pros and cons of budgets cut

8/13/2019 Pros and Cons of Budgets Cut

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The pros and cons of

Abstract

A review of the effects obetter understand necessary modUnited States. Multiple positiv

polar principles of education buconsumption by buses, improveapplication of energy efficient pand precise evaluation of educatibudget cuts include loss of expoincome and high income, loss ofand increased costs to parents.and the National State Boards ofcurrent, No Child Left Behindnew Elementary and Secondaraffect the quality of education an

disparity between low income an

Keywords: Education, Budget C

Research in Higher

The pros

ducation budget cuts: An investi

Phillip D. ColemanWestern Kentucky University

Rhonda WalkerWestern Kentucky University

Lincoln LawrenceWestern Kentucky University

past education budget cuts is important to reviifications to meet the rising need for quality edand negative outcomes are examined in order t

get cuts. The positive outcomes are more attentpaper reduction processes through technology

actices, implementation of environmentally frieonal and instructional time. The negative aspeure to education, increased disparity between s

quality of education, elimination of specialThe educational leaders, Arne Duncan, Secret

Education should address the negative effecaccountability system as they prepare to imEducation Act of 2011 and review the accoun

d college preparedness of students while decrea

d high income students.

ts, No Child Left Behind Act, Efficiencies in

ducation Journal

and cons, Page 1

ative study

w in order tocation in theo balance the

ion on gastilization,

ndly practices,ts of education

udents of loweed programs,ry of Educations of theplement theabilities thatsing the

igher Education


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INTRODUCTION

Education is affected byWith each new administration inand new legislation passed for in

Budget, 2003). The positive outbandage on the wound of past angovernment. Budget cuts prompfunds are distributed, allowingaction to accommodate the needschool districts have launched aMany schools are not only adaptresources and technology that po Some schools have alsodays schools are in session eachmay potentially change the cultu

may become challenged by moreschools using more efficient busDespite the positive outcomes o

With the 2011 fiscal year(Reuters, 2011), education will b2001 the No Child Left Behinddesigned to increase the availabineeds while holding institutes reimplemented (Rashid & Johnsonshall have equal access to qualit2011 State of the Union Addressstudents do not graduate from hishould be a driving force against On average, students in tthe Center of Education Policy (curriculum to match the state testhree weeks are spent preparingwere calculated over grades onestudents for accountability testinstate accountability measures beaway from true educational opp

Many states have proposspecial needs students such as Hfood programs (breakfast) and dmeans to save money (Dority, 1with the most needs, cutting or dparents. Decreasing Head Startlow income and high income stu Several states have decidand consolidating schools. Acco

Research in Higher

The pros

udget cuts as it has been for many years in thethe White House, new policies are enacted forcreasing budget cuts in education is prevalent (

omes of education budget cuts are evident as ad current poor financial and operational plannit the need for school districts nationwide to exaany facets of the educational system to formulaof the budget. Generating some scrutiny; howew initiative on improving education and educ

ing to eminent budget cuts, but they are thrivinsition students on the brink of the future (Fisheegun to adapt to the budget change by alteringweek. This has not only lowered costs, but mare of teaching (Reid, 2010). Conventional teac

effective and efficient modern techniques. Coroutes can greatly decrease the amount of moneducation budget cuts many negative outcomedeficit expected to reach an all-time high of $1e taking another hit for additional cuts, but at wct (NCLB) was implemented. In its purest for

lity of quality education to children of lower inceiving federal funding accountable for ensurin, 2011). The NCLB Act embraced the premiseeducation. Unfortunately this policy has fallen

, President Barack Obama stated One in four hh school (Obama, 2011, para. 13). That stateany further cuts in the budget for our educatione United States spend thirty-six weeks in scho007), 99% of educational institutes have aligneing requirements. Many schools have reportedtudents with practice tests and the actual testinthrough twelve, over 36 weeks of education is lg. This is equivalent to one year of their educatrealigned and measured in a different form thatrtunities of American students?d or implemented budget cuts to programs geaad Start and Special Education while others arcreasing the funding to free or reduced lunch p93). With children of low income families beiecreasing the food programs will cause an increrograms will create an even greater educationaents (Dority, 1993).dly decreased the quality of education by closi

rding to the STAR project (1996 1999) there

ducation Journal

and cons, Page 2

United States.ccountabilityducation

short termg within ourmine how theirte plans ofver, many

ational services.on new, 2010).he number ofy speculate iting methods

solidation ofy spent on fuel.still exist.

