proposed capacity expansion of khurda lpg plant
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PROPOSED CAPACITY EXPANSION OF KHURDA LPG PLANT
atKHURDA, ODISHA
BHARAT PETROLEUM CORPORATION LIMITED
ABC TECHNO LABS INDIA PRIVATE LIMITED
Submitted by Prepared by
DECLARATION BY EXPERTS CONTRIBUTING TO THE EMP/EIA
Project Name: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR PROPOSED
CAPACITY EXPANSION OF LPG BOTTLING PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA.
I, hereby, certify that I was a part of the EIA team in the following capacity that
developed the above EIA.
1. EIA COORDINATOR:
S.No. Name Type Functional Area(s)
covered Signature
1. Mr. V.K.Gautam In
House
Isolated Stoarge & Handling of Hazardous
Chemicals & FAE- Meteorology, Air Quality
Modeling & Prediction, RH
2. FUNCTIONAL AREA EXPERTS:
3. MANGER
S.No. Name Type Functional
Area Covered Signature
1. Mrs. K. Vijayalakshmi In House Environment
S. No. Name of the Experts Type Involvement
(Period) Signature
1. Dr. R.K. Jayaseelan In House LU, WP, HG
2. Mr. V.K.Gautam In House RH
3. Dr. Muthiah Mariappan In House SWM
4. Dr. N. Sukumaran In House EB
5. Dr. Thillai Govindarajan In House Geo
6. Mr. R. Rajendran In House AP, NV
7. Dr. Geetha Shrinivasagam
In House SE
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE OF PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
I. PROJECT DESCRIPTION Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) is a fortune 500 oil refining, exploration
and marketing PSU with Navratna status. BPCL has multiple refinery units in Mumbai,
Kochi & Numaligarh. The latest addition is Bina Refinery Bharat Oman Refinery
Limited (BORL) which is promoted by a Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited
(BPCL) and Oman Oil Company Limited (OOCL), & it is a 6 MMTPA grass root
refinery at Bina, Madhya Pradesh along with crude supply system consisting of a
Single Point Mooring system (SPM), Crude Oil Storage Terminal (COT) at Vadinar,
District – Jamnagar, Gujrat and 935 Km long cross country crude pipeline from
Vadinar to Bina. BPCL has also many LPG Plants, POL Depots, Installations & TOPs
spread across the country for further distribution of petroleum products to consumers.
BPCL now proposes to expand the storage capacity of the existing LPG Bottling Plant
at Khurda in the state of Odisha to meet the increasing demand of LPG cylinders in the
houses and various types of organizations; by adding three mounded bullets in the LPG
Plant
BPCL proposes for the mounded bullet in view of the fact these types of bullets are
cylindrical pressures vessels installed on compact sand bed and covered with sand
mound in a pyramid shape. The mounded storage of LPG has proved to be safer
compared to above ground storage vessels since it provides intrinsically passive and
safe environment and eliminates the possibility of Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour
Explosion (BLEVE). The cover of the mound protects the vessel from fire engulfment,
radiation from a fire in close proximity and acts of sabotage or vandalism.
Project Capacity
The existing LPG Plant is having storage Capacity of 370 MT.
Proposed project envisages:
i. Expansion of capacity by construction of 3 nos of mounded bullets having
capacity 300 MT of each.
After expansion the storage capacity will increase to 1270 MT.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE OF PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
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Fig – E-1: Layout of Khuda LPG Plant showing the proposed facilities
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE OF PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
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Location
The Khurda LPG Bottling Plant is located at 33 no induatrial estate at Khurda which is
about 7 km from Khurda road railway station in the state of Odisha. The Plant is well
connected by road through NH-5 and South Eastern Railway line between Chennai &
Howrah. Nearest domestic and international airport is Biju Patnaik International Airport
is located at the distance from project site is 34 km at Bhubaneswar. Nearest port is at
Paradeep and Gopalpur distance from the project site 139.2 and 132.3 respectively. The
approximate longitude and latitude of the centroid of the proposed site are
85038’26.38”E and 20010’21.29”N.
Nearest Facilities Distance from the centre of the project site
Railway Line 6.61 km
National Highway 72 m
Habitation 1.80 km
Fig - E-2: Map showing the nearest facilities from the Project-sites
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE OF PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
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Land Requirement
The total land area available in Khurda LPG Plant is around 12.91 acres. The total land
is under possession of BPCL. Three nos of Additional mounded bullets will be installed
in the vacant space within the existing premises, hence no additional land is required.
Water Requirement and Source
The maximum water consumption during operation of the existing plant is 3m3/day. The
water requirement for the existing Plant is met through bore wells. No additional water
will be required for the proposed expansion.
Water requirement for the existing LPG Plant is met through bore wells which was
commissioned during the time of construction of the LPG Plant. Central ground
water authority vide it circular dated 26.10.2012 had exempted the industries drawing
less than 100m3/day from obtaining permission.
Further, 2.4 kld out of 3 kld required for washing, domestic etc will be reused for green
belt development ( This is in accordance to CGWA’s guideline as appearing in their
website and applicable with effect from 16.11.2015)
Thus authorization from CGWA need not be obtained.
Process Description
The Plant is mainly handling LPG . Brief process description is as follows:
1. Receipt of Products :
Receipt of Bulk LPG from M/s IPPL and vizag refinery through bullet
truck of 18 MT capacity of each.
Bullet truck unloading through 4 decanting bays.
Bulk LPG transfer from 4 bays to LPG storage bullets.
Storage of bulk LPG in [(2 x 60 MT + 2 x 125 MT) aboveground bullets
+ {(3 x 300 MT) (proposed, mounded bullets)}] = 1270 MT.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE OF PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
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2. Receipt of empty LPG cylinders & segregation
Empty cylinders will be received from the Bharat distributors.
Defective and unfit cylinders will be segregated for rectification /
repairs.
Only sound empty cylinders will be taken for feeling.
3. Bottling
Pumping of bulk LPG to carousal LPG filling machine (1 x 24
machines)
Bottling LPG in 5,14.2,19,35 and 47.5 kg capacity LPG cylinders
respectively.
On-line quality control cheaks like weight, leakage etc on filled
cylinders.
4. Loading into trucks
Sound filled cylinder will be loaded into trucks for distributers.
Statistical quality control checks are carried out before dispatched to
markets. Dispatch of Products is done through bullet trucks to the
distributors
5. Distribution
Loaded packed cylinders truck will carry the filled cylinders to our
authorized Bharat distributers.
Filled cylinder will be stored in Explosive Licensed LPG godowns.
Distributors will carry filled cylinders to our customers, deliver the filled
cylinder after pre-delivery quality checks & take back empty cylinders
from customers.
Empty cylinders will be stored in LPG godowns and then brought back
to bottling plant for refilling.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE OF PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
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Plant Facility
The LPG Plant of BPCL at Khurda is provided with above ground and mounded
bullets for storage LPG.
Unloading TLD Gantry
There is Four (04) bays TLD Gantry with 8 loading points for unloading Bullet
truck. 8 Bullet trucks can be filled at a time.
Filling Shed
Empty cylinders are filled through 1 electronic carousal of 24 stations.
Fire detection and Protection System
The fire protection and detection system are in accordance with OISD 144. The
existing fire water net work will be extended to form a loop around storage area.
The proposed bullets and LPG pumps will be provided with Medium Velocity
water spray system automatically actuated and fed through Deluge Valve.
- All LPG vessels are equipped with safety device such as safety relief valve
(SRV)< High level Alarms (HLA) and Remote Operated Valves (ROV) for
safe operations
- Emergency trip button is provided at filling / Filled shed and LPG pump
house for shutting down all LPG operations in case of any emergency.
- The Plant has CCTV cameras installed in critical locations in the plant.
Details of LPG storage Bullets
Sl No Product Stored Position Capacity
1 LPG Above ground Bullets 60 MT x 2
125 MT x 2
2 LPG Mounded Bullets 300 MT x 3(Proposed)
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE OF PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
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- Safety messaging system : It is an automatic announcement system for safe
messages over speaker in front of the security cabin.
Auto fire detection by Quarzoid Bulbs: The quarzoid bulbs are installed in the
LPG handling sheds in the airline connected to deluge valve. The line is
pressurizes with air at 3.5 kg/cm2. The line is designed show that airflow
through a single quarzoid bulb will make the system unhealthy and the same is
identified by the fire fighting panel. Whenever the fire occurs in any of the LPG
handling sheds and the temperature rises to 79 deg. C, the quarzoid bulb will
melt and and the entire air off the line & deluge valve will discharge through it.
As a result, the pressure in the line goes low and same will be sensed by
pressure switch and sends the signal to the fire fighting panel. Then the fire
fighting panel activities Deluge valve, trips LPG equipment and operation siren
II. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
Primary baseline environmental monitoring studies were conducted during one month
from 15th September 2015 to 15th December 2015 and details are as follows:
METEOROLOGY
The maximum and minimum temperature recorded during the study period is 35.5°C
and 17.4°C. The relative humidity found varying from 37 % to 97%. The predominant
winds are mostly from Northwest, Northeast and Southeast directions. Maximum 25.5
mm rainfall was recorded during study period.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE OF PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
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AIR ENVIRONMENT
To establish the baseline status of the ambient air quality in the study area, the air
quality was monitored at eight (8) locations. The maximum and minimum values of
Ambient Air Quality monitoring are given in the following table:
Location PM10,μg/m3
PM 2.5,μg/m3
SO2,μg/m3
NOX,μg/m3
Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Project Site 57.3 73.1 28.5 37.5 9.6 14.2 18.3 26.3
Jatni 43.6 53.7 20.8 26.4 5.5 8.4 12.7 17.1
Janala 39.2 48.8 18.5 25.6 BDL 6.4 10.2 14.7
Palaspur 35.1 45.3 16.7 22.8 BDL 6.7 9.3 13.1
Gurujanga 40.7 52.4 19.7 26.2 5.1 8.2 10.8 15.4
Palatotapada 38.2 47.2 18.7 24.1 BDL 6.3 9.6 13.9
Bajpur 35.5 44.1 15.5 21.7 BDL BDL 7.8 12.4
Podapada 33.6 42.5 15.8 20.8 BDL BDL 7.3 10.7
In the above table the results show that all particulate matters are high in the project site
and the same are too low in the location of Podapada except PM2.5 which is lowest
(15.5) at Bajpur (Please refer fig E-3)
Results of the monitored data indicate that the ambient air quality of the region in
general is in conformity with respect to the norms of National Ambient Air Quality
standards (NAAQS) of CPCB, with present level of activities
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE OF PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
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Fig – E-3 : Map showing the Air environment monitoring Locations
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE OF PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
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NOISE ENVIRONMENT The noise monitoring has been conducted at eight (8) locations in the study area. Out of 8
locations one is within the plant and 7 (seven) are outside of the Plant & within the 10 km
radius of the study area. Project site recorded highest value of 54.5 dB (A) during day
time. The lowest noise level was found to be 39.5 dB (A) during night time at Saliapatna.
However the noise levels are found to be well within the CPCB standards.
Fig – E-4 : Map showing the Noise Level monitoring Locations
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE OF PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
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WATER ENVIRONMENT Six (6) groundwater samples and two (2) surface water samples within the study area were
considered for assessment. Out of six locations of ground water sample one is within the
Plant and 5 (five) are outside of the Plant within the 10 km radius of the study area. The
water samples were collected and analyzed during Septemder 2015 to December 2015.
The water samples were collected and analyzed during 2015. The pH of ground water in
the study area varies between 6.63 – 7.16, Conductivity varies from 105 to 376 μS/cm,
TDS values were found to be from 58 mg/l – 308 mg/l and Total Hardness varied from 38
– 280 mg/L. Total alkalinity also varies from 28 to 210 mg/L. The concentration of
sodium in the studied samples varied from 6.7 to 26 mg/L. The potassium content ranged
from BDL (<1) to 2.1 mg/L. The chloride content in the studied area ranged from 4 - 64
mg/L. The sulphate, nitrate and fluoride content in the ground water are found to be within
the IS in all the samples
Fig- E-5 : Map showing the Water quality monitoring Locations
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE OF PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
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SOIL ENVIRONMENT Sevven (7) locations within the study area were selected for soil sampling. Out of Seven
locations one is within the Plant and 6 (six) are outside of the Plant within the 10 km
radius of the study area. It has been observed that the pH of the soil was ranging from 7.11
to 8.12, Conductivity of the soil ranges from 0.031 to 0.135 mS/cm. Since the EC value is
less than 2mS/cm, the soil is said to be non-saline in nature. Soil organic content varied
from 0.53 to 1.33% which indicates the low level of organic matter.
Fig – E-6 : Map showing the Soil quality monitoring Locations
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE OF PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
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ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT There are no endemic and endangered species of flora within the study region. There is no
wild life sanctuary, national park or bird sanctuary with in the 15 km radius of the project
site.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT Study of socio-economic profile around the proposed project site has been carried out
based on “Census of India 2011. As per the prescribed TOR of the EIA Study for the
proposed project, the study area has been considered to be an area covered within a radius
of 10 km around the proposed project site beyond which appreciable positive impact due
to the project is envisaged.
The salient features of socioeconomic profile of the Study Area are as follows: The population in the study area is 16688
The Sex Ratio (Female per 1000 Male) is 926.
Scheduled Tribes (ST) as percentage of total population is 9.80%. Scheduled
Castes (SC) as percentage to the total population are 7.63%.
Overall literacy rate, according to 2011 Census is 77.57%. The male literacy
rate is 81.99% while female literacy rate is 72.79%.
The percentage of main workers is 25.84% of total population and the
Percentage of marginal workers is 8.38 %. The percentage of non-workers is
65.78%
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE OF PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
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III. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS &MITIGATION MEASURES
IMPACT ON AMBIENT AIR ENVIRONMENT The only point sources of emissions are D.G sets & Fire Engines. They have been fitted
with stacks of adequate height to disperse the pollutants. Fugitive. No emissions are
generated during the operations.
IMPACT ON WATER ENVIRONMENT Total water requirement for the Plant is 3 KLD which is meet through bore wells .
Domestic sewage generated will be disposed to septic tank & soak pits of 2m x 1.5m x
1.5m each. There will be no process / trade effluent generated during operations.
IMPACT ON AMBIENT NOISE ENVIRONMENT
The only source of noise within the Plant is during D.G set operation. DG sets are
placed within acoustic enclosures. Vacant spaces within the Plant has been earmarked
for greenbelt to contain the spread of noise emissions.
IMPACT ON LAND ENVIRONMENT Total land including the land required for expansion is under possession of BPCL.
Hence, the land environment will not undergo any major irreversible and irretrievable
change.
IMPACT ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
Expansion of the storage capacity of the Plant shall improve supply position of the
petroleum products in the neighbouring areas of Khurda whereby quality of life is
likely to improve.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE OF PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
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IV ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME
Sl.No Potential Impact
Action to be Followed Parameters for Monitoring
Frequency of Monitoring
1 Air Emissions
Emissions from D.G sets & Fire Engines
Gaseous emissions (SPM, SO2, NOX,CO)
As per CPCB/SPCB requirement
AAQ within the project premises and nearby habitations to be monitored All vehicles to be PUC certified.
PM10&PM2.5, SO2& NOX , Methane, Non Methane HC
And VOC Vehicle logs to be maintained
As per CPCB/SPCB requirement
Meteorological data
Wind speed, direction, temperature, relative humidity and rainfall
Continuous monitoring using automatic weather station
2
Noise Noise generated from operation of Pumps, DG sets to be monitored
Spot Noise Level recording
Periodic during operation phase
3 Wastewater Discharge
Waste water Discharge from canteen, drains etc.
Selected parameters like PH, TSS, TDS, COD, BOD, OIL & Grease etc.
As recommended by BPCB
4 Solid waste/ Hazardous waste
Check compliance to HWM rules
Quality & quantity monitoring
Periodically
5 Ground Water Quality and Water Levels
Monitoring ground water quality, around plant site and levels
Comprehensive monitoring as per IS 10500 Groundwater level BGL
Periodically
6 Flora and fauna
Vegetation, greenbelt / green cover development
No. of plants, species
Once a year
7 Soil quality Checking & Maintenance of good soil quality around the site
Physico-chemical parameters and metals.
Once a year
8 Health Employees and migrant labours health check up.
All relevant parameters including HIV
Regular checkups as per Factories Act.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE OF PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
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V. BENEFITS OF PROJECT
The proposed project is expected to bring significant socio-economic and
environmental benefits both at local and national level. Due to increase in storage
capacity, supply position of petroleum product will improve which will help in growth
of economic activity. The physical and social infrastructure will improve in a
significant manner. The project will also create some long term and short-term direct /
indirect employment. Thus, the proposed project has ushered in the social and
economic up-liftment of the persons living in the vicinity of the Project i.e. of society at
large.
VI. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
AIR ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT
Adequate green belt has been developed to mitigate the pollution arising due to
movement of vehicles. Regular monitoring of DG – Stack and Ambient air quality will
be carried out.
WATER ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT
Sewage generated will be disposed through septic tanks & soak pits.
NOISE ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT
All noise generating equipment’s like DG-Sets etc., will be provided with acoustic
enclosure to help in attenuating the noise levels thereby the ambient noise levels will be
maintained below the CPCB limits of 75 dB(A) for industrial areas.
SOLID & HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT.
No Solid Waste shall be generated from operation of proposed Mounded Bullets. Used
oil, grease and empty drums shall be disposed of through registered vendors as per
Handling of Waste Material and Transboundary Rules, 2008 and subsequent
amendments. This will ensure that there will not be any impact on soil quality due to
the disposal or deposition of solid/hazardous waste.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE OF PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
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GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT
Green belt is proposed to be developed on 4.25 acres of the land which is about 33.33%
of the total area.
Details of greenbelt plantation
S.No List of tree saplings Nos
1 Sal 230
2 Flame of the forest 225
3 Deuedar 430
4 Neem 150
5 Teak 95
6 Jhau 180
7 Sisam 290
Total 1600
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE OF PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
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Fig – E-7 : Map showing the Soil quality monitoring Locations
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE OF PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
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HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF BPCL
COMPLIANCE TO TERMS OF REFERENCE Sl. No.
Description Compliance in the EIA report
TOR Conditions 1. Executive Summary of the Project detailing its
goals and objectives and significant other salient features, use of resources etc
Executive Summary is formulated as per Appendix IIIA of EIA Notification dated September 14, 2006 and the same is enclosed as separate document.
2 Project description and Project benefits Addressed in page 2-1 to 2-2 of Chapter-2
3 Land use details of the site based on satellite imagery
Addressed in page 2-9, fig no 2.7 of Chapter-2
4 Process details and design details of all the tanks with animated models
Addressed in page 2-14 fig no 2.9 and design no page 2-16 of Chapter-2
5 Proposal for safety buffer zone around the proposed site with map
Shown in the layout
6. A list of industries within 10 km radius of the project site
Addressed in chapter -3 in page no. 3-61
7. List of villages and population within 5 km Addressed in chapter -3 in page no.3-54, to 3-58
8. Location of National Parks and wild life sanctuary/ reserve forest within 10 km radius
Addressed in chapter -2 in page no.2-10
9. A copy of consent to operate accorded by the odisha state pollution control board (OSPCB) for the existing plant along with point – wise compliance report
Copy in Annexure III
10. Layout plan with provision truck parking area. Earmarking of area for parking of lorries at a location to avoid congestion
Layout given in the jacket
11. Details of the storage as well as filled & empty LPG cylinder and technical specifications with safety aspects & standards.
Addressed in Risk Analysis (ANX V) page 2 of Chapter-2 and in the Layout
12 OISD 169 & OISD 150 standard mounded storage facility should be provided
To be complied with
13. Site details including satellite imagery for 5 km around the site
Addressed in page 2-7, fig no 2.9 of chapter 2
14. Demography & Socio-economics of the area. Addressed in page 3-57 to 3-58 of Chapter-3
15. Baseline AAQ data three month (except monsoon) for air, water and soil for:
I. Ambient Air Quality monitoring for
PM2.5, PM10, S02, NOx
Addressed in page 3-30 of Chapter-3
Sl. No.
Description Compliance in the EIA report
II. Background levels of hydrocarbons (methane & non-methane HC) and VOCs
Addressed in page 3-31 of Chapter-3
III. Soil sample analysis Addressed in page 3-47 to 3-49 of Chapter-3
IV. Base line underground and surface water quality in the vicinity of project
Addressed in page 3-40 to 3-44 of Chapter-3
V. Climatology & Meteorology including wind speed, wind direction, temperature, rainfall etc.
Addressed in page 3-5 to 3-13 of Chapter-3
VI. Measurement of Noise levels Addressed in page 3-37 to 3-38 of Chapter-3
16. Details of water consumption and source of water supply, waste water generation, treatment and utilization of treated water generated from the facilities and effluent disposal and measures for release for effluent in case of fire
Addressed in page 2-20 Chapter-2
17. Storm water system should have provision to prevent any unintended oil in the drain to flow out with storm water. Details of OIL water seperator
Addressed in page 4-10 to Chapter-4
18. Detailed solid waste generation, collection, segregation, its recycling reuse, treatment and disposal
Addressed in page 4-6 of Chapter-4
19. Assessment of impact on air, water, soil, solid/hazardous waste and noise levels
Addressed in page 4-5 to 4-6 Of Chapter-4
20. Details of proposed preventive measures for leakages and accident.
Addressed in Risk Analysis as Annexure V
21. Type of seismic zone Addressed in page 3-24 to 3-24 Chapter-3
22. Environmental Management Plan Addressed in Chapter-9
23. Risk assessment & Disaster Management Plan Addressed in Risk Analysis as Annexure vpage 2-20 to 2-22 of Chapter-2
i. Identification of hazards Addressed in chapter 3 Risk Analysis as Annexure V
ii. Consequence Analysis Addressed in chapter 8 Risk Analysis as Annexure V
iii. Preventive measures Addressed in page 2-7 of chapter IX of Risk Analysis as Annexure V
iv. Risk Assessment should also include leakage during storage, handling, transportation and proposed measures for risk reduction
Addressed in chapter 8 Risk Analysis as Annexure V
v. Fire & Explosion hazard Addressed in page chapter 6 Risk Analysis as Annexure V
vi. Risk assessment as per OISD 114 Addressed in page 8-14 chapter 6 Risk Analysis as Annexure V
Sl. No.
Description Compliance in the EIA report
24. Risk Assessment should also include follow up/compliance to safety & hazardous material management facilities; cathodic protection to mounded bullets; possibility of fire and explosion accident; Risk assessment for accidents at site and its impact on adjoining area, risk mitigation measures, disaster management plan; onsite & off-site emergency plan
Addressed in the page2-18 to 2-19 Chapter-2
25. OISD-144, SMPV rules, gas cylinder rules should be followed
To be complied
26. Gas detection system & monitoring system shall be provided
Addressed in page 2-22 of the Chapter-2
27 Interlocking shut down device (ISD) should be connected to automatic shut down & auto operation fire hydrant network
Addressed in page no 2-26 to 2-28 of chapter 2
28. Action plan for firefighting facility as per OISD 117
Addressed in page no 2-22 to 2-25 of chapter 2
29. Details of proposed occupational Health Surveillance program for the employees and other labour.
Addressed in page 9-12 to 9-15 of the Chapter-9
30. Environmental Monitoring programme
Addressed in Chapter 6
31. Any litigation pending against the project and / or any direction / order passed by any Court of Law against the project, if so, details thereof.
Addressed in page 2-26 of the Chapter-2
32. Green Belt development plan in 33% area to be put in place
complied
33. Points raised/likely to be raised during public hearing and commitment of the projectproponent on the same may be included
Public hearing exempted by vide letter no 1642/SEIAA dated 23.06.2016 issued by SEIAA Addressed in anx - VI
34. Since, it is an on-going project, CSR activities already taken up to be detailed
Addressed in page 9-14 to 9-15 of the Chapter-9
General Points
The following general points should be noted : i. All documents should be properly
indexed, page numbered Complied
ii. Period / date of data collection should be clearly indicated
Complied
iii. The letter/application for Environmental should quote the SEAC file no and also attach a copy of the letter as an annexure to the final EIA-EMP Report.
NA
iv. The index of the final EIA-EMP report must indicate the specific chapter and page no of the EIA-EMP Report
Complied
Sl. No.
Description Compliance in the EIA report
v. While preparing the EIA report, the instructions for the proponents and instructions for the consultants issued by MoEF vide O.M. No. J-11013/41/2006-IA.II (I) dated 4th August, 2009; which are available on the website of this Ministry should also be followed.
Complied
vi. The consultants involved in the preparation of EIA-EMP report should be an accredited with quality council of india (QCI) / National Accreditation Board of Education and training (NABET) and a certificate in this regard should be annexed in the EIA/EMP reports. Data provided by other organanization.
Complied
CONTENTS CHAPTER # TITLE PAGE NO
CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose of the Report 1-1 to 1-1
1.2 Identification of Project 1-1 to 1-1
1.3 Identification of Project Proponent 1-2 to 1-3
1.4 Brief description of Proposed Project 1-3 to 1-3
1.4.1 Nature, Location & Size of the Project 1-3 to 1-3
1.4.2 Need for the Project and its Importance 1-3 to 1-4
1.5 Approach Methodology 1-4 to 1-5
1.5.1 Study Period 1-5 to 1-5
1.6 Need for EIA 1-5 to 1-5
1.7 Structure of EIA Report 1-6 to 1-6
1.8 Regulatory Framework and Environmental Legislations
1-6 to 1-6
1.8.1 Legislative Background 1-6 to 1-7
1.8.2 Regulatory Framework 1-7 to 1-8
1.8.3 Environmental Legislations 1-9 to 1-15
1.8.4 Applicable Environmental Standards 1-16 to 1-22
CHAPTER -2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 Introduction 2-1 to 2-1
2.2 Need for the project 2-2 to 2-2
2.3 Site characterestic 2-3 to 2-3
2.3.1 Location 2-3 to 2-4
2.3.2 Connectivity 2-5 to 2-5
2.3.3 Environmental settings 2-6 to 2-10
2.3.4 Land requirement 2-11 to 2-12
2.4 Magnitude of operation 2-13 to 2-13
2.5 Description of Process 2-13 to 2-14
2.6 Raw Material Requirements 2-15 to 2-15
2.7 Infrastructure at the Facility 2-15 to 2-15
2.7.1 Description of Bullets & Mounded Bullets 2-16 to 2-18
2.8 Power Requirement 2-19 to 2-19
2.9 Manpower Requirement 2-19 to 2-19
2.10 FRESH Water Requirement 2-20 to 2-20
2.11 Pollution control measures proposed 2-21 to 2-21
2.12 Wastewater Generation 2-21 to 2-21
2.13 Solid waste Generation & Disposal 2-21 to 2-22
2.14 Details on Fire Protection System and Safety
Measures 2-22 to2-25
2.15 Project Cost 2.26 to 2.26
2.16 Litigation Pending Against The Project 2.26 to 2.26
CHAPTER-3 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
3.1 Introduction 3-1 to 3-1
3.2 Scope of baseline study 3-1 to 3-4
3.3 Rainfall & climate 3-5 to 3-13
3.4 Drainage 3-14 to 3-14
3.5 Details of establishments within 500m of LPG Plant
3-15 to 3-15
3.6 Geomorphology 3-15 to 3-16
3.7 Soil 3-16 to 3-17
3.8 Ground water scenario 3-18 to 3-22
3.9 Land use 3-23 to 3-23
3.10 Seismicity 3-24 to 3-24
3.11 Air environment 3-25 to 3-25
3.11.1 Selection of sampling locations 3-25 to 3-26
3.11.2 Parameters for sampling 3-27 to 3-27
3.11.3 Instruments used for sampling 3-27 to 3-27
3.11.4 Sampling and analytical techniques 3-28 to 3-29
3.11.5 Results 3-29 to 3-31
3.11.6 Observations 3-32 to 3-32
3.12 Noise environment 3-33 to 3-33
3.12.1 Intification of sampling locations 3-33 to 3-33
3.12.2 Instrument used for sampling 3-34 to 3-34
3.12.3 Method of monitoring 3-34 to 3-36
3.12.4 Results 3-37 to 3-37
3.12.5 Observations 3-38 to 3-38
3.13 Water environment 3-38 to 3-38
3.13.1 Sampling locations 3-38 to 3-40
3.13.2 Results 3-40 to 3-43
3.13.3 Observations 3-44 to 3-44
3.14 Soil environment 3-44 to 3-44
3.14.1 Soil analysis 3-45 to 3-49
3.15 Ecological environment 3-49 to 3-49
3.15.1 Objectives of ecological studies 3-49 to 3-49
3.15.2 Methodology adopted for the study 3-50 to 3-50
3.15.2.1 Flora in the study area 3-50 to 3-51
3.15.2.2 Fauna in the study area 3-51 to 3-51
3.15.3 Environmental sensitivity 3-52 to 3-52
3.16 Socio-economic environment 3-52 to 3-53
3.16.1 Methodology 3-53 to 3-53
3.16.2 Sources of information 3-53 to 3-53
3.16.3 Settlement pattern 3-54 to 3-56
3.16.3.1 Population 3-57 to 3-57
3.16.3.2 Demography 3-57 to 3-58
3.16.3.3 Distribution of population 3-58 to 3-58
3.16.3.4 Average household size 3-59 to 3-59
3.16.3.5 Occupational Structure 3-59 to 3-59
3.16.4 Availability of Infrastructure 3-60 to 3-61
CHAPTER-4 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION MEASURES
4.1 Introduction 4-1 to 4-1
4.2.1 Impact on topography 4.1 to 4-1
4.2.1.1 Impact during construction phase 4-1 to 4-4
4.2.1.2 Mitigation measures during construction phase 4-4 to 4-5
4.2.2 Operation phase 4-5 to 4-5
4.2.2.1 Impact during operation phase 4-5 to 4-8
4.2.2.2 Mitigation measures during operation phase 4-8 to 4-11
4.3 Ireversible And Irretrievable Commitments Of Environmental Components
4-11 to 4-13
4.4 Assessment Of Significance Of Impacts 4-13 to 4-18
4.5 Environmental Impact Matrix 4-18 to 4-19
4.6 Mitigation Measures 4-19 to 4-23
4.7 Conclusions 4-24 to 4-24
CHAPTER-5 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES (TECHNOLOGY & SITE)
5.1 Alternatives Considered 5-1 to 5-1
5.1.1 Siting of the Project 5-1 to 5-2
5.1.2 Technology / Process 5-2 to 5-2
CHAPTER-6 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM
6.1 Objective 6-1 to 6-2
6.2 Ambient air quality 6-3 to 6-3
CHAPTER-7 RISK ANALYSIS STUDY
7.1 7.1 Risk Analysis Study 7-1 to 7-6
7.2 7.2 R & R action plan 7-6 to 7-6
7.3 7.3 Public Consultation 7-6 to 7-6
CHAPTER-8 PROJECT BENEFITS
8.1 Project Benefits 8-1 to 8-2
CHAPTER-9 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
9.1 Environmental Management Plan ( EMP) 9-1 to 9-1
9.1.1 Preamble 9-1 to 9-1
9.1.2 Impact Mitigation Measure During
Construction Phase
9-1 to 9-5
9.1.3 Impact Mitigation Measure During Operation Phase
9-6 to 9-11
9.1.4 Environmental Management Cell 9-11 to 9-12
9.1.5 Safety Health & Environment Policy of BPCL 9-13 to 9-19
CHAPTER -10 SUMMARY & CONCLUSION
10.1 Silent Features of the Projects 10-2 to 10-2
10.2 Summary of Environmental Impact &
Mitigation Measures
10-3 to 10-8
10.3 Overall Justification for Implementation of the
Project
10-8 to 10-9
10.4 Explanation on the Environmental Mitigation 10-9 to 10-10
10.5 Conclusion 10-10to 10-10
CHAPTER-11 DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANT
11.1 Introduction 11.1 to 11.2
11.2 Service of ABC Techno Lab Private Limited 11.2 to 11.2
11.2.1 Environmental Services 11.2 to 11.2
11.2.2 Turn Key Projects 11.2 to 11.2
11.2.3 Other Services 11.3 to 11.3
11.2.4 Laboratory Services 11.3 to 11.3
11.3 Sector Accredited by Nabet 11.3 to 11.4
11.4 Study Team 11.4 to 11.5
LIST OF ANNEXURES
ANNEXURE #
TITLE
1 Form-1
2 TOR
3 Consent to Operate
4 PESO License
5 Risk Analysis Report
6 Public Hearing Exemption letter
7 Accreditation Of NABET / QCI
8 Testing Reports
9 Plot Plan
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE # TITLE PAGE NO
1.1 Key organization & their function 1-7 to 1-8
1.2 Normal Ambient air quality standards(NAAQS),2009 1-16 to 1-16
1.3 Source Emission Discharge standards 1-17 to 1-17
1.4 Standards for Industrial & Sewage Effluents 1-21 to 1-22
2.1 Environmental setting of the project site 2-10 to 10
2.2 Land use breakup 1-11 to 2-11
2.3 Bullet & Mounded Bullet details 2-13 to 2-13
2.4 List of Equipments/ facilities & number 2-15 to 2-15
2.5 Details of DG sets 2-19 to 2-19
2.6 Mapower 2-19 to 19
2.7 Water balance table 2-20 to 2-20
2.8 Details on air pollution control equipment 2-21 to 2-21
2.9 List of fire protection equipment 2-24 to 2-25
3.1 Environmental Attributes 3-2 to 3-2
3.2 Frequency & Monitoring Methodology 3-3 to 3-4
3.3 Weather for the month of September 2015 3-6 to 3-6
3.4 Weather for the month of October 2015 3-8 to 3-8
3.5 Weather for the month of November 2015 3-10 to 3-10
3.6 Weather for the month of December 2015 3-12 to 3-12
3.7 Land use Classification 3-23 to 3-23
3.8 Ambient air quality monitoring location 3-26 to 3-26
3.9 Techniques used for Ambient air quality monitoring 3-29 to 3-29
3.10 Summary of Ambient Air quality result 3-30 to 3-31
3.11 Noise quality monitoring station 3-33 to 3-33
3.12 Ambient Noise level 3-37 to 3-37
3.13 Ambient Noise quality standards 3-37 to 3-37
3.14 Water quality Monitoring Locations 3-39 to 3-39
3.15 Results for water Analysis 3-41 to 3-43
3.16 Soil Sampling Locations 3-44 to 3-44
3.17 Soil Quality Results 3-47 to 3-47
3.18 Standard soil Classification 3-48 to 3-48
3.19 List of Flora observed in the study area 3-50 to 3-51
3.20 List of Fauna observed in the study area 3-51 to 3-51
3.21 Population observed in the villages within 5 km area from the project
site
3-54 to 3-54
3.22 Literacy rate observed in the villages within 5 km area from the project
site
3-55 to 3-55
3.23 Workers observed in the villages within 5 km area from the project site 3-56 to 3-56
3.24 Distribution of population in the study area 3-58 to 3-58
3.25 Occupational Structure 3-59 to 3-59
4.1 Environmental Matrix 4-18 to 4-18
4.2 General Standards for Discharge of Effluents 4-21 to 4-22
4.3 Environmental Impact Matrix 4-23 to 4-23
6.1 Environmental monitoring plan for proposed expansion project of LPG Plant
6-1 to 6-2
6.2 Method of Testing PM10/PM2.5 6-3 to 6-3
6.3 Method of Testing SO2 6-3 to 6-3
6.4 Method of Testing NOX 6-3 to 6-3
9.1 Details on Greenbelt Plantation 9-8 to 9-8
11.1 NABET Accredited Sector 11-3 to 11-4
11.2 Study Team 11-5 to 11-5
LIST OF FIGURE Figure# Title Page No
2.1 Google Image of the project site 2-3 to 2-3
2.2 Map showing the location of the project site 2-4 to 2-4
2.3 Map showing the connectivity of the project site 2-5 to 2-5
2.4 Topo sheet ( 10 KM surrounding Project site) 2-6 to 2-6
2.5 Landuse classification map ( 10 KM surrounding Project site) 2-7 to 2-7
2.6 Vicinity map of the study area 2-8 to 2-8
2.7 Satellite Imagery Of The Project 2-9 to 2-9
2.8 Site layout plan 2-12 to 2-12
2.9 Process flow chart 2-14 to 2-14
2.10 Photograph of Bullet 2-17 to 2-17
2.11 Photograph of Bullet from site 2.17 to 2.17
2.12 Photograph of Mounded Bullet 2-18 to 2-18
2.13 Water balance chart 2-20 to 2-20
2.14 Fire water storage tank 2-23 to 2-23
2.15 Fire Hydrant layout 2-27 to 2-27
3.1 Average rainfall of last 5 years 3-5 to 3-5
3.2 Wind rose for the month of September 2015 3-7 to 3-7
3.3 Wind rose for the month of October 2015 3-9 to 3-9
3.4 Wind rose for the month of November 2015 3-11 to 3-11
3.5 Wind rose for the month of December 2015 3-13 to 3-13
3.6 Drainage map 10 km of the study area 3-14 to 3-14
3.7 Geomorphology map of Study area 3-16 to 3-16
3.8 Soil type Map of the Study Area
3-17 to 3-17
3.9 Hydrology Map of Khurda District 3-18 to 3-18
3.10 Map showing the depth of water level in pre-monsoon 3-22 to 3-22
3.11 Map showing the depth of water level in post-monsoon 3-22 to 3-22
3.12 Land Use / Land cover within 10 km of the project site 3-23 to 3-23
3.13 Map showing seismic tectonic zone 3-24 to 3-24
3.14 Map showing air quality monitoring location 3-27 to 3-27
3.15 Map showing the location of Noise level monitoring location 3-36 to 3-36
3.16 Map showing the water quality monitoring station 3-40 to 3-40
3.17 Map showing the location of soil sampling location 3-46 to 3-46
9.1 Showing the green belt in the layout 9-9 to 9-9
9.2 Plantation within the Plant 9-10 to 9-10
9.3 Different tasks under Environmental Management Plan 9-11 to 9-11
9.4 Health safety & Environmental Policy of BPCL 9-17 to 9-17
CHAPTER – I
INTRODUCTION
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1. PURPOSE OF THE REPORT
M/s. Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) is a public sector oil and gas
refining & marketing company with its headquarters in Mumbai. BPCL has set up L
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Plant at various strategic locations all over the
country to cater to the need of consumers. Khurda LPG plant is one of them. Its
existing capacity is 370 MT and is located at 33 No. Industrial Estate P.O PN College
Khurda which is 7 km away from Khurda Road Railway station at Odisha State.
BPCL proposes to install 3 nos Mounded Storage Vessels of 300 MT each for enhancing the
storage capacity by 900 MT. Total storage capacities after implementation of the project will
be 1270MT. Present facility is being operated with the Consent to Operate No. IND – IV –
HW – 302 / 14650 dt 04.09.2015 which is valid up to 31.03.2020 ( Annexure-III). CCOE’s
license from PESO, Nagpur was obtained for the existing capacity vide License No.
S/HO/OR/03/46 (S23369) and for filling/storing LPG cylinders vide Lic.No.
G/HO/OR/06/61(G20413) & G/HO/OR/05/70 dated 04.08.2015 (Annexure IV). Now,
BPCL wants to obtain Environmental Clearance for the proposed expansion of capacity.
BPCL has submitted their application for obtaining Environmental Clearance in Form
No.-1 (Annexure-I).
SEAC Odisha considered the proposed project for TOR finalization during the
meeting held on 05.8.2015 and issued the TOR vide no 572 /SEAC-295 dt 14th August
2015. The Expert Appraisal Committee prescribed the specific TOR for preparation of
EIA/EMP. The EIA report has been prepared as per the specified TOR (Annexure II).
1.2. IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT
LPG is received through Bullet trucks from IPPL Haldia & HPCL Vizag refinery and
BPCL Bina Refinery. The proposed project envisages expansion of the storage
capacity of LPG The Plant has existing storage capacity of 370 MT. which after
implementation of the project will be increased to 1270MT.
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1.3 IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT PROPONENT
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) is a fortune 500 oil refining,
exploration and marketing PSU with Navratna status. BPCL has multiple refinery
units in Mumbai, Kochi, Numaligarh and Bina.
Bharat Petroleum’s Mumbai Refinery is one of the most versatile Refineries in India.
With successful implementation of various projects and de-bottlenecking, BPCL
Refineries currently process about 12 Million Metric Tons of crude oil per annum.
Kochi Refinery, a unit of Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited, was commissioned
in 1966 with a capacity of 50,000 barrels per day. Formerly known as Cochin
Refineries Limited and renamed as Kochi Refineries Limited, the refinery was
originally established in collaboration with Phillips Petroleum Corporation, USA.
Today it is a frontline entity as the unit of the Fortune 500 Company, BPCL.
Numaligarh Refinery Limited is a public sector oil company set up in the year 1993,
with its 3 MMT refinery situated in Numaligarh, Assam. The Refinery is one of the
most technologically advanced and environment friendly refineries in the country.
BPCL is the major share holder with 61.65% of the Company’s paid up equity capital.
Moreover, Bharat Oman Refineries Limited (BORL), a company promoted by Bharat
Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) and Oman Oil Company Limited (OOCL),
has set up a 6 MMTPA grass root refinery at Bina, Madhya Pradesh along with crude
supply system consisting of a Single Point Mooring system (SPM), Crude Oil Storage
Terminal (COT) at Vadinar, District – Jamnagar, Gujrat and 935 Km long cross
country crude pipeline from Vadinar to Bina.
The proposed project is an expansion project in the existing LPG Plant with storage
Capacity 370 MT. BPCL now proposes to expand the capacity by 900 MT by
installing 3 Mounded Vessels of 300 MT each..
After implementation of the project, storage capacity will increase to 1270 MT.
The proposed expansion project at Khurda LPG Plant in Odisha will improve supply
position of the LPG which is necessey for bringing more people under coverage of
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LPG use which will help in improving the quality of life. The improved LPG supply
will have strong logistical support for delivering the products to customers without
interruption.
At present total 53 staffs (Company Employees & Contract labours) are available for
total operation of LPG Plant at Khurda. Since the expansion work is not a major one, it
is envisaged that the existing manpower will also cater to the proposed expansion.
