
notpossibletoaskques- tionsaboutcontentor prioritizations
dependingonextentof informationprovidedto stakeholderspotential problemswithconfidenti- ality
moreanexchangeof positionsthanjointlydevi- singsustainablestrategies
timeconsumingproblemswith
confidentialitychoiceofthe“right“
stakeholdersdifficultand hardtocorrect
expensespayments required,butdepending ontheagreementand disclosurethiscanalso compromisethestake- holderposition
Figure24–StakeholderInvolvementChecklist
50
Figure25–Opportunitiesandrisksofcooperation
Gaininknow-how(know-howtransfer,attainmentofsystemexpertise,commonexperientialknowledge,etc.)
Sharingofstaffandinvestmentcosts(sharingqualifications,apparatus,testfacilities,dataprocessingfacilities,etc.)
Gainintime
Jointsettingofqualitylevelsandstandards
Improvingcompetitiveposition(accesstonewcustomersandmarkets,moredirectandgoal-specificmarketaccess,goodforimageduetoattractivepartners,mutualsupportofcomplementaryproducts,etc.)
Coordination problems(additionalcomplexity,dangerofsub-optimization,costsofcompromise,frictionlosses,etc.)
Threat to one’s own competitive situation(know-howdrain,newcompetitors,cooperationtakesonitsowndynamic,etc.)
Latent conflict situations(conflictsofdistribution,companyculture,conflictsovertrust,conflictsovermotivation,resistancetochange,etc.)
Actor Cooperation ChecklistWhenaproductportfolioisbeingreor-ganized,productsdevelopedandnewmarketingconceptsdevised,itusuallyrequiresenteringintocooperativeactivi-tiesthatmayentaildisadvantagesas
wellasadvantages.Theseshouldbeascertainedandassessedatthestart–butalsoduringtheprocessitself–andminimized,cf.thegeneralActorCooper-ationOpportunitiesandRisksChecklist.
Op
po
rtu
nit
ies
Ris
ks
Integration Checklist
InterfacesanddependenciesexistbetweentheindividualPROSAtools–Life-CycleAssessment,Life-CycleCosting(LCA),SocialLCA(SLCA)andBenefitAnalysis–whichneedtobetakenintoconsiderationwhenimplementingPROSAandinterpretingtheresults.Thisisnecessarynotonlyformethodologicalreasons,butaboveallintermsofdraw-ingconclusionsinpractice.
Example 1:Intheanalysisofanewlaun-drydryer(especiallygoodonsavingenergy,butmoreexpensive),theLife-CycleCostingshowsthatitissuitableonlyforlargefamilieswhowilluseitrel-
ativelyfrequently.Theintentionhadbeen,however,tocalculatetheLCAusinganaveragehousehold(statisticallyspeaking2.1individuals),whilethemar-ketingintentionhadbeentofocusonadifferenttargetgroup.
Example 2:Intheenvironmentalpolicyappraisalofawastetreatmentoptionforcars,thereductionofenvironmentalimpactisrelatedtoasinglecarpartandextrapolatedviathenumberofcarsdis-posedofasatotalpositiveimpact;thecosts,however,arecalculatedandextrapolatedper(whole)car–thismeansthatthecostsareoverestimatedincomparisontothereductionofenvi-ronmentalimpact.
51
Figure26–IntegrationChecklist
Feedbackoftheinitialresultsfromonetooltotheinputdataandassess-mentsfortheothertools.Changesrequired?
Functionalunitdefinedequivalently?Differentdependingontargetgroup?
OutcomeofBenefitAnalysistakenintoaccountwhendefiningfunctionalunit?
Systemboundaryandgeographicalscopedefineduniformlyorequivalently?
Patternsofusedefineduniformly?
Dealingwithdifferent“costbearers”inLife-CycleCosting,butuniform“impactbearer“inLife-CycleAssessment(namely,theenvironment)?
DealingwithespeciallyrelevantqualitativeresultsinSocialLCAandlessrelevantbuthardfiguresinLife-CycleCosting?
AretheLCA,Life-CycleCostingandSocialLCAbasedonsignificantlydiffe-rentdata?
Normalizationtothesamereference(e.g.numberofproducts,branchofindustry,wholenationaleconomy)?
Fairandsymmetricaloverallevaluation?
Fairandsymmetricalcommunicationoffindings?
