proposaltoencodethezanabazarsquarescriptiniso/iec10646 · 2014-01-28 ·...

ISOIEC JTC1SC2WG2 N____L214-0242014-01-22

Proposal to Encode the Zanabazar Square Script in ISOIEC 10646

Anshuman PandeyDepartment of HistoryUniversity of Michigan

Ann Arbor Michigan USApandeyumichedu

January 22 2014

1 Introduction

This is a proposal to encode the Zanabazar Square script in the Universal Character Set (ISOIEC 10646) Itsupersedes the following documents

bull N3956 L210-411 ldquoPreliminary Proposal to Encode the Xawtaa Dorboljin Script in ISOIEC 10646rdquobull N4041 L211-162 ldquoPreliminary Proposal to Encode the Mongolian Square Script in ISOIEC 10646rdquobull N4160 L211-379 ldquoRevised Preliminary Proposal to Encode the Mongolian Square Scriptrdquobull N4413 L213-068 ldquoProposal to Encode the Mongolian Square Script in ISOIEC 10646rdquobull N4471 L213-198 ldquoRevised Proposal to Encode the Mongolian Square Script in ISOIEC 10646rdquo

The lsquoZanabazar Squarersquo script was previously referred to as the lsquoMongolian Squarersquo script (see section 31)Other changes introduced after N4471 L213-198 include the replacement of the generic lsquosubjoinerrsquo with a character for representing conjunct stacks (see sections 48 and 410) new names for several charac-ters (see section 33) new head marks and ornaments (see section 411) the reordering of characters withinthe block and the reallocation of the script block to a new range within the Supplementary MultilingualPlane (SMP) These changes are based upon feedback from experts

The Zanabazar Square font used here is based upon the font developed by Oliver Corff in November 2001for his ldquoXaumlwtaumlauml Doumlrboumlljin for LATEX2εrdquo package The proposal author has made several modifications toCorffrsquos original font including changes to the original glyphs and the addition of new glyphs

2 Background

The Zanabazar Square Script is a syllabic alphabet based upon Tibetan and inspired by the Brahmi model Itwas used for writing Mongolian Sanskrit and Tibetan The script was invented by Zanabazar (1635ndash1723)one of themost important Buddhist leaders inMongolia who also developed the Soyombo script The precisedate is unknown but it is believed that its creation preceded that of Soyombo Named after its creator theZanabazar Square script bears similarities to Tibetan and Phags-pa (see tables 7ndash9) It is actively studied

1

Proposal to Encode the Zanabazar Square Script in ISOIEC 10646 Anshuman Pandey

by scholars and academic works on the script continue to be published (see Shagdarsuumlruumlng (2001) Ragchaa(2005) Bareja-Starzyńska and Ragchaa (2012))

3 Proposal Details

31 Script Name

The name for the script block is lsquoZanabazar Squarersquo It is known in Mongolian as lsquoХэвтээ Дөрвөлжинбичигrsquo xewtee doumlrboumlljin bicig or lsquoХэвтээ Дөрвөлжин Үсэгrsquo xewtee doumlrboumlljin uumlseg both of which translateinto English as ldquoHorizontal Square Scriptrdquo but this is a technical name and is not commonly used The namenormalized Latin transliteration lsquoXewtee Dorboljinrsquo was used for the script in the preliminary proposal butit was deemed too localized for usage in an international context Therefore the descriptor lsquoMongolianrsquo wasadded to the English translation to produce lsquoMongolian Horizontal Squarersquo However this name proved abit long and it was curtailed to lsquoMongolian Squarersquo Yet lsquoMongolian Squarersquo is a generic name as it canalso refer to Phags-pa another Mongolian or rather Central Asian script that is also known as lsquoДөрвөлжинҮсэгrsquo doumlrboumlljin uumlseg or lsquoSquare Scriptrsquo