However, the proposed project has the potential of indirect employment generation
1.4. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
1.4.1 Nature, Location & Size of the Project
BPCL LPG Plant is located at Khurda Industrial Estate, at 33 No. Industrial Estate P.O PN
College Khurda which is 7 km away from Khurda Road Railway station at Odisha
State.
Capacity of the Plant is shown below.
Product Existing Proposed Storage Capacity
Above ground Bullet
2 x 60 MT 2 x 125 MT
- 370 MT
Mounded Bullets
- 3 x 300 MT 900 MT
Total 1270 MT
1.4.2 Need for the Project and Its Importance
The proposed expansion project at Khurda in Odisha will improve supply position of
the LPG which is vital for wider coverage of clean fuel user. The improved LPG
supply will have strong logistical support for delivering the products to customers
without interruption. The project will also provide indirect employment to unskilled,
semiskilled and skilled categories.
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There is an urgent need for expansion of the capacity of the Plant to increase
production of LPG cylinders for domestic as well as industrial use to meet the
increasing demand of LPG in the state of Odisha.
Importance of the project are identified as follows:
- Demand of LPG products has increased with willingness of people for use of
alternative fuel for cooking.
- In order to meet the demand, BPCL proposes to increase the storage capacity
of their existing Plant at Khurda.
- The proposed project is meant for widening distribution network of LPG.
around Khurda.
- The project will directly generate some employment both during construction
and operation phase and some indirect employment is also likely to be
generated due to this project. This will help to enhance the economic condition
of this region.
- The project will help for further development of infrastructure facilities in the
region
1.5 APPROACH & METHODOLOGY
The primary objective of the EIA studies is to internalize and integrate the
environmental concerns / aspects and mitigation measures due to the expansion
of the production capacity in the existing Plant.
EIA study has been carried out with the following objectives:
Collection of baseline attributes in study area. The EIA will cover one season
baseline environmental data, as per the guidelines of MoEF, New Delhi. The
scope includes collection of baseline data, identification of various
environmental parameters such as Air, Water, Soil, Noise levels, Socio -
economic factors, land use factors, the status of the Flora- Fauna and wildlife in
the adjoining areas of the proposed project site.
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Identification, prediction, evaluation & mitigation of biophysical, social & other
relevant effects of development on the environment during the operational
phase of the proposed project using mathematical / simulation models as per
applicable Indian law.
Preparation of Risk Assessment & Emergency Preparedness / Disaster
Management Plan for the project
Preparation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to be adopted for
mitigation of the anticipated adverse impacts of the project during operational
phase.
Delineation of the post project environmental quality monitoring program as per
the requirements of the regulatory authorities
1.5.1 STUDY PERIOD
For preparation of EIA report for the proposed storage capacity expansion of the LPG
Plant, the data was collected during the season (15th September 2015 to 15th
December 2015) from the study area. The micro climatic parameters were recorded
using automatic weather station for the study period. Wind speed, wind direction and
relative humidity were recorded on hourly basis. Minimum & maximum temperatures
were also recorded during the study period.
1.6 NEED FOR EIA
As per EIA Notification S.O. No 1533 issued on 14th September, 2006 and its
subsequent amendments the proposed project is falling under Schedule 6(b) – Isolated
storage & handling of hazardous chemicals and Category B. Hence this project
requires Environmental Clearance from SEIAA. Accordingly the EIA Report has been
prepared based on the prescribed Terms of Reference issued by SEAC Odisha, vide no
572 /SEAC-295 dt 14th August 2015.
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1.7 STRUCTURE OF EIA REPORT
The generic structure of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study for
proposed project is as follows,
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Project Description
Chapter 3: Description of the environment – present scenario of the land, soil, air,
meteorology, water, noise, biology and socio - economic environment
Chapter 4: Anticipated environmental impacts and its mitigation measures
Chapter 5: Alternative Analysis
Chapter 6: Environmental Monitoring Plan
Chapter 7: Risk Analysis study
Chapter 8: Project Benefits
Chapter 9: Environmental Management Plan
Chapter 10 : Summary & Conclusion
Chapter 11: Disclosure of Consultants
1.8 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK AND ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIONS
1.8.1 LEGISLATIVE BACKGROUND
The 1972 UN Conference on Human Development at Stockholm influenced the need
for a well-developed legal mechanism to conserve resources, protect the environment
and ensure health and well being of the people. Over the years, the Government of
India has framed several policies and promulgated number of Acts, Rules and
Notifications aimed at management and protection of the environment. As a result,
India has incorporated a complex body of environmental legislation aimed at ensuring
that development processes meet the overall objective of promoting sustainability in
the long run.
Moreover, at a higher level, the Indian Constitution has also incorporated specific
articles to address environmental concerns through the 42nd Constitutional Amendment
of 1976. As stated in the Constitution of India, it is the duty of the state (Article 48 A)
to ‘protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of
the country’. It imposes a duty on every citizen (Article 51 A) ‘to protect and improve
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL KHURDA LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
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the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife’. Reference to the
environment has also been made in the Directive Principles of State Policy as well as
the Fundamental Rights
It is important to mention over here that the Central Government framed an ‘umbrella
law’, called the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 to broadly encompass and
regulate an array of environmental issues. The overall purpose of EPA is to establish
an overall coherent policy and provide a basis for coordinated work of various
government agencies with operational responsibility for the protection of environment
and natural resources. The legislation also invests authorities with regulatory powers
to address specific issues affecting the environment. The Act also does not allow any
person to carry on an industry, operation or process that discharge or emit any
environmental pollutants in excess of standards prescribed under specific Rules and
Notifications.
1.8.2 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
The Indian Constitution provides necessary directives and powers for framing and
enforcing environmental legislation. The Ministry of Environment and Forests
(MoEF), the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State Pollution Control
Boards (SPCBs) form the regulatory and administrative core.
Table 1.1 Key Organization and their functions
Organizations Main functions Ministry of Environment &
Forest (MoEF)
Environment Policy Planning Ensure effective implementation of legislation Promotion of the Environmental Education, Training and Awareness Coordination with concerned agencies at the national and International levels Monitoring and Control of Pollution Environmental Clearances for Industrial and Developmental project (Category A as per EIA Notification, 2006). SEIAA (constituted by the Central Government/MoEF under sub-section (3) of section 3 of the EPA, 1986) give Environmental Clearance in case of Category B projects
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Central Pollution Control
Board (CPCB)
Technical guidance for the Central Government on
the matters concerning prevention, control and
abatement of Water and Air pollution
Planning and execution of nationwide programmes
for the prevention, control or abatement of Water and
Air Pollution
Ensure compliance with the provisions of the
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
Co-ordinate and provide technical and research
assistance to State Boards
Lay down, modify or annul the standards for
environmental attributes
State Pollution Control
Board (SPCB)/ Pollution
Control Committee (PCC)
for Union Territories
Planning and execution of state wide programmes for
the prevention, control or abatement of Water and Air
Pollution
Technical Guidance for State Government on
prevention, control and abatement of Water and Air
Pollution and sitting of industries
Ensure compliance with the provisions of the relevant
Acts
Lay down, modify or annul the standards for various
Environmental Attributes
Ensure legal action against defaulters
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1.8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIONS
The proposed project shall abide the provisions of various environmental legislations.
An outline of important environmental legislations is given below
1 Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 amended in 1993 and 2002
The act was enacted with the objective of effectively protecting the wild life
of this country and to control poaching, smuggling and illegal trade in
wildlife and its derivatives. The Act was amended in January 2003 and
punishment and penalty for offences under the Act have been made more
stringent. The Ministry has proposed further amendments in the law by
introducing more rigid measures to strengthen the Act. The objective is to
provide protection to the listed endangered flora and fauna and ecologically
important protected areas.
In exercise of the powers of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (53 of 1972),
the following rules have been laid down,
The Wildlife (Transactions and Taxidermy) Rules, 1973.
The Wildlife (Stock Declaration) Central Rules, 1973
The Wildlife (Protection) Licensing (Additional Matters for Consideration)
Rules, 1983
The Wildlife (Protection) Rules, 1995.
The Wildlife (Specified Plants - Conditions for possession by licensee)
Rules, 1995.
The Wildlife (Specified Plant Stock Declaration) Central Rules, 1995.
The National Board for Wild Life Rules, 2003
The Recognition of Zoo Rules, 2009
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2 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 amended in 1988
Its objective was to ensure that the domestic and industrial pollutants are not
discharged into rivers, and lakes without adequate treatment. The reason is that
such a discharge renders the water unsuitable as a source of drinking water, for
the purposes of irrigation and to support marine life. In order to achieve its
objective Pollution Control Boards at Central and State levels were created to
establish and enforce standards for factories discharging pollutants into bodies of
water. The State Boards are empowered to issue Consent for Establishment
(CFE) whenever a firm wanted to establish a new factory and also issue Consent
for Operation (CFO) for existing factories. They were also given the authority to
close factories or, in the case of disconnecting power and water supply, issue
directions to the concerned Departments for enforcement of Boards standards
In exercise of the powers of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,
1974 following rule has been laid down,
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1975 amended in 2011.
3
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 amended in 2003
It was enacted to provide for the levy and collection of a cess on water consumed
by persons operating and carrying on certain types of industrial activities. This cess
is collected with a view to augment the resources of the Central Board and the
State Boards for the prevention and control of water pollution constituted under the
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.
4 The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 amended in 1988
This Act provides for the conservation of forests and regulating diversion of
Forest lands for non-forestry purposes. When projects fall within forestlands, prior
clearance is required from relevant authorities under the Forest (Conservation) Act,
1980. State governments cannot de-reserve any forestland or authorize its use for any
non-forest purposes without approval from the Central government.
In exercise of the powers of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, The Forest
(Conservation) Rules, 2003 has been laid down
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5 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act , 1981 amended in 1987
The objective of the Air Act of 1981 was to control and reduce air pollution. The
working of this Act and the enforcement mechanisms are similar to that of Water
Act. What was novel is that the Act also called for the abatement of noise
pollution.
In exercise of the powers of the Air Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,
1981, the following rules have been laid down,
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1982.
6
The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 amended in 1991
It was enacted with the objective of providing for the protection and improvement
of the environment. It empowers the Central Government to establish authorities
[under section 3(3)] charged with the mandate of preventing environmental
pollution in all its forms and to tackle specific environmental problems that are
peculiar to different parts of the country.
In exercise of the powers conferred by sections 6 and 25 of the Environment
(Protection) Act, 1906 (29 of 1986), the Central Government makes the
Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 amended in 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992,
1993 and 1998.
The power conferred by the Environment Protection Act are followed under the
following heads of Coastal Regulation Zone, Delegation of Powers, Eco-marks
Scheme, Eco-sensitive Zone, Environmental Clearance, Environmental Labs,
Environmental Standards, Hazardous Substances Management, Loss of Ecology,
Noise Pollution, Ozone Layer Depletion, Water Pollution
Under provisions of EPA, 1986 amended in 1991 – the following rules have been laid
down
6.1 The Manufacture, Storage and import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989
amended in 2000
It defines the terms used in this context, and sets up an authority to inspect, once a
year, the industrial activity connected with hazardous chemicals and isolated
storage facility
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6.2 The Chemical Accidents (Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Response) Rules, 1996
The rules enacted for preparedness and response, during operation of on-site and Off-
site Emergency Plans during chemical disaster. Under these Rules "State Crisis
Group", "District Crisis Groups" and the "Local Crisis groups" should be constituted.
The major functions of the State Crisis Group is to review all District Off-site
Emergency Plans in the State, with a view to examine its adequacy and to assist the
State Government in the planning, preparedness and mitigation during a major
chemical accident, and to continuously monitor the post-accident situation arising out
of major chemical accident in the State and to forward a report to the Central Crisis
Group. The functions of the District Crisis Group are to assist in the preparation of
the district Off-Site Emergency Plan, review all the On-Site Emergency Plans and to
assist the district administration in the management of chemical accident at a site and
to continuously monitor chemical accidents. The District Crisis group is also required
to conduct periodically mock-drill of a chemical accident at a site every year and to
forward a report on the strength and the weakness of the Plan to the State Crisis
Group. The "Local Crisis Group" is a body in the industrial pocket, to deal with
chemical accident and to coordinate efforts in planning, preparedness and mitigation
efforts during such an accident. Its duties require preparation of Local Emergency
Plan for industrial pocket, dovetailing of Local Emergency Plan, with the district Off-
site Emergency Plan and to train personnel in management of a chemical disaster and
to educate the people (population) likely to be affected during a chemical accident
about the remedies and existing preparedness and to periodcally conduct mock-drill
of a chemical accident and to forward a report to the District Crisis Group
6.3 The Environment (Sitting for Industrial Projects) Rules, 1999
It lays down detailed provisions relating to areas to be avoided for siting of
industries, precautionary measures to be taken for site selecting as also the aspects of
environmental protection which should have been incorporated during the
implementation of the industrial development projects
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6.4 The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000
The MSW Rules provide a framework encompassing collection, transportation,
treatment and disposal of municipal solid waste. These Rules are complemented by the
existing Biomedical Waste Rules of 1998 and Hazardous Waste Rules of 1989
respectively, whereby disposal of these wastes along with usual urban municipal waste
is prohibited. As per these Rules, every municipality is responsible for providing
integrated services and infrastructure facilities for solid waste management within its
jurisdiction. Its responsibilities are defined all the way from preparing the community
for segregated collection to inoffensive storage, transportation, appropriate processing
and safe disposal from environmental and health point of views.
6.5 The Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 It have been laid down for the regulation of production and consumption of ozone
depleting substances
6.6 The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) (Amendment) Rules, 2002 It lays down such terms and conditions as are necessary to reduce noise pollution, permit
use of loud speakers or public address systems during night hours (between 10:00 p.m. to
12:00 midnight) on or during any cultural or religious festive occasion .
6.7 The Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008 amended in 2009 It is to control the generation, collection, treatment, import, storage, and handling of
hazardous waste.
7 The Biological Diversity Act, 2002 It was born out of India's attempt to realise the objectives enshrined in the United
Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 1992 which recognizes the
sovereign rights of states to use their own Biological Resources. The Act aims at the
conservation of biological resources and associated knowledge as well as facilitating
access to them in a sustainable manner and through a just process For purposes of
implementing the objects of the Act it establishes the National Biodiversity Authority
in Chennai.
In exercise of the powers conferred by section 62 of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002,
and in supersession of the National Biodiversity Authority (salary, Allowances and
conditions of service of Chairperson and other Members) Rules, 2003 except as respect
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to things done or omitted to be done before such supersession, the Central Government
makes the Biological Diversity Rules, 2004.
8 Charter on Corporate Responsibility for Environmental Protection (CREP)
The Charter on CREP, which was launched in 2002, in a National Seminar at New Delhi,
enlists time-bound action plans in respect of highly polluting categories of various industries,
including dyes and dye intermediates, for progressive upgradation of technologies and in-
plant practices for reduction of pollutants as well as improvement in waste management
systems. An industry specific interaction meet with respect to pulp and paper industry was
organized in December 2002 and the CREP norms came into force in 2003. The charter on
CREP requires the following norms for the pharmaceutical industry to be implemented within
the schedule specified
Wastewater Management
Industry Associations will conduct feasibility study for adoptions of cleaner
technologies for H- Acid manufacture (Catalytic hydrogenation and others) within
one year
Industries will submit a proposal for recovery and purification by June 2003.
Dye intermediate industries will install salt recovery systems in case of sodium sulphate from dyestuff and reuse recovered salt in the process by December 2003.
An action plan for installation /up gradation of incineration systems as per CPCB
guidelines to handle concentrated wastewater and reuse of treated weak wastewater will be submitted within six months
Industry Associations will encourage waste exchange for proper use of weak acids.
(Action within one year
Wherever possible waste generated from one industry will be utilized by others (e.g use of effluent generated from Vinly Sulphone plant in H- Acid plant). Action plan in this regard will be submitted by April 2004.
Industries will regularly monitor ground water quality. This will be initiated
immediately
H- Acid industries will examine the feasibility to increases product yield from 1.09 to 1.86 for reducing iron sludge, within six months
In case of dyestuff, wherever possible ( to be decided by the task Force within six
months), industries will use spray drying instead of salting to minimize load on
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Effluent Treatment Plants
Industries will submit proposal on adoption of waste minimization practices by June 2003.
Existing standards will be reviewed in consultation with industries. Action in this
regard will be taken within six months.
Air Pollution Management
Industries will minimize loss of volatile organics (solvent recovery of at lead either individually or collectively. An action plan will be submitted by June 2003.
Scrubbing systems for SOx and NOx emission will be upgraded by July 2003.
Solid Management
Proper on site storage facilities and final disposal of solid waste on secured landfill will be ensured immediately
Better Management Practices
Improvement of housekeeping such as concreting of floors, sealing of breaches/leakages in the system, replacement of corrosive pipe lines, etc to prevent spillages, leakages, fugitive emissions will be done three months
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1.8.4 APPLICABLE ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS
The MoEF has the overall responsibility to set policy and standards for the protection of
environment along with Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).
A) National Ambient Air Quality Standards
In the exercise of powers conferred by Sub-section (2) (h) of section 16 of the Air (Prevention
and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981(Act No. 14 of 1981), and in supersession of the
notification No(s). S.O. 384(E) dated 11th April 1994 and S.O. 935 (E) dated 14th October,
1998, CPCB notified the following National Ambient Air Quality Standards.
Table1.2 - National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), 2009
Sl. No Parameters
Concentration in Ambient Air – Rural, Industrial, Residential, and
other area 1 Sulphur Dioxide ( SO2) 80 μg/mP3P (24 hours*)
2 Nitrogen Dioxide (NOR2R) 80 μg/mP3P (24 hours*) 3 Particular Matter size less than 10μm
(PMR10R) 100 μg/mP
3P (24 hours*)
4 Particular Matter size less than 2.5 μm (PM R2.5R)
60 μg/mP
3P (24 hours*)
5 Lead (Pb) 1.0 μg/mP
3P (24 hours*)
6 Carbon Monoxide (CO) 4.0μg/mP
3P (01 hour*)
7 Ozone (OR3R) 180 μg/mP
3P (1 hour*)
8 Ammonia (NHR3R) 400 μg/mP
3P (24 hours*)
9 Benzene (CR6RHR6R) 5 μg/mP
3P (Annual**)
10 Benzo (α) pyrene (particulate phase only) – (BaP)
1 ng/mP3P (Annual**)
11 Arsenic (As) 6 ng/mP
3P (Annual**)
12 Nickel (Ni) 20 ng/mP
3P (Annual**)
** Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year at a particular site taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform intervals.
* 24 hourly or 08 hourly or 01 hourly monitored values as applicable shall be compiled with 98% of the time in a year. 2% of the time they may exceed the limits but
not on two consecutive days of monitoring
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B) Maximum Permissible Emission Concentrations
The maximum permissible limits for source emission, as per ‘EPA Notification’ are
presented hereunder
Table1.3 - Source Emission Discharge Standards
S. No. Parameter Standard (Concentration not to
exceed in mg/NmP3P 1 Particulate matter (PM) 150 2 Total Fluoride 25 3 Asbestos 4 Fibres/cc and dust should not be
more than 2 mg/NmP3P 4 Mercury 0.2 5 Chlorine 15 6 Hydrochloric acid vapour and mist 35 7 Sulphuric acid mist 50 8 Carbon monoxide 1% max. (v/v) 9 Lead 10 mg/Nm3
C) Specification of Diesel fuel for emission related parameters as per EPA rules, 1986.
S.
No. Characteristics Requirement Method of Test
(Ref: IS-1448 1 Density at 15o C, Kg/mP3 820 to 880 2 Cetane Number, Min 45
3 Distillation 85 percent by volume recovery at 0C Max 95 percent
350
4 by volume recovery at 0C, Max 370 5 Sulphur, percent by mass* 0.50
* (i) 0.50 percent by mass by 1st April 1996 in four metros and Taj Trapezium;
(ii) 0.25 percent by mass by 1st October, 1996 in Taj Trapezium; (iii) 0.25 percent by mass by 1st April, 1996 throughout the country
Note:
(a) Above specifications apply to HSD only. (b) For new refineries coming during or after 1997 specification applicable by 2000 for
existing refineries shall be applicable by 1997.
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D). Ambient Noise Standards, 2000
Category of Zones Leq in dB(A) Day * Night +
Industrial 75 70 Commercial 65 55 Residential 55 45
Silence Zone ** 50 40 * Day Time is from 6.00 AM and 10.00 PM.
P+P Note –2 :Night Time is reckoned between 10.00 PM and 6.00 AM
** Silence Zone is defined as an area up to 100 m around premises of Hospitals,
Educational Institutions and Courts. Use of vehicle horn, loudspeaker and bursting of crackers is banned in these zones.
Note: Mixed categories of areas be declared as one of the four above mentioned
categories by the competent Authority and the corresponding standards shall apply
Source: Central Pollution Control Board
E) Environmental Standards For Boilers as per EPA rules, 2006 Boiler ( Small)
9TSteam generation capacity (tph) 9TPollutant 9TEmission limit(mg/NmP
3P)
Less than 2 Particulate Matter 1200* 2 to less than 10 -do- 800* 10 to less than 15 -do- 600*
15 and above -do- 150**
T* To meet the respective standards, cyclone/multicyclone is recommended as control equipment with the boiler
** To meet the standards, bag filter/ESP is recommended as control equipment with the
boiler
Note: 12% of CO2 correction shall be the reference value for particulate matter emission
standards for all categories of boilers
These limits shall supersede the earlier limits notified under Schedule I at Sr. No. (34) of EPA. 1986 ' (GSR 742E dated 30 August. 1990)
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F) Emission Limits for New Diesel Engines (Upto 800 KW) for Generator Sets (DG)
The emission limits for new diesel engines up to 800 KW, for gensets applications as per EPA rules 1986 shall be as given in the Table below
Capacity of DG Set
Date of Implementation
Emission Limits (g/KW-hr) for
Smoke Limit (Light
Absorption mP-1P)
at full load
Test Cycle
NOx HC CO PM Torque
(%) Weighting
factors
Upto 19 KW 01.07.2005 9.2 1.3 3.5 0.3 0.7 100 0.05
75 0.25 19 KW to 176 KW
01.01.2004 9.2 1.3 5.0 0.5 0.7 50 0.30 01.07.2004 9.2 1.3 3.5 0.3 0.7 25 0.30
176 KW to
800KW 0.1.11.2014 9.2 1.3 3.5 0.3 0.7 10 0.10
G) Noise Limits For Generator Sets run with Diesel as per EPA rules, 1986
Standard Guidelines for control of Noise Pollution from Stationary Diesel Generator
(DG) Sets
Noise limit for diesel generator sets (up to 1000 KVA) manufactured on or after
the 1st January, 2005
The maximum permissible sound pressure level for new diesel generator (DG) sets
with rated capacity upto 1000 KVA, manufactured on or after the 1st January, 2005
shall be 75 dB(A) at 1 metre from the enclosure surface.
The diesel generator sets should be provided with integral acoustic enclosure at the
manufacturing stage itself.
H). Effluent Standards for Dyes and Dye Intermediates Industry as EPA rules, 1986
S.No Parameters Standards* I. Compulsory Parameters
1 pH 6.0-8.5 2 Oil & Grease 10 3 BOD (3 days at 27°C)** 100 4 Total Suspended Solids 100 5 Bio-Assay Test 90% survival of fish after first 96
hours in 100 % effluent***
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II. Additional Parameters 6 Mercury 0.01 7 Arsenic 0.20 8 Chromium (CrP6+) 0.10 9 Lead 0.10
10 Cyanide 0.10 11 Phenolics (CR6RHR5ROH) 1.0 12 Sulphides (as S) 2.0 13 Phosphate (as P) 5.0
* All values are given in mg/l except pH
** The BOD and COD limits shall be 30 mg/l and 250 mg/l respectively if treated effluent
is directly discharged in to a fresh water body (i.e.) stream, canal, river or canal
*** The Bioassay Test shall be conducted as per IS:6582-1971.
(i) Parameters listed as “Additional Parameters” shall be prescribed depending upon the
process and product.
(ii) Limits for total dissolved solids in effluent shall be prescribed by the concerned
pollution control board/pollution control committee depending upon the recipient water
body].
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I) Indian Standards for Industrial & Sewage Effluents (IS 2490:1982)
Table 1.4 Standards for Industrial & Sewage Effluents
S.No
Characteristic
Tolerance Limits for Discharge of Trade Effluents into
Inland surface
Waters(a)
Public Sewers
(b)
On Land for Irrigation(c)
Marine Coastal Areas (d)
1 Colour & Odour - - - -
2
Suspended Solids mg/1
100 600 200 a) For process waste water-100 b) For cooling water effluent
10 percent above total suspended matter of
influent cooling water
3
Particle Size of Suspended Solids
Shall pass 850
micron I.S. Sieve
- - a) Floatable solids maximum
3mm. b) Settlable
solids maximum 850 microns
4. Dissolved Solids (inorganic) mg/l
2100 2100 2100 -
5 pH Value 5.5 to 9 5.5 to 9 5.5 to 9 5.5 to 9
6
Temperature 45°C at the point
of discharge
45°C at the point
of discharg
e
45°C at the point of
discharge
45°C at the point of
discharge
7 Oil & Grease mg/l 10 20 10 20
8 Total Residual Chlorine mg/l
1.0 - - 1.0
9 Ammonical
Nitrogen (as N) mg/l
50 50 - 50
10 Total Kjeldahl
Nitrogen (as N) mg/l
100 - - 100
11 Free Ammonia (as NH3) mg/l
5.0 - - 5.0
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12 Bio Chemical
Oxygen Demand (3 days at 27°C) mg/l
30 350 100 100
13 Chemical Oxygen Demand mg/l
250 - - 250
14 Arsenic (as As) mg/l
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
15 Mercury (as Hg) mg/l
0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
16 Lead (as Pb ) mg/l 0.1 1.0 1.0 1.0
17 Cadmium (as Cd ) mg/l
2.0 1.0 1.0 2.0
18 Hexavalent Chromium
(as Cr +6 ) mg/l
0.1 2.0 1.0 1.0
19 Total Chromium (as Cr) mg/l
2.0 2.0 2.0 1.0
20 Copper (as Cu) mg/l
3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
21 Zinc (as Zn) mg/l 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5
22 Selenium (as Se) mg/l
0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
23 Nickel (as Ni) mg/l 3.0 3.0 3.0 3 .0 24 Boron (as B) mg/l 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 25 Percent Sodium % - 60 60 -
26 Residual Sodium Carbonate mg/l
- - 5.0 -
27 Cyanide (as CN) mg/l
0.2 2.0 0.2 0.2
28 Chloride (as Cl ) mg/l
1000 1000 600 -
29 Fluoride (as F) mg/l 2.0 1.5 2.0 1.5
30 Dissolved
Phosphates (as P) mg/l
5.0 - - -
31 Sulphates (as SO4) mg/l
1000 1000 1000 1000
32 Sulphides (as S) mg/l
2.0 - 2.0 5.0
33 Pesticides Absent Absent Absent Absent
34
Phenolic Compounds (as
CR6RHR5ROH) mg/l
1.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
CHAPTER – II
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
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CHAPTER 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 INTRODUCTION
BPCL has set up the Khurda LPG Plant at 33 No. Industrial Estate P.O PN College Khurda
which is 7 km away from Khurda Road Railway station at Odisha. The Plant receives LPG by
Bullet trucks which are unloaded & stored in above ground Bullets.
Bulk LPG is received from IPPL Haldia & HPCL Vizag Refinery & BPCL Bina Refinery.
Road tankers are decanted at Tank lorry Gantry. Four Nos. of tank Lorries can be unloaded
simultaneously. LPG from the tank Lorries is transferred to the storage vessels through LPG
Compressors by pressure differential method
LPG from bullets is transferred through a pipeline to filling manifolds of carousal with the
help of centrifugal pumps.
Empty LPG cylinders brought into premises by Lorries are received and stored in the empty
cylinder shed. They are fed to conveyor system after due inspection and are carried to the
filling machines in the filling shed. Filling is cut off as soon as the weight of LPG in the
cylinder reaches the desired weight. These filled cylinders are counter checked for correct
weight, tested for leaks from valves and body, capped and sealed before sending them to the
filled cylinder shed. Any defective cylinder is emptied for LPG recovery. The filled cylinders
are dispatched for distribution through distributors.
LPG is stored in 4 above ground Bullets of various capacities (2 x 60 MT & 2 x 125 MT).
Capacity of the existing LPG Plant is 370 MT
Proposed project envisages:
Expansion of storage capacity by installation of 3 nos additional Mounded Bullets of 300 MT
each.
After expansion the storage capacity will increase to 1270 MT.
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2.2 NEED FOR THE PROJECT
Proposed expansion project at Khurda in the state of Odisha will improve supply position of
the LPG which will help in bringing more people under LPG usage which ensures a better
environment. The improved LPG supply will have strong logistical support for delivering the
products to customers without interruption. The project will also provide indirect employment
to unskilled, semiskilled and skilled categories of workers
In order to meet increased demand of LPG cylinders for domestic as well as industrial use, 2nd
shift operation has been introduced. Present storage capacity is inadequate for maintaining
feedstock. Increased storage capacity will help in maintaining sufficient stock for
uninterrupted production. .
The importance of the project is identified as follows: - With a view to bringing more people under LPG usage, it is necessary to supply more
cylinders.
- In order to meet the demand, BPCL has introduced 2nd shift operation for which
additional storage capacity needs to be created.
- BPCL therefore proposes to install 3 nos Mounded Storage Vessels of 300 MT each.
Project will generate some direct employment during construction phase and indirect
employment during operation phase.
Higher LPG consumption will reduce burning of fossil fuel thereby ensures a cleaner
environment.
- The project will help for further development of infrastructure facilities in the region.
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2.3 SITE CHARACTERESTICS
2.3.1 Location
The Google Earth image showing the project site is given in the figure 2.1. The location of the
project site is represented in the figure 2.2
Figure 2.1 Google Image of the Project Site
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Figure 2.2 Map showing the location of the project site
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2.3.2 CONNECTIVITY:
The project site is well connected by road through NH-5 and by rail network. The project site
is located at 33 no Industrial Estate near PN College at Khurda in the state of Odisha. The
project site is 7 km away from Khurda road Railway station on South Eastern Railway line
between Howrah & Chennai. Biju Patnaik International Airport at Bhubaneswar is located at
the distance of 34 km. The map showing the road network around the site is given in Figure
2.3.
Figure 2.3 Connectivity shows in the map
PROJECT SITE
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2.3.3 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTINGS
The Plant is located on a plot measuring around 12.91 Acres. The topography and land use of
the project site and its surroundings area covering 10 km radius are given in Figures 2.4 & 2.5
respectively. Environmental settings are presented in Table 2.1.
Figure 2.4 Topo sheet (10km surrounding the Project site)
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Figure 2.5 Land use classification map (10km surrounding the project site)
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Figure 2.6 Drainage Map of the Study Area
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2.7 Satellite Imagery of the Project Site
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Table 2.1 – Environmental Settings of the project site
S. No. Particulars Details
1 Latitude 20º10’21.29”N
2 Longitude 85º38’26.38”E
3 Site Elevation above MSL 64 m
4 Topography Plain
5 Present land use at the site Industrial
6 Nearest highway National Highway 5 (NW)
7 Nearest railway station Khurda Road Railway Station – 07 km (SE)
8 Nearest airport Biju Patnaik International Airport – 34 km
9 Nearest town / city Khurda town – 05 km (WN)
10 Water body Gangua Nala – 3.2 km (NE)
11 Nearest Port Paradeep – 139.2 KM Gopalpur – 132.3 KM
12 Hills / valleys Barunei Hill (S) 13 Archaeologically important places Nil in 10km radius 14 National parks / Wildlife
Sanctuaries / Eco sensitive zones as per Wild Life Protection Act, 1972
NIL in 10km radius
15 Reserved / Protected Forests Barunai RF(S), Jariput PF (SW), Tartua PF (NW), Ratanpur PF (NE) and Rengal PF (SE) and in 10 km radius
16 Seismicity Zone II according to the Indian Standard Seismic Zoning Map
17 Defense Installations Nil in 10km radius
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2.3.4 LAND REQUIREMENT
The total land area available in Khurda LPG Plant is around 12.91 acres. The total land is
under possession of BPCL. The Plant layout is represented in Figure 2.8
The land use break-up is given in Table 2.2
Table 2.2: Land Use Breakup
S. No. Land use parameter Area
(Acres) 1. Buildings 0.069 2. Approach Road 0.061 3. Operational Area 6.53 4. Green belt development area 3.75 5. Open area 2.5
Total Area 12.91
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Figure 2.8: Site Layout Plan
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2.4 MAGNITUDE OF OPERATION
Present storage capacity of LPG Plant is 370 MT. After expansion the storage capacity
of LPG will increase by 900 MT. Aggregate capacities after expansion will be 1270 MT.
Mounded Storage Vessel & Bullet details are given below in Table 2.3
Table 2.3: MSV & Bullet Details
Sl No Product Storred Position Capacity
1 LPG Above ground
Bullets
60 MT x 2
125 MT x 2
2 LPG Mounded Storage
Vessel
300 MT x 3
(Proposed)
M/s BPCL have obtained Petroleum & Explosives Safety Organization (PESO) License
for existing capacity from CCOE,Nagpur vide License no S/HO/OR/03/46 (S23369) and
for filling/storing LPG cylinders vide Lic.No. G/HO/OR/06/61(G20413) &
G/HO/OR/05/70 dated 04.08.2015 (Annexure IV) and Consent to Operate from Odisha
State Pollution Control Board (enclosed as Annexure III).
2.5 DESCRIPTION OF PROCESS
The LPG Plant at Khurda near Khurda Road Railway Station is operated by BPCL. The
proposed bulk LPG storage & bottling facility at Khurda LPG Plant at Khurda will be
operated by BPCL. The plant will function primarily as LPG receipt, storage & bottling
unit for filling various size cylinders. The plant operations are categorized as,
1. Receipt of LPG
Bulk petroleum LPG received by bullet truck which are from IPPL Haldia & HPCL
Vizag Refinery & BPCL Bina Refinery.
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2. Storage
Existing LPG storage is 370 MT (2 Nos. Mounded Bullets of 125 MT each & 2 Nos.
Mounded Bullets of 60 MT each). Three additional Mounded Storage Vessel with
aggregate capacity 900 MT are proposed to be installed.
3. Filling
LPG from Bullet is pumped to the filling plant for bottling through 24 station electronic
carousel machine.
4. Dispatch
Supply & distribution to consumers through Authorized Distributors.
The process flow chart for LPG filling is shown in Figure 2.9.
Figure2.9 Process Flow Chart
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2.6 RAW MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS
This is only Storage and Distribution Plant of LPG no processing is carried out, hence no Raw material is required.
2.7 INFRASTRUCTURE AT THE FACILITY
The list of equipments and other facilities at the Plant are shown in the Table 2.4:
Table 2.4: List of Equipments / Facilities
S. No Equipment Total Number Capacity
1 Above ground Bullets 4 60 MT x 2 125 MT x 2
2 Mounded Bullets (Proposed) 3 300 MT x 3 3 DG Set-1 1 380KVA 4 DG Set-2 1 250 KVA 5 DG Set-3 1 25 KVA
6 Fire water pumps 6 4x 410 cum/hr 2 x 273 cum/hr
7 Jockey Pumps 2 2 x 20 cum/hr
8
Fire water Tank Fire water Reserver
2
1
1 x 2850 kl 1 x 2836 kl 1600 KL
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2.7.1 Description of Aboveground Bullet & Mounded Bullets:
Product Bullets are of following type: i. Above ground Bullet
ii. Mounded Storage Vessel
Above ground Bullet:
Description:
Above ground bullets are pressure vessels manufactured with boiler quality steel plates
and installed on pedestals meeting SMPV rules. These are cylindrical in shape and
horizontally placed on RCC pedestals On the top of the Bullet two nos. of safety relief
valves are provided, one valve is set at 13.6kg/cm2 and other is set at 14.2 kg/cm2. All
bullets are provided with two independent level indicators for high level alarm. Remote
operated valves are provided in liquid and vapour lines of each storage vessels.
Technical details of the Bullets are as under :
SL,NO ITEM TECHNICAL DETAILS
1 Design Pressure 21.26. kg/cm2 at 550C
2 Operating Pressure 19.33 kg/cm2 at 550C
3 Hydro testing Pressure 26.5 kg/cm2
4 Corrosion Allowance 1.5m
The Photographs of bullets are as shown in Figure 2.10 and Figure 11.
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Figure 2.10: Photograph of above ground Bullets
Figure 2.11: Descriptive photograph of above ground Bullet from Side
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Mounded Storage Vessel ( Proposed):
Description:
The mounded storage vessel are cylindrical pressures vessels installed on compact sand
bed and covered with sand mound in a pyramid shape. The mounded bullets are
fabricated as per standards PD-5500. The mounded storage of LPG has proved to be
safer compared to above ground storage vessels since it provides intrinsically passive
and safe environment and eliminates the possibility of Boiling Liquid Expanding
Vapour Explosion (BLEVE). The cover of the mound protects the vessel from fire
engulfment, radiation from a fire in close proximity and acts of sabotage or vandalism.
The area of land required to locate a mounded system is minimal compared to
conventional storage. Excavation up to a depth of 0.75 m is done for construction of
mounded bullet foundation (below FGL). Cathodic protection through sacrificial anode
method has been provided for all the three vessels to prevent them from corrosion.
The Photographs of proposed mounded bullets are as shown in Figure 2.12
Figure 2.12: Photograph of Mounded Bullet
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2.8 POWER REQUIREMENT
Power requirement for Plant operations is 250 KVA. Power is drawn from the nearest substation of Odisha State Electricity Board. Details of stand by DG sets are given in Table 2.5:
Table 2.5: Details of D.G sets
S. No. Capacity (KVA)
Number Fuel used Stack height
1 380 1 HSD BS III 12 2 250 1 HSD BS III 12 3 25 1 HSD BS III 12
2.9 MANPOWER REQUIREMENT
At present total 53 staffs ( including contract labour) are available for total operation of Khurda LPG Plant.
Table 2.6: Manpower Requirements
S. No. Timing Grade Number 1. 8.00 AM to 5.00 AM Management 7 2. Office Assistance 2 3. Contact labour 19 4. Field Staff 14 5. 6.00 AM to 2.00 PM Security Guard 4 (3DGR + 1 Permanent) 6. 2.00 P.M to 10.00 P.M Security Guard 4 (3DGR + 1 Permanent) 7. 10.00 P.M to 6.00 A.M Security Guard 3
Total 53
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2.10 FRESH WATER REQUIREMENT Maximum consumption of water for the existing project will be 3m3/day. Capacity expansion) of the plant is as follows:
The maximum water consumption (m3/day) during operation (considering)
Sl. No. Particulars Quantity (m3/day) 1 Industrial Use 1 2 Domestic Use 1 3 Greenery / landscape Development 1
Total 3 Total water requirement for the Plant is 3 kld, which is sourced through bore well within the premises. Water balance table & diagram for the Plant are given in Table 2.7 and Figure 2.13
• Total water requirement for the Plant is 3m3/day which is met through bore wells & IDCO.
• This includes domestic consumption, washing, etc • No additional water requirement is envisaged for the proposed expansion.
Table 2.7 Water Balance Table
S. No.
Domestic water
requirement (KLD)
Green Belt requirement
(KLD)
Industrial water requirement (KLD)
Domestic sewage
generation (KLD)
Wastewater from process
(KLD)* Cylinder washing
1 1 1 1 0.8 0.8 (reused for
Greenery) Total 3 0.8 * Note – Wastewater generated from cylinder washing, this water will be reused for gardening. There will be no process / trade effluent generated during operations.
Figure 2.13: Water Balance Chart
Total water requirement (3KLD)
Domestic requirement
1 KLD
Industrial requirement
1KLD
Greenery / landscape
0.2 KLD +0.8 KLD
0.8 KLD
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2.11 POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES PROPOSED
No emissions are generated during the operations as the entire bottling process is carried
out through pipelines from Storage Area to Filling Shed. The only point sources of
emissions are D.G sets & Fire Engines. They have been fitted with stacks of adequate
height to disperse the pollutants. . Details of air pollution control equipment are as given
in Table 2.8
Table 2.8 Details on Air Pollution Control Equipment
S. No.
Source of emission Control measure
Material of construction
Height above GL (m)
1 380 kVA D.G set & 250 kVA D.G set 25 kVA D.G set
Stack height as per CPCB guidelines
MS Pipe 12
2 Fire engines (6 nos.) Stack height as per CPCB guidelines
MS Pipe 12
2.12 WASTEWATER GENERATION
From the Plant, 0.8 KLD sewage will be generated, which will be disposed through septic
tanks.& soak pits having dimensions 2 m x 1.5 m x 1.5 m. Waste water generated during
mock fire drills (i.e. only once in a month) is passed through vapour trap and discharged
into natural drainage system.
2.13 SOLID WASTE GENERATION & DISPOSAL
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT - Practically, no Solid Waste shall be generated from operation of the plant
- Used oil, grease and empty drums shall be disposed of through registered vendors as
per Handling of Waste Material and Trans boundary Rules, 2008 and subsequent
amendments.
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All biodegradable waste (food and kitchen waste) at the LPG Plant will be collected and
disposed off into vermin culture pits within the plant area as per well established
practice.
2.14 DETAILS ON FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM AND SAFETY MEASURES The fire protection and detection system are in accordance with OISD 144. The existing
fire water net work will be extended to form a loop around storage area. The proposed
vessels and LPG pumps will be provided with Medium Velocity water spray system
automatically actuated and fed through Deluge Valve.
- All LPG vessels are equipped with safety device such as safety relief valve
(SRV), High level Alarms (HLA) and Remote Operated Valves (ROV) for
safe operations
- Emergency trip button is provided at filling / Filled shed and LPG pump
house for shutting down all LPG operations in case of any emergency.
- The Plant has CCTV cameras installed in critical locations in the plant.
- Safety Messaging System : It is an automatic announcement system for safe
messages over speaker in front of the security cabin.