52
Employment security
Social security
Professional develop-ment
Job satisfaction
Safe & healthy living conditions
Respect of human rights
Respect of indigenous rights
Durationofweeklyrestperiod(atleast24hoursinonestretch)DurationofannualpaidholidaysPossibilityforindividuallyarrangedworkinghoursFundamentaldecisionstoincrease/maintain/reduceworkinghours
NationalframeworkPortionsofpermanent,non-permanent,freelanceemployees,andworkersprovidedbytemporaryworkagenciesandsub-contractorsLabourturnoverrateRegulationsondismissalprotection(cancellationperiodetc.)Fundamentaldecisionsonhiringordismissingemployees
NationalframeworkEvidenceofbreachesofobligatorysocialcontri-butionsDurationandlevelofwagecontinuationinthecaseofillnessOccupationalpensionschemesMaternityprotectionandchildcareAdditionaloccupationalsocialcontributions
NationalframeworkEnhancementofprofessionalqualificationsonthejobProportionofemployeescoveredbytrainingpro-grammesAveragenumberoftrainingdaysperemployeeQualityoftraining(participants‘feedback)Languagecoursesandintegrationmeasuresforforeignemployees
NationalframeworkCompanyfestivitiesandsocialeventsWorkplacereachability(location,publictransportetc.)AestheticdesignofworkplacesIfnecessary:Provisionofhousingfacilitiesfittolivedecently
NationalframeworkFatalaccidentsconnectedtothecompany‘sacti-vitiesAccidentsconnectedtothecompany‘sactivitiesNegativeandpositivehealthimpactsforthelocalpopulationNoise,fume,dust,heatandwastewateremissi-onsMeasuresandarrangementstomaintainandimprovesafeandhealthylivingconditions
NationalframeworkVoluntarycommitmentsbythecompanyinthefieldofhumanrightsReportsonhumanrightsviolationsrelatedtothecompany‘sactivitiesForcedevictions/resettlementsrelatedtothecompany‘sactivitiesHumanrightstrainingforemployees,particularlyforsecuritystaff
NationalframeworkReportsoninterferencewithsocial,economicorculturalactivitiesofindigenousgroupsEvidenceofexploitingindigenousknowledge
NationalframeworkNumberoffatalaccidentsatworkNumberofaccidentsatworkNumberofrecognizedoccupationaldiseasesandreportsonelevatedhealthrisksWorkplacesassociatedwithnoise,fumes,dust,heat,insufficientilluminationBasicmeasuresandarrangementstomaintainandincreasesafetyatworkMeasuresandarrangementstomaintainandincreasehealthatworkAccesstocleandrinkingwaterandsanitaryfaci-litiesatworkPoliciesandprogrammestocombatHIV/AIDSand/orotherlocallyimportanthealthissues(den-gue,malaria,alcoholismetc.)
NationalframeworkVoluntarycommitmentsbythecompanyinthefieldoffreedomofassociation&righttocollec-tivebargainingReportsonhinderingworkers’organizationsandtheiractivitiesRateofunionizationPossibilitiesforcollectivebargainingPossibilitiesforbottom-upcommunication
NationalframeworkVoluntarycommitmentsbythecompanyinthefieldofequalopportunitiesandtreatmentReportsondiscriminatorypracticesofthecom-panyProportionofwomeninmanagementpositionsProportionofdisabledemployeesReportsonharassmentandmobbingReportsonsexualharassmentMeasuresandprogrammestomaintainandincreaseequalopportunitiesandtreatment
NationalframeworkVoluntarycommitmentsbythecompanyonabo-litionofforcedlabourReportsoncasesofforcedlabourasdefinedbytheILOcorelabourstandardconventionsNo.29and105
NationalframeworkVoluntarycommitmentsbythecompanyonabo-litionofchildlabourReportsoncasesofchildlabourasdefinedbytheILOcorelabourstandardconventionsNo.138and182
NationalframeworkAverageremunerationlevelAveragelevelofperformance-relatedincentivesLevelofcorporateminimumwagesRatioofcorporateminimumwagestolocalcostsoflivingNumberofemployeesinthelowestremunerati-onsegmentAveragelevelofperformance-relatedincentivesinthelowestremunerationsegmentApplicationofatransparentremunerationsystemPaymentofwagesinduetime
NationalframeworkDurationofonestandardworkingweekMaximumweeklyworkinghours
Employees
Safe & healthy wor-king conditions
Freedom of associati-on, right to collective bargaining & workers‘ participation
Equality of opportunity and treatment & fair interaction
Abolition of forced labour
Abolition of child labour
Adequate remunerati-on
Adequate working time
Local and regional communities
Figure27–PROSAlistofsocialindicators
53
Community engage-ment
Maintaining & impro-ving social and econo-mic opportunities
Society
Public commitments to sustainability issues
Prevention of unjustifi-able risks
Employment creation
Vocational training
Anti-corruption efforts & non-interference in sensitive political issues