.48 trillionhat cost? In

, it was a policyome and specialthis policy was

that all childrenshort. In hisigh school

ent in itselfal system.l. According tod theira minimum of

process. If thisst to our

ional life. Coulddoes not take

ed towardeliminatingograms as ag the studentsase in costs togap between

g institutionss a definitive


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difference among schools with vovercrowding, larger student/teaAs of March 15, 2011, CaliforniGovernment leaders such as Calireduce costs in a manner that do

Additional education budfunding. Many institutes have elCalifornia Teachers Association,decrease in textbook funding byincome and high income studentsupplies and/or resources as the

Furthermore, with the incparents. This increase is felt acrSecondary education. With statecuts, many have increased tuitio2011 (USDOE, 2010) and the tui

increase to parental/student fundobtain a higher education due toThis study will explore t

investigative manner. This analynegatives of education budget cureader will juxtapose the varyingthis phenomenon.

DISCUSSION

The Positive Effects of Educati

When budget cuts are mehave on a particular matter. Inargue the contrary. For instance,Though its affect may be detrimforces the school body to be morwhich include superintendents, bthem an opportunity to think ouon educational services. The enmore environmentally friendly amethods could include more onliEyring says that if the United Stefficiencies that focuses on a fisenrollment and a modular curric

One positive impact thatto look at areas where they are susing it; the extraordinary amousum of money is wasted on gas tstudents to and from school. Acc

Research in Higher

The pros

arying student/teacher ratios. Consolidation ofher ratios and a decrease in one on one attentiohas given a statewide pink slip to more than 2

fornias Jerry Brown need to reassess the meass not decrease the quality of education the stud

get cuts across the United States include cuts toected to close libraries or cut textbook costs. AJerry Brown has included in his 2011 Educatio

77% (Guy, 2011). This will further expand thes as low income students will not be able to affigher income students can.rease in budget cuts to education comes an incrss all educational levels from Kindergarten thrpost-secondary educational institutes also feeliprices. With lower Pell Grant availability do

tion increases many universities are employing,

ing. For low income families this may mean ana lack of funding opportunities.e positive and negative effects of education busis will pay close attention to balancing the posits where possible alternatives are examined. Adeffects of education budget cuts, thus drawing

on Budget Cuts

ntioned, many speculate the negative impact itost cases, this assumption is justified; however,contemplate the impact a lower budget will hantal to schools, it could also be argued that a be analytical of its processes (Fisher, 2010). Fooard of education, administrators and teachers;tside the box in terms of how efficiently theirresult could equate to improved teaching methd cost efficient (Gantt, 2010, Harpalani, 2010).

ne classes, Eyring (2011), argues. A junior at Btes is to complete globally, they we just develobone policy that includes online, pathway, tranlum (Eyring, 2011).

budget cuts could have on education is that it wending large sums of money and find more effit of gas consumed by schools is an area of con

o fuel buses that take complex and outdated rouording to The Augusta Chronicle, more efficien

ducation Journal

and cons, Page 3

schools leads ton to students.,000 teachers.res taken tonts receive.

resourceccording to then Budget, agap among lowrd the textbooks,

ase in costs tough Post-

ng the wrath ofn $3 billion inthere exists an

inability to

get cuts in antives andditionally, thea conclusion to

ill inevitablysome maye on education.dget cutbackmost educators,

this providesoney is spent

ods that areSome of these

righam Young,cost-

fers, concurrent

ill force schoolscient ways ofern. A largetes to transportt bus routes are


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being evaluated and updated to sways to actually save money bytraveled (Hobbs, 2009). This cosaving money and improving sceducation, issues such as bus rou

In addition, consolidating schooland lower emissions. Universitietransports students to and from tless than 25% capacity. These inutilization and cost-efficiency.