Auto fire detection by Quarzoid Bulbs: The quarzoid bulbs are installed in the
LPG handling sheds in the airline connected to deluge valve. The line is
pressurized with air at 3.5 kg/cm2. The line is designed show that airflow through
a single quarzoid bulb will make the system unhealthy and the same is identified
by the fire fighting panel. Whenever the fire occurs in any of the LPG handling
sheds and the temperature rises to 79 deg. C, the quarzoid bulb will melt and and
the entire air off the line & deluge valve will discharge through it. As a result, the
pressure in the line goes low and same will be sensed by pressure switch and
sends the signal to the fire fighting panel. Then the fire fighting panel activities
Deluge valve, trips LPG equipment and operation siren
Fire water storage Tanks are 1 x 2850 + 1 x 2836 + 1x 1600 = 7286
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Table below will show fire water storage tank, fire water pumps,
Fire Water Pump
Sr.No Category No’s Capacity
1
Main Pump ( Engine Driven)
4 410 M3/Hr
1 Stand By 273 M3/Hr
The records are analyzed on daily basis by the concerned officer and faults are rectified on immediate basis. All the persons working inside the plant premises are mandatorily required to wear protection devices such as safety shoes and safety helmets in order to protect them from fatal injuries. Safety week is celebrated every year to create awareness among persons in order to develop a good culture. To monitor the health of people working in plant a doctor is also appointed who visits the plant three times a week and free checkups are carried out for all the persons in the plant.
Figure 2.14 Fire water Storage tank
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The list of fire protection equipments is shown in Table 2.9 and fire hydrant layout is shown in Figure 2.15
Table 2.9: List of Fire Protection Equipments ITEM DESCRIPTION. Nos. Remarks
Fire Water Tanks 1x2850 KL + 1 X 2836 KL + 1 x 1600 KL
Fire Engines 4 x 410 kL/hr 2 x 273 kL/hr
Fire Extinguisher
-DCP Type-75 kg 5
-DCP Type-50 kg NIL
-DCP Type-10 kg 54
-CO2 Type-4.5 kg 9
-CO2 Type-2 kg NIL
Dry Chemical Powder (DCP) 550kg spare
Foam (AFFF) NA
Foam compound Trolly-250 ltrs NA
Foam compound stalls (at vulnerable points) NA
Water Sprinkler for MS Tank NA
Sand Buckets 8
Double Headed Water Hydrants 9
Single Headed Water Hydrants 4
Water Monitors 18
Fire Hose Reels including spares 43
Fire Hose Boxes 13
Jet Nozzles including Spares 17
Foam cum water Nozzles(FB 10X) NA
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FB 5X Nozzle NA
Fog Nozzle 4
Triple Purpose Nozzles (Diffuser) 3
Safety Shoes 27
Safety Helmets 30
Safety Belts 5
Flame Proof Torch 2
Breathing Apparatus 1
Fire Proximity suit, Boot , Helmet, Gloves 1
Water Jel Blanket 2
Electric Siren (2 Km) 1
Hand Operated Siren 6
Public Addressing System 1
First Aid Boxes 4
Stretcher 2
Wind Socks 3
Electrical Gloves 2
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2.15 PROJECT COST
The cost for installation of 3X300 MT MSV has been estimated at Rs 3266 lacs. 2.16 LITIGATION PENDING AGAINST THE PROJECT No litigation is pending against the project or the project proponent
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Figure 2.15 Fire Hydrant Layout
Fire Water Line
Double Headed Hydrant
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CHAPTER – III
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
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CHAPTER 3 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The baseline environmental studies have been conducted to determine the existing status
of various environmental attributes viz., climate and atmospheric conditions, air, water,
noise, soil, hydro geological, land use pattern, ecological and socio-economical
environment, prior to setting up of the proposed project. This study would help to
undertake corrective mitigation measures for protection of the environment on account of
any change/ deviation of attributes due to activities of the proposed project.
3.2 SCOPE OF BASELINE STUDY
An area, covering a 10 km radial distance from the project site is considered as the study
area for the purpose of the baseline studies. Primary data on water, air, land, flora, fauna
& socio-economic data were collected by a team of functional area experts. Secondary
data was collected from various departments of state/central government organizations,
semi-government organization. Table 3.1 gives various environmental attributes
considered for formulating environmental baseline and Table 3.2 gives the frequency and
monitoring methodology for various environmental attributes.
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Table 3.1: Environmental Attributes
S. No. Attribute Parameter Source of Data
1 Climatology
& Meteorology
Wind speed, wind direction, relative humidity, rainfall and temperature
Indian Meteorological Department and Site specific
information
2 Water
Quality Physical and chemical parameters
Monitored Data (Surface water – 2 locations and
ground water- 8 locations)
3 Ambient Air
Quality PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, VOC ,Methane & Non Methane HC
Monitored Data (8 locations)
4 Noise levels Noise levels in dB (A) Monitored Data (8 locations)
5 Ecology
Existing terrestrial flora and fauna
within the study area Field survey and Secondary
sources 6 Geology Geological history Secondary sources
7 Soil Soil types and samples analyzed for physical and chemical parameters.
Analysis of soil samples at 7 locations
8 Socio-
economic aspects
Socio-economic characteristics of the affected area
Based on field survey and data collected from secondary
sources
9 Land Use Trend of land use change for different
categories Secondary data
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Table 3.2 Frequency and Monitoring Methodology
Attributes Sampling
Measurement Method Remarks Network Frequency
A. Meteorology Wind Speed, Wind direction, Relative humidity, Rainfall and Temperature
Project site Continuous for 3 months
Weather monitor with data base
A. Air Environment
Particulate Matter (PM 10)
Requisite locations in the project influence area
24 hourly-twice a week for 3 months in non- monsoon season
Gravimetric (High- Volume with Cyclone)
As per CPCB standards under 18th November 2009 notification for National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
Particulate Matter (PM 2.5)
Gravimetric (High- Volume with Cyclone)
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
EPA Modified West & Gaeke method
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
Arsenite Modified Jacob & Hochheiser
Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOC)
-- EPA Method TO - 17
Hydrocarbon 24 hourly-twice a week for 3 months in non- monsoon season
IS 5182: Part 12: 1991
B. Noise
Hourly Equivalent Noise Levels
Requisite locations in the project influence area
Once
Instrument : Noise level meter
IS 4954 : 1968
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C. Water Parameters for water quality: pH, temperature, turbidity, total Hardness, total alkalinity, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, fluoride, sodium, potassium, electrical conductivity, ammonical nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen Total phosphorus, BOD, COD, calcium, magnesium, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids
Set of samples at requisite locations for ground and surface water
Once Samples for water quality collected and analyzed as per IS : 2488 (Part 1-5) methods for sampling and testing of Industrial Effluents and Standard Methods for examination of water and wastewater analysis published by American Public Health Association.
D. Land Environment Parameter for soil quality: pH, texture, electrical conductivity, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphate, sodium, calcium, potassium and magnesium.
Requisite soil samples be collected as per BIS specification within project influence area
Once in season
Collected and analyzed as per soil analysis reference book, M.L.Jackson
E. Biological Environment Terrestrial & Aquatic Flora and Fauna
Requisite locations in the project influence area
Once in season
Collected and analyzed as per IUCN Red Data book.
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3.3 RAINFALL & CLIMATE
(a) Rainfall & Temperature
The climate of the place is extreme. The normal annual rainfall is 1449.1mm & the
annual average rainfall is 1436.1mm. and average temperature in summer is
between 22.4° - 38.5° C and in winter 12.5° C-17.80C
.
However, in summer the maximum temperature goes as high as 42.4°C during day
and in winter minimum temperature may fall down to 5.6°C. Average rainfall data
for last 5 years is shown in Figure 3.1.
(b) Wind Direction and Wind Velocity
During winter wind flows mainly from East to West. In summer wind flows
mainly from North-East.
Speed of wind varies during day & night and also there is seasonal variation of
wind speed. On the average wind speed varies from 8KM/Hr. to 12 KM/Hr
Figure 3.1: Average Rainfall of Last Five Years
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Table - 3.3 Weather for the month of September 2015
Summary Air Temp(oC)
Relative Humidity (%) Wind Speed
(Kmph) Wind dir Rainfall
Max Min Max Min
15/09/2015 30.8 24.8 97 94 9.6 NE 25.5
16/09/2015 30.9 25 86 74 9.6 ESE 8.1
17/09/2015 29.4 25.9 88 84 12.8 ESE 2.8
18/09/2015 33 26.2 79 75 4.8 NE 0
19/09/2015 33.4 26.4 75 62 8 NNW 0
20/09/2015 33.6 25.4 86 81 9.6 NNW 2.3
21/09/2015 32.5 24.9 92 70 6.4 SSW 11.2
22/09/2015 31.4 25.9 80 70 9.6 SSW 0.4
23/09/2015 32.2 25.4 82 77 6.4 ESE 0
24/09/2015 35.5 25.5 88 71 6.5 NW 0
25/09/2015 32.9 25.6 71 55 8 W 0
26/09/2015 34.7 25.9 63 60 6.4 N 0
27/09/2015 34.1 25.5 67 60 6.4 NW 0
28/09/2015 34.9 25.6 81 54 6.4 WNW 0
29/09/2015 33.3 24.6 84 74 6.4 NNW 0.7
30/09/2015 33.8 24.9 65 56 8 N 0
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Figure 3.2: Wind Rose for Month of September 2015
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Table - 3.4 Weather for the month of October 2015
Summary Air Temp(oC)
Relative Humidity %)
Wind Speed (Kmph)
Wind direction Rainfall
Max Min Max Min 01/10/2015 34.6 26.2 67 61 6.4 NE 0 02/10/2015 34.4 25.5 69 61 3.2 N 1.8 03/10/2015 35.3 24.6 88 81 8 SW 12.3 04/10/2015 33.2 24.1 81 72 3.2 NW 23 05/10/2015 33.2 25 77 73 1.6 NNE 0 06/10/2015 33.7 25.5 77 71 6.4 NW 0 07/10/2015 33.1 24.3 89 78 6.4 NNW 2.6 08/10/2015 30.1 24 94 84 4.8 NNW 3.7 09/10/2015 32.2 23.8 86 81 6.4 W 2.2 10/10/2015 32 23.3 76 71 4.8 NW 0 11/10/2015 34.8 23 64 63 4.8 WNW 0 12/10/2015 34.3 24.5 68 56 4.8 E 0 13/10/2015 33.8 21.2 71 54 0 Calm 18.8
14/10/2015 33 24.3 70 52 8 SSW 0 15/10/2015 33.2 23.9 79 55 6.4 NNE 0 16/10/2015 33 24.9 75 46 4.8 ENE 0 17/10/2015 32 24.6 66 42 1.6 W 0 18/10/2015 32.9 23.4 84 64 1.6 N 4.9 19/10/2015 32.4 24.5 75 59 4.8 WNW 0 20/10/2015 34.1 23.6 66 57 9.6 SW 0 21/10/2015 34.4 24.6 75 59 0 Calm 0 22/10/2015 34.4 24.2 75 61 3.2 WNW 0 23/10/2015 33.7 23.9 74 54 3.2 NW 0 24/10/2015 34 25.5 75 65 1.6 S 0 25/10/2015 32.9 24 77 64 3.2 N 0 26/10/2015 33.5 22.2 65 58 1.6 NNW 0 27/10/2015 33.4 21.5 70 53 1.6 WNW 0 28/10/2015 33.3 21.9 69 54 4.8 NW 0 29/10/2015 32.8 23 71 54 3.2 NNE 0 30/10/2015 32.7 23.9 75 46 9.6 E 0 31/10/2015 32.3 22.6 72 55 12.8 NE 0.1
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Figure 3.3: Wind Rose for Month of October 2015
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Table - 3.5 Weather for the month of November 2015
Summary
Air Temp(oC)
Relative Humidity %)
Wind Speed (Kmph)
Wind direction Rainfall
Max Min Max Min
01/11/2015 29.1 22.4 85 77 6.4 NNE 1.6 02/11/2015 28.8 22.3 73 71 6.4 NE 1.9 03/11/2015 31.2 22.1 74 64 6.4 NNE 0 04/11/2015 31.8 22.1 67 55 0 Calm 0 05/11/2015 32.3 21.9 74 49 4.8 NNW 0 06/11/2015 33 22.8 65 50 3.2 NNW 0 07/11/2015 32.5 21.5 66 55 3.2 NNW 0 08/11/2015 33.5 21.6 69 50 4.8 NNE 0 09/11/2015 31.5 22.1 78 66 6.4 NNW 0 10/11/2015 31.3 21.2 80 65 3.2 NNW 0 11/11/2015 31.9 20.2 75 66 3.2 NNW 0 12/11/2015 32 20.4 72 47 3.2 NNE 0 13/11/2015 32.5 20.6 76 48 3.2 NNE 0 14/11/2015 32.6 20.3 61 44 3.2 NNE 0 15/11/2015 33.3 19.9 57 49 1.6 N 0 16/11/2015 33.9 19.9 57 45 3.2 NNE 0 17/11/2015 33.5 23 77 71 3.2 N 0 18/11/2015 27.4 19.3 85 65 8 N 1.7 19/11/2015 30.2 19.9 67 55 9.6 NE 0 20/11/2015 31 17.9 57 35 6.4 NNE 0 21/11/2015 30.4 17.4 51 46 3.2 NNW 0 22/11/2015 30.8 18 59 55 3.2 NNE 0 23/11/2015 30.3 18.4 62 56 3.2 W 0 24/11/2015 31.2 18 67 41 1.6 NW 0 25/11/2015 29.1 22.4 85 77 6.4 NNE 1.6 26/11/2015 28.8 22.3 73 71 6.4 NE 1.9 27/11/2015 31.2 22.1 74 74 6.4 NNE 0 28/11/2015 31.8 22.1 67 55 0 Calm 0 29/11/2015 32.3 21.9 74 49 4.8 NNW 0 30/11/2015 33 22.8 65 50 3.2 NNW 0
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
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Figure 3.4: Wind Rose for Month of November 2015
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Table - 3.6 Weather for the month of December 2015
Summary Air Temp(oC) Relative
Humidity (%) Wind Speed
(Kmph)
Wind Direction Rainfall
Max Min Max Min
01/12/2015 31 22.3 76 66 6.4 NE 0
02/12/2015 31.5 22.1 75 65 6.4 NNE 0
03/12/2015 31.2 22.1 74 64 6.4 NNE 0
04/12/2015 31.8 22.1 67 55 0 Calm 0
05/12/2015 32.3 21.9 74 49 4.8 NNW 0
06/12/2015 31.5 22.1 76 51 3.2 NE 0
07/12/2015 30.9 21.5 79 50 0 Calm 0
08/12/2015 30.7 16.4 84 44 3.2 NE 0
09/12/2015 29.7 16 55 40 3.2 NW 0
10/12/2015 31.7 15.7 53 37 0 Calm 0
11/12/2015 32.3 17.2 68 32 6.4 WSW 0
12/12/2015 32.8 19.8 72 49 6.4 SW 0
13/12/2015 33.2 22.8 85 52 0 Calm 0
14/12/2015 31.7 21.4 86 56 4.8 NE 1
15/12/2015 31.5 21.2 83 71 4.8 NNE 0
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Figure 3.5: Wind Rose for Month of December 2015
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3.4 DRAINAGE
The Mahanadi River along with its tributaries controls the drainage system of the area and
traverses the district from west to east. In the eastern part ie in the deltaic plain the river
Mahanadi along with its tributaries form the anastomising drainage pattern. The
prominent distrbutaries are Koakhye, Kathjuri, Chitolpala etc. The drainage map (10 km)
of the project site is given as Figure 3.2.
Figure 3.6: Drainage Map (10 km) of the Study Area
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3.5 DETAILS OF ESTABLISHMENTS WITHIN 500M OF LPG PLANT Facilities which lie within 500 m radius of LPG Plant at Khurda at 33 nos Industrial estate
near PN college at Khurda are listed as follows:
i. 15.24 m wide road in the North side of the LPG Plant
ii. Hill in the South side of the LPG Plant
iii. OSEB Substation in the East side of the LPG Plant
iv. Plywood Factory & Vacant land in the West side of the LPG Plant
3.6 GEOMORPHOLOGY
Based on the physiographic set up, the district may be broadly divided in to four natural
divisions such as (a) Coastal sand dune (b) Alluvial plain, (c) Lateritic upland and (d)
Hilly terrain. The dunes having limited width occur along the Chilika coast
discontinuously. These deposits are fluvio aeoline in origin and are of longitudinal type.
Alluvial plain is the most potential hydrogeomorphic unit. It occurs as narrow strip along
Chilika coast in the south east & along the courses of major rivers. The Alluvial plain in
the northeast is a part of Mahanadi delta system.
The lateritic upland constitutes the major parts of the district. This forms an undulating
terrain covered with lateritic capping over Gondwana sand stone and Precambrian rocks.
The hilly terrain is prominent in southwestern and western part. The area is underlain by
Precambrian hard rocks and major part of this terrain is capped by laterities and lateritic
gravels. The subunits in this terrain are (a) shallow buried pediplain (b) Moderately
buried pediment (c) pediments (d) intermontane valley (e) residual hills (f) structural hills
etc.
The planar disposition of geomorphic units is shown in figure 3.7.
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Figure 3.7: Geomorphology Map (10 km) of the Study Area
3.7 SOIL There are three types of soil generally found in the district
1) Alfisols
2) Ultisols
3) Entisols
Alfisols: The deltaic alluvial soil in the eastern part of the district and the red loamy soils
in the northwestern part of the district come under this class. It consists of a wide range of
soils including mixed red and black soils, red earth, red loamy soils, red sandy soils, red
gravelly soils and other alluvial soils. The red soils are light textured, usually devoid of
lime concretions deficient in nitrogen, phosphate & organic matter. The PH of the soil
varies from 6.5 to 7.3. These soils are suitable for cultivation of paddy and other crops.
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Ultisols: These include laterite & lateritic soil, red and yellow soils of the northern and
north central part of the district. They are characterized by low contents of Nitrogen,
Phosphate, Potassium & Organic matter. The PH of the soils ranges from 4.5 to 6.0. Due
to granular nature of these soils cultivation is possible immediately after heavy rains
without the danger of any unsatisfactory physical state.
Entisols: these include the coastal alluvial soils along the Chilika lake and younger
alluvial soils in the central part of the district. The texture in general is sandy to loamy
and soils in general are deficient in nitrogen, phosphoric acid and humus. These soils are
suitable for wide variety of crops including paddy.
The horizontal disposition of pedologic units are given below in figure 3.8.
Figure 3.8: Soil type Map (10 km) of the Study Area
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3.8 GROUND WATER SCENARIO Hydrogeology
Aquifer system of the area may be divided in to (a) fissured (b) porous types based on the
lithological characteristics of the area.
(a) Fissured formation: The Precambrian crystalline rocks which mainly consists of
granite and granite gneiss, Khondalites, Charnockites and Anothosites occupy major parts
of the district covering western as well as central and parts of eastern sector of the district.
Ground water in these rock types occurs under unconfined conditions within weathered
residuum and under semi confined to confined conditions in fractures at greater depths.
The thickness of weathered residuum varies from negligible to 35/40m depending on rock
types. The thickness of the weathered zone is minimum in Charnockites and Anothosites
while the same is maximum in Khondalites. These weathered zones form shallow aquifer
where ground water occurs under unconfined conditions. The average yield of dug wells
in granitic rocks is around 20 to 22 m3/day with the maximum around 36 to 40 m3/day.
In other hard rocks the yield is restricted within 25 m3/day with the average value around
12 to 15 m3
(b) Porous formation: The porous formation in the district are a) Semi-consolidated
Athagarh formation of upper Gondwana Group b) Quarternary alluvium and upper
Tertiary sediments and also laterites and lateritic gravels with limited extent with respect
to time and space.
(a) Athagarh formation: This aquifer system occurs at shallow as well as deeper depths,
are mainly formed of sandstones. The shale form mainly pheratic aquifers and that also
with limited potential. The weathered zone extends down to 12 to 15m and top weathered
part up to 5 to 6m is lateritised. The yield of dug wells in the weathered zone is on an
average is around 20 to 25 m3/day. The yield at deeper fractures is on an average 7 to 10
lps
Quarternary Alluvium & Upper tertiary formations: This formation occurs in the extreme
northeast corner of the district covering Balianta and Balipatna blocks of the district. The
ground water occurs under pheratic condition at shallow depth and under semi -confined
to confined condition at deeper depths. The bedrocks occur at 119m depths at Bhingarpur
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of Balianta block and at 198m depth at Balipatna and 230 m at Orakhand in the southern
part of Balipatna block. Quarternary alluvial deposits occur in minor pockets near Chilika
lake area with limited thickness and ground water is mostly saline barring few meters at
top. The aquifer zones at deeper depth generally occur within 100m depths. The
Transmissivity values are generally high, more than 7000m2/day
Laterites: Laterites occur as capping over consolidated and semi consolidated formation
and prominent occurrences are found in Bolagarh, Khurda
Figure 3.9: Hydrogeology Map of Khurda District
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Depth of Ground Water Level
The pheratic zone constitutes the most potential ground water reservoir in the district.
This zone has been mapped in course of hydro geological surveys. With a view to
ascertain the changes in the ground water regime and make an over all assessment of the
ground water resources CGWB has, so far, established 28 network hydrograph stations
through out the district which are monitored manually 4 times in a year, during January,
April, August and November. The depth to water table values depend on several factors
like rainfall, topography, drainage characteristics, proximity to drainage channels,
lithology, water bearing and water yielding properties of the rocks.
The depth to water level in the hdrograph network stations of the district mostly ranges
from 1.84 to 12.33m below ground level during premonsoon period. The water table is
shallow in most part of the district. The depth to water table contour map of both pre and
post monsoon seasons are attached in the brochures as Plate no3 & 4 respectively. The
pre monsoon depth to water level in about 11.9% of the wells fall in the range of 10 to 20
m & 52.9% of the wells fall in the range of 5 to 10m. About 23.5% of the wells 8 show
depth to water level between 2 to 5 m and about 11.8% of the wells, less than 2m.
Ground Water Resources The principal source of recharge to ground water are rainfall, seepage from canals, return
flow from applied irrigation, seepage from tanks and ponds. Ground water exploitation
for domestic use in the district is mainly through private dug wells and hand pump fitted
government bore wells. Data pertaining to various parameters such as rainfall, water level
fluctuation, specific yield, ground water abstraction structures for various utilities,
irrigation and other data recorded and / or collected by CGWB, SE region and GWS & I,
Government of Orissa and other state government agencies have been utilized to estimate
the dynamic ground water resource of Khurda district. Block wise availability of ground
water resources has been estimated, based on norms recommended by Ground Water
Estimation Committee (G.E.C. 1997). The total annual dynamic ground water resource of
Khurda district is assessed to be 90184 hectare metre. The annual utilizable ground water
resource earmarked for domestic and industrial use is 8542 hectare metre which is based
on the projection of requirement by the year 2025. The gross annual draft for all uses is
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12464 hectare metre leaving a balance ground water resource of 73914 hectare metre for
further development for irrigation use. The present average stage of groundwater
development in the district has been worked out to be only 13.82%. The stage of ground
water development varies from a maximum of 26.56% in Begunia block to a minimum of
4.39 % in Banapur block.
Ground Water Quality
Quality of ground water is an important factor for assessing its suitability for various
uses. Ground water quality depends upon the lithological and chemical composition of
the aquifer, climatic conditions, quantum of recharge made and its movement, activities
of microorganisms, temperature and presence of contaminants in the environment.
High Nitrate concentration viz. more than 100 mg/l (as per BIS-10500) has adverse effect
on human health. High nitrate may cause infant Methaemoglobinaemia, a disease
commonly known as Blue Babies that causes reduction in oxygen carrying capacity of
blood. The process of high nitrate in drinking water causes Gastric cancer and adversely
affect the central nervous system and cardio vascular system. High nitrate concentration
(> 100mg/l) has been found in a few wells of Khandagiri (130 NO3 ), Jatni (117 mg/l),
Balakati (104) of Khurda district.
The concentration of fluoride is within the permissible limit (1.5 mg/l) in both shallow
and deeper aquifer except at few isolated pockets. At Chatu in Jatani block deeper aquifer
water contains 1.67 mg/l of fluoride. In shallow zones high fluoride concentration has
been noted from Balasing-Singhpur area of Bolagarh block. 11
High concentration of Iron in ground water gives bittersweet astringent taste making it
aesthetically undesirable in colour, odour and turbidity. Intake of high dose of Iron
present in ground water may result in Haemochromotosis i.e. accumulation of Iron in
kidneys, lungs, liver etc. resulting in stone formation and malfunctioning of these organs.
The concentration of Iron more than permissible limit (> 1.0 mg/l as per BIS 10500) have
been recorded in wells from Khandagiri (2.8 mg/l), Bharatpur (2.1 mg/l), &
Jagannathprasad (4.6 mg/l) in Khurda district.
Map showing depth to water level in pre-monsoon is shown in Figure 3.10and map
showing depth to water level in post-monsoon is shown in Figure 3.11
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Figure 3.10: Map Showing Depth to Water Level in Pre-monsoon
Figure 3.11: Map Showing Depth to Water Level in Post-monsoon
Source: District Ground Water Khurda District, Odisha, Ministry of Water Resources, Central
Ground Water Board.
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3.9 LAND USE The Land use classification is given in Table 3.7
l no Land use Division Area ( sq km ) Area ( % ) 1 Agriculture crop land 119.62 38.04 2 Forest Deciduous 22.68 7.21 3 Forest Plantation 46.17 14.68 4 Barren/ Unculturable/ waste
lands/ Scrub lands 86.57 27.53 5 Mine / Quarry 5.12 1.63 6 Built up land 32.35 10.29 7 Water Body 1.98 0.63
Table 3.7: Land Use Classification
Land use/land cover map within 10 km radius study area is given in Figure 3.12
Figure 3.12: Land Use/ Land Cover Map Within 10 km Study Area
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3.10 SEISMICITY
There are 5 major seismic zones (zones I, II, III, IV & V) in India, based on the seismo-
tectonic parameters, history of seismicity and certain geophysical parameters. The project
site is 7 km away from Khurda Road Railway station at Khurda District. Khurda District
comes under Seismic zone II.
Seismic zone map for the Odisha state is shown in the Figure 3.13.
Figure 3.13: Map Showing Seismic Tectonic Zone
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3.11 AIR ENVIRONMENT
The prime objective of baseline air monitoring is to evaluate the existing air quality of the
area. This will also be useful for assessing the conformity to standards of the ambient air
quality during construction and operation phase of the Plant. This section describes
selection of sampling locations, methodology adopted for sampling, analytical techniques
and frequency of sampling. Monitoring of ambient air was carried out during the study in
the month of 15th September 2015 to 15th December 2015. The methodology adopted for
ambient air quality monitoring is given below.
3.11.1 Selection of Sampling Locations
The locations for ambient air quality monitoring were scientifically selected based on the
following considerations using climatological data.
Topography / Terrain of the study area
Human Settlements
Health status
Accessibility of monitoring site
Resource Availability
Representativeness of the region for establishing baseline status
Representativeness with respect to likely impact areas.
The ambient air quality monitoring locations are given in the Table 3.8
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Table 3.8– Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations
Air sampling location code Location Geographical
location
Direction with the respect to
project site
Distance with respect to
project site (km)
Elevation in feet
AAQ1 Project Site N-20º10’21.29” E-85º38’26.38” - - 214
AAQ2 Jatni N-20º10’07.59” E-85º42’15.64” E 6.68 152
AAQ3 Janala N-20º13’14.13” E-85º42’43.60” NE 9.22 116
AAQ4 Palaspur N-20º14’41.55” E-85º40’02.35” NNE 8.52 170
AAQ5 Gurujanga N-20º11’55.71” E-85º37’08.53” NW 3.74 156
AAQ6 Palatotapada N-20º09’42.17” E-85º36’27.32” WSW 3.64 205
AAQ7 Bajpur N-20º07’01.80” E-85º36’40.56” SSW 6.83 114
AAQ8 Podapada N-20º08’28.43” E-85º39’39.92” SSE 4.04 120
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3.11.2 Parameters for Sampling
The parameters chosen for assessment of ambient air quality were Particulate Matter
(PM10), Particulate Matter (PM2.5), Sulphur di-oxide (SO2), Nitrogen Di-oxide (NO2),
VOC, Methane & Non – Methane Hydrocarbon.
3.11.3 Instruments used for Sampling
Respirable Dust Samplers (RDS) APM- 460 BL of Envirotech were used for
monitoring particulate matter (PM10), gaseous pollutants like SO2 and NOx. Fine
particulate samplers APM 550 of Envirotech was used for monitoring PM2.5.
The map showing air quality monitoring locations is given in Figure 3.14.
Figure 3.14: Map Showing Air Quality Monitoring Locations
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3.11.4 Sampling and Analytical Techniques
PM10 and PM2.5 have been estimated by gravimetric method. In RDS, ambient air is
sucked through a cyclone. Coarse and non-respirable dust is separated from the air
stream by centrifugal forces acting on the solid particles, these particles fall through
the cyclone’s conical hopper and gets collected in the sampling cap placed at the
bottom. The fine dust (<10 microns) forming the respirable particulate matter (PM10)
passes the cyclone and is retained on the filter paper. A tapping is provided on the
suction side of the blower to provide suction for sampling air through a set of
impingers which contains absorbing solutions for SO2 and NO2.
PM2.5 was determined by Fine Particulate Sampler. The air inlet has a circular
symmetry so that air entry is unaffected by wind direction and is designed to keep out
rain, insects and very large particles. The inlet section immediately leads to an
impactor stage designed to trap particles with an aerodynamic diameter larger than 10
microns. Thus the air stream in the down tube consists of only medium and fine
particulates. The streamlined air flow of the down tube is accelerated through the
nozzle of the well shaped impactor designed to trap medium size particulates with an
aerodynamic diameter between 2.5 and 10 microns. To avoid sampling errors due to
the tendency of small particles to bounce off the impaction surface a 37mm diameter
GF/A paper immersed in silicone oil is used as an impaction surface. The air stream
leaving the WINS impactor consists of microns. These fine particles are collected on a
special Teflon membrane filter of 47 mm diameter.
Modified West and Gaeke method (IS-5182 part-II, 1969) has been adopted for
estimation of SO2 and Jacobs-Hochheiser method (IS-5182 part-IV, 1975) has been
adopted for the estimation of NO2. The techniques for sampling and analysis of
parameters are presented in the Table 3.9
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Table 3.9: Techniques Used for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring
S. No Parameters (in µg/m3)
Technique
1. Particulate Matter (PM10) Gravimetric (High- Volume with Cyclone)
2. Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Gravimetric (Fine particulate Sampler)
3. Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) EPA Modified West &Gaeke method 4. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Arsenite Modified Jacob &Hochheiser
5. Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOC)
EPA Method
6. Hydrocarbon IS 5182: Part 12: 1991 3.11.5 Results
Various parameters like maximum, minimum and average have been computed from
the monitored data for all the locations and summary of ambient air quality test results
are presented in Tables 3.10.
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Table 3.9 – Summary of Ambient Air Quality Result
Code Location PM2.5,µg/m3 PM10,µg/m3 SO2,µg/m3 NOX,µg/m3
Min Max Avg. 98 Per Min Max Avg. 98 Per
Min Max Avg. 98 Per Min Max Avg 98 per
AAQ1 Project Site 28.5 37.5 33.11 37.45 57.3 73.1 64.65 72.82 9.6 14.2 12.21 13.97 18.3 26.3 22.30 26.3
AAQ2 Jatni 20.8 26.4 23.66 26.4 43.6 53.7 48.0 53.56 5.5 8.4 7.06 8.3 12.7 17.1 14.62 16.96
AAQ3 Janala 18.5 25.6 21.97 25.41 39.2 48.8 44.05 48.52 BDL 6.4 4.45 BDL 10.2 14.7 11.87 14.19
AAQ4 Palaspur 16.7 22.8 19.22 22.24 35.1 45.3 40.16 45.25 BDL 6.7 4.6 BDL 9.3 13.1 11.10 12.96
AAQ5 Gurujanga 19.7 26.2 22.82 25.83 40.7 52.4 46.05 52.17 5.1 8.2 6.71 8.15 10.8 15.4 13.29 15.4
AAQ6 Palatotapada 18.7 24.1 21.74 24.1 38.2 47.2 43.25 47.15 BDL 6.3 4.4 BDL 9.6 13.9 11.45 13.5
AAQ7 Bajpur 15.5 21.7 18.71 21.60 35.5 44.1 39.6 43.87 BDL 7.8 12.4 10.01 11.84
AAQ8 Podapada 15.8 20.8 18.43 20.66 33.6 42.5 38.78 42.13 BDL 7.3 10.7 8.85 10.56
Test Method IS 5182 Pt.23 : 2006 (Reaff. 2012)
Appendix L To EPA- 40 CFR PART 50
IS 5182: Part 2:2001 (Reaff. 2012)
IS 5182: Part 6:2006 (Reaff. 2012)
CPCB / MoEF Standards
Industrial /Residential / Rural and Other Area
100
60
80
80
Table 3.10- Summary of Ambient Air Quality Result
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Code Location Total VOC
µg/m3
Methane & Non-Methane Hydrocarbon
Methane
µg/m3 Min Max Avg 98 Per Min Max Avg 98 Per
AAQ1 Project Site 62 118 90.38 116.62 55.8 102.5 80.61 101.90 BDL(<0.01)
AAQ2 Jatni BDL (<1) BDL (<0.1) BDL(<0.01)
AAQ3 Janala BDL (<1) BDL (<0.1) BDL(<0.01)
AAQ4 Palaspur BDL (<1) BDL (<0.1) BDL(<0.01)
AAQ5 Gurujanga BDL (<1) BDL (<0.1) BDL(<0.01)
AAQ6 Palatotapada BDL (<1) BDL (<0.1) BDL(<0.01)
AAQ7 Bajpur BDL (<1) BDL (<0.1) BDL(<0.01)
AAQ8 Podapada BDL (<1) BDL (<0.1) BDL(<0.01)
Test Method Ion Science VOC Meter GC-FID GC-FID CPCB / MoEF Standards Industrial /Residential / Rural
and Other Area Not Specified Not Specified Not Specified
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3.10.6 Observations PM10: The maximum and minimum concentrations for PM10 were recorded as
73.1 g/m3 and 33.6g/m3 respectively. The maximum concentration was recorded at Project
site and the minimum concentration was recorded at Podapada. The average concentrations
were ranged between 38.78 and 64.65 g/m3.
PM2.5: The maximum and minimum concentrations for PM2.5 were recorded as 37.5g/m3 and
15.5 g/m3 respectively. The maximum concentration was recorded at Project site and the
minimum concentration was recorded at Bajpur. The average values were observed to be in the
range of 18.43 and 33.11 g/m3.
SO2: The maximum and minimum SO2 concentrations were recorded as 14.2 g/m3 and BDL
respectively. The maximum concentration was recorded at Project site. The average values
were observed to be in the range of BDL and 12.21 g/m3.
NO2: The maximum and minimum NOx concentrations were recorded as 26.3g/m3 and 7.3
g/m3. The maximum concentration was recorded at Project site and the minimum
concentration was recorded at Podapada. The average values were observed to be in the range
of 8.85 and 22.30 g/m3.
VOC: The maximum and minimum VOC concentrations were recorded as 118 g/m3 and
BDL respectively. The maximum concentration was recorded at Project site. The average
values were observed to be in the range of BDL and 90.38g/m3.
Non-Methane Hydrocarbon: The maximum and minimum concentrations were recorded as
102.5 g/m3 and BDL respectively. The maximum concentration was recorded at Project site
The average values were observed to be in the range of BDL and 80.61 g/m3.
The concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NOx, are observed to be well within the standards
prescribed by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) for Industrial, Rural, Residential and
Other area. All the value of Methane was found to be below detection limit.
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3.12 NOISE ENVIRONMENT
The main objective of monitoring of ambient noise levels was to establish the baseline
noise levels in the surrounding areas and to assess the total noise level in the
environment of the study area.
3.12.1 Identification of Sampling Locations
A preliminary reconnaissance survey was undertaken to identify the major noise sources in
the area. The sampling location in the area was identified considering the location of industry,
residential area, highways and institutional areas. The noise monitoring locations are
presented in Table 3.11 and shown in Figure 3.11
Table 3.11 – Noise Quality monitoring stations
Location Code
Sample location
Geographical location
Direction with respect to project
site
Distance with respect to project site (km)
Environmental Setting
N1 Project Site N-20º10’21.29” E-85º38’26.38” - - Industrial Area
N2 Podapada N-20º08’30.18” E-85º39’37.95” SSE 4.04 Industrial Area
N 3 Jatni N-20º09’48.14” E-85º42’01.20” E 6.68 Residential Area
N4 Kanjiama N-20º12’00.23” E-85º39’15.62” NNE 3.40 Residential Area
N5 Khurdha N-20º10’40.20” E-85º37’01.55” WNW 2.53 Residential Area
N6 Sialiapatna N-20º08’43.15” E-85º37’22.38” SSW 3.51 Residential Area
N7 Gurujanga N-20º11’50.40” E-85º37’29.55” NNW 3.74 Residential Area
N8 Badatota N-20º10’53.16” E-85º39’58.50” ENE 2.86 Residential Area
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3.12.2 Instrument used for Sampling
Noise levels were measured using a sound level meter. The sound level meter measures the equivalent continuous noise level (Leq) by switching on the corresponding function mode.
3.12.3 Method of Monitoring
Noise, in general, is sound which is composed of many frequency components of
various types of loudness distributed over the audible frequency range. Various noise
scales have been introduced to describe, in a single number, the response of an
average human to a complex sound made up of various frequencies at different
loudness levels. The most common and universally accepted scale is the ‘A’ weighted
Scale which is measured as dB (A). This is more suitable for audible range of 20 to
20,000 Hz. The scale has been designed to weigh various components of noise
according to the response of a human ear.
Sound Pressure Level (SPL) measurements were measured at all locations. The
readings were taken for every hour for 24 hours. The day noise levels have been
monitored during 6 am to 10 pm and night levels during 10 pm to 6 am at all the
locations covered in 10-km radius of the study area. The noise levels were measured
once during the study period. These readings were later tabulated and the frequency
distribution table was prepared. Finally, hourly and 24 hourly values for various noise
parameters viz. Lday and Lnight were calculated.
For noise levels measured over a given period of time, it is possible to describe
important features of noise using statistical quantities. This is calculated using the
percent of the time certain noise levels exceed the time interval. The notations for the
statistical quantities of noise levels are described below:
L10 is the noise level exceeded 10 per cent of the time L50 is the noise level exceeded 50 per cent of the time and L90 is the noise level exceeded 90 per cent of the time
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Equivalent Sound Pressure Level (Leq)
The Leq is the equivalent continuous sound level, which is equivalent to the same sound
energy as the actual fluctuating sound measured in the same period. This is necessary because
sound from noise source often fluctuates widely during a given period of time.
This is calculated from the following equation:
Leq = L50 + (L10 - L90)2/60 Parameters Measured During Monitoring For noise levels measured over a given period of time interval, it is possible to describe
important features of noise using statistical quantities. This is calculated using the percent of
the time, certain noise levels are exceeded during the time interval. The notation for the
statistical quantities of noise levels is described below:
Hourly Leq day: Equivalent noise levels between 6.00 hours to 22.00 hours. Leq night: Equivalent noise levels between 22.00 hours to 6.00 hours.
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Figure: 3.15 Map Showing the Location of Noise level Monitoring Stations
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3.12.4 Results The summary of computed ambient noise level parameters like Lday and Lnight are
presented in Table 3.12 and compared to the standards specified by CPCB mentioned
below in Table 3.13
Table 3.12 Ambient Noise Level
Table 3.13- Ambient Noise Quality Standards Source: CPCB
Note: Daytime shall mean from 6.00 a.m. to 10.00 p.m. Night time shall mean from 10.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m.
Location Code Sample location Leq day
[dB(A)] Leq Night [dB(A)]
Leq [dB(A)]
N1 Project Site 54.5 48.6 53.2 N2 Podapata 47.3 40.1 45.9 N3 Jatni 49.4 42.4 48 N4 Kanjiama 48.6 41.7 47.2 N5 Khurdha 51.1 43.2 49.6 N6 Sialiapatna 45.8 39.5 44.5 N7 Gurujanga 50.3 42.2 48.8 N8 Badatota 49.4 41.6 47.9
Category of Area / Zone
Limits in dB (A) Leq Day Time Night Time
Industrial Area 75 70 Commercial Area 65 55 Residential Area 55 45 Silence Zone 50 40
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3.12.5 Observations
Day time Noise Levels Noise levels during day time were found to be in the range 54.5 to 45.8 dB (A). The
maximum noise level was observed to be 54.5dB (A) at Project site and a minimum of
45.8 dB (A) was observed at Sialiapatna.
Night time Noise Levels Noise levels observed to fall in the range 48.6 to 39.5dB (A) during the night time. A
maximum of 48.6 dB (A) was observed at Project site and a minimum of 39.5dB (A)
was observed at Sialiapatna.
3.13 WATER ENVIRONMENT
Water sampling has been conducted to establish baseline water quality in the area.
Water analysis was carried out for physical and chemical parameters as per the
methods prescribed in IS 10500 and “Standard Methods for the Examination of Water
and Wastewater (American Public Health Association)”.
3.13.1 Sampling Locations
The details of the water sampling stations are presented in the Table 3.14 and shown
in Figure 3.16.
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Table 3.14 – Water Quality monitoring locations
Air sampling location
code
Location Geographical location
Direction with the respect to project
site
Distance with respect to
project site (km)
Type of water
GW1 Project Site N-20º10’21.29” E-85º38’26.38” - - Ground
Water
GW2 Jatni N-20º10’07.59” E-85º42’15.64” E 6.68 Ground
Water
GW3 Palaspur N-20º14’41.55” E-85º40’02.35” NNE 8.52 Ground
Water
GW4 Palatotapada N-20º09’42.17” E-85º36’27.32” WSW 3.64 Ground
Water
GW5 Gurujanga N-20º11’50.40” E-85º37’29.55” NNW 3.74 Ground
Water
GW6 Podapada N-20º08’30.18” E-85º39’37.95” SSE 4.04 Ground
Water
SW1 Daya River N-20º05’17.00” E-85º40’19.48” SSE 9.88 Surface
Water
SW2 Gurujanga Pond Water
N-20º11’32.22” E-85º37’22.03” NW 2.92 Surface
Water
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Figure – 3.16 Map Showing Water quality Monitoring Locations 3.13.2 Results The physicochemical characteristics of water in the study area are presented in the Tables
3.15 and is compared with the standards (IS 10500: Indian Standards/Specifications for
Drinking Water) reference values.