The script is commonly refered to as lsquoЗанабазарын Дөрвөлжин Үсэгrsquo zanabazarin doumlrboumlljin uumlseg ldquoZan-abazar Square Scriptrdquo in the academic community (see Byambaa Ragchaagiin 2005) This name is usedbecause it differentiates the two Central Asian lsquosquarersquo scripts on the basis of the names of their inventorslsquoPhags-parsquo for the vertical and lsquoZanabazarrsquo for the horizontal script For these reasons lsquoZanabazar Squarersquo isa suitable and unique identifier for the script block in the UCS The Mongolian and alternate English nameshave been added as aliases for the script in the names list

32 Character Repertoire

The Zanabazar Square block contains 69 characters A code chart and names list are attached The proposedrepertoire contains elements that are not enumerated as separate characters in traditional arrangements ofZanabazar Square and in secondary sources In some cases the repertoire treats textual elements as se-quences of characters instead of as atomic characters For example vowels such as72192 ā72192 i72192 ī etc areenumerated as independent characters in traditional charts but they are to be represented in encoded textas combinations of a base letter and combining vowel sign Mongolian syllable-final consonants such as721927220372243 ag 721927220772243 ang etc are also treated similarly Redundant elements have been eliminated such as theoccurrence of72192 ā among both the vowels and codas as well as the two instances of72224 ba va These detailsare explained in section 471 The deviation from traditional perspectives regarding Zanabazar Square orany other script is a necessity for developing a character-encoding standard for the script in the UCS

33 Character Names

An attempt has been made to align names for Zanabazar Square characters with those in the Tibetan block ofthe UCS The names also correspond to characters of the Phags-pa block and those of the proposed encodingfor Soyombo (see N4414 L213-069) The names also align with transliterated values given for ZanabazarSquare characters in secondary sources such as Tseveliin Shagdarsuumlruumlng (2001) and Byambaa Ragchaagiin(2005) which have been normalized according to UCS naming conventions In this proposal names forproposed characters are given in small capitals and transliterated values in italics eg the character 72203 isreferred to as and its transliterated values as Sanskrit Tibetan ka and Mongolian ga (see section 473for language-specific transliteration)

2


In previous versions of this proposal the names for consonant letters were based upon Mongolian soundvalues as given in the available secondary sources However the majority of these sources are Mongoliantexts which provide an analysis of the script from a Mongolian perspective While this perspective is cer-tainly valid it does not provide distinctive values for all characters For instance in Mongolian sources72203 istransliterated as ga and is used for writing Mongolian g and γ as well as Sanskrit and Tibetan ka however72205 is also named ga but this letter is used only in Sanskrit and Tibetan contexts In order to accommodatethis perspective in previous versions of the proposal letters used specifically for Tibetan and Sanskrit weredistinguished using the descriptor lsquogaligrsquo (Mongolian гали) a term applied to letters used for the transcrip-tion of non-Mongolian sounds As a result 72203 and 72205 were named and respectively Howeveras the Zanabazar Square script is based upon the Tibetan script and is intended for representing Mongolianas well as Sanskrit and Tibetan the Mongolian analysis is somewhat limiting Based upon feedback fromexperts such as Agata Bareja-Starzyńska and Andrew West the names for Zanabazar Square consonantsare now aligned with those of Tibetan This approach removes the need to use the descriptor lsquorsquo andprovides consonant letters with distinctive names that index their values according to the Tibetan model

34 Encoding Order

The encoding order follows the pattern of the Tibetan block in the UCS This order differs from that givenin previous versions of the proposal which was based upon the traditional Mongolian arrangement of thescript The Tibetan order is preferred because as the script is modeled upon Tibetan it offers a more naturalorder for the letters In the Mongolian ordering system lsquogaligrsquo letters representing voiced and aspiratedconsonants were separated from their unvoiced and unaspirated counterparts The new order provides forcontiguous placement of related characters Moreover there are four letters (72208 72209 72210 72239 ) thatare not found in traditional charts of the script so it is unclear where they should be placed in an encodingorder based upon the traditional arrangement The Tibetan order provides a method of accommodating thesecharacters Moreover basing the encoding order of Zanabazar Square with that of Tibetan in the UCS willfacilitate aligned encodings for these related scripts

4 Script Details

41 Structure

The Zanabazar Square script is written from left to right As indicated by its Mongolian name xewteedoumlrboumlljin bicig the script is written horizontally but in some instances occurs in vertical environments