Another positive impact(2009), blogs that a typical teachday, particularly in elementary sclassroom, the outcome revealswasted paper can be saved by usLackie compares this efficiency

solution such as Moodle. Addinschool nearly $365 per month byUnion High School District stopto cut costs. Margea and Margesoftware such as Moodle but thabeen reported that the district ha(2011), corroborates Lackies blresearch and although much of tpeople (p. 131) and materials it

The saving of paper anddifferent level. Since we are at aMoores Law, the usage of compincorporated into the curriculumone end of the spectrum, moneyfuture. According to Terry CookKentucky, trials will be run duricomputers in lieu of textbooks astudent technology use with thecommunications, May 4, 2011).

Another way that budgetenact energy efficient strategiesfor Schools (2011), mentions tecthe budget cuts. Schools turningoccupancy sensors have saved ethe doors and lowering the therThese practices are positive for sof applying. Without the inevitaenergy efficiency methods.

The final impact budgetdiscover an innovative way to ed

Research in Higher

The pros

atisfy this issue. With the rising gas prices, schmproving bus routes and shortening the amounld prompt the evaluation of redistricting and itool admissions. Due to the impending budgettes are evaluated and improved to accommodat

s means fewer buses on the road and a decreases across the United States have shuttle-bus traneir automobiles and extended campuses that ty

efficiencies Eyring (2011), notes should be stud

rom budget cuts is the focus of schools on papeer sends multiple sheets of paper home with eahools. When this is multiplied by the numbern enormous amount of paper distributed daily.ing the technology of the computer accompanieo the cost of a web portal which uses a free ope

the maximum of $30 per month in hosting, thiusing technology as an alternative. Districts sued mailing paper copies of the board meeting a(2011), add that not only is money saved by uscompatibility with most other programs will b

saved between $8,000 and $9,000 (Rogers, 20g, as well as Margea and Margea (2011) with sese savings may depersonalize education witill still send out an effective message of econo

ore prominent usage of computers also impactrapidly growing era of informational technolo

uters will become more necessary. These skillat an early age which will prepare students foris being spent, at the other end students will be, Principal of South Warren High School in Wag the 2011-2012 school year on providing Appd paper assignments to lower printing costs andded benefit of increased natural resources (T.

cuts can be positive is that it forces schools ando cut costs. The California Energy Commissiohniques that schools are using to save energy aout the lights when classrooms are empty or inergy and costs in electricity. Other measures sostat settings have lessened energy consumptiochools and excellent lessons for the students toility of budget cuts, schools would be less apt t

uts may have on education is that it may actualucate. Many schools are seeking strategies to p

ducation Journal

and cons, Page 4

ols are findingof distancesimpact onuts onthe demands.

in fuel usageportation thatpically travel atied for better

r usage. Lackieh student everyf students in aMuch of this

by an Intranet.n source

could save ah as the Shastagendas as a waying open sourcerealized. It has9). Al Musawi

cientifich the lack of real

ization.s students on ay, known ascould be

he future. Atrepared for theren County,le iPad

increaseCook, personal

teachers tos Energy Tipsd costs due totallingch as closing

n and cost.get in the habit

consider these

y allow us torovide better


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education in a less amount of dain Minnesota have suggested goiday sixty-five minutes longer. Ta year in transportation costs. InMonday through Thursday since

estimated one million dollars ovbut claims that students get more

The Negative Effects of Educa

In addition to the lost 36implementing the accountabilityeducation that is imperative to stcompetencies (Murnane & Papaconcerned that the incentives creresponses that reduce the quality

McMurrer (2007), corroborateddevoted to various subjects (seeto English and math skills (503 aafforded to art, music, and sciendisciplines does not offer a well-testing is overemphasized in ordaddition, McMurrer, in this samchanging their curriculum to putfor the NCLB with 50% and 41elementary level alone.