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Table 3.15– Results for Water Analysis
Ground Water
W1- Project Site, W2- Jatni, W3- Palaspur, BDL –Below Detectable Limit
S. No
Parameters
Unit
Test method
Limit as per
IS 10500 : 2012
W1
W2
W3
1 Colour Hazen APHA 22nd EDITION 5 1 3 2
2 Odour - APHA 22nd EDITION Unobjectionable No Odour Observed
No Odour Observed
No Odour Observed
3 pH at 25 °C - IS : 3025 Part 11- 1983 (Reaff:2002) 6.5-8.5 7.00 7.16 6.63
4 Conductivity at 25 °C μS/cm IS : 3025 Part 14- 1984
(Reaff:2002) Not Specified 175 376 105
5 Turbidity NTU IS : 3025 Part 10-1984 (Reaff: 2002) 1 1.3 0.8 1.1
6 Total dissolved solids mg/l IS : 3025 Part 15-1984
(Reaff: 2003) 500 96 207 58
7 Total Hardness as CaCO3 mg/l IS : 3025 Part 21-2009 300 54 128 38
8 Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/l IS : 3025 Part 23-
1986(Reaff:2003) 200 52 122 28
9 Chloride as Cl- mg/l IS : 3025 Part 32-1988 (Reaff: 2003) 250 7.8 37 7
10 Sulphate as SO4 mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -4500- SO42- E 200 15 12 13.5
11 Fluoride as F mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -4500-F B&D 1 0.26 0.37 0.25
12 Nitrate as NO3 mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -4500- NO3- B 45 7.2 1 1
13 Ammonia as NH3 mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -4500- NH3 B&C Not Specified *BDL(<0.
05) BDL(<0.0
5) 0.06
14 Phosphate as PO4 mg/l IS : 3025 Part 31-1988(Reaff:2002) Not Specified 0.03 BDL(<0.0
1) 0.11
15 Sodium as Na mg/l IS : 3025 Part 45-1993(Reaff:2003) Not Specified 13 26 6.7
16 Potassium as K mg/l IS : 3025 Part 45-1993(Reaff:2003) Not Specified 1.3 2.1 BDL(<1)
17 Calcium as Ca mg/l IS : 3025 Part 40-1991(Reaff:2003) 75 12.8 37 8
18 Magnesium as Mg mg/l APHA 22nd EDITION 30 5.3 8.7 4.3
19 Iron as Fe mg/l IS : 3025 Part 53-2003 0.30 0.28 0.21 0.18
20 Chemical Oxygen Demand mg/l IS:3025:Part-58:2006 Not Specified 14.1 16.4 10.7
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W4- Palatotapada, W5- Gurujanga, W6-Podapada BDL –Below Detectable Limit
S. No
Parameters
Unit
Test method
Limit as per IS 10500 : 2012
W4 W5 W6
1 Colour Hazen APHA 22nd EDITION 5 1 1 Nil
2 Odour - APHA 22nd EDITION Unobjectionable No Odour Observed
No Odour Observed
No Odour Observed
3 pH at 25 °C - IS : 3025 Part 11- 1983 (Reaff:2002) 6.5-8.5 6.69 6.96 7.11
4 Conductivity at 25 °C μS/cm IS : 3025 Part 14- 1984
(Reaff:2002) Not Specified 560 338 256
5 Turbidity NTU IS : 3025 Part 10-1984 (Reaff: 2002) 1 0.7 1 0.5
6 Total dissolved solids mg/l IS : 3025 Part 15-1984
(Reaff: 2003) 500 308 186 138
7 Total Hardness as CaCO3 mg/l IS : 3025 Part 21-2009 300 280 138 72
8 Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/l IS : 3025 Part 23-
1986(Reaff:2003) 200 210 152 60
9 Chloride as Cl- mg/l IS : 3025 Part 32-1988 (Reaff: 2003) 250 64 4 24
10 Sulphate as SO4 mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -4500- SO42- E 200 6 16 18
11 Fluoride as F mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -4500-F B&D 1 0.21 0.28 0.33
12 Nitrate as NO3 mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -4500- NO3- B 45 1.2 1 3
13 Ammonia as NH3 mg/l APHA 22nd EDN -4500- NH3 B&C Not Specified BDL(<0.0
5) 0.08 0.08
14 Phosphate as PO4 mg/l IS : 3025 Part 31-1988(Reaff:2002) Not Specified 0.30 BDL(<0.
01) BDL(<0.
01)
15 Sodium as Na mg/l IS : 3025 Part 45-1993(Reaff:2003) Not Specified 12 16 19
16 Potassium as K mg/l IS : 3025 Part 45-1993(Reaff:2003) Not Specified 1.5 1.4 1.6
17 Calcium as Ca mg/l IS : 3025 Part 40-1991(Reaff:2003) 75 64 39 21
18 Magnesium as Mg mg/l APHA 22nd EDITION 30 29 9.7 4.7 19 Iron as Fe mg/l IS : 3025 Part 53-2003 0.30 0.14 0.10 0.05
20 Chemical Oxygen Demand mg/l IS:3025:Part-58:2006 Not Specified 12.8 8.2 4.6
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Surface Water
SW1 – Daya River, SW2 – Gurujanga Pond Water, BDL - Below Detection Limit
Sl. No PARAMETER UNIT
RESULTS TEST PROCEDURE
(SW1) (SW2)
1 Colour Hazen 3 1 APHA 22nd EDITION
2 Odour - No Odour Observed
No Odour Observed APHA 22nd EDITION
3 pH at 25°C - 6.86 6.95 IS : 3025 Part 11- 1983 (Reaff: 2002) 4 Electrical Conductivity, μS/cm 227 356 IS : 3025 Part 14- 1984 (Reaff: 2002) 5 Turbidity NTU 5.7 3.2 IS : 3025 Part 10-1984 (Reaff: 2002) 6 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 125 196 IS : 3025 Part 16-1984 (Reaff: 2003) 7 Total Hardness as CaCO3 mg/l 86 144 IS : 3025 Part 21-2009 8 Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/l 78 120 IS : 3025 Part 23- 1986(Reaff: 2003) 9 Chloride as Cl mg/l 15 25 IS : 3025 Part 32-1988 (Reaff: 2003)
10 Sulphate as SO4 mg/l 12 13 APHA 22nd EDITION -4500- SO42- E
11 Fluoride as F mg/l 0.41 0.26 APHA 22nd EDITION -4500-F B&D 12 Nitrate as NO3 mg/l 3.6 10.1 APHA 22nd EDITION -4500- NO3- B
13 Ammonia as NH3 mg/l BDL(<0.05) BDL(<0.05) APHA 22nd EDITION -4500- NH3 B&C
14 Phosphate as PO4 mg/l 0.38 0.05 IS : 3025 Part 31-1988 (Reaff: 2002) 15 Sodium as Na mg/l 12 17 IS : 3025 Part 45-1993 (Reaff: 2003) 16 Potassium as K mg/l 1.2 1 IS : 3025 Part 45-1993 (Reaff: 2003) 17 Calcium as Ca mg/l 21 41 IS : 3025 Part 40-1991 (Reaff: 2003) 18 Magnesium as Mg mg/l 8.2 10.2 APHA 22nd EDITION 19 Iron as Fe mg/l 0.89 0.14 IS : 3025 Part 53-2003
20 Anionic Surfactants as MBAS mg/l BDL
(<0.025) BDL
(<0.025) APHA 22nd EDITION -5540 C
21 Total Suspended Solids mg/l 8 3 IS : 3025 Part 17-1984 (Reaff: 2002) 22 Dissolved Oxygen as O2 mg/l 6.7 5.1 IS:3025:Part-38:1989 (Reaff: 2003) 23 Chemical Oxygen Demand mg/l 22 36 IS:3025:Part-58:2006
24 Bio-Chemical Oxygen Demand at 27° C for 3 days mg/l 3.7 6.1 IS:3025:Part-44:1993 (Reaff: 2003)
25 Total Coliform MPN/ 100ml
348 /100ml
>1600 /100ml IS 1622 (1981) (Reaff – 2003)
26 Faecal Coliform MPN/ 100ml
94 / 100ml
542 / 100ml IS 1622 (1981)(Reaff – 2003)
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3.13.3 Observations
Ground Water The analysis of ground water results indicate that the average pH ranges in between
6.63 – 7.16, TDS ranges from 58 mg/l – 308 mg/l, total hardness ranges from 38mg/l -
280mg/l, iron content ranges from 0.05 – 0.28 mg/l, nitrate content ranges from 1 –
7.2 mg/l was observed.
Surface Water The analysis of surface water results indicate that the average pH ranges in between
6.86 – 6.95, Electrical Conductivity ranges from 227 mg/l – 356 mg/l, TDS ranges
from 125 mg/l – 196 mg/l total hardness ranges from 86 mg/l – 144 mg/l, DO
(Disolved Oxygen) ranges from 5.1 mg/l – 6.7 mg/l was observed.
3.14 SOIL ENVIRONMENT
Table 3.16 - Soil Sampling Locations
Location Code Location Geographical
Location
Direction with the respect to project site
Distance with respect to
project site in km
S1 Project Site N-20º10’21.29” E-85º38’26.38” - -
S2 Palaspur N-20º14’41.55” E-85º40’02.35” NNE 8.52
S3 Jatni N-20º09’48.14” E-85º42’01.20” E 6.68
S4 Gurujanga N-20º11’50.40” E-85º37’29.55” NNW 3.74
S5 Badatota N-20º10’53.16” E-85º39’58.50” ENE 2.86
S6 Palatotapada N-20º09’42.17” E-85º36’27.32” WSW 3.64
S7 Sialiapatna N-20º08’43.15” E-85º37’22.38” SSW 3.51
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3.14.1 Soil analysis
The present study of the soil quality establishes the baseline characteristics and this will help
in future identification of the incremental concentrations if any, due to the operation of the
LPG Plant. The sampling locations have been identified with the following objectives;
To determine the baseline soil characteristics of the study area and
To determine the impact of LPG Plant site on soil characteristics
7 locations within the study area were selected for soil sampling. At each location, soil
samples were collected from three different depths viz., 30 cm, 60 cm and 100 cm below the
surface. The samples were analyzed for physical and chemical characteristics. The details of
the soil sampling location are presented in Table 3.16 and shown in Figure 3.17. The results
are presented in Table 3.16 and compared with Standard Soil Classification presented in
Table 3.18.
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Figure – 3.17 Map Showing Soil quality Monitoring Locations
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Table 3.17 - Soil Quality Results
S. No. Parameters S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7
1 pH 7.68 7.57 7.11 7.23 8.12 7.94 7.47
2 Electrical conductivity, mS/cm 0.054 0.071 0.031 0.048 0.135 0.084 0.036
3 Available Nitrogen, mg/kg 21.6 16.4 18.6 25.2 23.7 31.6 41.4
4 Available Phosphorous, mg/kg 45.8 60.3 36.8 48.2 58.4 71.3 62.8
5 Available Potassium, mg/kg 177 152 205 148 232 196 132
6 Exchangeable Calcium as Ca, m.eq / 100g 8.11 7.95 6.78 6.05 9.14 8.74 5.94
7 Exchangeable Magnesium as Mg, m.eq/100g 3.65 4.25 3.16 3.68 5.07 4.96 3.44
8 Exchangeable Sodium as Na, m.eq / 100g 0.47 0.62 0.29 0.36 0.68 0.51 0.32
9 Organic Matter (%) 0.86 0.96 0.67 0.53 1.26 0.85 1.33
10 Texture Classification Sandy Clay
Loam Sandy Clay
Loam Loam Loam Sandy Clay Loam Sandy Clay Sandy Clay Loam
11 Sand (%) 47.2 51.3 45.2 38.6 53.8 48.2 48.2
12 Clay (%) 28.6 24.8 21.6 27.3 21.6 36.8 32.6
13 Silt (%) 24.2 23.9 33.2 34.1 24.6 15 19.2
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TABLE 3.18 - Standard Soil Classification
Chemical Parameters
Ranking Very Low Very Low Very Low
pH <4, very Strongly Acidic pH <4, very Strongly
Acidic pH <4, very Strongly Acidic
Electrical conductivity (μS/cm)
<2000, Non saline
Electrical conductivity (μS/cm)
<2000, Non saline Electrical conductivity (μS/cm)
<2000, Non saline
Total Nitrogen (%) <0.05 VeryLow Total Nitrogen (%) <0.05Very Low Total Nitrogen (%) <0.05Very Low
Total Phosphorous (mg/kg)
<5 Very Low
Total Phosphorous (mg/kg)
<5 Very Low
Total Phosphorous (mg/kg)
<5 Very Low
Sodium (mg/kg) - Sodium (mg/kg) - Sodium (mg/kg) -
Potassium (mg/kg) - Potassium (mg/kg) - Potassium (mg/kg) -
Calcium (mg/kg) - Calcium (mg/kg) - Calcium (mg/kg) - Magnesium (mg/kg)
<40 Very Low Magnesium (mg/kg)
<40 Very Low Magnesium (mg/kg)
<40 Very Low
% Organic Matter 0.5-1.0 Very Low
% Organic Matter 0.5-1.0 Very Low
% Organic Matter 0.5-1.0 Very Low
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Observation The soil results were compared with soil standards. It has been observed that the pH of the soil
was ranging from 7.11 to 8.12 indicating the soils are basic in nature. Conductivity of the soil
ranges from 0.031 to 0.135 mS/cm. Since the EC value is less than 2000 µS/cm, the soil is said to
be Non saline in nature.
Texture of the soil sample is predominantly loam. Soil organic content varied from 0.53 to 1.33%
which indicates the very low level of organic matter.
The available nitrogen content ranges between 16.4 to 41.4 mg/kg in the locality and the value of
phosphorus content varies between 36.8 to 71.3 mg/kg. This indicates that the soil have very
high quantities of Nitrogen and Phosphorus.
The potassium content varies from 132 to 232 mg/kg which indicates that the soils have high
quantities of potassium.
The Calsium content varies from 5.94 to 9.14 me.q/100g which indicates that the soils have high
quantities of Calsium.
From the above observations it was found that the soil in the Study area shows moderate
fertility.
3.15 Ecological Environment
Flora and fauna studies were conducted to assess the existing floral and faunal
composition of the area.
3.15.1 Objectives of Ecological Studies
The present study was undertaken with the objective of understanding the ecosystem
on the following lines:
To assess the nature and distribution of vegetation in and around the LPG Plant
site; and
To assess the distribution of animal life spectra..
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3.15.2 Methodology Adopted for the Study
Assessment of the existing vegetation types in the core and buffer zones has been
done using standard procedures. The terrain of the impact zone is chiefly plain.
The Biodiversity studies were already carried out in the entire study area of 10 km
radius. The study of flora is conducted as per the guidelines of the Ministry of
Environment and Forests, Government of India, with respect to the scope and
objectives. The study involved in collection of primary data by conducting survey in
the field, examination of floral and faunal records in previously published reports and
records, and analysis of the information in view of the possible alteration in
environment of the LPG Plant. For the survey of fauna both direct and indirect
observation methods were used.
3.15.2.1 Flora in the Study Area
There is no sanctuaries in the 10 km radius of the study area. These forests are mainly
classed into tropical dry deciduous forest and tropical moist deciduous forest that are
outnumbered with rosewood, Haldi, Sal, Sagwan and Piasal trees, coconut trees.
Balukhanda and Chandaka reserve are the famous forest reserves in the study area.
The list of flora observed in the buffer zone is given in Table 3.19:
Table 3.19: List of Flora Observed In the Study Area
S.No. Botanical Name Local Name 1. Mangifera indica Mango, 2. Artocarpus heterofilus Kanthal 3. Annona reticulata Sitaphal 4. Borassus Flabellifer Tal 5. Phoenix sylvestris khejur 6. Emblica Officinalis Amla 7. Tamarindus indica Imli
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8. Shorea robusta Sal 9. Tectona grandis Sagwan 10. Terminalia arjuna Arjun 11. Diospyros embryopteris Mankar Kendu 12. Magnolia champaca Champak 13. Secale cereale Rai
3.15.2.2 Fauna in the study area
The field studies are conducted to assess fauna in the study area. The list of animals present in
the study area are given in Table 3.20
Table 3.20: List of Fauna Observed in the Study Area
Sr. No Scientific Name
Common Name
Mammals Herpestesedwardsii Mongoose
Mus rattus Indian Field Mouse Birds
Acridotherestristis Common Myna
Grus antigone Saras crane Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret Columba livianeglecta Blue Rock Pigeon Corvussplendens House Crow Dicrurusadsimillis Black Drongo
Nectariniaasioficabrevirostris Purple Sunbird Saxicoloidesfulicata Indian Robin Strebopeliadecaocto Ring Dove
Pycnonotus barbatus Bulbul Eudanamusscoloopacea Koel
Amphibians
Rana hexadactyla Common Indian toad Rana tigrina Frog
Reptiles
Ptyasmucosus Rat snake Najanaja Indian cobra
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3.15.3 Environmental Sensitivity
As per MoEF&CC guideline, 15 km radius from the project site is considered as study
area for evaluating environmental sensitivity. The description of the environmental
sensitivity of the LPG Plant is given below:
National Parks and Wild Life Sanctuaries
There is no wild life sanctuary, national park or bird sanctuary with in the 15 km
radius of the project site.
Reserve Forests
There are 1 reserve forest 06 protected forest in the 10 km from the study area. They
are Barunai, Jariput, Tartua, Ratanapur, Kapileshwarpur, Jamuna Jharaparh & Rengal
Protected Forests.
Airport
The Biju Patnaik International Airport at Bhubaneswar is situated at a distance of 34
Km from the project site. The project site is not falling in aviation path.
Archaeological Protected Sites
There are no archaeological protected sites falling within the 10km radius of the Plant.
3.16 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
The assessment of socio-economic environment forms an integral part of an EIA
study. Socio-Economic status of the population is an indicator for the development of
the region. Any developmental project of any magnitude will have a bearing on the
living conditions and on the economic base of population in particular and the region
as a whole. Similarly, the LPG Plant activities will have its share of socio-economic
influence in the study area. The section delineates the overall appraisal of society
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relevant attributes. The data collection for evaluation of impact of LPG Plant site on
socio-economic aspects in
the study area has been done through primary household survey and through the
analysis of secondary data available for study area.
3.16.1 Methodology
The methodology adopted in assessment of socio-economic condition is as given below;
To assess socio-economic conditions of the Population
Analysis of the identified social attributes like population distribution, availability of
public utilities etc., through Census of India 2011
Primary household survey to assess the present status of population of the study area
3.16.2 Sources of Information
As per the scope of this study, the information on socio-economic aspects has been
gathered and compiled from several secondary sources. The demographic data has
mainly been compiled from the Census of India 2011. The socio-economic details are
briefly described in following sections.
This section includes the present status of the socio-economic environment in the
study area. To determine the baseline socio-economic pattern, at and around the
project site, the required data have been obtained from the published data. Socio-
economic base line data were collected for the following indicators:
Demographic Structure Economic Structure Availability of Basic Amenities
The major demographic and economic structure of the study area are classified into
population, literacy rate and workers details.
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3.16.3 Settlement Pattern
The project site is at 33 no Industrial Estate at Khurda District in the state of Odisha.
The area within 10 km radius from the project site has been considered as study area.
List of Villages in the study area within 5km radius: 1.Wilkisannagar, 2.Kumbharbasta, 3.Kanjiama, 4.Panabaraj, 5. Palla, 6. Totapada,
7.Haladiapada (Haridamada), 8.Saliapatna, 9.Berhampur, 10.Baniatangi, 11.Nausingh,
12.Kaladibari, 13.Kuradhamal (Khordwal)
Table 3.21: Population observed in the villages within 5 km area from the project site
Sl no
Name of the villages Total population SC ST
Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female
1 Wilkisannagar 1241 652 589 121 73 48 0 0 0 2 Kumbharbasta 2653 1374 1279 78 37 41 418 211 207 3 Kanjiama 85 49 36 13 9 4 0 0 0 4 Panabaraj 1631 852 779 93 45 48 246 130 116 5 Palla 2847 1493 1354 28 14 14 156 79 77 6 Totapada 1966 1056 910 166 90 76 3 1 2
7 Haladiapada (Haridamada) 629 313 316 3 0 3 221 117 104
8 Saliapatna 816 416 400 0 0 0 104 46 58 9 Berhampur 512 255 257 0 0 0 313 150 163
10 Baniatangi 2191 1121 1070 683 341 342 0 0 0 11 Nausingh 108 49 59 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 Kaladibari 513 247 266 20 9 11 175 88 87
13 Kuradhamal (Khordwal) 1496 786 710 68 39 29 0 0 0
TOTAL 16688 8663 8025 1273 657 616 1636 822 814
Percentage 51.91 48.09 7.63 51.61 48.39 9.80 50.24 49.76
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Table 3.22: Literacy rate observed in the villages within 5 km area from the project site
Sl no Name of the villages Literates Illiterates
Total Male Female Total Male Female 1 Wilkisannagar 1031 557 474 210 95 115 2 Kumbharbasta 2122 1166 956 531 208 323 3 Kanjiama 68 40 28 17 9 8 4 Panabaraj 1386 758 628 245 94 151 5 Palla 2354 1290 1064 493 203 290 6 Totapada 1512 856 656 454 200 254
7 Haladiapada (Haridamada) 451 243 208 178 70 108
8 Saliapatna 1121 622 499 182 61 121 9 Berhampur 295 167 128 217 88 129
10 Baniatangi 1671 914 757 520 207 313 11 Nausingh 89 42 47 19 7 12 12 Kaladibari 380 197 183 133 50 83
13 Kuradhamal (Khordwal) 465 251 214 375 164 211
TOTAL 12945 7103 5842 3574 1456 2118
Percentage 77.57 81.99 72.8 21.41 16.80 26.39
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Table 3.23: Workers observed in the villages within 5 km area from the project site
Sl no
Name of the villages Main Worker Marginal Worker Non Worker
Total Male Female Total Male
Female Total Male
Female
1 Wilkisannagar 338 326 12 59 40 19 844 286 558 2 Kumbharbasta 584 529 55 304 205 99 1765 640 1125 3 Kanjiama 23 16 7 9 8 1 53 25 28 4 Panabaraj 462 437 25 43 39 4 1126 376 750 5 Palla 834 681 153 98 75 23 1915 737 1178 6 Totapada 553 525 28 138 56 82 1275 475 800
7 Haladiapada (Haridamada) 68 61 7 140 102 38 421 150 271
8 Saliapatna 122 115 7 217 115 102 477 186 291 9 Berhampur 100 98 2 68 43 25 344 114 230 10 Baniatangi 676 573 103 195 57 138 1320 491 829 11 Nausingh 28 28 0 2 1 1 78 20 58 12 Kaladibari 153 127 26 20 6 14 340 114 226
13 Kuradhamal (Khordwal) 371 332 39 106 86 20 1019 368 651
TOTAL 4312 3848 464 1399 833 566 10977 3982 6995
Percentage 25.84 89.24 10.76 8.38 59.54 40.46 65.78 36.28 63.72
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3.16.3.1 Population
The Study Area is mostly rural in character. The overall population considered within
5 km radius (78.6 sqkm) from the project site is 16688. Population structure in Study
Area has been furnished in following table. The above figures establish that the area
where the Project is proposed is moderately populated.
3.16.3.2 Demography A table showing population of the study area as per 2011 Census is given below
Total Population Male Female
16688 8663 8025 100% 51.91% 48.09%
Scheduled Caste & Scheduled Tribe
Scheduled Castes (SC) as percentage of total population is 7.63% & Schedule Tribe
(ST) 9.80%. SC & ST Percentage of classified population & sex ratio is in the Study
Area has been represented in the following table
Total Population Male Female
Schedule Caste 1273 657 616 100% 51.61% 48.39%
Schedule Tribe 1636 822 814 100% 50.24% 49.76%
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Sex Ratio Sex Ratio (female per 1000 Male) considering the total population in the Study Area is 926.
Sex ratio of Scheduled Castes (SC) population is 938 & sex ratio of Schedule Tribe (ST)
population is 990.
Description Population Sex Ratio Total 16688 (100%) 929 SC 1273 (7.63%) 938 ST 1636 (9.80%) 990
Literacy status
Overall literacy rate in the study area is 77.57%. In the study area male literacy rate is
81.998% while female literacy is 72.8%. Literacy status of the Study Area is
furnished below:
Description Total Male Female
Population 16688 8663(51.91%) 8025 (48.09%)
Literates 12945 7103 (81.99%) 5842 (72.8%)
Illiterates 3574 1456 (16.81%) 2118 (26.39%)
3.16.3.3 Distribution of Population The distribution of population in the study area is given in Table 3.21.
Table 3.24- Distribution of Population in the Study Area
Particulars Study Area
Male Population 8663
Female Population 8025
Total Population 16688
Sex ratio 926
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3.16.3.4 Average Household Size
The study area had a family size of 5.15 as per census records. This lower family size
could be attributed to a high degree of urbanization with migration of people with
higher literacy levels who generally opt for smaller family size with family welfare
measures and also due to the prevalence of single member families, a common
phenomenon in mining and industrial areas.
3.16.3.5 Occupational Structure
Occupational structure and employment status in Study area are presented in
following table and also represented through pie chart. Percentage of main works
in total population is 25.84%. Percentage of marginal workers is low (8.38 %).
Table 3.25 - Occupational Structure
Occupation Number of People % of Total population
Main Workers 4312 25.84% Marginal Workers 1399 8.38%
Non Workers 10977 65.78%
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3.16.4 Availability of Infrastructure
Availability of infrastructure and facilities denote the level of overall development in
the study area. The list of industries, schools, colleges and hospitals located near the
study area are given below:
Industries & Offices
Janalaxmi Financial Service
Oil Mill
Spinning Mill
Stone washery
DRDA Office
DM Offices
Institutions
National Institute of Science education
Aryan Institute of Enginnering & Technology
Centurion Institute of Technology
Eklavya College of Technology & Science
Hi-tech Institute of technology.
Jatni College
PN College
High - School
Seventh-Day Adventist Higher Secondary School
Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya
ST. Xaviars High School
NDRC High School
Prananath (P.N) High School
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Tourist & Pilgrim
Lakxmi Narayan Temple a
Akhandalmani Temple
Damanei Temple
Maa Baata Bhuaasuni Temple
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CHAPTER 4 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION MEASURES
4.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter covers anticipated impacts on environment due to the storage capacity
expansion of the storage and distribution facilities of LPG at 33 No. Industrial Estate
P.O PN College Khurda of Odisha State. The Plant is 7 km away from Khurda Road
Railway station. Impact on environment have been evaluated and predicted based on
the information collected at the site and the information provided by BPCL.
This section deals with identification of the proposed project's potential in inducing
environmental, social and ecological impacts both during construction and operation
phases:
- Impact on land
- Impacts on air environment
- Impacts on water environment
- Impact of disposal of solid wastes
- Impact on human environment
- Ecological impacts
Environmental and social impacts can be induced during both construction and
operation phase. Some impacts are short term and some long term. The various
probable impacts are discussed below:
4.2. 1 Impact on Topography 4.2.1.1 Impact during Construction Phase
Salient activities during the construction phase having potential for inducing either
environmental or social impacts are described below. Incidentally, most of the
activities during construction phase induce only short-term / temporary
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environmental impact. However, social impacts arising out of land oustees and
loss/change in occupational structure, if applicable, often become long-term affairs.
Possession of Land
Land possession is the first activity before commencement of any project
construction. This activity naturally has potential of inducing socio-economic
impact from minor to severe nature.
May be less but acquisition of good agricultural land may render scores of people
jobless and place those affected people and their families into uncertainties so far as
their earning and sustenance is concerned. For the proposed project, the total land is
under possession of BPCL. Hence, there will be no impact due to this issue.
Site Development
This is one of the prime activities for any project. This activity mainly involves
clearing of the land from all hindrances including dismantling / demolition of
houses (if any), removal of vegetation and in many a cases land leveling /grading
to bring the site to a condition of starting construction work.
For the proposed expansion project, the total land which is under possession of
BPCL, is barren & flat and hence only leveling /grading has to be done. No
demolition of houses, removal of vegetation or cutting and filling work is
envisaged.
Civil & Structural Work
This work can be divided into two groups, foundation work and superstructure
work. Certain foundation work may involve excavation using machinery etc. These
activities may generate noise pollution. Besides, foundation work will involve
trench cutting, excavation and concreting work. Dust pollution, especially during
dry season, will be the major problem unless appropriate measures are adapted to
contain/minimize the dust nuisance. The super structural work will involve steel
and concrete work, masonry work etc. and will involve use of equipment like
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cranes, mixers, welding sets etc. There may be dust, noise and gaseous pollution
from this work. Concreting work will demand considerable amount of water. This
may induce impact on local hydrology also in specific cases, if not taken care of
specifically. During construction fugitive dust may generate, this will be
suppressed by sprinkling water.
Mechanical and Electrical Erection
The mechanical erection work involves use of mechanical equipment for storage,
retrieval and erection, site fabrication etc. leading to some noise pollution and some
air pollution. Electrical work, however, has less pollution potential.
Sources of Construction Materials
For any project of this nature requirement of stone and sand for the construction
work will not be a large in quantity. First of all, sources of these two prime
construction materials, which are available in nature, are abundantly available
nearby. Hence, transportation of these materials from distant sources will cause
minimal short-term local impact spread over transportation route.
Housing and Other Human Requirement
This activity covers the arrangement for housing and living requirements for the
construction workers. Most of the work in construction phase is labour- intensive.
In fact the site will be having more workers during construction phase than during
operating phase. A large number of them will be coming from beyond immediate
neighborhood. Unless steps are taken in advance to meet the construction stage
demand, short term large scale immigration may have immense impact on local
housing, civic facilities, education, health and culture.
Requirement of workers during construction phase will be 50-60. Accommodations
can be arranged in nearby villages. Most of the unskilled and semi skilled labor
shall be from nearby villages and towns. Responsibility of bringing labors to site
will lie with the respective contractor.
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Local Infrastructure
National Highway - 5 will run in close proximity of the existing Plant area. From
the above discussion, it is clear that the impacts during construction phase would be
short-term in nature and would be limited to the construction period only.
Moreover, BPCL will take appropriate measure before start of construction
activities to eliminate/minimize potential impacts.
4.2.1.2 Mitigation Measures during Construction Phase:
This clause describes the control technologies adopted / recommended for
mitigating the probable environmental impacts during construction phase of the
project.
Compensatory afforestation
The total land including the land required for expansion is under possession of
BPCL. Hence the question of compensatory afforestation does not exist. However,
BPCL is implementing intensive greenery development program from initial days of
Plant construction to mitigate adverse impact, if any.
• Dust Suppression
The main and visible pollution during construction phase is fugitive dust generated
during excavation and other earthmoving activities and during concreting work.
This problem, though temporary, has to be mitigated by introducing dust
suppression measure through sprinkling of water in dust prone activities like
movement of vehicles especially on unmetalled roads, digging work, raw material
handling etc.
To ensure this, BPCL will use water sprinklers to minimize/ eliminate fugitive dust
nuisance. This will primarily cover requirements from the point of view of
Occupational Safety and Health and broadly mitigate the aspect of mitigation of
environmental pollution.
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• Resettlement and Rehabilitation (R & R)
For the present project, there is no R & R issues involved since the Project is an
expansion project for which the entire land is under possession of BPCL.
• Workers' Colony
There will be migration of people during construction phase there will be an influx
of about 50 - 60 persons. Most of the unskilled and semi skilled labour shall be from
nearby villages and towns.
The site being easily accessible from the nearby areas that also have a good number
of housing facilities, local housing will not be stressed to any degree of concern.
4.2.2 Operation Phase 4.2.2.1 Impact during Operation Phase
Main aspects and activities during operation phase of the proposed project having
potential for inducing environmental and/or social impacts are discussed as follows:
• Hydrology
Required consumptive water for the proposed project will be drawn from bore well.
No additional water requirement is envisaged for the proposed expansion.
Since water requirement is meager quantity, it is therefore expected that this drawl
of water for the proposed project is not expected to cause any impact of concern on
the ground water source.
Air Environment
The main source of air pollution due to operation of the Plant will be particulate
emission and combustion gases emitted due to vehicular movement. It can be
mentioned here that no new emergency DG set is proposed for the expansion. Thus
emission from the stacks of emergency DG sets is not applicable for the proposed
expansion project.
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In addition to that, some hydrocarbon emission will also take place as fugitive
emission from leakages of gland, seals, etc.
Water Environment
Assessment of impact of the proposed project on water environment is as follows:
Water requirement for operating the Plant is very low, which is met through
bore well within the premises. As water requirement is negligible and additional
water requirement due to proposed project is nil, no adverse impact on water
environment is anticipated.
As no waste water will be discharged from the Plant, any impact on the surface
water is ruled out.
As no solid waste is generated / disposed off, adverse impact on the quality of
the water bodies due to carry over of toxic substances is ruled out.
Sewage from toilets is disposed off in Soak Pits, where bacterial action will
reduce the BOD content. Thus, no impact on the quality of ground water is
envisaged.
It is, therefore, concluded that the proposed receipt mode and storage of LPG
products will not have any adverse impact on water environment.
Physical Environment
Any project constructed on plain land (whether agricultural or otherwise) will change
the land-use pattern and general aesthetics and sight of the area. This, in one will
induce some impact on the physical environment.
For the proposed expansion no new land will be acquired since the total land
(including the land required for proposed expansion) is under possession of BPCL.
So the proposed expansion does not have any significant impact on the physical
environment.
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Impact of solid waste
No Solid Waste shall be generated from operation of proposed Mounded Bullets.
Used oil, grease and empty drums shall be disposed of through registered vendors as
per Handling of Waste Material and Transboundary Rules, 2008 and subsequent
amendments. This will ensure that there will not be any impact on soil quality due
to the disposal or deposition of solid/hazardous waste.
Human Environment
Unless there are a large number of land oustees and not much people are rendered
jobless, other impacts of such project on human environment are generally positive
or beneficial when all probable adverse and beneficial impacts are analyzed and
equated together on overall basis. In case of land losers and homestead losers the
impact may be severe unless appropriate mitigation through Rehabilitation &
Resettlement Plan is ensured for the Project Affected People (PAP). For the present
project, there is no R & R issues involved since the Project is an expansion project
for which the total land is under possession of BPCL
Ecological impacts
Ecological impacts from this type of project will be insignificant. Potential primary
and secondary impacts from the proposed project on the biological environment
have been identified and the significant ecological impact is evaluated based on:
Habitat Quality
Species affected
Size/abundance of habits/organisms affected
Duration of Impacts
Magnitude of environmental changes
There are no , wildlife sanctuary located in the close proximity to the Plant. The
project will not have adverse impacts on the existing flora and fauna. As the forest
is far from the proposed project, the impact will be nil. Hence there will not be any
impact whatsoever on biodiversity.
During operation phase of the Plant facilities, no impact is anticipated on the
topography, therefore, no mitigation measure is required.
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4.2.2.2 Mitigation Measures during Operation Phase:
This clause describes the control technologies adopted / recommended for
mitigating the probable environmental impacts during operation phase of the
project.
Air Pollution Control Measures
The only source of emission is from operation of DG sets and the fire engines.
There is no source of emission from the process since the entire operation is carried
in a sealed atmosphere. Air pollution control measures are described below:
DG Stack
DG stack of adequate height as recommended by MoEF will help in better
dispersion of pollutants (NOx, HC, PM) resulting in less GLC of pollutants.
For DG Sets, the minimum height of the stack should be computed by using the
formula; H = h + 0.2 * Sq root of (Capacity of DG set)
Where, h= Height of the building housing the DG Set
The minimum required heights and actual heights provided to the DG Sets (height
of the shed 3 meters above the ground level) are as follows:
Thus, it may be safely concluded that heights provided to the DG Sets exhausts are
in good compliance with the specified standards, with adequate safety margin.
b) DS System
To control fugitive dust, Dust Suppression system by water sprinkling is envisaged.
DG Set Capacity (KVA) Height Required (m)
Actual Height of the DG set provided (m)
380 7.398 12 350 6.662 12 25 4.5 12
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c) Greenery
A greenery is also conceived around the air pollution sources and also along Plant
boundary to restrict air pollution.
Water Pollution Control
The sources of liquid effluents are identified below:
1) DM Plant Regeneration Waste
2) Sanitary Waste from plant toilets and
3) Canteen sullage
4) Waste water generated during mock fire drills
The wastewater management philosophy will be based on “Minimum Discharge”
concept. The treatment philosophy for each effluent stream is broadly discussed
below:
1. DM Plant Regeneration Waste
DM Plant Regeneration Waste is generated due to periodic regenerations of resin-
beds in the water demineralisation plant. The waste quality and quantity depends on
influent water quality, cycle of operations, type of resins etc. This stream contains
salts of sodium, magnesium, calcium etc. and may also contain insignificant amount
of heavy metals, if dissolved in DM Plant inlet water. This stream thus have high
amount of dissolved solids and also may be acidic or alkaline.
This stream is neutralised in a tank by adding acid or alkali as required. After
neutralization, the same is utilized in greenery development within the plant
premises.
2. Sanitary Waste from plant toilets
Sanitary waste is generated from various toilets in the plant. It is treated in septic
tanks and disposed off through soak pits.
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3. Canteen Waste
The canteen waste or sullage is first screened to remove grits and then it is led to a
conventional oil trap for removal of oil. This waste then is treated in septic tanks
and disposed off through soak pits.
4. Waste water generated during mock drills
Waste water generated during mock fire drills (i.e. only once in a month) is passed
through vapour trap and discharged into natural drainage system.
Storm Water Drainage system
Storm Water drainage exists around the total plant area. The rainfall data is
considered for designing the storm water drain network for the entire plot. The
storm water drains are considered on either sides of the plant roads and routed so as
to avoid water logging in the plot & hume pipes will be used at road crossings to
carry water on the other side of road. The discharges from the storm water drains
are taken to various ground water re-charge bores. The overflow from the ground
water recharge bore is discharged outside the plot after passed routed through oil
interceptors
Release of Effluent in Case o Fire
Effluent generated during fire will be routed through vapour trap before disposal
through plant drainage outfall.
Characteristics of Waste Water
The characteristics of waste water will meet the General standard for discharge of
effluents is furnished as TABLE - 4.1 with this report
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Solid Waste Management
No solid Waste shall be generated from operation of proposed Mounded Bullets.
Used oil, grease and empty drums shall be disposed of through registered vendors as
per Handling of Waste Material and Transboundary Rules, 2008 and subsequent
amendments.
Noise Mitigation
All general equipment is procured with built-in noise abatement measures to restrict
noise level not exceeding 85 dB(A) when measured 1 m away from the source
surface.
For equipment where this cannot be achieved, the noise generating equipment is
housed in suitable acoustic cover and building so that the noise level outside the
building will be 75 dB (A). The aspect of noise in such cases is dealt from the point
of view of occupational safety and health. Personnel working in those areas is
provided with noise plugs/noise muffs to protect themselves from the evils of
prolonged exposure to high noise levels.
The entire Plant is so installed so that the resultant noise level within the plant
premises remains within 75 dB(A) during day time and 70 dB(A) during night time
respectively
4.3 IREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS Some impacts of activities on the environment are reversible, while others are
irreversible, even with human intervention. A commitment of environmental
component is irreversible when its primary and secondary impacts limit the future
options or limit those factors that are renewable only over long periods of time. In
other words, irreversible commitment of environmental components is that
commitment which cannot be restored or returned to the original condition, despite
mitigation efforts. Reversibility of an environmental component means the ability of
the environmental component to recover their value after a disturbance has
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occurred. A commitment of environmental component is said to be irretrievable
which is neither renewable nor recoverable for use in the future.
The environmental components are identified below:
- Air
- Water (ground water and surface water),
- Noise
- Land / soil
- Ecology and
- Socio economics
The irreversible and irretrievable commitments of above environmental
components are listed below: a) Project Construction Stage
The construction phase of the project usually involves environmental impacts that
will cease at completion of construction. Components like air, water, noise, ecology
and socio economics are reversible. On the other hand some effects on the ecology
will be irreversible (due to removal of some vegetation etc from the project site
during site clearing operation) but they are retrievable as the proposed green belt
and compensatory afforestration if, any will restore / improve the ecology of the
surroundings.
b) Project Operation Stage
The operation phase of the project will make some irreversible and irretrievable
commitments on environmental components as identified below:
- As a very meager percentage of available ground water is drawn for the
plant operation and recycling and re-use of effluent water have alsobeen
conceived, this is not expected to have any impact.
- The ambient air quality of the surrounding of the proposed site represents
the expected scenario. The proposed project with the conceived pollution
control measures are not expected to induce any impact beyond tolerable
limit. Hence, the environmental commitments to air will be reversible in
nature.
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- The noise environment surrounding the area is not expected to have any
significant impact as all general equipment will be procured with built-in
noise abatement measures to restrict noise level not exceeding 85 dB(A)
when measured 1 m away from the source surface and some of these noise
generating equipments without this facility will be housed in suitable
acoustic cover and building. So it is expected that the environmental
commitments to noise will be reversible as well as retrievable in nature.
- Total land including the land required for expansion is under possession of
BPCL. Hence, the land environment will not undergo any major irreversible
and irretrievable change.
- During the plant operation phase, the ecology is not expected to have any
significant negative impact.
- The impacts on socio economics will have no irreversible and irretrievable impact.
4.4 ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACTS
The impacts on each environmental parameter are summarized in the following
manner:
A. Pre-project status
B. Project activities likely to induce impact
C. Assessment of the impact
Land
Total land including the land required for expansion is under possession of
BPCL.
The expansion of plant will be confined within the land which is already
under possession of BPCL.
There will be a permanent change in the land use pattern. Conversion of
barren land into industrial land will impart negligible detrimental impact.
Since the acquired land does not include forest area, the impact due to loss
of forest will not be there at all. The greenery which is already developed
within the Plant certainly has improved the local ecology as well as
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aesthetics of the area. Thus there will be no significant impact on land as
such.
