proposition 3: a central characteristic of living things is cellular structure
TRANSCRIPT
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Proposition 3:
A Central Characteristic of Living Things is Cellular Structure
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• Week 1: Science and the Cellular Basis of Life • Proposition 1. Science is a Powerful Way of Understanding the Living World• Proposition 2. Living things Possess Unique Characteristics• Proposition 3. A Central Characteristic of Living Things is Cellular Structure
• Week 2: Genetic Variation • Proposition 4: As a Product of their Cellular Structure, Living Things Vary in • Physical Traits• Proposition 5: Some of the Variation in Living Things is Encoded in Genes• Proposition 6: Information Encoded in Genes Regulates Protein Synthesis
• Week 3: Evolution, Natural Selection and Speciation • Proposition 7: By Virtue of their Genetic Traits, Some Living Things are Better • Adapted to their Environment than Others• Proposition 8: Living Things that are Better Adapted to their Environment Tend • to survive and Leave more offspring
• Proposition 9: Living Things that Leave More Offspring Become More Frequent • over Time• Proposition 10: Over the Course of Many Years Living Things Change as Their • Environment Changes
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Where do Cells fit in your Concept Map?
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Cells
• Smallest living unit• Most are microscopic
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Discovery of Cells
• Robert Hooke (mid-1600s)– Observed sliver of cork– Saw “row of empty boxes”– Coined the term cell
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Cell theory
• (1839)Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden
“ all living things are made of cells”
• (50 yrs. later) Rudolf Virchow
“all cells come from cells”
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Principles of Cell Theory
• All living things are made of cells
• Smallest living unit of structure and function of all organisms is the cell
• All cells arise from preexisting cells
(this principle discarded the idea of
spontaneous generation)
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Cell Size
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Cells Have Large Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio
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Characteristics of All Cells
• A surrounding membrane
• Protoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid
• Organelles – structures for cell function
• Control center with DNA
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Cell Types
• Prokaryotic
• Eukaryotic
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Prokaryotic Cells
• First cell type on earth
• Cell type of Bacteria and Archaea
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Prokaryotic Cells
• No membrane bound nucleus
• Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration
• Organelles not bound by membranes
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Eukaryotic Cells• Nucleus bound by membrane
• Include fungi, protists, plant, and animal cells
• Possess many organelles
Protozoan
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Representative Animal Cell
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Representative Plant Cell
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Organelles
• Cellular machinery
• Two general kinds– Derived from membranes– Bacteria-like organelles
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Bacteria-Like Organelles
• Derived from symbiotic bacteria
• Ancient association
• Endosymbiotic theory– Evolution of modern cells from
cells & symbiotic bacteria
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Plasma Membrane
• Contains cell contents
• Double layer of phospholipids & proteins
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Phospholipids
• Polar– Hydrophylic head– Hydrophobic tail
• Interacts with water
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Movement Across the Plasma Membrane
• A few molecules move freely– Water, Carbon dioxide, Ammonia, Oxygen
• Carrier proteins transport some molecules– Proteins embedded in lipid bilayer– Fluid mosaic model – describes fluid nature of
a lipid bilayer with proteins
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Membrane Proteins
1. Channels or transporters– Move molecules in one direction
2. Receptors – Recognize certain chemicals
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Membrane Proteins
3. Glycoproteins – Identify cell type
4. Enzymes – Catalyze production of substances
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Cell Walls
• Found in plants, fungi, & many protists
• Surrounds plasma membrane
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Cell Wall Differences
• Plants – mostly cellulose
• Fungi – contain chitin
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Cytoplasm• Viscous fluid containing organelles• components of cytoplasm
– Interconnected filaments & fibers – Fluid = cytosol– Organelles (not nucleus)– storage substances
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Cytoskeleton• Filaments & fibers
• Made of 3 fiber types– Microfilaments– Microtubules– Intermediate filaments
• 3 functions:– mechanical support– anchor organelles– help move
substances
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A = actin, IF = intermediate filament, MT = microtubule
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Cilia & Flagella
• Provide motility• Cilia
– Short– Used to move substances
outside human cells
• Flagella – Whip-like extensions– Found on sperm cells
• Basal bodies like centrioles
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Cilia & Flagella Structure
• Bundles of microtubules
• With plasma membrane
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Centrioles
• Pairs of microtubular structures
• Play a role in cell division
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Membranous Organelles
• Functional components within cytoplasm
• Bound by membranes
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Nucleus
• Control center of cell
• Double membrane
• Contains – Chromosomes– Nucleolus
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Nuclear Envelope
• Separates nucleus from rest of cell
• Double membrane
• Has pores
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DNA
• Hereditary material
• Chromosomes– DNA– Protiens– Form for cell division
• Chromatin
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Nucleolus
• Most cells have 2 or more
• Directs synthesis of RNA
• Forms ribosomes
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Helps move substances within cells
• Network of interconnected membranes
• Two types– Rough endoplasmic reticulum– Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Ribosomes attached to surface– Manufacture protiens– Not all ribosomes attached to rough ER
• May modify proteins from ribosomes
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• No attached ribosomes
• Has enzymes that help build molecules– Carbohydrates– Lipids
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Golgi Apparatus
• Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall
• Packaging & shipping station of cell
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Golgi Apparatus Function
1. Molecules come in vesicles
2. Vesicles fuse with Golgi membrane
3. Molecules may be modified by Golgi
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Golgi Apparatus Function (Continued)
4. Molecules pinched-off in separate vesicle
5. Vesicle leaves Golgi apparatus
6. Vesicles may combine with plasma membrane to secrete contents
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Lysosomes
• Contain digestive enzymes• Functions
– Aid in cell renewal– Break down old cell parts – Digests invaders
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Vacuoles
• Membrane bound storage sacs
• More common in plants than animals
• Contents – Water– Food– wastes
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Bacteria-Like Organelles
• Release & store energy
• Types – Mitochondria
(release energy) – Chloroplasts
(store energy)
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Mitochondria
• Have their own DNA
• Bound by double membrane
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Mitochondria
• Break down fuel molecules (cellular respiration)
– Glucose– Fatty acids
• Release energy– ATP
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Chloroplasts
• Derived form photosynthetic bacteria
• Solar energy capturing organelle
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Photosynthesis
• Takes place in the chloroplast
• Makes cellular food – glucose
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Review of Eukaryotic Cells
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Review of Eukaryotic Cells
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