Social & environmental minimum standards for suppliers and coopera-tion partners
andculturalheritageReportsontheviolationoflocaltraditionsandvaluesRespectofindigenousdevelopmentgoalsMeasurestomaintainandimprovethesocioeco-nomicbasisofindigenousgroups
NationalframeworkInformationpossibilitiesforresidentsSystemtorespondtocommunitygrievancesBreachesofobligationsestablishedbylocalpoli-ticalandsocialdecision-makingauthorities
NationalframeworkInfluenceonlocalresourceconflictsProvision/overburdeningofinfrastructurefacili-tiesProvision/overburdeningofwelfareservicesAdditionaleducationfacilitiesforlocalresidentsImpactonlocaleconomicdevelopment
NationalframeworkAwardsforengagementinsocialand/orsustai-nabilityissuesMembershipinalliancesandprogrammestosup-portandpromotesustainablebusinesspracticesEvidenceoflobbyingagainstimplementingsustainabilitymeasuresPublicationofasustainabilityreportorsocialreport
NationalframeworkUseofgeneticallyengineeredproductsand/orpromotionofactivitiesinthefieldofgeneticengineeringoflivingorganisms,andinrelationtopatentinggenes,organismsandplantsHandlingofradioactivesubstancesand/orsup-portofactivitiesconnectedtonuclearpowerandwarfareEvidenceofothershort-,medium-orlong-termriskstohumansecurity
NationalframeworkLabourintensity(workinghoursperproductorfunctionalunit)/numberofemployeesDevelopmentofindicators1.and2.withinthelast3years
NationalframeworkNumberandproportionofapprentices(inrelati-ontothetotalnumberofemployees)Enhancementofprofessionalqualificationsonthejob
NationalframeworkEvidenceofcorruptand/orextortionatebusi-nesspracticesReportsonimproperinvolvementinpoliticalacti-vitiesCorporatemeasurestocombatcorruptbusinesspractices
NationalframeworkProveneffortstoimplementsocialandenviron-mentalminimumstandardsatsuppliers,sub-sup-pliers,intermediarydealersandcooperationpart-nersEvidenceofbreachesoffundamentalsocialandenvironmentalminimumstandardsatsuppliers,sub-suppliersandcooperationpartners
Contribution to the national economy and stable economic deve-lopment
Contribution to the national budget
Prevention & mitigati-on of armed conflicts
Transparent business information
Protection of intellec-tual property rights
Protection of the user’s / consumer’s health and safety
Quality of product or service
Fair competition & marketing practices
Complete & understan-dable product informa-tion
Protection of user’s / consumer’s privacy
Enhancing the user’s / consumer’s social and economic possibilities
NationalframeworkContributiontoGDPDirectinvestmentsContributiontotheforeigntradebalanceDevelopmentofinnovativeproductsandservicesThesector‘sstabilityduringmarketcrisisEvidenceofcompetitiondistortingbusinessprac-tices(monopolisationetc.)
NationalframeworkContributiontothenationalbudget(taxespaidminussubsidiesreceived)Evidenceoftaxevasion
NationalframeworkLinkbetweeneconomicactivitiesandarmedcon-flicts
NationalframeworkComprehensiveandtransparentbusinessrepor-tingandsustainabilityreportingHandlingofinquiriesonsustainabilityissues
NationalframeworkReports/courtsentencesonbreachesofintellec-tualpropertyrights
NationalframeworkHealthopportunities/risksrelatedtoproductuseAccidentsrelatedtoproductuseFatalitiesrelatedtoproductuseFindingsofproductsafetytests(incl.anyawards,labels)NationalframeworkQualityinrelationtocomparableproductsGoodservice,repairability,availabilityofsparepartsFunctioningproceduretosettleconsumercom-plaintsFindingsofproducttests(incl.anyawards,labels)
NationalframeworkEvidenceofagreementsandpracticesthatdistortcompetitionEvidenceoffraudulent,misleadingorunfairmar-ketingstrategiesPreventionofhighdownstreamcostsformainte-nanceanddisposalProportionofadvertisingcostsinproductpriceEvidenceofinfringementsofcommercialadverti-singlaw(reprimandsbyadvertisingmonitoringcounciletc.)Evidenceofdubiouspracticestobindconsumers(non-compatiblesoftware,inkcartridgesetc.)
NationalframeworkPreciseandreadilyunderstandableinformation(usermanual,constituentsubstances,safeuse,maintenance,storageanddisposal)asbasisforinformation-basedconsumerdecisions
NationalframeworkIndicationsofinfringementsofconsumers’priva-cyand/ordataprotectionrights
NationalframeworkReductionofconsumercostsSuitabilityofproducttomeetneedsofdisadvan-tagedgroups(disabled,aged,ethnicminoritiesetc.)Generalandwidespreadaccesstoproductsandservices
Users & Consumers
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Öko-Institute.V.InstitutforAppliedEcology
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