Water Source
The water requirement is met through the water supply of Bore wells.
Total water requirement for domestic use, process, greenery development is
about 3 m3/day. No additional water requirement is envisaged for the
proposed expansion.
After execution of the proposed expansion, water consumption will remain
unaltered. Hence, it may be mentioned that the expansion project will have
practically no impact on the local surface water hydrology and ground
water.
Water Quality The water requirement for process, domestic use and other purposes will be
met through the water supply from Bore wells & IDCO water supply.
The project will reuse wastewater to the maximum extent with “Minimum
Discharge” approach. Only the waste water generated during mock fire drills
(i.e. only once in a month) is discharged into natural drainage system passed
after passing the same through vapour trap.
Controlled minimum discharge conforming to norms of SPCB / MOEF is
also not expected to induce any impact on the surface water quality.
Air Quality
All the values of PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NOx are well within the limit for
Industrial, Residential and Rural areas.
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The proposed project with the conceived pollution control measures is not
expected to induce any impact beyond tolerable limit.
The impact on air quality will be insignificant.
Ecology
The preparatory and construction activities at the project site will result in
vehicular movement. The primary influence of such activities will be in
terms of pollution of open drinking water sources, existing flora and fauna.
Increase in vehicular movement in percentage of the present traffic load will
be negligible. However, these are short term impacts and will remain
restricted to early phases of construction. The construction activities will
also promote inward migration of labour force and temporary
infrastructures. These evidently impart burden on the trees around the
project area unless safe guards are arranged.
There will be hardly any increase in gaseous emissions like SO2, NOx, and
the resultant levels of these pollutants will remain within permissible limits
and tolerable. Wastewater will be treated conforming to relevant standards
and will be recycled / reused to the extent feasible.
All the wastewater will be treated and mostly reused within the plant
boundary except the waste water generated during mock drill (i.e. only once
in a month). Even in case of some discharge of treated liquid effluent, the
same will be discharged conforming to norms. Hence, the aquatic life of the
receiving water body will not be disturbed. Increased traffic load will be
experienced in the area but the same is not expected to be of any concern
that may have to be taken into consideration.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
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Rehabilitation The entire land including the land required for expansion is under possession
of BPCL. It is barren and non-agricultural land free from human habitation.
No Resettlement and Rehabilitation (R & R) issue is involved.
The locals will be beneficiated through indirect employment during project
implementation period and operation period and thus will enjoy the fruit of
economic growth due to setting up of the plant. Adverse impact will thus be
mitigated and most likely beneficial impact will be induced.
Employment/Occupation
The percentage of main workers is 24.1% of total population and the
percentage of marginal workers is 8.02%.
Implementation of the proposed project will require contract labourers
during construction phase. They will be mainly of semi-skilled and unskilled
category. Availability of sizeable manpower required for construction
activity in the surrounding area is bright. As the labourers are generally un-
skilled, local unemployed job seekers would get ample opportunity for
employment during construction activity. In addition to the opportunity of
getting employment as construction labourers, the local population would
also have employment opportunities in related service activities like small
commercial establishments, small contracts, sub-contracts, supply of
construction material etc.
The construction of proposed project will also have its impact on social
relations that exists presently in the populations of the project area.
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Influx of migrant labourers may cause social conflict between guest and the
host community at initial stages of development. But, this normally gets
stabilized in a short period. Increased indirect employment opportunities will
lead to economic upliftment of the area. This in turn will enhance the social
status of local inhabitants, increased expenditure in festivals and social
occasions, increased intra and inter village relations and cultural ties.
Housing
No additional manpower is required in the operation phase of the project.
There will be immigration of people in two phases. A temporary
immigration of people will be there during construction phase.
Contractors will be made to provide suitable accommodation for their
personnel in the nearby villages. Existing 53 O & M personnel along with
contract persons will cater the proposed expansion also.
Education and Health
Local literacy and educational facilities in study area are fair. Medical
facility in the study area is satisfactory.
School and hospital facilities for the employees who will migrate from other
places for the units will be made available.
Existing medical and educational facilities are not expected to be strained.
Services
The local villages have moderate civic services.
Residential facilities for the operation/maintenance and general staff for the
proposed plant will be available in the nearby town.
The immigration of people will not strain existing facilities. With further
development of the area, it is expected that civic services in the locality will
further improve.
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4.5 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MATRIX
The overall environmental impact of the project can be quantitatively assessed
through Environmental Impact Matrix (EIM). Here the activities are concised to
fewer in number. The environmental parameters are given some weightage based on
consultant's experience totaling to 100. The weighted values are subjective ones but
arrived after considering inter disciplinary judgments, keeping in view the type and
specifications of the project.
Impact of the activities have been marked positive (+) or negative (-) depending on
its beneficial or adverse effects respectively on the environment. The degree of
impact has been assessed by the following scale:
Insignificant - 0
Appreciable - 1
Considerable - 2
Significant - 3
Major - 4
All environmental control measures have been considered while assessing the
impacts. The EIM is presented in Table – 4.1. A summarised table is presented
below:
E N V I R O N M E N T
PHYSICAL BIOLOGICAL
HUMAN TOTAL
Weightage 45 20 35 100
Impact value -30 +30 +97 +97
Degree of Impact -0.67 +1.5 +2.77 +0.97
Remarks Adverse Insignificant
Beneficial Appreciable Beneficial
Significant Beneficial Appreciable
So the overall environmental impact will be beneficial. This is because though there
will be insignificant adverse impact on physical environment and no impact on
biological environment, there will be considerable beneficial impact in human
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
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environment. This means by environmental control measures and implementation of
the same, the adverse impacts can be mitigated and overall beneficial impact can be
affected. The overall impact, as assessed, will be Beneficial Appreciable.
4.6 MITIGATION MEASURES
Following mitigation measures are conceived in the design phase to meet the
environmental standards and environmental operating conditions:
Air Pollution Mitigation Measures
The air pollution mitigative measures conceived for the project is summarized
below:
Water spraying is conceived to minimize dust pollution during excavation
and earth work.
The emergency DG will have tall stack as specified by CPCB.
Vacant land space is also conceived along plant boundary to restrict air
pollution. Greenery will be developed around the Plant in the vacant land
space to check the fugitive dust emission.
Water Pollution Mitigation Measures
The wastewater management philosophy is based on “Minimum Discharge”.
Wastewater generated from cylinder washing will be reused for gardening.
There will be no process / trade effluent generated during operations
The domestic effluent is treated in septic tank followed by soak pit.
Separate storm water drainage system is provided at the facility. The non-
contaminated rain water is discharged directly into rain water harvesting pit
within the proposed facility.
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Solid Waste Management
Practically, no Solid Waste shall be generated from operation of proposed
Mounded Bullets.
Used oil, grease and empty drums shall be disposed of through registered
vendors as per Handling of Waste Material and Transboundary Rules, 2008
and subsequent amendments.
Noise Pollution Mitigation Measures
All general equipment is procured with built-in noise abatement measures to
restrict noise level not exceeding 75 dB(A) when measured 1 m away from
the source surface.
Some of the equipments without having this is housed in suitable acoustic
cover and building so that the noise level outside the building is 75 dB (A).
Personnel working in those areas are provided with noise plugs/noise muffs
to protect themselves from the evils of prolonged exposure to high noise
levels.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
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TABLE - 4.2
GENERAL STANDARDS FOR DISCHARGE OF EFFLUENTS
[The Gazette of India – Extraordinary {Part II- Sec. 3(i)} Ministry of Environment and Forests Notification New Delhi, 19th May, 1993]
S. No.
Parameters Standards Inland Surface Water
Public Sewers
Land for irrigation
Marine coastal areas
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1 Colour and odour Note-1 Note-1 Note-1 Note-1 2 Suspended solids, mg/l max. 100 600 200 Note-2 3 Particle size of suspended solids. Note-3 - - Note-4 4 Dissolved solids (inorganic) mg/l max. 2100 - 2100 - 5 pH value 5.5-9.0 5.5-9.0 5.5-9.0 5.5-9.0 6 Temperature, OC Note-5 - - Note-5 7 Oil & grease, mg/l max. 10 20 10 20 8 Total residual chlorine, mg/l max. 1.0 - - 1.0 9 Ammonical Nitrogen (as N), mg/l.
max. 50 50 - 50
10 Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (as NH3), mg/l max.
100 - - 100
11 Free ammonia (as N), mg/l max. 5 - - 5 12 Biochemical oxygen demand (3 days
at 27oC), max. 30 350 100 100
13 Chemical oxygen demand, mg/l max. 250 - - 250 14 Arsenic (as As.), mg/l max. 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 15 Mercury (as Hg.), mg/l max. 0.01 0.01 - 0.01 16 Lead (as Pb), mg/l max. 0.1 1 1 1 17 Cadmium (as Cd.), mg/l max. 2.0 1.0 - 2.0 18 Hexavalent chromium (as Cr+6), mg/l.
max. 0.1 2.0 1 1
19 Total Chromium (as Cr), mg/l max. 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 20 Copper (as Cu), mg/l max. 3.0 3.0 - 3.0 21 Zinc (as Zn), mg/l max. 5.0 15 - 15 22 Selenium (as Se), mg/l max. 0.05 0.05 - 0.05 23 Nickel (as Ni), mg/l max. 3.0 3.0 - 5.0 24 Boron (as B), mg/l max. 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 25 Percent Sodium, max. - - 60 - 26 Residual sodium carbonate, mg/l max. - - 5.0 - 27 Cyanide (as CN) mg/l max. 0.2 2.0 0.2 0.2 28 Chloride (as Cl) mg/l max. 1000 1000 600 - 29 Fluoride (as F) mg/l max. 2.0 15 - 15
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
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S. No.
Parameters Standards Inland Surface Water
Public Sewers
Land for irrigation
Marine coastal areas
(a) (b) (c) (d) 30 Dissolved Phosphate (as P), mg/l max. 5.0 - - - 31 Sulphate (SO4) mg/l max. 1000 1000 1000 1000 32 Sulphide (as S), mg/l max. 2.0 - 2.0 5.0 33 Phenolic Compound (C6 H6 OH),
mg/l max. 1.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
34 Radioactive materials: (a) Alpha emitters, μc/ml max. (b) Beta emitters, μc/ml max.
10-7 10-6
10-7 10-6
10-8 10-6
10-7 10-7
35 Bio-assay test Note-6 Note-6 Note-6 Note-6 36 Manganese (as Mn) mg/l max. 2.0 2.0 - 2.0 37 Iron (as Fe) mg/l max. 2 3 - 3 38 Vanadium (as V), mg/l max. 0.2 0.2 - 0.2 39 Nitrate Nitrogen, mg/l max. 10 - - 20 40 Pesticides, microgram/l max.
(i) Benzene Hexachloride (ii) Carboryl 10 - 10 10 (iii) DDT 10 - 10 10 (iv) Endosulfan 10 - 450 450 (v) Diamethoate 10 - 10 10 (vi) Penitrothion 10 - 10 10 (vii) Melathion 10 - 10 10 (viii) Phorate 10 - 10 10 (ix) Mehyl Parathion 10 - 10 10 (x) Phenthoate 10 - 10 10 (xi) Pyrethrums 10 - 10 10 (xii) Copper oxychloride 9600 - 9600 9600 (xiii) Copper sulphate 50 - 50 50 (xiv) Ziram 1000 - 1000 1000 (xv) Sulphur 30 - 30 30 (xvi) Paraquat 2300 - 2300 2300 (xvii) Proponil 7300 - 7300 7300 (xviii) Nitrogen 780 - 780 780
Note-1: All efforts should be made to remove colour and unpleasant odour as far as practicable.
Note-2: (a) For process water – 100, For cooling water effluent, 10% above total suspended matter in influent. Note-3: Shall pass 850 micron IS sieve. Note-4: (a) Floatable solids-max. 3 mm. (b) Settleable solids-max. 850microns. Note-5: Shall not exceed 50C above the receiving water temperature. Note-6: 90% survivals of fish after 96 hours in 100% effluent.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
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TABLE – 4.3
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MATRIX
NOTE : (-) NEGATIVE IMPACT, (+) POSITIVE IMPACT
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
( 45 )
BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMEN
T ( 20 )
HUMAN ENVIRONMENT
( 35 )
ENVIRONNMENTAL
PARAMETERS
ACTIVITIES
TO
POG
RA
PHY
(10)
HY
DR
OLO
GY
(10)
WA
TER
QU
ALI
TY
(10)
AIR
QU
ALI
TY
(10)
NO
ISE
& O
DO
UR
(5)
FOR
EST
& V
EGET
ATI
ON
(10
)
FAU
NA
(5
)
AQ
UA
TIC
LIF
E (
5)
REH
AB
ILIT
AT
ION
/ C
OM
PEN
SATI
ON
(10)
OC
CU
PATI
ON
/ E
MPL
OY
ME
NT
(10)
HO
USI
NG
(5)
SER
VIC
ES
(4)
HEA
LTH
& E
DU
CA
TIO
N (
3)
AG
RIC
UL
TU
RE
(3)
OV
ER
AL
L
POSSESSION OF LAND
CO
NST
RU
CT
ION
SITE DEVELOPMENT (+) (-) (+) (-) (-)
TRANSPORT (-) (+) PLANT
CONSTRUCTION (-) (-) (+) (+)
GREENERY (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) IMMIGRATION (+) (-)
WORKERS’ COLONY (-) WATER REQUIREMENT (-)
REHABILITATION ROADS & RAILWAYS (+)
CONSTRUCTION +3 -1 -1 -1 +1 +1 +5 0 0 -1
COMMISSIONING (-) (-) (-) (+)
OPE
RA
TIO
N
WATER REQUIREMENT (-)
LIQUID EFFLUENT (-) SOLID WASTE
GASEOUS EFFLUENT (-) RAW MATERIAL
HANDLING
OPERATIONAL DIN TRANSPORT (-) (-) IMIGRATION (+)
COLONY (+) HOSPITAL / SCHOOL (+)
EFFL. MANAGEMENT / GREEN BELT (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+)
OPERATION 0 -1 -2 -1 +1 +1 +5
OVERALL +30 -10 -10 -30 -10 +20 +10 100 -3 +97
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4.7 Conclusions
In view of the above facts and figures, it may be concluded that the expansion of the
LPG Plant at 33 No. Industrial Estate near Khurda Road railway station in the
Khurda district of Odisha shall not result in any adverse environmental impacts on
physical features, water, noise and air environment, biological and socio-economic
environment. The expansion of LPG Plant shall generate additional direct/indirect
employment and indirect service sector enhancement in the region and would help
in the socio-economic up-liftment of the state as well as the local area. Availability
of petroleum products will improve quality of life of the people residing in an
around Khurda which will result in uplift of socio-economic conditions of people of
the region.
CHAPTER – V
ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES
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CHAPTER 5 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES (TECHNOLOGY & SITE)
5.1 ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED
This section analyses various alternatives to meet the objective of the project from
certain identified angles as recommended by MOEF. These are:
Siting of the project
Technology/Process
5.1.1 Siting of the Project
No alternative site is considered, as it is an expansion of the existing LPG Plant in
which all infrastructure facilities exist. The site has been selected mainly with the
following considerations:
Availability of existing infrastructural facilities for a LPG Plant
No additional land acquisition is required for the expansion project. The total land
is under possession of BPCL.
Availability of Raw water
Conformance with Siting Criteria of MOEF
The site satisfies the following basic requirements laid down by the MoEF:
1) The following do not exist within 10 km of the site :
Metropolitan city
National Park and Wildlife sanctuary
Ecologically sensitive target
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2) The site is more than 500 m away from the flood plain of river
3) The site is more than 500 m away from National or state highway
Moreover, the following are also satisfied:
i) No archaeological, historical, cultural or defense installation exists
with 10 km radius of the site.
ii) Barunai RF(S), Jariput PF (SW), Tartua PF (NW), Ratanpur PF (NE)
and Rengal PF (SE) exist within the 10 km from the study area.
iii) Barunei hill exists within the 10 km from the study area.
5.1.2 Technology / Process
The project site will only deal with receipt, storage and filling up of LPG cylinders,
distribution of LPG cylinders. boiler, heater or chemical process is not involved in
operation of the LPG Plant. Thus from technology / process point of view, there is no
scope of consideration for alternatives.
CHAPTER – VI
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM
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CHAPTER 6 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM
6.1 OBJECTIVE
The main objective of environmental monitoring program is to check efficiency of the
EMP (Environmental Management Plan) and mitigation measures, implementation and
take corrective action if needed. A well defined environmental monitoring program would
be followed for the proposed project. It would be ensured that trained and qualified staff
supervises monitoring of ambient air, stack gases, effluents, noise etc. to ensure that
prescribed standards are adhered to.
Table 6.1: Environmental Monitoring Plan for Proposed expansion project of LPG plant
Sl no
Potential Impact
Action to be followed Parameters for monitoring
Frequency of Monitoring
1 Air Emission
Emissions from DG sets & fire engines
Gasses emissions (SPM, SO2, NOX, CO)
As per CPCB/ OPCB requirement
AAQ within the project premises and nearby habitation is to be monitored All vehicles to be PUC certified.
( PM10, PM2.5, SO2 & NOX, VOC, Methane, Non Methane, HC ) Vehicle logs to be maintained
As per CPCB/ OPCB requirement
Meteorological data Wind speed, direction, temperature, relative humidity & rainfall
Continuous monitoring using automatic weather station
2 Noise Noise generated from operation of, DG sets, Pumps to be monitored
Spot noise level recording
Periodic during operation phase
3 Water Quality
Waste water Discharge
Waste water Discharge Waste water from canteen drains etc.
Selected parameters like PH, TSS, TDS, COD, BOD, OIL & Grease etc.
As recommended by OPCB
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6.2 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY: The ambient air quality shall be monitored for PM10, PM 2.5, SO2 and NOx, VOC, Methane, Non Methane, HC and frequency of monitoring shall be as per Terms of Reference (TOR) Guidelines and the results shall be compared with the CPCB norms.
Table 6.2: Method of Testing PM10/PM 2.5
Name of Pollutant PM10/PM2.5
Instrument Respirable Dust Sampler (RDS) Duration 24 Hourly Basis Mode Continuous
Unit μg/m3
Method EPA - 40 CFR (PART-50)
Surface & ground water
Surface & ground water in the vicinity of the plant
As per IS : 10500 : 1991 As recommended by OPCB
4 Solid waste / Hazardous waste
`Check compliance to HWM rules.
Quality & quantity monitoring
Periodically
5. Ground water quality and water levels
Monitoring ground water quality, around Depot site and levels
Comprehensive monitoring as per IS 10500 Groundwater level BGL
Periodically
6. Flora & Fauna
Vegetation, greenbelt / green cover development
No. of plants. Species Once a year
7. Soil quality Checking & maintainance of good soil quantity around the Depot.
Physico-chemical parameters and metals
Once a year
8. Health Employees and migrant labours health check up
All relevant parameters including HIV
Regular Check ups as per Factories act.
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Table 6.3: Method of Testing SO2
Name of Pollutant Sulphur Dioxide
Frequency 24 Hourly Basis Mode Continuous
Unit μg/m3
Method Modified West & Geake Method
Table 6.4: Method of Testing NOX
Name of Pollutant Oxides of Nitrogen
Frequency 24 Hourly Basis Mode Continuous
Unit μg/m3
Method Modified Jacob & Hochheiser Modified
CHAPTER – VII
RISK ANALYSIS STUDY
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CHAPTER 7 RISK ANALYSIS STUDY
7.1 RISK ANALYSIS STUDY
A separate Risk Assessment Report for the proposed project is prepared and the same
is enclosed as (Annexure V). The salient features of Risk Assessment study is
summarized below:
BLEVE
Maximum Damage from Fireball
S no.
Failure Scenarios
Source Strength
Radius of fireball
Duration of Fireball
Intensity of Radiation inside fireball
Damage distances from the center of the fireball
m
T m s kW/m2 37.5 kW/m2
12.5 kW/m2
4 kW/m
2
a) 18 MT Bullet Truck- full capacity
9 62.5 8.8 191.9 115.3 195.3 318.4
b) 125 MT Bullet ( Vessel- in open pedestal)- full capacity
75 115 15.3 217 214.4 373.5 615.1
In the above cases thermal radiation zone will spread beyond the boundary and cause off site
risk. These will also cause damage to on site facilities like unloading bay etc.
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HEAVY CLOUD DISPERSION (dispersion LEL distance considering Release Time of 1800 sec)
S no.
Scenario Pipe size
Flow rate LEL (m) UEL (m)
mm (kg/s) DW CW DW CW
a) 100 mm liquid line rupture (100%)
1. from bullet truck under pressure of 12Kg/ cm2
100 168.9 (rupture assumed to be at vessel-pipe joint)
25 69.1 4.2 21.6
2. from bullet under pressure of 14Kg/ cm2
100 7.2 10 8.1 2 2.9
100 mm vapour line rupture ( 25% )
b) 1. from bullet truck under pressure of 12Kg/ cm2
100 42.2 28 28.8 8 12.8
2. from bullet under pressure of 14Kg/ cm2
100 1.8
4 2.8 2 1.8
150 mm liquid line rupture (100%)
c) 1. from Bullet to pump at 12 Kg/ cm2)
150 260.2 (rupture assumed to be at vessel-pipe joint)
26.5 82.7 4.2 25.1
d) 150 mm liquid line rupture (25%)
e) 150 mm liquid line ruptures (25%) (from Bullet suction @ 6Kg/ cm2)
150 65.5 24 31.7 8 18.8
f) 100 mm vapour line rupture (100%) (from Bullet truck)
100 14.6 44 21.5 10 8.3
g) 100 mm Vapour return header under 95 CFM Compression @ 8Kg/ cm2 )
100 14.6 44 21.5 10 8.3
h) 1) 75 mm Carousel return line( liquid)
75 12.12 18 13.7 4 1.9
2) 50 mm Carousel return line(Vapour)
50 6.4 25 11.3 6 4.4
3) 50 mm hose rupture (liquid) 50 7.2 6 6.1 2 3.04
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In case a source of ignition this may cause damage to the onsite facilities
Mitigative Measures:-
1. Elimination of ground level ignition source 2. Nozzle for vapour cloud dispersion is to be put into operation 3. Provision for vapour dilution system
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
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VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION (DELAYED IGNITION considering Release time of 1800 Sec)
Damage distances due to VCE
S no.
Scenario Pipe size
Release rate
Wind velocity & Stability
Source strength for dispersion
Cloud radius/ Height
Amount in Explosive limits
LEL dist.
Damage distances (m)
mm kg/s kg/s m kg m 0.3 bar
0.1 bar
0.03 bar
100 mm liquid line rupture (100%) 1. from bullet truck under pressure of 12 Kg/ cm2)
150 168.9 2/ F 168.9 48.3/ 1.97
1857 28 104.0 208.0
520
150 mm liquid line rupture (25%)
1. from bullet truck under pressure of 12 Kg/ cm2)
150 42.2 2/ F 42.23 24.3/ 3.5
337.6 20 58.9 117.9
294.7
2. to Carousal @ 50 Kl/ Hr at 12 Kg/ cm2)
75 1.8 2/ F 1.8 1.9/1.7 1.8 2 Explosion unlikely Qty low
150 mm liquid line rupture (100%) (from Bullet suction @ 6 Kg/ cm2)
150 260.2 2/ F 260.2 58.4/ 9.5
3120 30 123.6 247.2
618.1
150 mm liquid line rupture (25%) (from Bullet suction @ 6 Kg/ cm2)
150 65.05 2/ F 65.05 31.7/ 4.4
650.5 24 73.6 146.7
366.7
75 mm Carousel return line (liquid)
75 7.2 2/ F 7.2 6.1/2.2 21.6 6 Explosion unlikely Qty low
a) Over flow 60MT Bullet
260.2 2/F 260.2 58.4/ 9.5
3120 30 118.3 241.5
609.1
Effect of explosion will spread beyond the boundary wall and will cause off site risk
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
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JET FIRE (If ignited)
S no.
Scenario Pipe size
Discharge rate
Thermal radiation inside jet
Length Width Damage distances (m)
mm kg/s kW/m2 m m 37.5 kW/m2
12.5 kW/m2
4 kW/m2
DW
CW
DW
CW
DW
CW
a) 100 mm liquid line rupture (100%)
1. from bullet truck under pressure of 12 Kg/ cm2 under compressor 95 CFM)
150 5.4 320.4 26.8 2.3 28.7
4.9 30.8
11.6
33.7
22.0
b) 100 mm vapour line rupture (100%)( from Bullet truck )
100 10.06 259.4 36.2 3.1 38.1
5.5 40.7
13.3
44.3
25.9
c) 150 mm liquid line rupture (100%) (from Bullet truck @ 6 KG/ cm2)
150 260.2 184.9 171.2 14.8 176.4
16.3
187.5
44.6
201.7
92.7
d) 100 mm Vapour return header under 95 CFM Compression @ 8Kg/ cm2)
150 14.6 236.0 43.2 3.7 45.3
5.8 48.1
14.7
52.2
29.1
e) 1. 75 mm Carousel return line (liquid)
75 7.2 321.5 30.8 2.6 32.9
5.7 35.2
13.3
38.7
25.1
2. 50mm hose rupture (liquid)
50 7.2 321.5 30.8 2.6 32.9
5.7 35.2
13.3
38.7
25.1
These will cause damage to the onsite facilities
Mitigative Measures:-
Activation of sprinkler system for cooling down the facilities
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
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VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION (DELAYED IGNITION considering Release time of 1800 Sec)
RECOMMENDATION
1. Periodic cleaning of filter element to reduce probability of rupture line due to
blockage of filter.
2. Over filling of cylinder due to reverse flow from the bullet can lead to rupture of
cylinders which are disastrous. Hence NRV in between evacuation unit and tank is
recommended.
7.2 R & R ACTION PLANS
No new land acquisition is involved with the proposed expansion of the LPG Plant.
The existing LPG Plant at Khurda has enough space within its plant boundary to
accommodate the expansion. Thus no R & R issue is involved with this proposed
expansion.
7.3.1 DETAILS OF PUBLIC CONSULTATION
State Expert Appraisal Committee (SEAC), Odisha vide Ref. No. 572 /SEAC-295 dt
14th August 2015 forwarded the prescribed TOR of the EIA Study for the proposed
Expansion Project. A copy of the same is also enclosed as (Annexure II).
An appeal vide no C/E/Khurda / EC dated 08.02.2016 was submitted for exemption of
public hearing.
State Level Environment Impact Assessment Authority vide letter no 1642/SEIAA
dated 23.06.2016 had communicated that public hearing need not be conducted.
Letter enclosed as Annexure VI
CHAPTER – VIII
PROJECT BENEFIT
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
8-1
CHAPTER 8 PROJECT BENEFITS
8.1 PROJECT BENEFITS
The proposed expansion project is expected to bring significant socio-economic and
environmental benefits both at local and national level as listed below:
GENERAL INFRASTRUCTURE
With a view to meeting the Government objective of inducing more people to use
cleaner fuel, it is necessary to improve supply position of LPG cylinders. Increased
production of LPG cylinders will help in expanding the LPG customer base and also
ensure timely availability of domestic LPG cylinders.
PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
National Highway 5 runs in close proximity of the existing plant area. Establishment
of large developmental projects of this category will improve the availability of the
physical infrastructures like approach roads, drainage, communication and
transportation facilities etc.
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Implementation of the project will indirectly boost up the social infrastructure of the
surrounding, like local education, medical and communication of the whole
surrounding area.
EMPLOYMENT POTENTIAL
The project will also provide indirect employment to unskilled, semiskilled and
skilled categories. During operation phase there will be employment opportunities,
mainly in service sector, as per the requirement. In addition to this, additional jobs
will be generated by local business in the supply of goods and services.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
8-2
OTHER BENEFITS
Besides above, indirect benefits are also expected to be accrued to the region by way
of engagement of more distributors in far flung areas whereby delivery distance and
delivery time can be reduced. Reduction of delivery distance of trucks will result in
reduced air pollution and reduced probability of accidents on the roads due to less
movement of trucks.
Moreover, the proposed expansion project will improve supply position of the LPG
cylinders which implies more LPG customers and thereby a better environment can be
ensured.
Thus, the proposed project has ushered in the social and economic and environmental
up-liftmen of the persons living in the vicinity of the Project i.e. of society at large.
CHAPTER –IX
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
CHAPTER 9 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
9.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)
9.1.1 Preamble
This section describes the control technologies adopted / recommended for mitigating
the probable environmental impacts both during construction and operation phases of
the project as identified and described in Section 4 : Anticipated Environmental
Impacts & Mitigation Measures.
To maintain the ecological balance and to check harmful effects due to the proposed
expansion of the LPG Plant, environmental mitigative measures have been integrated
into the process of planning. This section discusses the management plan for
mitigation/abatement of adverse environmental impacts and enhancement of beneficial
impacts. The EMP has been designed within the framework of various legislative and
regulatory requirements on environmental and socio-economic aspects of different
national and international bodies. EMP includes the following components
1) Impact Mitigation Measures during Construction Phase
2) Impact Mitigation Measures during Operation Phase
9.1.2 Impact Mitigation Measures During Construction Phase
The impacts during the construction phase on the environment would be basically of
temporary in nature and are expected to reduce gradually on completion of
construction activities.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
Air Quality Management
During construction phase, a certain amount of dust shall be generated due to
transportation of men, machinery and materials, land clearing and leveling of land,
operation of construction machinery/ equipment, construction of foundations,
buildings and other requisite infrastructure etc. close to the construction site. Gaseous
emissions like SOx, NOx, CO and hydrocarbons are also anticipated as a result of
burning of fuel due to operation of machinery/ equipment. The impacts shall be
temporary in nature and shall marginally deteriorate the ambient air quality. However,
the following measures shall further reduce the dust generation:
- Construction materials shall be transported to the site in covered trucks, where
necessary
- Land clearing for construction site will be kept at the absolute minimum
practicable
- Plant Layout would be designed to minimize the removal of soil and vegetation
- Topsoil removed will be preserved for later reinstatement purposes by piling it
along a boundary of the site
- Dust suppression systems (water spray) shall be used as per requirement at the
construction site
- Earth moving equipment, typically a bulldozer with a grader blade and ripper
shall be used for excavation work.
Noise Level Management
Noise shall be generated mainly due to operation of machinery/ equipment used for
construction and transportation of materials to the site. The general noise levels due to
construction activities may sometimes go up to 90 dB(A) at the work sites during day
time. The workers in general are likely to be exposed to an equivalent noise level of
80-90 dB(A) in an 8 hour shift for which all statutory precautions as per law shall be
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
implemented. The measures described below shall be able to mitigate the noise levels
generated at site:
- Provision of silencers to modulate the noise generated by machines
- Provision of protective devices like ear muff/ plugs to the workers who will be
working in the noise prone areas.
Water Resource Management
During the construction phase of the proposed expansion of the plant, the total water
requirement is estimated as 10 to 20 m3 per day depending on the construction
activities at site. This requirement of water will be drawn through bore well water,
identified as the source of water for the plant. The following measures shall be adopted
for water resource management:
- Continuous attempt shall be made to optimize/ reduce the use of water
- Continuous attempt shall be made to avoid wastage and leakage of water
- Regular record of water table of wells in the vicinity
Water Quality Management
During the construction phase, the waste water shall be mainly generated from
domestic activities. The strength of total skilled, semiskilled and unskilled labour
required for construction is estimated at 150 (peak) and 100 (average). Most of the
workers will be from local area, wastewater generation shall be minimal. A proper
drainage system shall be constructed at site on a temporary basis at an early stage. The
salient features of water quality management shall comprise of the following:
- Raw water quality shall be checked on regular basis for essential parameters
- All sanitary waste from the site shall be treated in the septic tanks
- All the debris resulting from the site shall be isolated from the waste water and
disposed off separately to the extent feasible
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
- An oil trap shall be provided in the drainage line to prevent contamination by
accidental spillage of oil / grease
- Wash down area for cleaning of vehicles wheels shall be provided and wheel
wash waste shall be drained properly. Here also a baffled oil-water separator
will be provided
- To prevent contamination from accidental spillage of oil, the oil storage areas
will be bounded and will be inspected and cleaned at regular intervals.
Soil Quality Management
Construction related activities could have an adverse impact on the soil resulting from
clearing, excavation, topsoil removal, soil disposal, road construction and refuse/ waste
disposal. The following measures shall be adopted to prevent/ reduce soil
contamination:
- Litter, fuel, oil drums, used grease cartridges shall be collected and removed
properly
- Dustbins / litter bins shall be placed at strategic locations
- Lubrication waste oil shall be collected separately in drums and shall be
disposed off as per standard practice accepted by the statutory authorities.
Land Use Pattern and Ecology Management
Disturbance during construction phase shall be confined to the land earmarked for the
proposed expansion of the plant only. To keep the disturbance at a minimum, the
following measures are recommended:
- Land clearing for construction site will be kept at the absolute minimum
practicable
- Plant Layout would be designed to minimize the removal of soil and vegetation
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
- Topsoil will be cleared and stored for later reinstatement purposes by piling it
along a boundary of the site.
Traffic Movement
Traffic to and from the site would become more intensive and much heavier than at
present in normal conditions. This would subject the existing roads to more vehicular
movements. Since the site is adjacent to National Highway, which is capable of taking
this extra, load easily. However, the following measures are proposed for traffic
control during construction phase:
- Minimize use of roads by planning vehicle movements
- Advise traffic police of activities
- Road crossings to be used shall be well marked
- Water Spray down to dirt roads if the same is too dusty
Socio-economic
In addition to the permanent staff, around 50 to 100 persons shall be engaged in
construction activities. Most of the unskilled and semi skilled labour shall be from
nearby villages and towns. BPCL shall also ensure:
- Adequate dialogue with the local bodies / local population
- Protection of traditional water structures
- Provision of health and education services
- No displacement is applicable.
- Provide temporary employment generation opportunities to local peoples,
especially in unskilled categories.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
9.1.3 Impact Mitigation Measures during Operation Phase
The impacts during the operation phase on the environment would be basically of
permanent nature and are expected to last long. Environment protection measures/
precautions shall be adopted to minimize the impacts due to operation of plant and this
includes all environmental and socio-economic mitigative measures as proposed and
discussed below:
1. Solid Waste Management
2. Air Pollution Control Measure
3. Water Pollution Control Measure
4. Noise Pollution Control Measure
5. Greenery Development
6. Corporate Environmental Responsibility
7. Occupational safety and health
8. Emergency Preparedness (Disaster management Plan)
9. Audit
The different tasks under Environmental Management Plan (EMP) are furnished in
Fig. – 9.3.
Solid Waste Management
Following measure are conceived for management of solid waste that will be generated
from the LPG Plant:
Practically, no Solid Waste shall be generated from operation of proposed
Mounded Bullets.
Used oil, grease and empty drums shall be disposed of through registered
vendors as per Handling of Waste Material and Transboundary Rules, 2008 and
subsequent amendments.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
Air Pollution Control Measure
All noise generating equipment’s like LPG compressor, DG-Sets etc., will be
provided with acoustic enclosure to help in attenuating the noise levels thereby the
ambient noise levels will be maintained below the CPCB limits of 75 dB(A) for
industrial areas
Water spraying is conceived to minimize dust pollution during movement of vechicles
and adequate green belt has been developed to mitigate the pollution arising due to
movement of vehicles. Regular monitoring of DG – Stack and Ambient air quality
monitoring will be carried out
Water Pollution Mitigative Measure
Wastewater Management philosophy is based on following:
- The wastewater management philosophy is based on “Minimum Discharge”
concept. Sewage generated will be disposed through septic tanks & soakpits.
Washing water generated from cylinder washing will be diverted to
sedimentation traps fitted with oil separator & clarified water will be reused for
cylinder washing.
- The domestic effluent is treated in septic tank followed by soak pit.
- Separate storm water drainage system is provided at the facility. The non-
contaminated rain water is discharged directly into rain water harvesting pit
within the proposed facility.
- Waste water generated during mock firedrills (only once in a month) is passed
through vapour trap and discharged into natural drainage system.
- During rainy season, the rain water is discharged through properly designed
storm water drain after passing through vapour trap.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
Noise Pollution Control
All noise generating equipment’s like DG-Sets, pumps etc., will be provided with
acoustic enclosure to help in attenuating the noise levels thereby the ambient noise
levels will be maintained below the CPCB limits of 75 dB(A) for industrial areas.
Greenery Development
Greenery has been developed on 3.75 acre land. Further, greenery will be developed on
0.50 acre vacant land within the premises. Considering, projected development,33% of
the total area will be under green belt.
Samplings proposed for plantation are given in the below table
Table 9.1 : Details on Greenbelt Plantation
S.No List of tree saplings Nos
1 Sal 230
2 Flame of the forest 225
3 Deuedar 430
4 Neem 150
5 Teak 95
6 Jhau 180
7 Sisam 290
Total 1600
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
Figure 9.1 Showing the Green Belt in the Layout
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
Figure 9.2 Plantation at vacant space within the LPG Plant
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
Figures-9.3 Different tasks under Environmental Management Plan 9.1.4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CELL
Implementation of the Environmental Management Plan needs suitable organisation
and manpower and success of any EvironmentalMnagementPogramme depends upon
the efficiency of the organizational setup responsible for the implementation of the
programme. Regular monitoring of the various environmental parameters is also
necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of the management programme so that
corrective action / measure can be taken in case there are some drawbacks in the
proposed programme.
Out of 53 (Company Employees & Contract Labour) staffs available for the existing
LPG Plant, people having sufficient educational and professional qualification and
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
experience in the field of environmental management is nominated to discharge
responsibilities related to environmental management. Thus an Environmental
Management Cell (EMC) is already formed in the LPG Plant. The Cell is under the
overall supervision of the Plant Manager and is responsible for monitoring of the
implementation of the various actions which are to be executed by the agencies
specified in the EMP. The broad functions of EMC are:
To implement the environmental management plan,
To assure regulatory compliance with all relevant rules and regulations
To ensure compliance with EC conditions
To report non compliance / violations of environmental norms, if any, to the
Board of Directors of BPCL through Plant Manager
To ensure regular operation and maintenance of pollution control devices,
To minimize environmental impacts of operations as by strict adherence to the
EMP
To initiate environmental monitoring as per approved schedule.
Review and interpretation of monitored results and corrective measures in case
monitored results are above the specified limit.
Maintain documentation of good environmental practices and applicable
environmental laws as ready reference.
Maintain environmental related records.
Coordination with regulatory agencies, external consultants, monitoring
laboratories.
Maintain log of public complaints and the action taken
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
9.1.5 SAFETY , HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF BPCL
BPCL has the highest concern and commitment for protecting the Health and Safety of
all employees, contractors, customers and the communities in which BPCL operates
and for conservation of the Environment. BPCL comply with all Statutory Regulations
and may even go beyond these for the benefit of our environment. BPCL consider
Health, Safety and Environmental aspects are an integral part of BPCL’s business
planning and operation processes.
HSSE Policy
Based on these guiding principles, BPCL shall demonstrate their commitment by:
Providing and maintaining safe facilities and working conditions.
Recognizing that all employees have responsibility for their own safety and
actions which could affect the safety of others.
Adoption of appropriate technologies to minimize the impact of our activities
on the Environment
BPCL shall establish clear objectives and targets to:
Improve continuously for prevention of accidents occupational illnesses and
minimising any impact of our activities on the environment.
Promote learning through training and sharing of experiences and best
practices; including with contractors, customers and the public, wherever
required.
Inculcate values and attitudes conducive to achieve excellence in Health, Safety
and Environmental performance.
BPCL shall provide means to achieve their mission by:
Assigning clear roles and responsibilities at all levels and periodically
reviewing and recognizing contribution to HSE objectives.
Allocating adequate resources.
Fostering a spirit of participation by all employees in Health, Safety and
Environmental conservation efforts.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
Creating appropriate forums for deliberations on Health, Safety and
Environmental issues.
BPCL shall monitor performance by:
Periodically auditing work processes, systems practices and promptly
correcting deficiencies.
Incorporating HSE performance as a parameter for assessing the overall
performance of Employees, Business Units, Contractors and Business
Associates.
Security Policy
BPCL has the highest concern for the Security of human lives and Corporation’s
properties, goods and services. BPCL is also committed to be alert and responsible to
prevent theft, mis-use, loss, damage, pilferage and sabotage of any nature which will
hamper their business interests / continuity. Commensurate with this commitment,
BPCL shall:
Adhere to security rules, regulations and laws of the land.
Provide effective and proactive measures for Physical and Internal Security as
explained in the Security Manual – at all Refineries and Marketing
establishments.
Keep ourselves in readiness to meet all emergency situations by appropriate
action plans.
Actively participate in implementation of security measures to combat external
threats.
Reinforce the security set up by providing regular trainings and up gradation of
facilities.
Monitor effectiveness of security measures by surprise checks, mock drills and
take corrective actions.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
Corporate Environmental Responsibility
As BPCL strongly believes that it is a part of the larger community where it operates,
the company has, therefore, taken cognizance of the cultural ethos and socio economic
environment of the locality where its plants are located. With this approach, BPCL
shall consider the following general measures for the socio – economic upliftment of
the nearby villages under Corporate Environmental Responsibility:
- Providing Job Opportunity
The proposed expansion project during construction phase will certainly have
to employ a fair number of persons in the unskilled and semiskilled categories.
It may be more cost effective to employ the locals in these positions than
providing employment to the persons outside the locality. Hence it is proposed
to employ as much as possible the local people, especially in the category of
unskilled and semi skilledlabours, subject to the rules and regulations of BPCL.
- Vocational Training to Local Youth
A section of local youth shall be trained in phases so that they can take up some
jobs such as contractorship, supplying of materials and also small-scale rural
business (self employment) development.
- Education
BPCL shall extend support to existing primary educational institutions.
- Providing Medical Assistance
BPCL will arrange eye checkup/health checkup clinics for local villages.
- Infrastructure Development
BPCL shall also extend its support in social infrastructure development like
tube-wells for drinking water in nearby villages, village road development,
road side shelters etc.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
- Social Afforest ration
To maintain ecological balance, BPCL will promote aforestation programmes
by providing saplings to schools, village communities and individuals. Initially,
about 5-6 schools will be motivated annually to plant trees within their
compounds.