Furthermore, the Centershowing improvement from 200NCLB providing improvements167 schools improved, ColoradoSheboygan, Wisconsin where 0percentage of improvement is leequivalency in education shouldrequired for a school to receive fstandard, pre No Child Left BehiSAT/ACT scores, GPAs and nuevaluation methods are needed tsense for assessments to return tlearning versus a preparing of stNCLB accountability testing wilamount of educational material t

According to Johnson, Kcuts to such programs as breakfaproposed direct aid reduction toCBPP enlisted the state of Massstudents; Head Start, reductions

Research in Higher

The pros

s. According to Steinback (2008), the Maccra ng to school Tuesday through Friday and maki

he superintendent says the district expects to saCluster, South Dakota, students have been goin1995. The superintendent says the change has

r just the past eight years. He sees not only theinstructional time (Steinbach, 2008).

ion Budget Cuts

weeks of education over a twelve year period, stesting reveal that more minutes per week are sdents passing the accountability tests instead o, 2010). The authors continued by saying that

ated by some provisions of the law have eliciteof education provided to at least some children

his with his study on the average number of mi able 1). He found that not only was much of tnd 323 minutes respectively), but that much lese (110 and 178 minutes respectively). This disrounded education and provides criticism that ar for schools to receive the funding they need tstudy, found that there was significant evidenc

more emphasis on content and skills covered ofocusing on English and Math respectively re

n Educational Policy performed a case study o 2007 (McMurrer, 2007). Examples of the f

o education include; Boston, Massachusetts wSprings, Colorado holding 3 of 65 schools impf the 18 schools improved (See Table 2). Colles than 50% for all schools considered. The lossbe enough for our educational leaders to reassending. In the years before state accountability

nd era; schools were evaluated based on the avber of graduating students. Since two of the thenter a post-secondary educational system, itthese methods as they show true accountabilitdents to score high on the accountability test.

l allow teachers to be engaged in true educationo which our students are exposed.oulish, & Oliff (2009), the state of Maryland inst, pilots as well as math and science while thechools by $69 million for the 2009 fiscal year.chusetts as proposing cuts to programs that rean special education reimbursements and a redu

ducation Journal

and cons, Page 5

School Districtg each schoole about $65,000to school

saved an

cost benefits,

hoolsent focusing on

f teachingteachers areunintended(p. 151).

utes per weeke time devoteds time was beingarity amongcountabilityoperate. Inof schoolsthe state tests

ligning at the

schoolsilure of theere only 67 ofoved andtively, theof a one years the measurestesting became arage studentree previousould makeof student

oss of theand extend the

2009 proposedovernor

In addition, theh special needstion in services


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for disabled children. Cutting prbetween students of special needon the breakfast programs offereWith this particular program eliparents who may not be able to a

The Head Start program iearly pre-school to ensure preparsuch programs, while at the sameducational system in the state ochildren of special needs and othwith the NCLB act which was iamongst all students (Massetti, 2

The quality of educationbudget cuts (Schunk, 2006). Witactive teachers employed, there istudent to teacher ratio leads to l

Student/Teacher Achievement RTennessee State Department ofstudent/teacher ratios) were lessschool, made better grades in theadvanced classes when compareis imperative that studies such asare initiated. Students in areas othan students in areas of lower stdistricts to close schools in orderother schools causing overcrowd

One of the most notableincome students and higher incostudents graduating high school imore likely to require remedial cof higher income 25.43% and 18income scored markedly lower (income 37.99% and 12.63% respbudget cuts increase the parent olower income are less likely to rsupplies, tutoring services and p(Bailey, 2008) . This disparity othe ACT to enter into postseconremedial education which shoulAdditionally, the dropout rate isDesJardins, 2008).