Independent vowels are written using a vowel-carrier letter to which vowel signs are attached Vowel lengthis indicated by a sign that is attached to a base letter or to a combination of a base letter and one or moredependent vowel signs

Consonant letters possess the inherent vowel a The phonetic value of a consonant letter is changed by theattachment of a vowel sign In Mongolian contexts the inherent vowel is suppressed by a final-consonantmark which indicates both a syllable-final consonant and a syllabic boundary In Sanskrit and Tibetancontexts the inherent vowel of a consonant is silenced using the There are no consonant clusters inMongolian but those of Sanskrit and Tibetan are rendered as conjuncts Similar to other scripts in the UCSthat are based upon the Brahmi model a sequence of bare consonants marked by forms a clusterwhich is represented as a conjunct and rendered as a vertical stack with non-initial letters placed beneath theinitial letter The consonants have different representations when they occur in Sanskrit andTibetan conjuncts therefore contextual forms of these letters are provided as separate characters in order tofacilitate the encoding model

3


The graphical structure of a Zanabazar Square vowel syllable may be described as

[vowel sign] [vowel length mark] [ | ] []

A consonantal syllable may be described as follows

[cluster-initial letter] consonant [ cluster-final letter | [consonant cluster-final letter] ] [vowelsign] [vowel length mark] [ | ] []

where there is one base consonant which may occur in a conjunct with several other consonants The sourcesshow conjuncts containing at least three consonants but theoretically the number may be greater One ormore vowel signs may be used with a base consonant or conjunct The vowel-length mark may attach toa consonant or vowel sign One of either the or may occur with a consonant orvowel sign The may follow last and can attach to a consonant vowel sign or the vowel-lengthmark

42 Vowel Letter

The72192 represents the vowel a and a zero vowel depending upon phonotactical conditions Whenit occurs independently it has the value a When a vowel sign is attached to it the is a zero voweland assumes the value of the vowel sign

43 Vowel Length Mark

A long vowel is represented by placing the after a consonant or vowel sign Whencombined with the letter72192 or a consonant letter it represents the lengthening of the inherent vowel a to ā

44 Vowel Signs

There are 9 dependent vowel signs

72193

72194

72195

72196

72197

72198

72199

72200

72201

The signs are written with base letters ie 72192 and consonants Multiple vowel signs may combine with asingle base letter Independent vowels are represented by attaching vowel signs to the carrier72192 The independent forms of 72201 are written according to a different pattern

The first 8 vowel signs in conjunction with the are used for writing the basic 16vowels given in traditional script charts

a 72192 lt72192 gt

ā 72192 lt72192 gt

4


i 72192 lt72192 72193 gt

ī 72192 lt72192 72193 gt

uuml u 72192 lt72192 72194 gt

ǖ 72192 lt72192 72194 gt

u 72192 lt72192 72195 gt

ū 72192 lt72192 72195 gt

e 72192 lt72192 72196 gt

ē 72192 lt72192 72196 gt

ouml 72192 lt72192 72197 gt

ȫ 72192 lt72192 72197 gt

o 72192 lt72192 72198 gt

ō 72192 lt72192 72198 gt

ai 72192 lt72192 72199 gt

au 72192 lt72192 72200 gt

441 Diphthongs

The signs 72199 and 72200 represent the diphthongs ai and au respectively Theyalso function as secondary vowel signs for i and u for producing additional diphthongs for Mongolian (seefigures 43ndash45) These diphthongs are represented using combinations of signs

āi 72192 lt72192 72199 gt

ii 72192 lt72192 72193 72199 gt

iu 72192 lt72192 72193 72200 gt

uumli 72192 lt72192 72194 72199 gt

ui 72192 lt72192 72195 72199 gt

ūi 72192 lt72192 72195 72199 gt

ei 72192 lt72192 72196 72199 gt

ēi 72192 lt72192 72196 72199 gt

eǖ 72192 lt72192 72196 72194 gt

5


oi 72192 lt72192 72198 72199 gt

ōi 72192 lt72192 72198 72199 gt

ou 72192 lt72192 72198 72200 gt

442 Vocalic Letters

The 72201 is used for writing the four Sanskrit vocalic letters (eg Devanagariऋ rॠr ऌ l ॡ l They are represented by combining 72201 with the consonant letters 72235 and 72236 the is added for the long forms (see figure 17)