- Games, Sports and Culture
BPCL will also extend their support for games, sports and cultural activity of
the locality.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
Figures-9.4Health Safety & Environmental Policy of BPCL
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
Emergency Preparedness (Disaster Management Plan)
Emergency scenario may arise due to the accidental release of hazardous chemicals. A
well-formulated DMP is conceived for combating emergency scenarios. The details of
the DMP under condition of emergency are already discussed in a separate DMP.
Regular and intensive awareness campaigns will be made within the staff members of
BPCL and the nearby villagers. To ensure appropriate combating of emergency
scenarios, BPCL will arrange declared and un-declared Mock Drills with different
scenarios to check the effectiveness and staff members’ alertness about the Disaster
Management Program.
Audit
An audit is a retrospective look at an existing operation to see how successfully the
environmental issues are being addressed. It helps to safeguard the environment, by
assisting with and substantiating compliance with local, regional and national laws and
regulations, and with company policy and standards.
The audit procedure involves gathering relevant background and environmental data,
reports and program details. An inspection checklist is generally used during the site
inspection by the audit team. This team may be either internal or external, depending
on the objectives of the exercise.
An environmental audit gives an overall view of the company's mechanisms and their
effectiveness in environmental control, as well as regulatory compliance.
Management systems auditing (full environmental auditing) covers such issues as:
- Lines of responsibility for environmental controls;
- Resources allocated; and
- Effectiveness of security and protection measures.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
In addition to regulatory compliance and management system auditing, specific
technical audits of energy consumption, waste and pollution sources, and site
contamination are possible. Each technique has its own application and the
methodology is described in operations manuals. Regulatory compliance covers issues
such as establishing the actual level of environmental discharges; site contamination;
and accidents, etc.
Waste and pollution audits can pinpoint exactly where in a process most of the wastes
originate and why they are allowed to be released.
Energy audits seek to investigate the pattern of energy consumption within a company
and to propose cost-effective conservation measures.
Both waste and energy audits often lead to substantial cost savings within a company
by identifying where excessive wastage occurs.
Site audits try to document the state of soil contamination, and perhaps also
groundwater contamination. This may have an economic payback in identifying the
practices that led to the contamination. Remedial clean-up measures being notoriously
expensive, such audits may result in improved operating procedures, thereby avoiding
further expenditure during the eventual site closure phase.
The auditing process should ensure that the monitoring program adequately measures
the true nature and extent of all contaminated discharges to water and air, whether
chemical or Physical.
The cost for installation of 3X300 MT MSV has been estimated at Rs 3266 lacs.
CHAPTER –X
SUMMARY & CONCLUSION
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
10-1
CHAPTER 10
SUMMARY & CONCLUSION
An Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) study report based on TOR has been
prepared for this project and baseline environmental quality data collected for the
study area. Identification and prediction of significant environmental impacts due to
the proposed project with an Environmental Impact Statement followed by delineation
of appropriate impact mitigation measures in an Environmental Management Plan
(EMP) are included in the EIA report. The proposed project intends to ensure that the
developmental activities related to the project are environmentally sound and does not
have any adverse effects on the natural environment in the surroundings of the site.
Purpose of this Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study is to provide
information on the nature and extent of environmental impacts arising from the
construction and operation of the proposed project and related activities taking place
concurrently.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
10-2
10.1 SALIENT FEATURES OF THE PROJECT
The salient features of the project are discussed below:
Item Description
Details
Project Proposal
The proposed project is an expansion project for increasing storage capacity by 900 MT of the existing LPG bottling Plant. 3 Nos additional mounded bullets are proposed to be installed for storage of LPG. After implementation of the project, total storage capacity will be1270 MT
Location Plot/Survey/Khasra No. Khurda LPG plant is located on the plot nos 2308, 2285, Khata no. 787 at 33, Indusreial Estate, Khurda
Land Requirement & its break up for land use
S. No. Land use parameter Area ( Acres) 1. Buildings 0.069 2. Approach Road 0.061 3. Operational Area 6.530 4. Green belt development area 3.750 5. Open area 2.500 Total Area 12.91
Man power requirement
53 Nos during operation
Power requirement & Source
Following stand by DG Sets have been installed for operation of the Plant during power cut.
1. 380 KVA 2. 250 KVA 3. 25 KVA
Water requirement & Supply
3 KLD from Bore well
Wastewater generation, treatment & disposal
Domestic water requirement (KLD)
Industrial water requirement (KLD)
Water requirement for Greenbelt (KLD)
Domestic sewage generation (KLD)
Wastewater from process(KLD)
1 1 1 0.8 0.8
Total 3 0.8 (reused for greenery)
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
10-3
10.2 SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
Envi
ronm
enta
l C
ompo
nent
Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Residual Impact
Construction Phase
Phys
ical
Env
iron
men
t
i) Land acquisition For the proposed expansion project, the total land 12.91 Acre (including the land required for proposed expansion) is under possession of BPCL.
Hence, there will be no impact due to this issue.
ii) Site development - leveling /grading & related construction activities
BPCL will ensure use of water sprinklers liberally to minimize / eliminate fugitive dust nuisance during site development.
Impacts are temporary in nature. Impacts will be confined to short distances, as coarse particles will be settled within short distance from activities. Thus minor impact is envisaged at construction site within the premises. No negative impact is expected outside the site boundary.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
10-4
Envi
ronm
enta
l C
ompo
nent
Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Residual Impact
Soci
oeco
nom
ic E
nvir
onm
ent
A temporary immigration of persons will be there. Most of the unskilled and semi skilled labour shall be from nearby villages and towns.
Accommodations of construction workers will be arranged in nearby villages. There are large numbers of residential buildings available in the villages. However, temporary infrastructures like site offices, stores, material yard, Rest rooms etc. will be constructed at Project site.
No negative impact is anticipated due to influx of workers. But, some significant positive impact is envisaged due to increased employment opportunity, new job generation and additional jobs that will be generated indirectly in the form of local business in the supply of goods and services.
Air
Env
iron
men
t
Fugitive dust will be generated during excavation and other earthmoving activities, during concreting work and movement of vehicles especially on unmetalled roads.
This problem has to be mitigated by introducing dust suppression measure through sprinkling of water in dust prone activities.
Whatever adverse impact might be there, all will be temporary and confined to the construction area only. There will be no significant residual negative impact to the environment on an overall concept.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
10-5
Envi
ronm
enta
l C
ompo
nent
Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Residual Impact
Wat
er E
nvir
onm
ent
Some waste water will be generated from ongoing construction activity.
- There will be no significant residual negative impact.
All sanitary waste from the site shall be treated in the septic tanks. An oil trap shall be provided in the drainage line to prevent combination of surface water by accident spillage of oil/ grease from Gen Sets.
Noi
se E
nvir
onm
ent
Noise shall be generated mainly due to operation of machinery / equipment used for construction and transportation of material to the site.
The equipment, which is source of high noise, will have built in type noise control abatement measure. Provision of supplying protective devices like ear muff / plugs to the workers who will be working in the noise prone areas.
There will be no significant residual negative impact.
Soil
Envi
ronm
ent
Construction related activities could have an adverse impact on the soil resulting from clearing, excavation, top soil removal, soil disposal, road construction and refuse/ waste disposal.
Litter, fuel, oil drums, used grease cartridges shall be collected and removed properly. Dustbins / litter bins shall be placed at strategic locations.
There will be no significant residual negative impact.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
10-6
Envi
ronm
enta
l C
ompo
nent
Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Residual Impact
Ecol
ogic
al E
nvir
onm
ent
Disturbance during construction phase shall be confined to the land acquired for the proposed plant only
- Land clearing for construction site will be kept at the absolute minimum
practicable. Plant Layout would be designed to minimize the removal of soil and vegetation
There will be no significant residual negative impact.
- The greenery is already developed from early date of construction.
Operation Phase
Soci
oeco
nom
ic E
nvir
onm
ent Existing 53 permanent
staffs will cater to the
proposed expansion
also. Some indirect
employment will be
generated due to
implementation of the
project.
The site being easily accessible from the near by areas that also have a good number of housing facilities, local housing will not be stressed to any degree of concern.
It is expected that civic services in the locality will further improve. The project will have a positive beneficial effect on socioeconomic environment.
Air
Env
iron
men
t
NOx, HC & PM will be emitted through stack for existing DG sets.No new emergency DG set is proposed for the expansion
Existing DG sets have stack of adequate height,as per recommendation of CPCB. Moreover greenery is already developed around the terminal in the vacant land space to check the fugitive dust emission.
There will be no additional impact on air environment due to proposed expansion.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
10-7
Envi
ronm
enta
l C
ompo
nent
Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Residual Impact
Wat
er
Envi
ronm
ent
Wash water mixed with oil will be discharged.
The project will reuse wastewater to the maximum extent with “Minimum Discharge” approach. Only the waste water generated during mock fire drills (i,e. only once in a month) is discharged into natural drainage system passed after passing the same through vapour trap.
The aquatic life of the receiving water body will not be disturbed. Controlled discharge conforming to norms of SPCB / MOEF is not expected to induce any detrimental impact on the surface water quality.
Noi
se E
nvir
onm
ent
Noise will be generated only from the running of pumps and existing emergency DG sets
DG sets will be put in the acoustic enclosure and noise from the pumps will be within permissible limits.
The entire Plant will be so procured/installed so that the resultant noise level within the plant premises remains within 75 dB(A) during day time and 70 dB(A) during night time respectively.
Soil
Envi
ronm
ent No solid waste shall
be generated from operation of proposed mounded bullets
Used oil, grease and empty drums shall be disposed of through registered vendor as per handling of waste material and trans boundary Rules, 2008 and subsequent amendments
The soil environment will not degrade.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
10-8
Envi
ronm
enta
l C
ompo
nent
Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Residual Impact
Ecol
ogic
al E
nvir
onm
ent The ecological
environment around the Plant will not be affected since there is no emission of discharge of effluents beyond the permissible limits.
All measures to control air pollutants, waste water discharge and solid waste disposal are conceived as stated above.
There will be no significant residual negative impact due to implementation of the proposed expansi on project.
10.3 OVERALL JUSTIFICATION FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT Demand of LPG has increased with urbanization of the places around Khurda. In
order to meet the demand, BPCL has introduced 2nd shift operation for which feed
stock reserve needs to be increased. It is therefore proposed to install 3 nos mounded
storage vessels for storage of sufficient quantity of feed stock.
The proposed project is meant for improving supply position of LPG in the villages
and small towns around Khurda.
The proposed project will improve supply position of the LPG in Odissa, which is
vital for economic growth as well as improving the quality of life. The improved LPG
supply will have strong logistical support for delivering it to customers without
interruption. The project will also provide indirect employment to unskilled,
semiskilled and skilled categories.
Studying all the above factors, Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL)
proposes to enhance the storage capacity of the existing Plant at Khurda.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
10-9
PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
The project site is located around 12 km away from Khurda town. The nearest railway
station is Khurda Railway Station. Nearest domestic and international airport is Biju
Patnaik International Airport at Bhubaneswar. Expansion of the existing Plant will
further improve the availability of the physical infrastructures like approach roads,
drainage, communication and transportation facilities etc.
SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Implementation of the project will indirectly boost up the social infrastructure of the
surrounding, like local education, medical and communication of the whole
surrounding area.
EMPLOYMENT POTENTIAL
The project implementation will indeed generate direct and indirect employment
potential. During operation phase there will be employment opportunities, mainly in
service sector, as per the requirement. In addition to this, additional jobs will be
generated by local business in the supply of goods and services.
OTHER BENEFITS
With improved supply of LPG cylinders, more people can be brought under LPG use
which will reduce burning of fossil fuel which will ensure better environment and
improve quality of life.
10.4 EXPLANATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION Adequate Environmental Management measures will be incorporated during the
entire operating phase of the project to minimize any adverse environmental impact
and assure sustainable development of the area. The EMP planned for the operating
stage of the project will include the following elements:
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
10-10
• Air Pollution Control and Management
• Noise Control and Management
• Storm Water Management
• Hazardous and Solid Waste Management
• Plantation and Landscaping
• Risk Assessment & Disaster Management Plan
• Emergency Response Plans for emergency scenarios • Environmental Monitoring
• Environmental Management Cell
For the effective implementation of the EMP, an Environmental Management Cell (EMC) is in operation of the Plant. The cell implements the following. • Environmental Monitoring Program
• Personnel Training
• Regular Environmental Audits and Corrective Action
• Documentation – Standard operating procedures Environmental Management Plans and
other records.
10.5 CONCLUSION
Environmental Impact Assessment Report has addressed all possible impacts the
“Khurda LPG PLant could have on the surrounding environment. Relevant mitigation
measures have been adequately assessed and formulated to meet with statutory
requirements. This project is a public utility project that is aimed at ensuring regular
supply of LPG in the surrounding area of Khurda town and other faraway places of
Khurda district.
Thus, the proposed project will usher in the social and economic up-liftment of the
persons living in the vicinity of the Project i.e. of society at large, the expansion
project being development and public utility project may be accorded environmental
clearance.
CHAPTER XI
DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANT
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
11-1
CHAPTER 11
DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANT
This chapter describes about the environmental consultant engaged in preparation of EIA
report for storage capacity expansion of the LPG Plant at Khurda which is 7 km away
from Khurda road railway station at Khurda in the state of Odisha by BPCL.
11.1 INTRODUCTION:
ABC Techno Labs India Private Limited (formerly ABC Environ Solutions Pvt. Ltd.) is
an ISO 9001, ISO 14001 & OHSAS 18001 Certified Company & leading Environmental
Engineering & Consultancy Company constantly striving towards newer heights since its
inception in 2006. Our Company is dedicated to provide strategic services in the areas
Environment, Infrastructure, Energy, Engineering and Multilab.
It is the first firm to be accredited by NABET (National Accreditation Board for
Education and Training), Quality Council of India, as an EIA Consultant, approved for
carrying out EIA studies and obtaining environmental clearance for various sectors such
as Thermal Power Plants, Infrastructure, Industrial Estates / Complexes/ Areas, Mining,
Township & area development and Building construction projects etc. ABC Techno Labs
is equipped with in-house, spacious laboratory, accredited by NABL (National
Accreditation Board for Testing & Calibration Laboratories), Department of Science &
Technology, Government of India.
Since establishment ABC Techno Labs focus on sustainable development of Industry and
Environment based on sound engineering practices, innovation, quality, R&D and most
important is satisfying customers need. The company has successfully completed more
than 100 projects of variety of industries, in the field of pollution control and
environmental management solutions. The company is also dealing in the projects of
waste minimization and cleaner production technology.
The team of technocrats and scientist are well experienced to deal with the design,
Manufacture, Fabrication, Installation, commissioning of Effluent/Wastewater treatment
plants, Sewage Treatment plants, and Combined Treatment plants.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
11-2
The company is having well experienced team of Scientists & Engineers who are looking
after environmental projects & well equipped analytical laboratory with a facility
including analysis of physical, chemical and biological parameters as per the
requirements of the State Pollution Control Board and our clients.
11.2 Services of ABC Techno Labs India Private Limited
11.2.1 Environmental Services
• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
• Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
• Social Impact Assessment (SIA)
• Environmental Baseline data collection for Air, Meteorology, Noise, Water, Soil,
Ecology, Socio-Economic and Demography etc;
• Environmental Monitoring
• Socio Economic Studies
• Resettlement & Rehabilitation Plan
• Ecological & Human Health Risk Assessment Studies
• Ecological Impact Assessment
• Environmental Management Framework
• Solid Waste Management
• Hazardous Waste Management
• Internship & Training
11.2.2 Turnkey projects
• Water Treatment Plants
• Sewage Treatment Plant
• Recycling & Water Conservation Systems
• Zero Discharge System
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
11-3
11.2.3 Other services
Operation & Maintenance of Water & Waste Water Plants
Water & Waste Water Treatment Chemicals
Pilot Plant studies
Feasibility studies & preparation of budgetary estimates
11.2.4 Laboratory services
Chemical Testing
Environmental Testing
Microbiological Testing
Food Testing
Metallurgical Testing
11.3 Sectors Accredited by NABET
Table: 11.1 NABET Accredited Sector
Sl No Sector Name
1 Mining of minerals (Opencast only) Mining (Open cast and Underground)
2 Irrigation projects only
3 Thermal power plant
4 Metallurgical industries (sec. ferrous only)
5 Cement plant
6 Petroleum refining industry
7 Leather/skin/hide processing industry
8 Chemical Fertilizers
9 Synthetic organic chemicals industry (dyes & dye intermediates; bulk drugs and intermediates excluding drug formulations; synthetic rubbers; basic organic chemicals, other synthetic organic chemicals and chemical intermediates)
10 Distilleries
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
11-4
11 24 Pulp & paper industry excluding manufacturing of paper from wastepaper and manufacture of paper from ready pulp without bleaching
12 Isolated storage & handling of hazardous chemicals (As per threshold planning quantity indicated in column 3 of Schedule 2 & 3 of MSIHC Rules 1989 amended 2000)
13 Airports
14 Industrial estates/ parks/ complexes/ Areas, export processing zones(EPZs), Special economic zones (SEZs), Biotech parks, Leather complexes
15 Ports, harbours, jetties, marine terminals, break waters and dredging
16 Highways, Railways, transport terminals, mass rapid transport systems
17 Common effluent treatment plants (CETPs)
18 Common municipal solid waste management facility (CMSWMF)
19 38 Building and large construction projects including shopping malls, multiplexes, commercial complexes, housing estates, hospitals, institutions
20 Townships and Area development Projects
11.4 Study Team
ABC Techno Labs India Private Limited has carried out this Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) study. The multidisciplinary team included expertise in
Environmental Impact Assessment, Air & Water pollution & Control measures, Noise
Control measures, Ecology & bio-diversity, Land use, Geology, Environmental
Chemistry and Socio-Economic planner. The team members involved in EIA study area:
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR PROPOSED STORAGE CAPACITY EXPANSION OF BPCL LPG PLANT AT KHURDA, ODISHA
11-5
Table : 11.2 Study Team
Sl
No
Name Role
1 Mr. V.K.Gautam EIA coordinator Isolated Storage & Handling of Hazardous Chemicals & FAE – Meteorology, Air Quality Modelling & Prediction
2 Dr. R.K. Jayaseelan Functional Area Expert – Land use, Water Pollution, Prevention & Control and Hydrogeology
3 Mr.Bipin Prakash Chari AFAE-Water Pollution Project Engineer (Report Analysis and Documentation)
4 Dr.Muthiah Mariappan FAE – Solid Waste Management
5 Mr. Mohammed Assain AFAE- Air Pollution, Solid and Hazardous Waste Junior Project Engineer
6 Dr. N. Sukumaran FAE – Ecology & Biodiversity
7 Dr.Thillai Govindarajan FAE – Geology
8 Mr. M. Senthil Kumar FAE – Risk Assessment & Hazard management
9 Mr. R. Rajendran FAE – Air Pollution, Prevention and Control and Noise & Vibration
10 Mrs.Geetha Shreeneevasakam
FAE – Socio-Economic Expert
11 Mrs. K. Vijayalakshmi Manager - Environment
12 Mr. Bharat P. Junior Project Engineer– Report Analysis and Documentation
13 Ms. R. Akshaya Junior Project Engineer– Report Analysis and Documentation
14 Mr. G. Vineeth Pethu Junior Engineer – Report Analysis and Documentation
15 Mr. Mukund Ramesh Junior Project Engineer– Report Analysis and Documentation
16 Mr. Robson Chinnadurai Senior Chemist
17 Mr. M. Muruganantham Junior Chemist
18 Mr. Satish Field Technician
ANNEXURE
ANNEXURE – I
Form – I
ANNEXURE – II
Approved Terms of Reference
ANNEXURE – III
Consent to Operate
ANNEXURE – IV
Peso License
ANNEXURE – V
Risk Analysis Study
RISK ANALYSIS REPORT
OF
LPG PLANT, KHURDA
OF
BHARAT PETROLEUM CORPORATION LTD
AUGUST 2015
INDEX
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
INDEX
SL NO
SECTION
SUBJECT
PAGE No
1 Section – 1
Introduction 1-1 to 1-2
2 Section -2
Executive summary 2-1 to 2-9
3 Section -3
Hazard Identification 3-1 to 3-4
4 Section -4
Description & Properties 4-1 to 4-5
5 Section -5
Maximum credible Accident analysis 5-1 to 5-14
6 Section -6
Hazard of LPG Spillage/ Escape from containment
6-1 to 6-3
7 Section -7
History of Past Accident 7-1 to 7-4
8 Section -8
Consequence Analysis 8-1 to 8-38
9 Section -9
Recommendation 9-1 to 9-11
INTRODUCTION
Page 1
Risk Analysis for BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SECTION – I
INTRODUCTION
1.0 INTRODUCTION
M/s Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd., one of the leading oil marketing
companies in Public Sector is engaged in bottling of LPG Cylinders for
domestic as well as industrial purposes. Since the demand of LPG is
growing day by day, refineries are increasing their capacities for
production of more LPG along with other Oil products.
Since LPG is highly inflammable and is stored under pressure in
substantial quantities, there is potential for damage to property and injury
in the event of release of significant quantity of LPG.
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited, Khurda LPG Plant. Vide purchase
order No 4505086925 dated 08.06.2015 entrusted Sonar Bharat
Environment & Ecology Pvt. Ltd., (SBEE) to carry out a ‘Comprehensive
Risk Analysis’ of the Plant. Our team of experts had visited Khurda LPG
Plant to collect relevant data. For the purpose of obtaining specification of
different onsite facilities, pipe lines, pump Capacity as well as off site
facilities, a detailed questionnaire was prepared. During visit of our team
members, they had collected the required information’s in the format.
Pertinent documents like lay out plan, P&I diagram, were collected from
the Plant. Our team members along with the staffs of the station had gone
round the Plant. Besides operational aspect, the team was also apprised
of the organizational set up, existing system of handling Emergency
Situation, available fire fighting system
SBEE wants to put on record the excellent co operation they had received
from the respective In charge of the station and his team during entire
course of their study. We extend our thanks especially to Mr. Sourabh
Survit and Mr. Anmol Bara for their excellent support in making the
information documents available.
INTRODUCTION
Page 2
Risk Analysis for BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
Scope of work includes the following
Identification of vulnerable sections of the plant, which are likely to
cause damage to the plant, operating staff and the surrounding
communities due to accidental release of LPG from the LPG
Plant.
Assessment of overall damage potential of the hazardous events
in relation to Plant and environment.
Assessment of total individual risk for activities in the plant.
This is an expansion project for increasing the storage capacity by
installation of 3 nos of Mounded bullet of 300 mt each. Capacity of
existing storage of LPG Plant is 370 MT .After the proposed
enhancement of storage capacity by 900 MT. aggregate storage
capacity of the LPG plant shall stand at 1270 mt..
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 1
Risk Analysis for BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SECTION –II
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2.0 INTRODUCTION
M/s Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) Khurda LPG Bottling
Plant is located at Khurda Industrial Estate, Odisha. Khurda is the district
town. It is located on NH 5. The land area is 12.913 acres.
Nearest facilities are follows
SL,NO
FACILITIES
NAME
KM
1 Railway Station Khurda Road 6 km
2 Air Port Bhubaneswar 33 km
3 Bus Stand Khurda Bypass 2 km
4 Police Station Industrial Estate 1 km
5 Fire Station Khurda 3 km
6 Hospital Khurda Hospital 5 km
7 National Highway NH - 5 0.5 km
The plant premise is bounded by the following
North 15.24 m wide Road
South Hill
East OSEB Substation
West Vacant Land & Plywood Factory
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 2
Risk Analysis for BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
2.1 PROCESS DESCRIPTION
Bulk LPG is received from IPPL Haldia & HPCL Vizag Refinery & Bina
Refinery. Road tankers and is decanted at Tank lorry Gantry. Four Nos. of
tank Lorries can be unloaded simultaneously. LPG from the tank Lorries is
transferred to the storage vessels through LPG Compressors by
differential pressure method
LPG from bullets is transferred through a pipeline to filling manifolds of
carousal with the help of centrifugal pumps.
The empty LPG cylinders brought into premises by Lorries are received
and stored in the empty shed. They are fed to conveyer system after due
inspection and are carried to the filling machines in the filling shed. The
filling is cut off as soon as the weight of LPG in the cylinder reaches the
desired weight. . After that these cylinders are counter checked for correct
weight, tested for leaks from valves and body, capped and sealed before
sending them to the filled cylinder shed. Any defective cylinder is emptied
for product LPG recovery. The filled cylinder are dispatched for
distribution .through distributors.
2.2 PLANT FACILITY
RECEIVING
Bulk petroleum LPG received by Road tankers of 18 MT capacity.
About 8 Nos of Tankers per day supplies bulk LPG to the bottling
Plant. There are 4 bays for unloading the tankers
Bulk LPG is received from IPPL Haldia & HPCL Vizag Refinery &
Bina Refinery by Road tankers and is decanted at Tank lorry
Gantry. 4 Nos. of tank lorries can be unloaded simultaneously.
LPG from the tank lorries is transferred to the storage vessels
through LPG Compressors by pressure differential method.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 3
Risk Analysis for BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
STORAGE
4 Nos. Bullets having a safe filling capacity of 2 x 60MT & 2 X 125
MT and 3 nos of Mounded Bullet having capacity 3 x 300 MT.are
proposed to be installed. On top of the Bullet two nos. of safety
relief valves are provided, one valve is set at 13.6kg/cm2 and other
is set at 14.2 kg/cm2. All bullets are provided with two independent
level indicators and high level alarm. Remote operated valves are
provided in liquid and vapour lines of each storage vessels.
Technical details of the Bullets are as under :
BULLET NOS 1 & 2
SL,NO ITEM TECHNICAL DETAILS
1 Bullet no. 1 & 2 60 MT
2 Design Pressure 16 kg/cm2 at 550C
3 Operating Pressure 14.2 kg/cm2 at 550C
4 Hydro testing Pressure 20.93 kg/cm2
5 Corrosion Allowance 1.6 mm
BULLET NOS 3 & 4
SL,NO ITEM TECHNICAL DETAILS
1 Bullet no. 3 & 4 125 MT
2 Design Pressure 16.5 kg/cm2 at 550C
3 Operating Pressure 14.2 kg/cm2 at 550C
4 Hydro testing Pressure 21 kg/cm2
5 Corrosion Allowance 1.5 mm
BULLET NOS 5,6 & 7 (Mounded Bullet)
SL,NO ITEM TECHNICAL DETAILS
1 Bullet no. 5,6 & 7 300 MT
2 Design Pressure 16.5 kg/cm2 at 550C
3 Operating Pressure 14.2 kg/cm2 at 550C
4 Hydro testing Pressure 21 kg/cm2
5 Corrosion Allowance 1.5 mm
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 4
Risk Analysis for BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
FILLING OPERATION LPG from bullet is pumped to the filling plant for bottling through 24
station carousel machine with 24 filling points. The system is
capable of bottling 14.2/19.0 kg (net) cylinders. The filling system
can turn out in 300 days a year approximately 50 TMT of LPG
based on one shifts of 8 hrs per day.The sequence of filling
operation starts with the receipts of empty cylinders and the
fallowing operation are carried out:
Visual checking for defects and tare weight
De-capping
Filling
Electronic weight checking
Correction of overfilled and under filled cylinder
Valve leak / ‘O’ ring checking
Cylinder body and bung leak checking
Capping and sealing
Loading in trucks
Empty cylinders are unloaded from Lorries and manually placed
over Telescopic chain conveyor. As they move on the conveyor, the
empty cylinder is to be checked visually for defects and markings.
Defective cylinders are to be segregated. There are provission for
storing about 1000 empty cylinders in the empty cylinders storage
shed.
The cylinders after de-capping are moved on to the filling machine
for filling and will be filled automatically at a rate of approximately
26 cylinders per minute. Filled cylinders automatically come out of
the carousel and continue to travel in the conveyor for weight
checking. The under / over filled cylinders are separated for weight
correction. Cylinders with correct weight are to be subjected to
valve leak check, O Ring leak and body and bung leak check as
they move on the conveyor. Cylinder found defective on the above
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 5
Risk Analysis for BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
checks will be sent for replacement of Valve in online valve
changing machine and replacement of O Ring. Sound cylinder
move on for capping and sealing the valves. Cylinders will then be
loaded on to Lorries or will be stored in the storage shed which can
store about 5000 nos of filled cylinders.
AUTOMATIC FILLING PROCESS FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION LPG is pumped to the carousal from which the cylinders of different
sizes are filled under pressure
The system described is intended for filling standard domestic &
individual LPG cylinder, with a minimum number of operations, with
process, production and monitoring function carried out with the
help of sophisticated equipment and control system.
VAPOUR EXTRACTION
The Vapour extraction system will facilitate extraction of any
leakage of LPG from around the carousel and other leak prone
areas and discharge the same of suitable elevation above the roof
level of shed. The system will be completed with exhaust fan and
necessary ducting
EVACAUTION AND VALVE CHANGE
Cylinder found defective in valves, bung or body will be evacuated
of their contents using a vapor compressor and the evacuated LPG
will be sent back to the bullets. Leaky valves will be removed and
fitted with new valves. Cylinders that require hot work will be sent to
the authorized repair shops
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 6
Risk Analysis for BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
PURGING FACILITY
Purging will be required in the following cases: ● New cylinder received are required to be air evacuated and
LPG purged before the same are filled.
● Repaired cylinders which have been hydro tested with water
are subject to evacuation for removal of moisture and air
before refilling.
● An online purging system has been provided.
2.3 PLANT UTILITIES
Air compressor/ Receiver/ Dryer Air compressor along with air receiver and dryer are provided to
cater to the requirement of instrument air for carousel, pneumatics,
ROVs, fire protection system
Compressed air is required for the following purpose
Pneumatic actuation of different on-line instruments like ROV and control valve.
Instrument actuation in LPG filling system.
For compressed air requirement, 1 no. of 300 CFM 7.0 kg/sq cm
capacity , 1 no. of 200 CFM 7.0 Kg/sq cm and 1 no. 100 CFM 7.0
kg/sq cm air compressors have been installed.
2 nos. air dryers of 35 CFM 7.0 Kg/sq cm inlet air pressure capacity
have been provided. for fulfilling dry air requirement.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 7
Risk Analysis for BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
The total power demand of the LPG filling plant is in the region of 250
KVA. Client’s battery limit has been considered as the incoming HT supply
at 11 KV and through the two-pole structure / substation would be brought
into 11 KV transformers for further onward LT distribution. Incoming supply
is taken from the state electricity board at 11 KV
TRANSFORMER
11 KV, 3- phase. 50 C/S Air cooled transformer is installed in the
plant.
STANDBY POWER SUPPLY
1X380 KVA , 1X250 KVA & 1X25 KVA DG sets.
ELECTRICAL FITTINGS All electrical fitting in the sensitive area are of flameproof /
intrinsically safe type.
2.4 SAFETY RELATED TYPES OF UTILITIES
Some of the general safety features for the storage & handling of LPG
provided in the complex are discussed below
DESIGN The main feature of the plant is the safe design of the equipment &
pipelines .Equipment are designed, inspected stage wise tested & certified
by statutory authorities such as CCOE (Chief Controller of Explosives) &
third party in accordance with relevant codes & standards . The main
codes & standards used in the LPG bottling plant are ASME VUl or IS-
2825 or BS-5500 or equivalent duly approved by CCOE for pressure
vessels. Materials of Construction (MOC) used are SA 516 Gr. 70. Full
radiography, stress relieving & hydro-test is carried out for the vessels &
all critical drawings /documents are certified & approved by the competent
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 8
Risk Analysis for BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
authority. All critical LPG piping is seamless carbon steel of 300 rating with
piping designed in accordance with ASTM, ANSI & equivalent codes &
standards within built margin of safety.
Intrinsic safety is largely built in into the design itself through use of time
tested standards & codes which inherently incorporate a good margin of
safety. Apart from the equipment design & selection (only well known
reputed vendors with proven safe & trouble free track record in similar
service are selected ) there are other features related to safety in the
layout .operation , shutdown systems etc
FIRE WATER STORAGE Two Above Ground Tanks having capacity 1 X 2850 KL + 1 X 2836 KL
which is equal to 5686 KL.
.
FIRE WATER PUMP Diesel driven 4 nos. of 410Kl/Hr.and 2 nos. of 273 Kl/Hr.
FIRE HYDRANT SYSTEM
Fire hydrants have been provided to be located as per requirements
specified in OISD-144 to cover the entire plant area and Tank Lorry
Parking area.
Double Headed Hydrants - 11 Nos
Single Headed Hydrants - 2 Nos.
Water Monitors - 14 Nos
SAFETY RELIEF SYSTEM
Relief system adequately designed and provided as per OISD 144/OISD
150 guidelines. Two sets of safety relief valves are provided on each
vessel, each relief valve having the required design, relieving capacity.
Other routed locally but to safe location
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 9
Risk Analysis for BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
There is a locking arrangement to prevent inadvertent closing of the
isolation valves, thus rendering the tank unprotected. Relief valves are
always kept locked in open position. Relief valves are tested once a year
and calibrated, if necessary.
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
Page 1
Risk Analysis for BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SECTION –III
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
3.0 ENUMERATION & SELECTION OF INCIDENTS
Effective management of a Risk Analysis study requires enumeration &
selection of incidents or scenarios. Enumeration attempts to ensure that
no significant incidents are overlooked selection tries to reduce the
incident outcome cases studied to a manageable number.
These incidents can be classified under either of two categories: loss of
containment of material or loss of containment of energy. Unfortunately,
there is an infinite number of ways (incidents) by which loss of
containment can occur in either category. For example, leaks of process
materials can be of any size, from a pinhole up to a severed pipeline or
ruptured vessel. An explosion can occur in either a small container or a
large container and in each case, can range from a small "puff" to a
catastrophic detonation.
A technique commonly used to generate an accident list is to identify
potential leaks & major releases from fractures of all process pipelines &
vessels. This complication should include all pipe work & vessels in direct
communication, as these may share a significant inventory that cannot be
isolated in an emergency. The data generated is as shown below.
Vessel number description & dimensions
Materials present
Vessel conditions ( phase, temperature & pressure)
Inventory & connecting pining dimensions
The goal of selection is to limit the total number of incident outcome cases
to be studied to a manageable size without introducing bias or losing
resolution through overlooking significant incidents or incident outcomes.
The purpose of incident selection is to construct an appropriate set of
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
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Risk Analysis for BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
incidents for study from the Initial List that has been generated by the
enumeration process. An appropriate set of incidents is the minimum
number of incidents needed to satisfy the requirements of the study &
adequately represent the spectrum of incidents enumerated.
3.1 CHARACTERISING THE FAILURE
Accidental release of flammable or toxic vapours can result in severe
consequences. Delayed ignition of flammable vapours can result in blast
overpressures covering large areas. This may lead to extensive loss of life
& property. Toxic clouds may cover yet larger distances due to the lower
threshold values in relation to those in case of explosive clouds (the lower
explosive limits). In contrast, fires have localized consequences. Fires can
be put out or contained in most cases; there are few mitigating actions one
can take once a vapor cloud gets released. Major accident hazards arise,
therefore, consequent upon the release of flammable or toxic vapors or
BLEVE in case of pressurized liquefied gases.
In an LPG bottling plant such as the plant in question the main hazard
arises due to the possibility of leakage of LPG during decanting (large
number of those connections etc), storage , cylinder filling & storage &
transportation. The various operations where leakage is more likely
include during compression. To formulate a structured approach to
identification of hazards and understanding of contributory factors is
essential.
3.2 BLAST OVER PRESSURES
Blast over Pressures depends upon the reactivity class of material & the
amount of gas between two explosive limits. LPG is expected to give rise
to a vapor cloud on release.
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
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Risk Analysis for BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
3.3 OPERATING PARAMETERS
Potential vapor release for the same materials depends significantly on
the operating conditions. Since LPG is being handled at atmospheric
temperature & in pressurized conditions, LPG releases have been
considered for release scenario based on their pressure & temperature
condition.
3.4 INVENTORY
Inventory analysis is commonly used in understanding the relative hazards
& short of release scenarios. Inventory plays an important role in regard to
the potential hazard. Larger the inventory of a vessel or a system, larger is
the quantity of potential release. A practice commonly used to generate an
accident list is to consider potential leaks & major releases from fractures
of pipelines & vessels containing sizable inventories. The potential vapor
release (source strength) depends upon the quantity of liquid release, the
properties of the materials & the operating conditions (pressure,
temperature)
3.5 LOSS OF CONTAINMENT
Plant inventory can get discharged to Environment due to loss of
containment. Various causes & modes for such an eventuality have been
described. Certain features of materials to be handled at the plant need to
the clearly understood to .Firstly list out all significant release cases & then
to short release scenarios for a detailed examination.
Liquid release can be either instantaneous or continuous. Failure of a
vessel to an instantaneous outflow assumes the sudden appearance of
such major crack that practically all of the contents above the crack shall
release in a very short time. The more likely event is the case of liquid
release from a hole in a pipe connected to the vessel. The flow rate will
depend on the size of the hole as well as on the pressure in front of the
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
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Risk Analysis for BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
hole, prior to the accident. Such pressure is basically dependent on the
pressure in the vessel.
Vaporization of released liquid depends on the vapour pressure & weather
conditions. Such consideration & others have been kept in mind both
during the initial listing as well as the short listing procedure. Initial listing
of all significant inventories in the process plants was carried out
This ensured no omission through inadvertence. Based on the
methodology discussed above a set of appropriate scenarios was
generated to carry out Risk Analysis calculation, as listed below
S.NO ITEM EVENT
1 Catastrophic Rupture of 60 or 125 MT Bullet Immediate Ignition, BLEVE
2 60 MT or 125 MT (each) LPG Bullets Vapour
Side rupture
VCE
3 Failure of bottom line of LPG Bullet Delayed Ignition, VCE
4 Failure of LPG Compressor Delayed Ignition, VCE
5 Failure of LPG Pump Delayed Ignition, VCE
6 Flange joint leakage in LPG Pipeline Delayed Ignition, VCE
7 Tank Truck Vessel Failure BLEVE
8 Electrical Fire
9 Hygiene Events
Earthquake, extreme Wind,
Aircraft Impact
10 Rupture of filled 14.2 and 19 kg cylinder Immediate ignition and
BLEVE
Civil Disorder, strikes etc can lead to any of these releases scenarios & it
would result in similar consequences. However, these events have been
considered in the probability estimation for the release scenarios,
wherever would have significant impact.
DESCRIPTION AND PROPERTIES
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Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SECTION –IV DESCRIPTION AND PROPERTIES
4.0 INTRODUCTION
LPG is a mixture of commercial propane & commercial Butane which may
also contain small quantity of unsaturated hydrocarbons. LPG market in
India is governed by IS 4776 & Test methods by IS – 1148.
LPG being highly flammable may cause fire & explosion. It, therefore calls
for special attention during its handling.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES DENSITY
LPG at atmospheric pressure & temperature is a gas which is 1.5 to
2.0 times heavier than air. It is easily liquefied under moderate
pressure. The density of liquid is approximately half that of water
and ranges from 0.507 to 0.58 m3.
Since LPG vapour pressure is heavier than air , it normally settle
down at ground level/low lying areas. This accumulation of LPG
vapour gives rise to potential fire and explosion.
VAPOUR PRESSURE
The pressure inside a LPG storage vessel is corresponding to the
temperature in storage vessel. This vapour pressure is dependent
on temperature as well as percentage composition of the mixture of
hydrocarbons present in LPG. Beyond liquid full condition in
cylinders any further expansion of the liquid will increase the
cylinder pressure by 7 – 8 kg/ m2. For each degree centigrade rise
in temperature. This clearly indicates the hazardous situation which
may arise due to overfilling of cylinder or any storage vessel.
DESCRIPTION AND PROPERTIES
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Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
FLAMMABILITY
LPG has an explosive limit range or 1.8% to 9.5% by volume of the
gas in air. This is an considerably narrower than other common
gaseous fuel.
AUTO-IGNITION TEMPERATURE.
The auto ignition temperature of LPG is around 4100 – 5480 C & will
not ignite on its own at normal temperature.
COMBUSTION
Combustion of LPG increases the volume of products in addition to
generation of heat. LPG requires about 24 to 30 times its own for
complete combustion & yields 3 – 4 times of its own volume of Co2 .
The heat of combustion is about 10,900 kcal.kg
COLOUR
LPG is colorless both in liquid and vapour phase. During leakage
and vaporization of LPG cools the atmosphere & condenses the
water vapour contained in it forming a white fog. This makes
possible to see & escape of LPG
VISCOSITY
LPG has a low viscosity (around 0.3 at 450C) & can leak when other
petroleum products cannot. This properly demands a high degree of
integrity in the pressurized systems handling LPG to avoid
Leakage.
ODOUR
LPG has a very faint smell & as such for detecting leakage of LPG
ethyl mercaptan is generally added in the ratio approx 1 kg for
mercaptan per 100 ft 3 of Liquid LPG (20 ppm)
DESCRIPTION AND PROPERTIES
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Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
TOXICITY LPG is slightly toxic. Although it is not poisonous in vapour phase, it
suffocates when present in large concentration due to displacement
of Oxygen. IDLH value of LPG is generally taken as 19000 PPM
PYROFORIC IRON
Highly inflammable pyroforic iron Sulphide is formed due to reaction
of loose iron / iron oxide with Sulphur or its compounds. Formation
of , Pyrophoric Iron Sulphide is prevented by totally eliminating
H2S, limiting the total volatile Sulphur to 0.2% by mass & reducing
loose iron oxide by thoroughly cleaning the storage vessels
internally during outage.