According to the CBPP,the funding need down to the stuin funding to universities led to sUniversity of Louisville and theWestern Kentucky University sa

Research in Higher

The pros

ograms such as these only serve to increase thes and other students. Children of low income f

at schools to eat breakfast and fuel their bodieinated from the state of Maryland there is an in

fford this increase to their expenditures.

s intended to provide services to special needsedness when these students enter the school systime reducing funding to the special educationMassachusetts, will create a larger gap in educ

er students. In addition, cutting such programsplemented to ensure equal opportunity to quali009).is an increasing concern of the negative effectsh state secondary education institutes decreasins an increase in the number of students per classs individual attention to students. According

atio (STAR), a four year longitudinal study conducation (1996 1999), students of lower classlikely to fail a grade level, were less likely to beir high school courses, and were more likely toto students of a regular or larger class size (H

the STAR project be considered when educatihigh student/teacher ratio will most likely be a

udent/teacher ratios. Increasing budget cuts cato save money. Students from those schools aring of the institute and higher student/teacher regative impacts is an increase in the disparity be students (Horton & Reed, 2011). A statistic

n 2003 revealed that students of lower incomeourses upon enrolling in post-secondary educat.15% respectively (see Table 3). In addition, st00-850) on the ACT in comparison to studentsectively (Table 4). The disparity is increased wbligation to the educational cost of their dependceive the necessary resources such as technoloivate education in comparison to students of hiften means fewer lower income students scorinary education and those who do are more likelyhave been learned at the secondary education l

significantly higher for lower income students (

ost-secondary education is also hit with budgetdent level. For 2009, in the state of Kentucky,everal tuition increases at universities througho

niversity of Kentucky (9%), Murray State (6.1w a tuition increase of 5%. In addition to these

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and cons, Page 6

educational gapmilies often relys and minds.crease cost to

hildren andtem. Cuttingsegment of theation betweenfails to complyy education

f educationthe number of

. This increasedo the

ucted by thesizes (lowersuspended from

take moreROS, 2009). Itn budget cutsffected greaterses many schoole transferred totios.etween lowerl analysis ofrackets wereon than studentsdents of lowerof higheren education

ents. Students ofy, books,her incomehigh enough onto require

evel.hen &

cuts that pass3% reductiont the state:

%) and attuition increases


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at four year universities, the techincrease of 5.2% (CBPP, 2009).grant funding, greatly reduce theincome as most are unable to absresult to applying for and accepti

can be a risk.

CONCLUSION AND RECO

Though budget cuts mayfrom it. From a systems perspecfor efficiency and areas for imprfor them to be revitalized prevailenergy efficient strategies are brsuch as these are evaluated and iaccomplishments. Due to budge

and more environmentally friendanalyzed due to budget cuts whigeneral.

The negative effects of eeducation. Unfortunately, the loinvolved with increased student lUnited States. Other at-risk studalso feel the effects of the educatcreate larger student/teacher ratireceive. It is imperative that ourless of an impact on the opportuaccountability assessments shoulaccountability of educational ins

Recommended future respost-secondary institutions to vabe a single-case study based onadministrator, and the students ofrom one institution. However, tresults from several institutionsdifferent regions or states.

REFERENCES

Al Musawi, A. (2011). Redefini135.

Bailey, L. (2008). Healthy, wealCalifornia Energy Commission.

http://www.consumereneChen, R., & DesJardins, S. (200

dropout risks by income l

Research in Higher

The pros

nical and community colleges also saw a statewThese tuition increases, compounded by the deopportunity of a post-secondary education to storb the additional cost. For many students thisng students loans. With our current economic

MENDED RESEARCH

not be desirable on many fronts, there is sometive, it forces the education system to evaluate ivement. Many times, processes are overlooke

s. Important areas such as gas consumption, paught to the forefront in a time of crisis. Fortun

mproved which sometimes leads to even greatet cuts, schools are actually assisting in making t

ly place to live. Even better methods of teachih may not only save money, but it could impro

ucation budget cuts are being implemented at aw income students are affected the most. The fioan applications is high at a time of economicnts; students with disabilities and students of sion budget cuts before other students. The incres and diminish the quality of education the stuNations educational leaders find alternative cuity to quality education affecting students. Altd be implemented to improve access to educatiitutes.

earch includes conducting a case study on oneidate or refute the findings in this study. The cabservations observed through the findings of thpost-secondary education (or the parents of K-

is could also be a multiple-case study that wound triangulate these data to observe any differe

g technology role in education. Creative Educa

hy, and educated.Business and Economic Revi(2011). Energy tips for schools.Retrieved on Argycenter.org). Exploring the effects of financial aid on theevel.Research in Higher Education, 49(1), 1-1

ducation Journal

and cons, Page 7

ide tuitionreases in federal

udents of lowmeans having toncertainty, this

ood that comess entire processuntil the need

per usages, andately, matters

he world a safer

g are beinge education in

ll levels ofnancial riskncertainty in theecial needs, willased cuts canents in Americats that will havernativen as well as true

r more K-12 andse study coulde teacher, the12 students)d analyze theces from

tion, 2(2), 130-

w, 54(4), 21-22.ril 9, 2011 from

ap in student8.


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Dority, B. (1993). The right to aEyring, H. (2011). Unexpolited

Education Research. (4) Fisher, D. (2010). Editorial: TouFletcher, M. (2005). What happe

Teacher, 64(7), 3-3.Gantt, L. (2010). Strategic plannEconomics, 28(5), 308-3

Guy, B. (2011). State Budget CuAssociation. Educator: V

Harpalani, V. (2010). Maintainistate eduction gudget cut

HEROS Health & Education RJune 3, 2011, from http:/

Hobbs, A. (2009, December 8).The Augusta Chronicle.

http://chronicle.augusta.cHorton, T., & Reed, H. (2011).Journal of Poverty & So

Johnson, N., Koulish, J. & Oliff,and Policy Priorities. Wahttp://www.cbpp.org/cms

Lackie, M. (2009). How schoolsfrom http://www.gosmar

Margea, R., Margea, C. (2011).Economica 15(1). 196-2

Massetti, G. (2009). Enhancingenvironments through a c554-569.

McMurrer, J. (2007). From the cCenter on Educational P

Murnane, R., & Papay, J. (2010)principles, concerns abou166.

Obama, B. (2011) State of the UDC.

Rashid, J., & Johnson, H. (2011)52-56.

Reid, K. (2010). Facing the futuRogers, R. (2009). Internet repla

from www.redding.comSchunk, D. (2006). South Caroli

15-18.Steinbach, N. (2008). Schools lo2011 from http:// www.voanews.U.S. Department of Education. (

Research in Higher

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decent life.Humanist, 53(3), 28-30.fficiencies in higher education. Contemporary, 1-18.gh economic times.Delta Pi Epsilon, 52(3), 10

ned with education in the latest national budget

ing for skills and simulation labs in colleges of14.ts are Shortchanging Students Futures.Californolume 15, Issue 6. March 2011.Burlingame, C

g educational adequacy in times of recession: J.New York University Law Review, 85.1, 258-

esearch Operative Services. (2009). Project ST www.heros-inc.org/star.htm

chools can save money in many ways [Letter tetrieved April 9, 2011 from

om/stories/2009/12/08/let_558501.shtmlhe distributed consequences of the 2010 spendiial Justice, 19(1), 63-66.P. (2009).Most States Are Cutting Education.shington, DC. Retrieved on March 22, 2011 fro/index.cfm?fa=view&id=2220 Accessed: 03/22

can save money by using technology. Retrieve4u.com.pen source approach to project management to

6mergent literacy skills of preschoolers from lo

lassroom-based approach. School Psychology

apital to the classroom: Year 5 of the No Childlicy. Washington, DC.. Teacher's views on No Child Left Behind: Sut the practices.Journal of Economic Prospectiv

nion Address. [Television Broadcast] Washing

. Implementing, "No child left behind". OD Pr

e.Education Journal (120), 18-18.ing paper in north state schools. Retrieved on

a's child care industry.Business and Economic

ok to save money with four-day week. Retrieve.com010). Funding Appropriations. Washington. D

ducation Journal

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ssues in

-110.Technology

ursing.Nursing

ia Teachers.dical review of88.R. Retrieved

the editor].

ng review.

enter on Budget

/2011d April, 9, 2011

ols.Informatica

-incomeeview, 38(4),

eft Behind Act.

port for thees, 24(3), 151-

on,

ctitioner, 43(2),

pril 9, 2011

Review, 52(4),

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March 22, 1011 from httU.S. Department of Education,

Postsecondary Students.2011 from http://nces.ed.