However, pyrophoric Iron Sulphide will spontaneously ignite in a
sphere or a cylinder due to high concentration of LPG which is
much above the upper flammable limit. When these vessels are
aired (during opening The saturation vapour pressure, flammability
range, toxicity data of Propane- Butane mixtures as well as pure
compounds are listed below
Propane (%)
Butane (%)
S.V. Process at 50C kg/Cm2
Flammability (Range (%)
Toxicity IDLH
(PPM)
Odour Threshold
(PPM)
100
- 21.12 2.1-9.5 19000 5000
70
30
19 1.9-9.5 N/A N/A
30
70 8.25 1.8-9.5 N/A N/A
20
80 7.31 1.8-9.5 N/A N/A
-
100 5.84 1.9-8.4 N/A -
DESCRIPTION AND PROPERTIES
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Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Sl.No
1 Formula C3-C4 mixture
2 Molecular Weight 51.10 Kg/KMol
3 Boiling Temperature at 1 bar (0K) 251.80K
4 Critical Temperature (0K) 357.50K
5 Critical Pressure (bar) 40 bar
6 Density ( liquid) at 450C 50.75 E+01 Kg/M3
7 Boiling Temperature 58.89 E+01 Kg/M3
8 Density ( Gas) at 1 Bar & 450C 1.93 E + 00 Kg/M3
9 At Boiling Temperature 2.44 E + 00 Kg/M3
10 Heat capacity ( Gas) at 450C 17.59 E+ 02 J/Kg/k
11 Heat of Vapourisation at 450C (J/Kg) 31.78 E + 04 J/Kg/K
12 Boiling Temperature 40.00 E/ + 02 J/Kg/K
13 Heat Combustion (J/Kg) 45.94 E+06 J/ Kg/K
14 Vapour Pressure at 450C 9.74 bar
15 Ratio of Spec heats (cp/cv) 1.11
16 Thermal Conductivity ( Gas) at 450C 1.97E-02 W/M/K
17 Boiling Temperature 0.00 E-00 W/M/K
18 Thermal Conductivity ( Liquid) at 450C 8.33 E -02 W/M/K
19 At Boiling Temperature 12.17E -02 W/M/K
20 Stoichiometric Ratio 0.036M3/M3
21 Lower Flammability Limit (% V/V) 1.80
22 Upper Flammability Limit (% V/V) 9.5
23 IDLH Valve (PPM) 19000
E (+,- numerals) = Means Power of ten of the coefficients
DESCRIPTION AND PROPERTIES
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Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
THE PHYSICAL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF LPG WHICH MAKE LPG
HAZARDOUS ARE AS FOLLOWS :
LPG liquid is lighter than water and hence floats on water and
evaporates
LPG vapor is heavier than Air
LPG can be stored at ambient temperatures only at higher that
atmospheric Pressure
Pressure and the actual pressure depends on the percentage of
propane in LPG
LPG is highly inflammable and forms explosive mixtures with air
LPG liquid expands to vapor phase by about 250 times
LPG has a fairly good burning velocity and explosive potential
The flame temperature is quite high and has a potential to endanger
steel structure.
With high moisture. LPG can form solid hydrates – which can Plug
pipelines, valves, regulators and other devices at lower temperatures.
Vapour pressure increases steeply with increasing temperature.
Frost bites, can occur when LPG in liquid phase comes into contact
with skin
MAXIMUM CREDIBLE ACCIDENT ANALYSIS (MCAA) APPROACH
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Risk Analysis for BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda,Odisha
SECTION-V MAXIMUM CREDIBLE ACCIDENT ANALYSIS (MCAA)
APPROACH 5.1 INTRODUCTION
A Maximum Credible Accident (MCA) can be characterized, as an accident with
a maximum damage potential, which is still believed to be probable.
MCA analysis does not include quantification of probability of occurrence of an
accident. Moreover, since it is not possible to indicate exactly a level of
probability that is still believed to be credible, selection of MCA is somewhat
arbitrary. In practice, selection of accident scenarios representative for a MCA-
Analysis is done on the basis of engineering judgment and expertise in the field
of risk analysis studies, especially accident analysis.
Major hazards posed by flammable storage can be identified taking recourse to
MCA analysis. This encompasses certain techniques to identify the hazards and
calculate the consequent effects in terms of damage distances of heat radiation,
toxic releases, vapor cloud explosion etc. A host of probable or potential
accidents of the major units in the complex arising due to use, storage and
handling of the hazardous materials are examined to establish their credibility.
Depending upon the effective hazardous attributes and their impact on the
event, the maximum effect on the surrounding environment and the respective
damage caused can be assessed.
As an initial step in this study, a selection has been made of the processing and
storage units and activities, which are believed to represent the highest level of
risk for the surroundings in terms of damage distances. For this selection,
following factors have been taken into account:
Type of compound viz. flammable or toxic
Quantity of material present in a unit or involved in an activity and
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Risk Analysis for BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda,Odisha
Process conditions such as temperature, pressure, flow, mixing and
presence of incompatible material
In addition to the above factors, location of a unit or activity with respect to
adjacent activities is taken into consideration to account for the potential
escalation of an accident. This phenomenon is known as the Domino Effect. The
units and activities, which have been selected on the basis of the above factors,
are summarized, accident scenarios are established in hazard identification
studies, whose effect and damage calculations are carried out in Maximum
Credible Accident Analysis Studies.
5.2 METHODOLOGY
Following steps are employed for visualization of MCA scenarios: Chemical inventory analysis
Identification of chemical release and accident scenarios
Analysis of past accidents of similar nature to establish credibility to
identified scenarios; and
Short-listing of MCA scenarios
5.3 COMMON CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS
Based on the analysis of past accident information, common causes of accidents
are identified as:
Poor house keeping
Improper use of tools, equipment, facilities
Unsafe or defective equipment facilities
Lack of proper procedures
Improvising unsafe procedures
Failure to follow prescribed procedures
Jobs not understood
Lack of awareness of hazards involved
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Risk Analysis for BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda,Odisha
Lack of proper tools, equipment, facilities
Lack of guides and safety devices, and
Lack of protective equipment and clothing
5.4 FAILURES OF HUMAN SYSTEMS
An assessment of past accidents reveal human factor to be the cause for over
60% of the accidents while the rest are due to other component failures. This
percentage will increase if major accidents alone are considered for analysis.
Major causes of human failures reported are due to:
Stress induced by poor equipment design, unfavorable environmental
conditions, fatigue, etc.
Lack of training in safety and loss prevention
Indecision in critical situation; and
Inexperienced staff being employed in hazardous situation
Often, human errors are not analyzed while accident reporting and accident
reports only provide information about equipment and/or component failures.
Hence, a great deal of uncertainty surrounds analysis of failure of human
systems and consequent damages.
5.5 MAXIMUM CREDIBLE ACCIDENT ANALYSIS (MCAA)
Hazardous substances may be released as a result of failures or catastrophes,
causing possible damage to the surrounding area. This section deals with the
question of how the consequences of release of such substances and the
damage to surrounding area can be determined by means of models.
It is intended to give an insight into how the physical effects resulting from
release of hazardous substances can be calculated by means of models and
how vulnerability models can be used to translate the physical effects in terms of
injuries and damage to exposed population and environment. A disastrous
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Risk Analysis for BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda,Odisha
situation in general is due to outcome of fire, Vapor Cloud explosion in addition
to other natural causes, which eventually lead to loss of life, property and
ecological imbalance.
Major hazards posed by flammable storage can be identified taking recourse to
MCA analysis. MCA analysis encompasses certain techniques to identity the
hazards and calculate the consequent effect in terms of damage distances of
heat radiation, toxic release, vapor cloud explosion etc. A host of probable or
potential accidents of the major units in the complex arising due to use, storage
and handling of the hazardous materials are examined to establish their
credibility. Depending upon the effective hazardous attributes and their impact
on the event, the maximum effect on the surrounding environment and the
respective damage caused can be assessed. The MCA analysis involves
ordering and ranking various sections in terms of potential vulnerability. 5.6 PHYSICAL EFFECTS AND CONSEQUENCES
Using the failure case data developed the program undertakes consequences
calculation for each indentified incident or failure case. The software initially
models the dispersion of the released material irrespective of whether it is
flammable or toxic. For flammable materials the software then proceeds to
determine the effect zones for the various possible outcomes of such release.
The risk analysis must account for all these possible outcomes. The possible
consequences include.
Fireball / BLEVE
Heavy Cloud Dispersion
Jet Fire
Vapor Cloud Explosion
The particular outcomes modeled depend on the behavior of the release and the
dilution regimes which exist. This can be quite complex. The program
MAXIMUM CREDIBLE ACCIDENT ANALYSIS (MCAA) APPROACH
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Risk Analysis for BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda,Odisha
undertakes these calculations for the representative meteorological condition as
suitable for the meteorological condition in the area.
Consequential effects of the accidental release of a chemical are:
Intensity of heat radiation due to a fire or a fireball or BLEVE as a
function of the distance of source
Energy of vapor cloud explosion as a function of the distance of the
exploding cloud.
Concentration of gaseous material in the atmosphere due to the
dispersion of the evaporated material. The letter can be either an
explosive or a toxic material.
A release can ignite as the result of the event, which causes it, or can ignite
close to the source before the flammable cloud has travelled away from the
source. Immediate ignition can result in a fireball or a BLEVE or pool fire
depending on the nature and spread of release. A fireball can occur when there
is a specific type of fireball resulting raises the internal pressure and weakens
the vessel shell unit it bursts open and releases its entire contents as large and
very intense fireball.
If the material does not ignite immediately, allowing spill / release to form a liquid
pool a flammable gas cloud may be formed thorough evaporation of the pool due
to combination of solar heat, ground heat and heat from the neighbouring
environment and it can ignite at a number of points downwind if its path is such
that it goes across ( for example , a road an area where people are present or
other ignition sources). Delayed ignition can result in wide spread damaging
vapor cloud explosion of high energy or minor flash fire of limited energy
depending on the quantity of flammable vapor. The accident scenarios are
normally divided into the following categories of the chemicals according to their
physical state / phase, pattern of release , nature of dispersion, physical effects
and damage:
MAXIMUM CREDIBLE ACCIDENT ANALYSIS (MCAA) APPROACH
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Risk Analysis for BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda,Odisha
a. Release of a gas ( Flammable or toxic or both )
b. Release of a liquid ( Flammable or toxic or both )
c. Release of a liquefied gas ( Flammable or toxic or both )
Event trees are the simplified schemes of consequence, which show the
possible evolution of effects after the release of the material. Such trees are very
effective in determining the possible consequences.
5.7 CONSEQUENCE MODELLING
Accidental release of' flammable or toxic vapors can result in severe
consequences. Delayed ignition of flammable vapors can result in blast
overpressures covering larger areas. This may lead to extensive loss of life &
property. Toxic clouds may cover yet a larger distance due to the lower threshold
values in relation to those in case of explosive clouds (the lower explosive
limits). In contrast, fires have localized consequences. Fires can be put out or
contained in most cases; there are few mitigating actions one can take once a
vapor cloud gets released
If LPG is released into the atmosphere, it may cause damage due to resulting
BLEVE, fires or vapor cloud explosion of the evaporated LPG. To formulate a
structured approach to identification of hazards and understanding of
contributory factors is essential. These factors have been described in detail.
DAMAGE CRITERIA
In consequence analysis, use is made of a number of calculation models to
estimate the physical effects of an accident (spill of hazardous material) & to
predict the damage (lethality, injury, material destruction) of the effects. The
calculations can roughly be divided in three major groups:
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Risk Analysis for BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda,Odisha
a) Determination of the source strength parameters.
b) Determination of the consequential effects.
c) Determination of the damage or damage distances.
The basic physical effect models consist of the following
SOURCE STRENGTH PARAMETERS
Calculation of the outflow of liquid, vapors or gas out of a vessel or
a pipe, in case of rupture. Also two-phase outflow can be
calculated
Calculation, in case of liquid outflow, of the instantaneous flash evaporation & of the dimensions of the remaining liquid pool.
Calculation of the evaporation rate, as a function of volatility of the material, pool dimensions & wind velocity
Source strength equals pumps capacities, etc in came cases.
CONSEQUENTIAL EFFECTS
Dispersion of gaseous material in the atmosphere as a function of source
strength, relative density of the gas, weather conditions & topographical
situation of the surrounding area.
Intensity of heat radiation ( KW/M2) due to fire or a BLEVE, as a function
of distance of the source
Energy of vapor cloud explosions [in N/M2], as a function of the distance
to the distance of the exploding cloud
Concentration of gaseous material in the atmosphere, due to the
dispersion of evaporated chemical. The tatter can be either explosive or
toxic.
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Risk Analysis for BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda,Odisha
It may be obvious, that the types of models that must be used in a specific risk
study strongly depend upon the type of material involved
Gas, vapor, liquid, solid?
Inflammable, explosive, toxic combustion products?
Stored at high /low temperatures or pressure?
Controlled outflow (Pump Capacity) or catastrophic failure ?
SELECTION OF DAMAGE CRITERIA
The damage criteria give the relation between extent of the physical effects
(exposure) & the percentage of the people that will be killed or injured due to
those effects. The knowledge about these relations depends strongly on the
nature of the exposure. For instance, much more is known about the damage
caused by heat radiation, than about the damage due to toxic exposure, & for
these toxic effects, the knowledge differs strongly between different materials. In
consequences Analysis studies, in principle three types of exposure to hazardous
effects are distinguished:
Effects are distinguished
I. Heat radiation from a jet, pool fire, a flash or a BLEVE
II. Explosion
III. Toxic effects, from toxic material or toxic combustion products
In a LPG bottling plant as there are no toxic chemicals handled. In the next two
paragraphs, the chosen damage catena are given & explained for heat radiation
& vapor cloud explosion
HEAT RADIATION
The consequences of exposure to heat radiation are a function of:
The radiation energy into the human body ( KW/M2)
The exposure duration [sec]
The protection of the skin tissue ( clothed or naked body)
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The limits for 1% of the exposed people to be killed due to heat radiation & for
second degree bums are given in the table below
DAMAGES TO HUMAN LIFE DUE TO HEAT RADIATION
Since in practical situations, only the own employees will be exposed to heat
radiation in cases of a fire, it is reasonable to assume the protection by clothing. It
can be assumed that people would be able to find a cover or a shield against
thermal radiation 10 sec time. Furthermore, 100% lethality may be assumed for
all people suffering from direct contact with flames, such as the pool fire, a flash
fire or a jet flame. The effects relatively lesser incident radiation intensity is given
below:
EFFECTS DUE TO INCIDENT RADIATION INTENSITY
THERMAL RADIATION (KW/M2)
TYPE OF DAMAGE
0.7
EQUIVALENT TO SOLAR RADIATION
1.6
NO DISCOMFORT FOR LONG EXPOSURE
4.0
SUFFICIENT TO CAUSE PAIN WITHIN 20 SEC BLISTERING OF SKIN (1ST DEGREE BURNS ARE LIKELY)
9.5
PAIN THRESHOLD REACHED AFTER 8 SEC 2ND DEGREE BURN AFTER 20 SEC
12.5 MINIMUM ENERGY REQUIRED FOR PILOTED IGNITION OF WOOD, MELTING PLASTIC TUBING ETC
The actual results would be less severe due to the various assumptions made in
the models arising out of the flame geometry, emissivity, angle of incidence,
view factor & others. Upon ignition , a spilled liquid hydrocarbon would be burn in
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Risk Analysis for BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda,Odisha
the form of a large turbulent diffusion flame the size of the flame would be
depend upon the spill surface & the thermo - chemical properties of the spilled
liquid. In particular, the diameter of the fire (if not confined to a dyke), the visible
height of the flame, the tilt & drag of the flame due to wind can be correlated to
the burning velocity of the liquid. The radiative output, of the flame would be
dependent upon the fire size, extent of mixing with air & the flame temperature.
Some fraction of the radiation is absorbed by carbon dioxide & water vapor in
the intervening atmosphere. In addition, large hydrocarbon pool fires produce
thick smoke, which can significantly obscure flame radiation. Finally the incident
flux at an observer location would depend upon the radiation view factor .which
is a function of the distance from the flame surface, the observer's orientation &
the flame geometry Estimation of the thermal radiation hazards from the pool
fires essentially involves 3 steps; characterization of flame geometry,
approximation of the radiative properties of the fire & calculation of safe
separation distances to specified levels of thermal radiation
EXPLOSION In case of vapor cloud explosion, two physical effects may occur
A flash fire over the whole length of the explosive gas cloud.
A blast wave , with typical peak overpressures circular around ignition
source
As explained above, 100% lethality is assumed for all people who are present
within the cloud proper.
For the blast wave the lethality criterion is based on
A peak overpressure of 0.1 bar will cause serious damage to 10% of the
housing / structures
Falling fragments will kill one of each eight persons in the destroyed
buildings
The following damage criteria may be distinguished with respect to the peak
overpressures resulting from the blast wave:
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DAMAGE DUE TO OVERPRESSURES
PEAK OVERPRESSURE
DAMAGE TYPE
0.83 BAR
TOTAL DESTRUCTION
0.30 BAR
HEAVY DAMAGE
0.10 BAR
MODERATE DAMAGE
0.03 BAR
SIGNIFICANT DAMAGE
0.01 BAR
MINOR DAMAGE
From this it may be concluded that p=0.17 E+5 pa corresponds approximately
with 1% lethality. Furthermore it is assumed that everyone inside an area in
which the peak overpressure is greater than 0.17 E+5 pa will be wounded by
mechanical damage. For the gas cloud explosion this will be inside a circle with
the ignition source as its center
EXTERNAL EVENTS
External events can initiate & contribute to potential incidents considered in a
Risk Analysis. Although the frequency of such events is generally low, they may
result in a major incident. They also have the potential to initiate common cause
failures that can lead to escalation of the incident. External events can be
subdivided into two main categories.
Natural hazards : Earthquakes , Floods, Tornadoes, extreme temperature,
lightening etc
Man induced events : Aircraft crash, missile, nearby industrial activity,
sabotage etc
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TECHNOLOGY
Normal design codes for gas/chemical plants have sufficient safety factors to
allow the plant to withstand major external events to a particular level (e.g.
intense loading of say 120 mph). Quantitative design rules usually used for
seismic events, flooding, tornadoes & extreme wind hazards as follows
SEISMIC –The design should withstand critical ground motion with an
annual
Probability of 10-4 or less
FLOODING – The design should withstand the efforts of worst
flooding occurrence in 100 year period
WINDS - The design should withstand the most critical combination
of Wind velocity & duration having a probability of 0.005 or less in a 50
year period (annual probability of 10-4 or less).
DAMAGE DUE TO INCIDENT RADIATION INTENSITY
INCIDENT RADIATION
(KW/M2)
TYPE OF DAMAGE
62.0
Spontaneous Ignition Of Wood & Sufficient To Cause Damage To Process Equipments
37.5
Minimum energy required to ignite wood at infinitely long exposure ( Non plastic )
12.5
Minimum energy required for piloted ignition if wood, melting plastic tubing, etc
4.5
Sufficient to cause pain to personal if unable to reach cover within the 20 seconds. However blistering of skin ( 1st degree burn is likely)
1.6 Will cause no discomfort to long exposure.
0.7
Equipment to solar radiation.
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PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THRESHOLD THERMAL DOSES
DOSE THRESOLD (KW/M2)
EFFECT CONSEQUENCES
37.5 3RD DEGREE BURN INVOLVE WHOLE OF DPIDERMIS AND DERMIS; SUB- CUTANEOUS TISSUES MAY ALSO BEDAMAGED.
12.5 2ND DEGREE BURN INVOLE WHOLE OF EPIDERMIS OVER THE AREA OF THE BURN PLUS SOME PORTION OF DERMIS.
4.0 1ST DEGREE BURN INVOLE ONLY EPIDERMES, BLISTER MAY OCCUR, EXAMPLE SUNBURNS.
DAMAGE EFFECTS OF BLAST OVERPRESSURE
BLAST OVER PRESSURE
(Bar)
DAMAGE LEVEL
0.3 Major structure damage ( assumed fatal to people inside building or within the other structures
0.1 Storage failure
0.01 Eardrum Rupture
0.03 Repairable damage, pressure Vessels light structure collapse
MAXIMUM CREDIBLE ACCIDENT ANALYSIS (MCAA) APPROACH
Page 14
Risk Analysis for BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda,Odisha
POSSIBLE RELEASE SCENARIO OF LPG
PIPELINE RELEASE RUPTURE OF VESSEL
VAPOR LIQUID
OUTFLOW
JET FIRE DISPERSION
DELAYED IGNITION
NO IGNITION
VCE/ FLASH FIRE
SAFE DISPERSION
BLEVE
OUTFLOW MODEL
TWO PHASE OUTFLOW
JET FIRE LIQUID SPREADING AND EVAPORATION
DISPERSION
POOL FIRE
DELAYED IGNITION
NO IGNITION
VCE/ FLASH FIRE
SAFE DISPERSION
HAZARDS OF LPG SPILLAGE / ESCAPE FROM CONTAINMENT
Sonar Bharat Environment & Ecology Pvt Ltd 1
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SECTION-VI HAZARDS OF LPG SPILLAGE / ESCAPE FROM
CONTAINMENT 6.0 General
When LPG is released from a storage vessel or a pipeline , a fraction of LPG
vaporizes immediately and the other portion forms a pool if the released liquid
quantity is more. LPG from the pool vaporizes rapidly entrapping some liquid as
droplets as well as considerable amount of air forming a gas cloud. The gas
cloud is relatively heavier than air and forms a thin layer on the ground. The
cloud flows into trenches and depressions and in this way travels a considerable
distance.
As the cloud formed in the area of spill moves downwind under influence of
wind, it gets diluted. A small spark, when the vapour cloud is within the
flammability limit can cause flash fire, explosion and if the liquid pool still exist
and remains in touch of cloud under fire it can ignite the whole mass of liquid.
However in case of non existence of any source of ignition there will be no
occurrence of hazardous event and the cloud may get diluted to such a level that
the mixture is no longer explosive. However , it can cause asphyxiation due to
displacement of oxygen . Different types of combustion reactions . associated in
case of. release of LPG from the containment are listed in the following sections.
JET FIRE
Escaping jet of LPG from pressure vessels / piping, if ignited cause a jet flame.
The jet flame direction and tilt depend on prevailing wind direction and velocity.
Damage, in case of such type of jet fires, is restricted to within the- plant
boundary. However, the ignited jet can impinge on other vessels and
equipment carrying LPG and cause domino effect.
HAZARDS OF LPG SPILLAGE / ESCAPE FROM CONTAINMENT
Sonar Bharat Environment & Ecology Pvt Ltd 2
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
POOL FIRE
The liquid pool, if ignited , causes a "Pool Fire" . In the pool fire, LPG burns with
long smoky flame throughout the pool diameter radiating intense heat which
creates severe damage to the adjoining buildings, structures , other vessels and
equipment causing secondary fires. The flame .may tilt under influence of wind
and may get propagated / brown several pool diameters down wind. Damage, in
case of such fires ,is restricted within the plant area and near the source of
generation.
UNCONFINED VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION (UVCE)
Clouds of LPG vapour mixed with air (within flammability limit) may cause
propagating flames when ignited. In certain cases flame take place within
seconds the thermal radiation intensity is severe depending on the total mass of
LPG in the cloud and may cause secondary fires. When the flame travels very
fast it explodes high over pressures or blast effects causing heavy damage at
considerable distance from the release point. Such explosions are called
unconfined vapour cloud explosion.
BOILING LIQUID EXPANDING VAPOUR EXPLOSION (BLEVE)
This phenomenon occurs when pressure inside a storage vessel increases
above the design pressure due to a fire in the adjacent area. Due to
impingement of flame or due to radiant heat, temperature in the vapour portion
of the storage vessel increases rapidly compared to the portion filled with liquid.
Increase in temperatures softens and weakens the metal wall of the shell. With
the rise in vapour pressure and inadequate vapour space for expansion , the
shell of storage tanks bursts causing fragments of the shell flying like projectiles
with release of whole mass of pressurized boiling liquid. The released liquid
flashes and atomies immediately often resulting a large fire ball in contact with
HAZARDS OF LPG SPILLAGE / ESCAPE FROM CONTAINMENT
Sonar Bharat Environment & Ecology Pvt Ltd 3
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
an ignited source. Although the fire ball lasts only a few seconds , its effect is
devastating due to flame contact and intense thermal radiation. This
phenomenon is called BLEVE. The effect of BLEVE extends beyond the plant
boundary in case of catastrophic failure of large pressurized storage vessels.
PAST LPG INCIDENTS IN INDIA
Page 1
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SECTION –VII
HISTORY OF PAST ACCIDENTS IN LPG PLANTS IN INDIA
A. HARYANA, 1973
Road accident: A truck carrying 300 LPG cylinders on National Highway 20
miles away from Delhi .capsized 8. LPG cylinders tumbled down. Suspected
cause of fire is friction between the cylinders which might have leaked due to
rolling down . 1 person died & 3 others were injured
B. MADRAS , 04.04.1981
Fire Accident at LPG Filling Plant at Madras Refineries Limited . On the
day of the fire no filling operation was planned . However it was planned to
do some housekeeping & cleanup operations & interacting of cylinders &
stacking . A truck was also engaged to remove defective cylinders. Prior to
the removal of defective cylinders , reported that about 4500 cylinders
were lying there . Till the truck arrived the contract workmen were engaged
in shifting cylinders by rolling to the new stacking location & they removed
about 400 cylinders & had been stacking them . The truck also made one
trip , of intercarting of 265 cylinders to the new location. , The truck made a
second trip , picked up about 230cylinders & came to the stacking location
& stood by , ready to unload the cylinders . At this time the fire broke out
from the middle of the new stack of defective cylinders & spread fast to the
entire stack of cylinders . In a matter of minutes cylinders had started to
burst with a loud noise due to exposure to intense heat of fire & several
cylinders gave way due to over pressuring . Sudden bursting of cylinders
led the splinters / metal pieces to fly off in all odd directions quite far away
from the accident spot. Due to bursting of cylinders & spreading of fire, the
truck also caught fire & with its full load of cylinders was gulfed in fire &
was totally destroyed. Smoking is believed to be the cause of this accident
PAST LPG INCIDENTS IN INDIA
Page 2
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
B. DELHI, 15.05.1983
A large fire occurred in LPG Bottling Plant filling 9000 cylinders per day , in two shift operation . LPG was supplied to the plant in tank wagons
The fire originated from the cylinder repair area . Leaked LPG got ignited by the lighted beedi, which one of the workers, in the repair area ,was smoking while he was carrying decanting operations 4 persons died & 25 were injured. About 80665 cylinders were damaged.
D. MADRAS, 1985
Fire accident occurred in one of the restaurants when one of the untrained
workers attempted to disconnect an empty cylinder from the pigtail
connection for fixing a filled LPG cylinder. 7 people died & 10 others were
injured
E. SALEM
LPG gas leak was observed through the improperly closed gate valve near
the top manhole, in a railway wagon . Due to timely action a big fire
accident could be averted.
F. NELLORE 1988
Tanker carrying LPG cylinders burst into flames right under the Nellore
railway bridge, melting the electric traction wire to a span of 45 m &
completely twisting the track over the bridge. 1 person died & 2 others
were injured
G. CHANDIGARH, 1989
An accident occurred in a LPG Plant , when some employees of LPG
agency were trying to pilfer LPG from one cylinder to another when the
leaking gas got ignited from the open fire nearby . Two people died & no
one was reported injured.
PAST LPG INCIDENTS IN INDIA
Page 3
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
H. RAJKOT.1989
Indian Oil Corporation LPG bottling Plant: A LPG leakage incident
involving a LPG road tanker took place at the IOCL .The locking pin of the
shut off valve of the liquid line of the tanker was broken . Since the valve
after being opened, could not be closed, LPG started leaking . 2 people
were injured.
I. RONALI, BARODA, 1989
Another LPG leakage incident involving a road tanker occurred because the gasket used in the liquid line of the tanker had worn out & gave way leading to leakage of LPG.
J. DHULE, MAHARASHTRA, 1990
Another LPG incident involving road tankers took place when the driver of
the tanker lost control & the vehicle fell into a ditch leading to the shearing
of excess flow check valve & safety valve of the tank resulting in the
leakage of LPG. The cloud traveled a distance of 100 m away & met with a
source of ignition resulting in flash fire. 12 people died in this accident.
K. HOWRAH, BRIDHE, CALCUTTA, 1990
A road tanker carrying 12.45 MT of LPG overturned on Howrah bridge &
the roto gauge was damaged & the gas leak occurred. Due to prompt
safety measures taken by the fire brigade, an explosion was averted. Two
people were injured in this incident.
L. BONTHAPALLY ,AP,1990
There was a gas leak from a faulty valve. At the same time static charge
accumulated on the tanker during unloading. Since the tanker was not
"earthed" electrostatic arcing occurred & resulted in an explosion & the
entire vehicle was burnt. Nobody was hurt.
PAST LPG INCIDENTS IN INDIA
Page 4
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
M. GANAURSI, PUNJAB, 1990
Yet another LPG road tanker incident, a tanker overturned & the safety
valve got damaged resulting in a gas leak which enveloped an entire
village. The gas got ignited on coming in contact with some flame &
resulted in a massive fire. 31 People died & 30 others were injured.
N. JAMSHEDPUR, 1991
Due to damage in the terflon packing around the thermowell connecting
the nozzle to the Horton sphere thermoweli was displaced resulting in a
leak. One person was injured
O. PUNE, 1992
Since the liquid discharge valve was not closed properly after the
unloading of LPG from the tanker, liquid LPG leaked out. The vapors from
the leak, reached the workers quarters, & got ignited. The flames reached
the tanker, which caught fire. One person died & two others were injured.
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Page 1
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SECTION –VIII
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
8.0 BASIC ASSUMPTION FOR CALCULATING EFFECT ZONE
PRODUCT : LPG ( 60% Butane and 40% Propane by weight ), Molecular
Weight : 52, Vapour pressure: 7.72 Bar at 308 K, LEL: 1.8%, UEL: 9.5%,
Boiling Point: -17Deg C at 1 Bar, Liquid Density : 0.521 Kg/ M3, Heat
Capacity : 2736 J/KG/K,
PROPANE:- Heat of Combustion: 4.65 E+07 J/ KG, Heat of Evaporation
at Boiling Temp ( 231 K at 1 Bar) : 2.22 E +03 J/KG. K
Butane:- Heat of Combustion : 4.59E + 07 J/ KG, ( Joule / Kg) Heat of
Evaporation at Boiling Temperature ( 273 K at 1 Bar ): 3.84 E + 05 J/KG
METEOROLOGICAL DATA
A. Temperature
Summer (0 c) 35-45
Winter (0 c) 10-25
Humidity: 30%- 63%
Tanker Bullet Size : 18 Tons Bullet Capacity : 125 MT x 2, 60 MT X 2, 300 MT x 3 (Proposed)
Pipeline Data
Bullet to pump suction dia - 150 mm
TLD liquid line to Bullet dia - 100 mm
LPG Compressors to TLD dia - 100 mm
LPG Compressors to bullet dia - 100 mm
LPG pump outlet to Carousel dia - 75 mm
Pump return line dia - 50 mm
Purging unit inlet - 50 mm
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Page 2
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
Pump Capacity : Capacity 50 KL/Hr Discharge Pressure : 15 kg/cm2
Compressor Capacity : LPG 2 X 65 CFM AIR 1 X 200 CFM & 1 X 300 CFM
CONSEQUENCE CALCULATION:
Storage Temperature : 293 K; Storage Pressure : 5.5 Kg/ Cm2, Discharge Coeff:
0.6, Wind Speed: 1.3 M/ sec, Atm Stability : F
BLEVE:
Source : a) 18 MT Bullet Truck
b) 125 MT Bullet ( Vessel- in open pedestal)- full capacity HEAVY CLOUD DISPERSION ( dispersion LEL distance considering Release Time of 1800 Sec )
Source : a) 150 mm liquid line rupture
from bullet truck under pressure of 12 Kg/ Cm2)
to Carousal at 12 Kg/ Cm2)
b) 100 mm vapour line rupture ( from Bullet truck ) c) 150 mm liquid line rupture ( from Bullet suction @ 6 KG/ Cm2 )
d) 100 mm Vapour return header under 100 CFM Compression @ 7Kg/ Cm2 )
e) 75 mm Carousel return line( liquid)/ 50 mm hose rupture( liquid)
Source strength to be evaluated based on data provided above.