U.S. Department of Education. (

2001. Washington D.C. [University.

APPENDIX

Table 1 Average number of

Subject Area Total

English language arts

Math

Social Studies

ScienceArt and Music

Physical Education

Lunch

Recess

Source: Center on Education Pol

Table 2 School districts incluSchool district name and state

Bayonne city school district, New Jer

Bloomfield school district, New Mexi

Boston public schools, MassachusettsCalhoun county school district, Alaba

Chicago public schools, Illinois

Cleveland municipal school district,

Colorado Springs school district, Col

Escondido Union school district, Cali

Fayetteville public schools, Arkansas

Joint school district No 2, Ohio

Oakland unified school district

Sheboygan area schools, Wisconsin

Tigard-Tualatin school district, Orego

Source: Center on Education Pol

Research in Higher

The pros

://www2.ed.gov/programs/fpg/funding.htmlational Center for Education Statistics, BPS:20omputation by NCES QuickStats. Retrieved o

gov/datalab/quickstats002). Public Law 107-110, the No Child Left

Handout]. Agriculture Education 250. Western

inutes per week devoted to various subjectsNumber of Minutes Per Week

(All districts) Districts with noidentified schools

Distriidenti

503 483

323 320

178 181

178 181110 113

105 106

142 141

133 134

icy, 2007

ded in case study interviewsDistrict type Numbe

improvey Urban, pre K-12 4 of 12

co Rural, K-12 3 of 7

Urban, K-12 67 of 16 ma Rural & suburban, K-12 4 of 16

Urban, K-12 343 of 5

hio Urban, pre K-12 66 of 10

rado Urban, K-12 3 of 65

ornia Suburban, K-12 7 of 11

Small city, K-12 1 of 14

Suburban, K-12 7 of 43

Urban, K-12 52 of 90

Suburban, K-12 0 of 18

n Suburban, K-12 0 of 16

icy, 2007

ducation Journal

and cons, Page 9

09 Beginning

n March 27,

ehind Act of

Kentucky

or activities

ts with at least oneied school

568

332

167

16997

103

147

129

of schools inment, 2006-2007

81

2


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Table 3 Dependent studentsDependent students familyincome 2003-2004

No i

Total

Remedial course takenYes

No

Source: U.S. Department of EduNCES QuickStats on 3/27/2011

Table 4 Dependent studentsDependent students family

income 2003-2004No i

(

Total 1.

Admissions test scores (ACTor SAT)

Lowest (400-840) 1.

Low middle (850-990) .

High middle (1000-1130) .

Highest (1140-1600) .

Source: U.S. Department of EduNCES QuickStats on 3/27/2011

Research in Higher

The pros a

family income 2003-2004 by remedial coursecome $$

(%) (%) (%) (%)

1.13 23.29 26.18 24.41

1.21 25.43 26.61 28.58

1.11 22.65 26.04 24.45

ation, National Center for Education Statistics,

family income 2003-2004 by ACT or SATcome $$

) (%) (%) (%) (

13 23.29 26.18 24.41 23

77 37.99 27.45 20.14 12

3 23.57 26.98 27.54 20

9 13.31 27.15 29.55 29

5 11.09 21.00 27.99 39

ation, National Center for Education Statistics,

ducation Journal

nd cons, Page 10

20042K Total

(%)

24 .99 100 %

18.16 100%

25.75 100%

Computation by

2K Total

)

.99 100 %

.63 100%

.98 100%

.09 100%

.15 100%

Computation by

pros and cons of budgets cut

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