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Page 3
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
JET FIRE ( if ignited) ,
Source : a) 100 mm liquid line rupture
from bullet truck under pressure of 12 Kg/ Cm2)
to Carousal at 12 Kg/ Cm2)
b) 100 mm vapour line rupture ( from Bullet truck ) c) 150 mm liquid line rupture ( from Bullet suction @ 6 KG/ Cm2 )
d) 100 mm Vapour return header under 100 CFM Compression @ 7Kg/ Cm2 )
e) 75 mm Carousel return line( liquid)/ 62 mm hose rupture( liquid)
VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION ( DELAYED IGNITION considering
Release time of 1800 Sec)
a) 100 mm liquid line rupture
from bullet truck under pressure of 12 Kg/ Cm2)
to Carousal at 12 Kg/ Cm2)
b) 150 mm liquid line rupture ( from Bullet suction @ 6 KG/ Cm2 ) c) 75 mm Carousel return line( liquid)
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Page 4
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SCENARIO -1
BLEVE – .5 KG CYLINDER
ASSUMPTION
1. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE : 450 (C)
2. AMOUNT OF GAS : 5 (KG)
3. DIAMETER CLOUD : Nil
4. DURATION OF FIRE BALL : Nil
5. INTENSITY OF RADIATION : Nil
6. RELATIVE HUMIDITY : 30%
THE THERMAL LOAD IS CALCULATED FROM THE CENTRE OF THE FIRE BALL
SL.NO THERMAL RADIATION DISTANCE (M)
1 1st Degree Burn ( 4KW/M2) Quantity insufficient for BLEVE
2 50% LETHALITY ( 12.5KW/M2) Quantity insufficient for BLEVE
3 100% LETHALITY ( 37.5KW/M2) Quantity Insufficient for BLEVE
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Page 5
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SCENARIO -2
BLEVE - 14.2 KG CYLINDER
ASSUMPTION
1. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE : 450 (C)
2. AMOUNT OF GAS : 14.2 (KG)
3. DIAMETER CLOUD : Nil
4. DURATION OF FIRE BALL : Nil
5. INTENSITY OF RADIATION : Nil
6. RELATIVE HUMIDITY : 30%
THE THERMAL LOAD IS CALCULATED FROM THE CENTRE OF THE FIRE BALL
SL.NO Cylinder Capacity
(kg)
Failure During Overheating
Total Energy
(KL)
Max. Fragment
range (m)
Fragment
Velocity (m/s)
1 14.2
12.5 162.2 39.8
SL.NO THERMAL RADIATION DISTANCE (M)
1 1st Degree Burn ( 4KW/M2) Quantity insufficient for BLEVE
2 50% LETHALITY ( 12.5KW/M2) Quantity insufficient for BLEVE
3 100% LETHALITY ( 37.5KW/M2) Quantity Insufficient for BLEVE
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Page 6
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SCENARIO -3
BLEVE -- 19 KG CYLINDER
ASSUMPTION
1. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE : 450 (C)
2. AMOUNT OF GAS : 19 (KG)
3. DIAMETER CLOUD : Nil
4. DURATION OF FIRE BALL : Nil
5. INTENSITY OF RADIATION : Nil
6. RELATIVE HUMIDITY : 30%
THE THERMAL LOAD IS CALCULATED FROM THE CENTRE OF THE FIRE BALL
SL.NO THERMAL RADIATION DISTANCE (M)
1 1st Degree Burn ( 4KW/M2) Quantity In sufficient for BLEVE
2 50% LETHALITY ( 12.5KW/M2) Quantity In sufficient for BLEVE
3 100% LETHALITY ( 37.5KW/M2) Quantity In sufficient for BLEVE
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Page 7
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SCENARIO -4
BLEVE -- 35 KG CYLINDERS
ASSUMPTION
1. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE : 450 (C)
2. AMOUNT OF GAS : 35 (KG)
3. DIAMETER CLOUD : Nil
4. DURATION OF FIRE BALL : Nil
5. INTENSITY OF RADIATION : Nil
6. RELATIVE HUMIDITY : 30%
THE THERMAL LOAD IS CALCULATED FROM THE CENTRE OF THE FIRE BALL
SL.NO THERMAL RADIATION DISTANCE (M)
1 1st Degree Burn ( 4KW/M2) Quantity In sufficient for BLEVE
2 50% LETHALITY ( 12.5KW/M2) Quantity In sufficient for BLEVE
3 100% LETHALITY ( 37.5KW/M2) Quantity In sufficient for BLEVE
SL.NO Cylinder
Capacity (kg)
Failure During Overheating
Total Energy
(KL)
Max. Fragment
range (m)
Fragment Velocity
(m/s)
1 35
31.4 191.2 43.3
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Page 8
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SCENARIO -5
BLEVE – 47.5 KG CYLINDERS
ASSUMPTION
1. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE : 450 (C)
2. AMOUNT OF GAS : 47.5 (KG)
3. DIAMETER CLOUD : Nil
4. DURATION OF FIRE BALL : Nil
5. INTENSITY OF RADIATION : Nil
6. RELATIVE HUMIDITY : 30%
THE THERMAL LOAD IS CALCULATED FROM THE CENTRE OF THE FIRE BALL
SL.NO THERMAL RADIATION DISTANCE (M)
1 1st Degree Burn ( 4KW/M2) Quantity In sufficient for BLEVE
2 50% LETHALITY ( 12.5KW/M2) Quantity In sufficient for BLEVE
3 100% LETHALITY (37.5KW/M2) Quantity In sufficient for BLEVE
SL.NO Cylinder Capacity
(kg)
Failure During Overheating
Total Energy
(KL)
Max. Fragment
range (m)
Fragment Velocity
(m/s)
1 47.5
42.4 199.2 44.2
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Page 9
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SCENARIO – 6
BLEVE - 18 MT BULLET TRUCK ( BLEVE)
ASSUMPTION
1. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE : 45 0(C)
2. AMOUNT OF GAS : 18 MT
3. RADIUS OF FIRE BALL : 62.5 (M)
4. DURATION OF FIRE BALL : 8.8 (S)
5. INTENSITY OF RADIATION : 191.9 (KW/M2)
6. RELATIVE HUMIDITY : 30%
THE THERMAL LOAD IS CALCULATED FROM THE CENTRE OF THE FIRE BALL
SL.NO THERMAL RADIATION DISTANCE (M)
1 1st Degree Burn ( 4KW/M2) 318.4
2 50% LETHALITY ( 12.5KW/M2) 195.3
3 100% LETHALITY ( 37.5KW/M2) 115.3
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Page 10
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SCENARIO – 7
BLEVE -125 MT BULLET (BLEVE)
ASSUMPTION
1. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE : 450 (C)
2. AMOUNT OF GAS : 125 MT
3. RADIUS OF FIRE BALL : 115 (M)
4. DURATION OF FIRE BALL : 15.3(S)
5. INTENSITY OF RADIATION : 217 (KW/M2)
6. RELATIVE HUMIDITY : 30%
THE THERMAL LOAD IS CALCULATED FROM THE CENTRE OF THE FIRE BALL
SL.NO THERMAL RADIATION DISTANCE (M)
1 1st Degree Burn ( 4KW/M2) 615.1
2 50% LETHALITY ( 12.5KW/M2) 373.5
3 100% LETHALITY ( 37.5KW/M2) 115.3
[
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Page 11
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SCENARIO - 8
HEAVY CLOUD DISPERSION – 100 MM LIQUID LINE RUPTURE (100% ) FROM BULLET TRUCK
ASSUMPTION
1. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE : 100 (C)
2. PIPE DIA : 100MM
3. FLOW RATE : 168.9 (Kg/Sec)
4. RELEASE TIME : 1800 SEC
5. PUMPING PRESSURE : 12 Kg/CM2
6. RELATIVE HUMIDITY : 63%
DISTANCES FOR DISPERSION OF HEAVY CLOUD
Event No
Distance LEL (M) Distance UEL (M)
DW
CW
DW CW
1. 25 69.1 4.2 21.6
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Page 12
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SCENARIO -9
HEAVY CLOUD DISPERSION – 100 MM LIQUID LINE RUPTURE (100%) FROM BULLET
ASSUMPTION
1. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE : 100 (C)
2. PIPE DIA : 100 mm
3. FLOW RATE : 7.2 (Kg/Sec)
4. RELEASE TIME : 1800 SEC
5. PUMPING PRESSURE : @ 50 kl/hr at 14 Kg/CM2
6. RELATIVE HUMIDITY : 63%
DISTANCES FOR DISPERSION OF HEAVY CLOUD
Event No
Distance LEL (M) Distance UEL (M)
DW
CW
DW CW
1. 10 8.1 2 2.9
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Page 13
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SCENARIO -10
HEAVY CLOUD DISPERSION – 100 MM VAPOUR LINE RUPTURE (25% ) FROM BULLET TRUCK
ASSUMPTION
1. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE : 100 (C)
2. PIPE DIA : 100MM
3. FLOW RATE : 42.2 (Kg/Sec)
4. RELEASE TIME : 1800 SEC
5. PUMPING PRESSURE : 12 Kg/CM2
6. RELATIVE HUMIDITY : 63%
DISTANCES FOR DISPERSION OF HEAVY CLOUD
Event No
Distance LEL (M) Distance UEL (M)
DW
CW
DW CW
1. 28 28.8 8 12.8
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Page 14
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SCENARIO -11
HEAVY CLOUD DISPERSION – 100 MM LIQUID LINE RUPTURE (25% ) FROM BULLET
ASSUMPTION
1. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE : 100 (C)
2. PIPE DIA : 100 MM
3. FLOW RATE : 1.8 (Kg/Sec)
4. RELEASE TIME : 1800 SEC
5. PUMPING PRESSURE : @ 50 kl/hr at 14 Kg/CM2
6. RELATIVE HUMIDITY : 63%
DISTANCES FOR DISPERSION OF HEAVY CLOUD
Event No
Distance LEL (M) Distance UEL (M)
DW CW
DW CW
1. 4 2.4 2 1.8
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Page 15
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SCENARIO -12
HEAVY CLOUD DISPERSION –150 MM LIQUID LINE RUPTURE (100% ) FROM BULLET TRUCK TO PUMP
ASSUMPTION
1. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE : 100 (C)
2. PIPE DIA : 150 MM
3. FLOW RATE : 380.1 (Kg/Sec)
4. RELEASE TIME : 1800 SEC
5. PUMPING PRESSURE : 12 Kg/CM2
6. RELATIVE HUMIDITY : 64 %
DISTANCES FOR DISPERSION OF HEAVY CLOUD
Event No
Distance LEL (M) Distance UEL (M)
DW
CW
DW CW
1. 26.5 82.7 4.2 25.1
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Page 16
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SCENARIO -13
HEAVY CLOUD DISPERSION – 150 MM LIQUID LINE RUPTURE (25% ) FROM BULLET SUCTION
ASSUMPTION
1. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE : 100 (C)
2. PIPELINE DIA : 150mm
3. FLOW RATE : 65.5 (Kg/Sec)
4. RELEASE TIME : 1800 SEC
5. PUMPING PRESSURE : 6 Kg/CM2
6. RELATIVE HUMIDITY : 63%
DISTANCES FOR DISPERSION OF HEAVY CLOUD
Event No
Distance LEL (M) Distance UEL (M)
DW CW
DW CW
1. 24 31.7 8 18.8
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Page 17
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SCENARIO -13A
HEAVY CLOUD DISPERSION – 150 MM LIQUID LINE RUPTURE (25% ) FROM BULLET SUCTION
ASSUMPTION
1. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE : 100 (C)
2. PIPELINE DIA : 150mm
3. FLOW RATE : 65.5 (Kg/Sec)
4. RELEASE TIME : 1800 SEC
5. PUMPING PRESSURE : 6 Kg/CM2
6. RELATIVE HUMIDITY : 63%
DISTANCES FOR DISPERSION OF HEAVY CLOUD
Event No
Distance LEL (M) Distance UEL (M)
DW CW
DW CW
1. 24 31.7 8 18.8
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Page 18
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SCENARIO -14
HEAVY CLOUD DISPERSION – 100 MM VAPOUR LINE RUPTURE (100% ) FROM BULLET TRUCK
ASSUMPTION
1. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE : 100 (C)
2. PIPELINE DIA : 100mm
3. FLOW RATE : 14.6 (Kg/Sec)
4. RELEASE TIME : 1800 SEC
5. PUMPING PRESSURE : 12 Kg/CM2
6. RELATIVE HUMIDITY : 30%
DISTANCES FOR DISPERSION OF HEAVY CLOUD
Event No
Distance LEL (M) Distance UEL (M)
DW CW
DW CW
1. 44 21.5 10 8.3
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Page 19
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SCENARIO -15
HEAVY CLOUD DISPERSION – 100 MM VAPOUR RETURN HEADER UNDER COMPRESSION
ASSUMPTION
1. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE : 100 (C)
2. PIPELINE DIA : 100mm
3. FLOW RATE : 14.6 (Kg/Sec)
4. RELEASE TIME : 1800 SEC
5. PUMPING PRESSURE : 8 Kg/CM2
6. RELATIVE HUMIDITY : 63%
DISTANCES FOR DISPERSION OF HEAVY CLOUD
Event No
Distance LEL (M) Distance UEL (M)
DW CW
DW CW
1. 44 21.5 10 8.3
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Page 20
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SCENARIO -16
HEAVY CLOUD DISPERSION – 75 MM CAROUSAL RETURN LINE (LIQUID)
ASSUMPTION
1. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE : 100 (C)
2. PIPELINE DIA : 75 mm
3. FLOW RATE : 12.12 (Kg/Sec)
4. RELEASE TIME : 1800 SEC
5. PUMPING PRESSURE : 8 Kg/CM2
6. COMPRESSION : 150 CFM
6. RELATIVE HUMIDITY : 64%
DISTANCES FOR DISPERSION OF HEAVY CLOUD
Event No
Distance LEL (M) Distance UEL (M)
DW CW
DW CW
1. 18 13.7 4 1.9
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Page 21
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SCENARIO -17
HEAVY CLOUD DISPERSION – 50 MM CAROUSAL RETURN LINE ( VAPOUR )
ASSUMPTION
1. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE : 100 (C)
2. PIPELINE DIA : 50mm
3. FLOW RATE : 6.4 (Kg/Sec)
4. RELEASE TIME : 1800 SEC
5. PUMPING PRESSURE : 8 Kg/CM2
6. RELATIVE HUMIDITY : 63%
DISTANCES FOR DISPERSION OF HEAVY CLOUD
Event No
Distance LEL (M) Distance UEL (M)
DW CW
DW CW
1. 25 11.3 6 4.4
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Page 22
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SCENARIO -18
HEAVY CLOUD DISPERSION – 50 MM HOSE RUPTURE
ASSUMPTION
1. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE : 100 (C)
2. PIPELINE DIA : 50mm
3. FLOW RATE : 7.2 (Kg/Sec)
4. RELEASE TIME : 1800 SEC
5. PUMPING PRESSURE : 8 Kg/CM2
6. RELATIVE HUMIDITY : 63%
DISTANCES FOR DISPERSION OF HEAVY CLOUD
Event No
Distance LEL (M) Distance UEL (M)
DW CW
DW CW
1. 6 6.1
2
3.04
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Page 23
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SCENARIO -19
VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION -150MM LIQUIDLINE RUPTURE FROM BULLET TRUCK ( 100% )
ASSUMPTION
1. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE : 100 (C)
2. PIPE DIA : 150mm
3. FLOW RATE : 168.9 (Kg/Sec)
4. PUMPING PRESSURE : 12 Kg/CM2
5. WIND VELOCITY & STABILITY : 2/F
6. SOURCE STREMGTH FOR DISPERSION : 168.9 Kg/S
7 VAPOUR CLOUD RADIUS : 48.3 M
8 VAPOUR CLOUD HEIGHT : 1.97 M
9 AMOUNT IN EXPLOSIVE LIMITS : 1857 Kg
10 LEL DISTANCE : 28 M
11. RELATIVE HUMIDITY : 63%
DAMAGE DISTANCES FOR VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION
SL.NO DETONATION OVERPRESSURE DISTANCE (M)
1 0.3 bar 104.0
2 0.1 bar 208.0
3 0.03 bar 520
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Page 24
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SCENARIO -20
VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION -150MM LIQUIDLINE RUPTURE FROM BULLET TRUCK ( 25% )
ASSUMPTION
1. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE : 10 0(C)
2. PIPE DIA : 150MM
3. FLOW RATE : 42.2 (Kg/Sec)
4. PUMPING PRESSURE : 12Kg/CM2
5. WIND VELOCITY & STABILITY : 2/F
6. SOURCE STREMGTH FOR DISPERSION : 42.23 Kg/S
7 VAPOUR CLOUD RADIUS : 24.3 M
8 VAPOUR CLOUD HEIGHT : 3.5 M
9 AMOUNT IN EXPLOSIVE LIMITS : 337.6 Kg
10 LEL DISTANCE : 20 M
11. RELATIVE HUMIDITY : 63%
DAMAGE DISTANCES FOR VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION
SL.NO DETONATION OVERPRESSURE DISTANCE (M)
1 0.3 bar 58.9
2 0.1 bar 117.9
3 0.03 bar 294.7
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Page 25
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SCENARIO -21
VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION - 75 MM LIQUID CAROUSEL RETURN LINE
ASSUMPTION
1. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE : 100 (C)
2. PIPE DIA : 75mm
3. FLOW RATE : 6.5 (Kg/Sec)
4. WIND VELOCITY & STABILITY : 1.3/F
5. SOURCE STREMGTH FOR DISPERSION : 6.5 Kg/S
6 VAPOUR CLOUD RADIUS : 1.9 M
7 VAPOUR CLOUD HEIGHT : 1.7 M
8 AMOUNT IN EXPLOSIVE LIMITS : 1.8 Kg
9 LEL DISTANCE : 7 M
10. RELATIVE HUMIDITY : 63%
DAMAGE DISTANCES FOR VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION
SL.NO DETONATION
OVERPRESSURE
DISTANCE (M)
1 0.3 bar Explosion unlikely Qty low
2 0.1 bar Explosion unlikely Qty low
3 0.03 bar Explosion unlikely Qty low
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Page 26
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SCENARIO -22
VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION -150MM LIQUIDLINE RUPTURE (150%) FROM EXISTING BULLET SUCTION
ASSUMPTION
1. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE : 100 (C)
2. PIPE DIA : 150mm
3. FLOW RATE : 260.2 (Kg/Sec)
4. WIND VELOCITY & STABILITY : 2/F
5. SOURCE STREMGTH FOR DISPERSION : 260.2 Kg/S
6 VAPOUR CLOUD RADIUS : 58.4 M
7 VAPOUR CLOUD HEIGHT : 9.5 M
8 AMOUNT IN EXPLOSIVE LIMITS : 3120 Kg
9 LEL DISTANCE : 30 M
10. RELATIVE HUMIDITY : 63 %
DAMAGE DISTANCES FOR VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION
SL.NO DETONATION
OVERPRESSURE
DISTANCE (M)
1 0.3 bar 123.6
2 0.1 bar 247.2
3 0.03 bar 618.1
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Page 27
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SCENARIO -22A
VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION -150MM LIQUIDLINE RUPTURE (150%) FROM PROPOSED BULLET SUCTION
ASSUMPTION
1. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE : 100 (C)
2. PIPE DIA : 150mm
3. FLOW RATE : 260.2 (Kg/Sec)
4. WIND VELOCITY & STABILITY : 2/F
5. SOURCE STREMGTH FOR DISPERSION : 260.2 Kg/S
6 VAPOUR CLOUD RADIUS : 58.4 M
7 VAPOUR CLOUD HEIGHT : 9.5 M
8 AMOUNT IN EXPLOSIVE LIMITS : 3120 Kg
9 LEL DISTANCE : 30 M
10. RELATIVE HUMIDITY : 63 %
DAMAGE DISTANCES FOR VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION
SL.NO DETONATION
OVERPRESSURE
DISTANCE (M)
1 0.3 bar 123.6
2 0.1 bar 247.2
3 0.03 bar 618.1
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Page 28
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SCENARIO -23
VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION – 150 MM LIQUID RETURN LINE FROM BULLET SUCTION (25%)
ASSUMPTION
1. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE : 100 (C)
2. PIPE DIA : 150 mm
3. FLOW RATE : 65.05 (Kg/Sec)
4. WIND VELOCITY & STABILITY : 2/F
5. SOURCE STREMGTH FOR DISPERSION : 65.05 Kg/S
6 VAPOUR CLOUD RADIUS : 31.7 M
7 VAPOUR CLOUD HEIGHT : 4.4 M
8 AMOUNT IN EXPLOSIVE LIMITS : 650.5 Kg
9 LEL DISTANCE : 27 M
10. RELATIVE HUMIDITY : 64 %
DAMAGE DISTANCES FOR VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION
SL.NO DETONATION
OVERPRESSURE
DISTANCE (M)
1 0.3 bar 73.6
2 0.1 bar 146.7
3 0.03 bar 366.7
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Page 29
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SCENARIO -24
VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION - 75 MM CAROUSAL RETURN LINE
1. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE : 100 (C)
2. PIPE DIA : 75 mm
3. FLOW RATE : 7.2 (Kg/Sec)
4. WIND VELOCITY & STABILITY : 2/F
5. SOURCE STREMGTH FOR DISPERSION : 7.2 Kg/S
6 VAPOUR CLOUD RADIUS : 6.1 M
7 VAPOUR CLOUD HEIGHT : 2.2 M
8 AMOUNT IN EXPLOSIVE LIMITS : 21.6 Kg
9 LEL DISTANCE : 6 M
10. RELATIVE HUMIDITY : 63 %
DAMAGE DISTANCES FOR VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION
SL.NO DETONATION
OVERPRESSURE
DISTANCE (M)
1 0.3 bar Explosion unlikely Qty low
2 0.1 bar Explosion unlikely Qty low
3 0.03 bar Explosion unlikely Qty low
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Page 30
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SCENARIO - 25
VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION – OVER FLOW OF 60 MT BULLET
1. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE : 100 (C)
2. FLOW RATE : 260.2 (Kg/Sec)
3. WIND VELOCITY & STABILITY : 2/F
4. SOURCE STREMGTH FOR DISPERSION : 260.2 Kg/S
5 VAPOUR CLOUD RADIUS : 58.4 M
6 VAPOUR CLOUD HEIGHT : 9.5 M
7 AMOUNT IN EXPLOSIVE LIMITS : 3120 Kg
8 LEL DISTANCE : 30 M
9. RELATIVE HUMIDITY : 63 %
DAMAGE DISTANCES FOR VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION
SL.NO DETONATION
OVERPRESSURE
DISTANCE (M)
1 0.3 bar 118.3
2 0.1 bar 241.5
3 0.03 bar 609.1
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Page 31
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SCENARIO – 26
JET FIRE -150MM LIQUID LINE RUPTURE FROM BULLET TRUCK
ASSUMPTION
1. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE : 100 (C)
2. PIPELINE DIA : 150 MM
3. DISCHARGE RATE : 5.4 (Kg/Sec)
4. PUMPING PRESSURE : 12 Kg/CM2
5 THERMAL RADIATION INSIDE JET : 320.4 KW/M2
6. LENGTH : 26.8 M
7 WIDTH : 2.3 M
8. RELATIVE HUMIDITY : 30%
DAMAGE DISTANCES FOR JET FIRE
SL.NO THERMAL RADIATION DISTANCE (M)
1
1st Degree Burn ( 4KW/M2)
DW 33.7
CW 22.0
2
50% LETHALITY ( 12.5KW/M2) DW 30.8
CW 11.6
3
150% LETHALITY ( 37.5KW/M2) DW 28.7
CW 4.9
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Page 32
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SCENARIO – 27
JET FIRE -100 MM VAPOUR LINE RUPTURE FROM BULLET TRUCK
ASSUMPTION
1. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE : 100 (C)
2. PIPELINE DIA : 150 MM
3. DISCHARGE RATE : 10.06 (Kg/Sec)
4. PUMPING PRESSURE : 12 Kg/CM2
5 THERMAL RADIATION INSIDE JET : 259.4 KW/M2
6. LENGTH : 36.2 M
7 WIDTH : 3.1 M
8. RELATIVE HUMIDITY : 63%
DAMAGE DISTANCES FOR JET FIRE
SL.NO THERMAL RADIATION DISTANCE (M)
1
1st Degree Burn ( 4KW/M2)
DW 44.3
CW 25.9
2
50% LETHALITY ( 12.5KW/M2) DW 40.7
CW 13.3
3
150% LETHALITY ( 37.5KW/M2) DW 38.1
CW 5.5
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Page 33
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SCENARIO -28
JET FIRE -150 MM LIQUID LINE RUPTURE FROM BULLET TRUCK
ASSUMPTION
1. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE : 100 (C)
2. PIPELINE DIA : 150 MM
3. DISCHARGE RATE : 260.2 (Kg/Sec)
4. PUMPING PRESSURE : 6 Kg/CM2
5 THERMAL RADIATION INSIDE JET : 184.9 KW/M2
6. LENGTH : 171.2 M
7 WIDTH : 14.8 M
8. RELATIVE HUMIDITY : 63%
DAMAGE DISTANCES FOR JET FIRE
SL.NO THERMAL RADIATION DISTANCE (M)
1
1st Degree Burn ( 4KW/M2)
DW 201.7
CW 92.7
2
50% LETHALITY ( 12.5KW/M2) DW 187.5
CW 44.6
3
150% LETHALITY ( 37.5KW/M2) DW 176.4
CW 16.3
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Page 34
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SCENARIO - 29
JET FIRE -150 MM VAPOUR RETURN HEADER UNDER 95 CFM COMPRESSOR
ASSUMPTION
1. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE : 100 (C)
2. PIPELINE DIA : 150 MM
3. DISCHARGE RATE : 14.6 (Kg/Sec)
4. PUMPING PRESSURE : 8 Kg/CM2
5 THERMAL RADIATION INSIDE JET : 274.9 KW/M2
6. LENGTH : 43.2 M
7 WIDTH : 3.7 M
8. RELATIVE HUMIDITY : 30%
DAMAGE DISTANCES FOR JET FIRE
SL.NO THERMAL RADIATION DISTANCE (M)
1
1st Degree Burn ( 4KW/M2)
DW 52.2
CW 29.1
2
50% LETHALITY ( 12.5KW/M2) DW 48.1
CW 14.7
3
150% LETHALITY ( 37.5KW/M2) DW 45.3
CW 5.8
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Page 35
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SCENARIO - 30
JET FIRE - 75 MM CAROUSAL RETURN LINE
ASSUMPTION
1. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE : 100 (C)
2. PIPELINE DIA : 75 MM
3. DISCHARGE RATE : 7.2 (Kg/Sec)
4. PUMPING PRESSURE : 8 Kg/CM2
5 THERMAL RADIATION INSIDE JET : 321.5 KW/M2
6. LENGTH : 30.8 M
7 WIDTH : 2.6 M
8. RELATIVE HUMIDITY : 63%
DAMAGE DISTANCES FOR JET FIRE
SL.NO THERMAL RADIATION DISTANCE (M)
1
1st Degree Burn ( 4KW/M2)
DW 38.7
CW 25.1
2
50% LETHALITY ( 12.5KW/M2) DW 35.2
CW 13.3
3
150% LETHALITY ( 37.5KW/M2) DW 32.9
CW 5.7
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Page 36
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SCENARIO - 31
JET FIRE - 50 MM HOSE RUPTURE
ASSUMPTION
1. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE : 100 (C)
2. HOSE DIA : 50 MM
3. FLOW RATE : 7.2 (Kg/Sec)
4. PUMPING PRESSURE : 8 Kg/CM2
5 THERMAL RADIATION INSIDE JET : 321.5 KW/M2
6. LENGTH : 30.8 M
7 WIDTH : 2.6 M
8. RELATIVE HUMIDITY : 63%
DAMAGE DISTANCES FOR JET FIRE
SL.NO THERMAL RADIATION DISTANCE (M)
1
1st Degree Burn ( 4KW/M2)
DW 38.7
CW 25.1
2
50% LETHALITY ( 12.5KW/M2) DW 35.2
CW 13.3
3
150% LETHALITY ( 37.5KW/M2) DW 32.9
CW 5.7
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Page 37
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SCENARIO -32
150 MM GASKET FAILURE IN LPG PUMP DISCHARGE
ASSUMPTION
1. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE : 100 (C)
2. PIPE DIA : 150MM
3. DISCHARGE RATE : 7.2 (Kg/Sec)
4 THERMAL RADIATION INSIDE JET : 321.5 KW/M2
5. LENGTH : 30.8 M
6 WIDTH : 2.6 M
7. RELATIVE HUMIDITY : 63%
DAMAGE DISTANCES FOR JET FIRE
SL.NO THERMAL RADIATION DISTANCE (M)
1
1st Degree Burn ( 4KW/M2)
DW 38.7
CW 25.1
2
50% LETHALITY ( 12.5KW/M2) DW 35.1
CW 13.3
3
150% LETHALITY ( 37.5KW/M2) DW 32.9
CW 5.7
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS
Page 38
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SCENARIO -33
VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION
150 MM GASKET FAILURE IN LPG PUMP DISCHARGE
ASSUMPTION
1. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE : 100 (C)
2. PIPE DIA : 150MM
3. RELEASE RATE : 1.8 (Kg/Sec)
4. WIND VELOSITY & STABILITY : 2/F
4 SOURCE STRENGTH FOR DISPERSION : 1.8 KG/S KW/M2
5. VAPOUR CLOUD RADIUS : 1.89 M
6 VAPOUR CLOUD HEIGHT : 2.6 M
7. AMOUNT EXPLOSIVE IN LIMITS : 1.8 KG
8. LEL DISTANCE : 2 M
9. RELATIVE HUMIDITY : 63%
DAMAGE DISTANCES FOR JET FIRE
SL.NO DAMAGE DISTANCE DISTANCE (M)
1 0.3 bar Explosion unlikely Qty Low
2 0.1 bar Explosion unlikely Qty Low
3 0.03 bar Explosion unlikely Qty Low
RECOMMENDATION
Sonar Bharat Environment & Ecology Pvt Ltd Page 1
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
SECTION –IX
RECOMMENDATION 9.0 SUGGESTION
Handling And Storage of Liquid Petroleum Gas is a Hazardous process as the
chemical properties of L.P.G indicates that the material is explosive. Leakage
from any point and getting a source ignition may cause disaster..
Based on M.C.A analysis, different probable accident scenarios were
identified and its consequences have been identified.
Risk contours have been plotted on the layout to show the possibilities of
damage on the onsite/offsite facilities.
Fallowing Scenarios were considered
BLEVE
5 kg cylinders
14.2 kg cylinders
19 kg cylinders
35 kg cylinders
47.5 kg cylinders
18 MT bullet truck
125 MT bullet
JET FIRE
150 mm liquid line - Bullet to pump suction dia
100 MM liquid line -TLD liquid line to Bullet dia
100 mm pipe line - LPG Compressors to TLD dia
100 mm pipeline - LPG Compressors to bullet dia
75 mm pipeline - LPG pump outlet to Carousel dia
50 mm return line - Pump return line dia
50 mm line - Purging unit inlet
RECOMMENDATION
Sonar Bharat Environment & Ecology Pvt Ltd Page 2
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
BLEVE
Maximum Damage from Fireball
S no.
Failure Scenarios
Source Strength
Radius of fireball
Duration of Fireball
Intensity of Radiation inside fireball
Damage distances from the center of the fireball
m
T m s kW/m2 37.5 kW/m2
12.5 kW/m2
4 kW/m2
a) 18 MT Bullet Truck- full capacity
9 62.5 8.8 191.9 115.3 195.3 318.4
b) 125 MT Bullet ( Vessel- in open pedestal)- full capacity
75 115 15.3 217 214.4 373.5 615.1
In the above cases thermal radiation zone will spread beyond the boundary and cause
off site risk. These will also cause damage to on site facilities like unloading bay etc.
RECOMMENDATION
Sonar Bharat Environment & Ecology Pvt Ltd Page 3
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
HEAVY CLOUD DISPERSION (dispersion LEL distance considering Release Time of 1800 sec) S
no.
Scenario Pipe size
Flow rate LEL (m) UEL (m)
mm (kg/s) DW CW
DW CW
a) 100 mm liquid line rupture (100%)
1. from bullet truck under pressure of 12Kg/ cm2 100 168.9
(rupture assumed to be at vessel-pipe joint)
25 69.1
4.2 21.6
2. from bullet under pressure of 14Kg/ cm2 100 7.2 10 8.1 2 2.9
100 mm vapour line rupture ( 25% )
b) 1. from bullet truck under pressure of
12Kg/ cm2 100 42.2 28 28.8
8 12.8
2. from bullet under pressure of 14Kg/ cm2 100 1.8
4 2.8 2 1.8
150 mm liquid line rupture (100%)
c) 1. from Bullet to pump at 12 Kg/ cm2) 150 260.2
(rupture assumed to be at vessel-pipe joint)
26.5
82.7
4.2 25.1
d) 150 mm liquid line rupture (25%)
e) 150 mm liquid line ruptures (25%) (from Bullet suction @ 6Kg/ cm2)
150 65.5 24 31.7
8 18.8
f) 100 mm vapour line rupture (100%)
(from Bullet truck) 100 14.6 44 21.
5 10 8.3
g) 100 mm Vapour return header under 95
CFM Compression @ 8Kg/ cm2 ) 100 14.6 44 21.
5 10 8.3
h) 1) 75 mm Carousel return line( liquid) 75 12.12 18 13.
7 4 1.9
2) 50 mm Carousel return line(Vapour) 50 6.4 25 11.3
6 4.4
3) 50 mm hose rupture (liquid) 50 7.2 6 6.1 2 3.04
RECOMMENDATION
Sonar Bharat Environment & Ecology Pvt Ltd Page 4
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
In case a source of ignition this may cause damage to the onsite facilities Mitigative Measures:-
1. Elimination of ground level ignition source 2. Nozzle for vapour cloud dispersion is to be put into operation 3. Provision for vapour dilution system
RECOMMENDATION
Sonar Bharat Environment & Ecology Pvt Ltd Page 5
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION (DELAYED IGNITION considering Release time of 1800 Sec)
Damage distances due to VCE
S no.
Scenario Pipe size
Release rate
Wind velocit
y & Stabilit
y
Source strengt
h for dispersi
on
Cloud radius/ Height
Amount in
Explosive
limits
LEL distanc
e
Damage distances (m)
mm kg/s kg/s m kg m 0.3 bar 0.1 bar 0.03 bar
a) 100 mm liquid line rupture (100%)
1. from bullet truck under pressure of 12 Kg/ cm2)
150 168.9 2/ F 168.9 48.3/1.97
1857 28 104.0 208.0 520
b) 150 mm liquid line rupture (25%)
1. from bullet truck under pressure of 12 Kg/ cm2)
150 42.2 2/ F 42.23 24.3/3.5 337.6 20 58.9 117.9 294.7
2. to Carousal @ 50 Kl/ Hr at 12 Kg/ cm2)
75 1.8 2/ F 1.8 1.9/1.7 1.8 2 Explosion unlikely Qty low
c) 150 mm liquid line rupture (100%) (from Bullet suction @ 6 Kg/ cm2)
150 260.2 2/ F 260.2 58.4/ 9.5 3120 30 123.6 247.2 618.1
d) 150 mm liquid line rupture (25%) (from Bullet suction @ 6 Kg/ cm2)
150 65.05 2/ F 65.05 31.7/ 4.4 650.5 24 73.6 146.7 366.7
e) 75 mm Carousel return line (liquid)
75 7.2 2/ F 7.2 6.1/2.2 21.6 6 Explosion unlikely Qty low
f) Over flow 60MT Bullet 260.2 2/F 260.2 58.4/9.5 3120 30 118.3 241.5 609.1
Effect of explosion will spread beyond the boundary wall and will cause off site risk
RECOMMENDATION
Sonar Bharat Environment & Ecology Pvt Ltd Page 6
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
JET FIRE (If ignited)
S no.
Scenario Pipe size
Discharge rate
Thermal radiation inside jet
Length Width Damage distances (m)
mm kg/s kW/m2 m m 37.5 kW/m2
12.5 kW/m2
4 kW/m2
DW
CW
DW
CW
DW
CW
a) 100 mm liquid line rupture (100%) 1. from bullet truck under pressure of 12 Kg/ cm2 under compressor 95 CFM)
150 5.4 320.4 26.8 2.3 28.7
4.9 30.8
11.6
33.7
22.0
b) 100 mm vapour line rupture (100%)( from Bullet truck )
100 10.06 259.4 36.2 3.1 38.1
5.5 40.7
13.3
44.3
25.9
c) 150 mm liquid line rupture (100%) (from Bullet truck @ 6 KG/ cm2)
150 260.2 184.9 171.2 14.8 176.4
16.3
187.5
44.6
201.7
92.7
d) 100 mm Vapour return header under 95 CFM Compression @ 8Kg/ cm2)
150 14.6 236.0 43.2 3.7 45.3
5.8 48.1
14.7
52.2
29.1
e) 1. 75 mm Carousel return line (liquid)
75 7.2 321.5 30.8 2.6 32.9
5.7 35.2
13.3
38.7
25.1
2. 50mm hose rupture (liquid)
50 7.2 321.5 30.8 2.6 32.9
5.7 35.2
13.3
38.7
25.1
These will cause damage to the onsite facilities Mitigative Measures:- Activation of sprinkler system for cooling down the facilities
RECOMMENDATION
Sonar Bharat Environment & Ecology Pvt Ltd Page 7
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
VAPOUR CLOUD EXPLOSION (DELAYED IGNITION considering Release time of 1800 Sec)
RECOMMENDATION
1. Periodic cleaning of filter element to reduce probability of rupture line due to
blockage of filter.
2. Over filling of cylinder due to reverse flow from the bullet can lead to rupture
of cylinder which are disastrous. Hence NRV in between evacuation unit and
tank to recommended.
RECOMMENDATION
Sonar Bharat Environment & Ecology Pvt Ltd Page 8
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
9.2 FIRE FIGHTING FACILITY
Details of Fire fighting arrangements within the factory and similar additional
services that can be obtained at a short notice are as under:
ITEM DESCRIPTION. Nos. Remarks Fire Water Tanks 1x2850 KL +
1 X 2836 KL
Fire Engines 4 x 410 kL/hr 2 x 273 kL/hr
Fire Extinguisher -DCP Type-75 kg 5 -DCP Type-50 kg NIL -DCP Type-10 kg 54 -CO2 Type-4.5 kg 9 -CO2 Type-2 kg NIL Dry Chemical Powder (DCP) 550kg spare Foam (AFFF) NA Foam compound Trolly-250 ltrs NA Foam compound stalls (at vulnerable points) NA Water Sprinkler for MS Tank NA Sand Buckets 8 Double Headed Water Hydrants 9 Single Headed Water Hydrants 4 Water Monitors 18 Fire Hose Reels including spares 43 Fire Hose Boxes 13 Jet Nozzles including Spares 17 Foam cum water Nozzles(FB 10X) NA FB 5X Nozzle NA Fog Nozzle 4 Triple Purpose Nozzles (Diffuser) 3 Safety Shoes 27 Safety Helmets 30 Safety Belts 5 Flame Proof Torch 2 Breathing Apparatus 1 Fire Proximity suit, Boot , Helmet, Gloves 1 Water Jel Blanket 2 Electric Siren (2 Km) 1 Hand Operated Siren 6 Public Addressing System 1 First Aid Boxes 4 Stretcher 2 Wind Socks 3 Electrical Gloves 2
RECOMMENDATION
Sonar Bharat Environment & Ecology Pvt Ltd Page 9
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
FIRE PROTECTION FACILITIES
Fire Fighting facility at LPG Bottling Plant, Khurda has been designed to
cover all hazardous areas in the Plant. The system comprises of:
i) Fire Water Pump House
ii) Hydrant and Water Monitor Network
iii) Medium Velocity Sprinkler System (MVSS)
FIRE WATER PUMP HOUSE
A water pumping arrangement has been provided exclusively for fire fighting
purpose. This arrangement keeps all water outlets (monitors, hydrants and
deluge valves) pressurized at 7.5 kg/cm2 and fire pumps are designed to start
automatically on sensing any drop in pressure below desired level.
Six Nos. diesel driven (Three Working and three Standby ) of 4 X 410
KL/Hr + 2 X 273 KL/Hr Capacity fire water pump and Two Nos. electric
driven ( 1Nos. Working and One Standby) of 20Kl/Hr Jockey Pump
All the pumps are centrifugal type. The first pump is preset to start when
the line pressure drops to 6.0 kg/cm2. The second pump starts at 5.5
kg/cm2 & the third pump starts at 5.0 Kg/cm2, Jockey Pump which has
been provided to maintain line pressure, starts at 7 kg/cm2 and stop at 9
kg/cm2. Other fire engines are stand by. All the pumps are connected to
ring main which is further connected to various monitors, hydrants and
deluge valves.
All diesel driven pumps are controlled by separate control panels,
automatic engine- starting is done through the panel connected to
pressure switch in delivery mains. Engine control panel gives audio visual
alarm to indicate fault in any operating area of engine.
Arrangement has been made for self priming of all the pumps because of
aboveground water tank facility.
RECOMMENDATION
Sonar Bharat Environment & Ecology Pvt Ltd Page 10
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
The system uses compressed air for fire detection in hazardous areas,
Supply of this air is from two air compressors provided inside the F/W
pump house.
HYDRANT & WATER MONITORING NETWORK
Fire hydrant & monitors network has been designed to cover entire plant
area & T/L Parking area. The system consists of following:
Double headed Hydrant 11 Nos.
Single headed Hydrant 2 Nos
Water Monitors 14 Nos.
DELUGE VALVE / MEDIUM VELOCITY SPRINKLER SYSTEM
Total 8 nos. of deluge valves have been designed to cover the
following areas
DV No Position No
DV- 1 & 2 Bullet Area 2
DV- 3 TLD 1
DV- 5 Filled Shed 1
DV-4 & 8 Filling Shed 2
DV-6 LPG Pump House 1
DV – 7 Cold Repair shed 1
DV-8 Empty Shed 1
System operation in all above areas is automatic. It uses compressed air
networks for fire detection. Quartzoid bulb type detectors are fixed at fire
sensitive positions on the air network in the hazardous area. These bulbs are
heat sensitive and burst at preset temperature (79° C). Bulb breakage causes air
pressure in the network to drop very rapidly.
RECOMMENDATION
Sonar Bharat Environment & Ecology Pvt Ltd Page 11
Risk Analysis For BPCL LPG Bottling Plant at Khurda, Odisha
Water spray networks in these hazards are connected to undesigned mains
through control valves, automatic in operation, named deluge valves. These
deluge valves operate when the air pressure falls below 0.7 kg/cm2
SOURCE OF WATER : 1 X2850 KL + 1 X 2836 KL =5686 KL
Two Above Ground Tanks have been provided for fire fighting, which is located
outside the licensed area of plant.
Material Safety Data Sheet of LPG
1. Chemical Identification
Chemical Name : LPG Synonyms : Liquefied Petroleum Gas. Chemical classification : Flammable Gas - Category 1, Gases under Pressure - liquefied gas, Carcinogenicity - Category 1B, Mutagen city - Category 1B Specific Target Organ Toxcity (Single Exposure) - Category 3 Trade name : LPG U.N.No. : 1203 Formula : Mixture MAINLY Propane & Butane, Component C.A.S No. Weight Propane (C3 H8) 74-98-6 60-90% Butane (C4 H10) 106-97-8 10-30% Propane Propylene 115-07-1 1-5% Isobutene (C4 H10) 75-28-5 1-5% 1,3- Butadiene (C4 H6) 106-99-0 0-02% Shipping name : Liquified Petroleum gas. Regulated identification : LPG. Hazardous waste ID No. : NA. Hazchem No. : Class2.1
Hazardous Ingredients:-
Hazardous Approximate C.A.S. No. LD 50/LC 50 Exposures Ingredients. Concentration(%) specify species Limits. & Route.
a) Butane 50-60 106-97-8 Not available/inh 4hrs 1000 lpm.(OEL) & 658 g/m3. 1000 lpm(TLV1)
b) Ethane <5 74-84-0 Not available. 1000 lpm(TLV1) c) Propane 40-50 74-98-6 Not available 1000 lpm.
(OEL,TLV1) [ OEL= 8 hr Alberta Occupational Exposure Limit ] [ TLV = Threshold Limit Value ( 8 hrs) ] 1 As Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Gases
2. Physical & Chemical data
Physical state Liquefied Gas Boiling Range / points (-)270c Melting / freezing points (-) 170OC to (-) 187Oc Appearance & Odour Colorless, Odorless ( or may have
Mercaptan odour) Vapour Pressure(KPA) 1100 @ 200
C Vapour Density (Air-1) 1.6 - 2.0 Solubility in water Negligible Specific Gravity water 0.53 PH Not applicable. Evaporation rate Not available. Percent Volatiles, by volume 100 Odour Threshold (PPM) Range from 2500 to 5000. Coefficient of water / Oil Distribution <0.1
Initial Boiling point & range -0.50c (31.1F) at 1,013.25 hPa Relative density 0.56 at 150c
3. Fire and Explosion Hazards Data: Appearance Flammability Yes LEL by volume 1.8% to 5.3% UEL by volume 8.5% to 15% Flash Point (-)560c to (-)600c Auto ignition 4100c-5400c TDG Flammability classification Class 2.1 Sensitivity to impact Na. Sensitivity to Static discharge Yes, May ignite Means of extinction Foam, CO2, dry chemical Powder, Explosive
accumulations can build up in areas of poor ventilation.
Special Procedure Use water spray to cool fire exposed containers and disperse Gas if Leak has not ignited. If safe To do, cut off fuel and allow flame to burn out.
Hazardous Ploymerisation :
Combustible Liquid : Yes Explosive material : Yes Corrosive material : No Flammable material : Yes Oxidizer : NA Other : NA Pyrophoric material : NA Organic peroxide : NA
4. Reactivity Data
Chemical stability : Stable Condition : Not applicable Incompatibility with other material : Chlorine and other strong oxidizing agents. Reactivity : Yes Conditions : heat, strong sunlight Hazardous Reaction Product : On fire it will liberate some amount carbon monoxide, and Carbon-di-oxide.
5. Health Hazards Data
Routes of Entry : Inhalation , eye contact. Effects of Exposure symptoms : Inhalation can cause head ache, disorientation, dizziness
drossiness and possibly unconsciousness. Evidence exists that butane and propane can cause these effects at concentrations for below those require for oxygen deficiency, for example 10% LEL and above. As concentration increases, oxygen deficiency and asphyxiation may occur. Rapidly expanding gas are vaporized liquid may cause frostbite to skin and eyes.
Emergency Treatment : in case of contact with Skin flush with fresh with fresh water ,
remove containment clothing, in case of excessive inhalation move the victim to fresh air, obtain medical assistance.
Sensitization to Product : No Exposure limit of Product : 1000 lpm(OEL,TLV) Irritancy : Not available. Synergistic materials : None reported. Chronic exposure : Weakness, coughing, labored breathing, headache confusion
nausea/vomiting convulsions heart rate and pulse variations coma respiratory failure.
NFPA Hazards Health Flammability Instability Special Signals 2 4 0 none HMIS ratings Health Flammability physical hazards 1 4 2
6. Preventive measures: Personal Protective equipment : use Positive pressure self contained breathing apparatus
Or supplied air breathing apparatus when entering areas where high concentration may be presents.
a) Gloves: Insulated gloves. b) Respiratory Protection: SCBA ar SABA. c) Eye: splash goggles and face shield if SCBA or SABA not warn.
Handling and storage Precautions : Aroid contact with liquid cooled equipment, Avoid inhalation, avoid sparking condition store in a cool, dry, well ventilated area away from heat, strong sunlight and ignition source.
Keep away from fire, sparks & heated surfaces no smoking near
areas where material is stared or handled. The product should only be stored and handled in areas with intrinsically safe electrical classification.
7. Emergency and First aid measures:
Suitable Fire Extinguishing media : Foam, dry chemical powder, co2, containers which are not cooled with water spray
Extinguishing media to avoid : water Caution about specific danger in case of : Danger of violent reaction or explosion, vapors Fire and fire fighting procedures may travel considerable distances and cause
subsequent ignition. Vapors are heavier than air, may cumulate along the round in enclosed spaces – danger of explosion when burning; it emits carbon monoxide & CO2 and irritant fumes.
Fire Special procedures : Shut off leak, if safe to do so,. Keep non –involved
people away from spill site. Issue warning “ FLAMMABLE” . Eliminate all sources of ignition.
Unusual Hazards : Vapor heavier than Air it will spread along the the ground and collect in sewer. Exposure First Aid measures : Skin contact ; in freeze burn occurs, gently Bathe affected area in warm water (38-43)0C. Do not rub get medical attention Eye : Immediately flash with large amounts of Luke warm water for 15 minutes, lifting upper & lower lids at intervals. Seek medical attention If irritation persists.
Inhalation: Remove to fresh air, give oxygen, artificial respiration or CPR needed seek medical attention Ingestion : Usually no effect by this Route
Antidotes/Dosages : NA
Spills Steps to be taken : Shut off leak , if safe to do so, Keep non – Involved people away from spillage site.
Eliminate all sources of ignition. Prevent spill entering in to sewers, for Major spillage contact emergency services.
Waste disposal Method : NA
ANNEXURE – VI
Public Hearing Exemption Letter
-l
State Environment Impact Assessment Authority, (StrIAA),Odisha
[Constituted vide Order No. S.O. 3387(E) Dated 15th Dec. 2015 of Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of lndia]
Qr. No. 5RF-2/1, Unit - lX, Bhubaneswar -751022, Tel: 0674-2540669
Dt 2.g,. 4GN" LGAQ-/3E|nAFrom
Member Secretary,State Environment lmpact Assessment Authority, (SEIAA)Odisha, Bhubaneswar
ToMr. D.GangulyBharat Bhavan,Plot No-31,KIT Scheme No. 1 18,Prince Gulam Md,Shah Road, Golf Green,Post Box No.16201 & 16244,Kolkata-700095
Sub: Proposal for environmental clearance for capacity expansion of LPG plant ofM/s Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. At Khu rda, Od isha(ToR)-regard ing.
Sir,ln inviting a reference to the above cited subject, I am to say that the matter was
placed in the meeting of SEIAA, Odisha held on 2O.O6.2O16.The SEIAA decided to exempt
conducting public hearing of the proposal as it is located in the lndustrial Estate as per the
recommendation of SEAC.
This is for your kind information and necessary action at your end.
Yours faithfully,
il^+--2zi'6-l u
Member sdc/etary
ANNEXURE – VII
Accreditation of NABET or QCI
ANNEXURE – VIII
Testing Report
ANNEXURE – IX
PLOT PLAN
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9.90
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18.53
18.58
9.60
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22
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6.00
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23.50
5.00
7.50
22.00
7.00
8.00
10.50
11.35
7.50
30.00
12.00
20.0015.00 21.00
45.00
10.00
15.00
45.00
40.00
21.00
5.00
7.50
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10.50
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R - 3
R - 2
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REVIS
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- 90
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26 - 10
- 89
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DATE
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28.00
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9. ELEC
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150Ø17M
150Ø10.25M
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7M
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11M
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WM
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150Ø16M
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V
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150Ø4.55M
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400Ø
400Ø
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150Ø6.07M 80Ø
6M
12.00
17MØ
X 12
.5M
HT.
FIRE W
ATER TA
NK
CAP
-283
6 KL
23. A
BOVE
GRO
UN
D W
ATE
R TAN
K17.00
M D
IA X 12.5
0M H
T.
150Ø3.5MD
V-8150NBD
V
300Ø300Ø
KH
UR-LP EXP-A
PLI 300MSV
(1) 15062015
VAPO
UR TRAP
EN
CLO
SURE
WALL
VAPO
UR TRAP
3.5 M W
IDE RO
AD
WM
DH
WM
3.5 M W
IDE RO
AD
37.292
5.0
2.0
2.2
2.2
2.2
BO
UN
DARY W
ALL
FIRE W
ATE
R PIPE
LINE
FIRE W
ATER
PIPE LINE
EN
CLO
SU
RE W
ALL
19.0
37.292
3.5 M WIDE ROAD
2.0
M W
IDE
PATHW
AY
2 .0 M WIDE PATHWAY
0.5 M W
IDE D
RAIN
15.0
DH
WM
DH
24. 3
X300 M
T MSV
37.292 M X 5.0M
24
15.0
UPD
ATE 13-06-2015
2.0
WATCH
TOW
ER
LIGHT T
OW
ER
29.0
2.2
39.0
SLO
PE
SLO
PE