r 7223572201 lt72235 72201 gt

7220172252 ltconsonant 72252 72201 gt

r 7223572201 lt72235 72201 gt

7220172252 ltconsonant 72252 72201 gt

l 7223672201 lt72236 72201 gt

7220172253 ltconsonant 72253 72201 gt

l 7223672201 lt72236 72201 gt

7220172253 ltconsonant 72253 72201 gt

As indicated by the independent forms the Sanskrit vocalic sounds are approximated using the syllables rirī li lī The dependent forms are actually conjuncts with ra and la as C2 occuring as subjoined forms 72252 and 72253 (see section 410) The 72201 is necessaryfor properly distinguishing the vowel r in 722037225272201 kr from the consonant-vowel syllable ri in 722037225272193 kri

Kara (1972) shows the vocalic letters written using the full-arched variant form instead of the half arch 72193of 72235 r 72235 r 72236 l 72236 l The full-arched forms do not allow for distinctive representations ofvocalic letters and consonant-ra or consonant-la syllables eg 7220372252 could be either kr or kri and 7220372253 could beeither kl or kli The Zanabazar Square orthography for Sanskrit vocalic sounds is parallel to that of Tibetanin the UCS in which (+0F72 ) is reversed as (+0F80 ) when writing independent r and l as well as the dependent forms -r and -l443 Variant Forms of Vowel Signs

The following vowel signs have alternate representations which are to be handled as glyphic variants

6


Regular Variant Usage

72193 7219272192 instead of72192 i72192 ī

72195 7219272192 instead of72192 u72192 ū

72197 7219272192 instead of72192 ouml72192 ȫ

72199 7219272192 instead of72192 ai

72200 7219272192 instead of 72192 au

72192 and72192 instead of72192 ā

The 72193 is often written using a full arch (see figure 9) which is the most common form forthe vowel sign

The variant form of 72197 is which is a reversal of 72196

The alternate form of 72195 is shown in several records (see figure 38)

The variant forms and of 72199 and 72200 occur in a single manuscript andshow the influence of Tibetan (see figures 48 and 49) The forms and are variants produced by turningthe hook towards the right and left instead of facing them upwards

The forms72192 and72192 are shown in secondary sources at the end of a list of syllable-final consonants (seefigure 19) These are not distinctive letters but variant forms of72192 ā in which the is written using the glyphic variants and

45 Vowel Modifiers

The following combining signs are used for representing Sanskrit

72248 indicates nasalization in Sanskrit words It is transliterated as ṃ eg 7219272248 aṃ The sign isnot shown in traditional charts but occurs in the word72238721947222572248 śubhaṃ which is written at the end of charts (seefigure 2) When occurs in a sequence with a vowel sign it is placed last eg 722417219472248 huṃ lt72241 72195 72248 gt It corresponds to +0F7E

72249 indicates post-vocalic aspiration in Sanskrit words It is generally transliterated as ḥ eg7219272249 aḥ When the occurs in a sequence with a vowel sign it is placed last eg 7219272249 āḥ lt72192 72249 gt It corresponds to ཿ +0F7F

46 Candrabindu and Candra Ornaments

The following combining signs are used as nasalization marks and ornaments for the head mark

72245 indicates nasalization in Sanskrit words It is transliterated as ṃ eg 7219272245 aṃ The does not appear in script charts and manuals but it is attested in various manuscripts eg inthe word 722417219472245 huṃ (see figure 29) It also occurs frequently in combination with 72255 (see

7


section 411) When the occurs with a vowel sign it is always placed after it eg 722417219472245 huṃ lt72241 72194 72245 gt The sign corresponds to +0F83

The 72246 and 72247 are used in combination

with the 72255 (see figure 40) They also occur as the variant reversed forms 72246 and 72247 The corresponds to +0F82

47 Consonant Letters

There are 40 consonant letters

72203

72204

72205

72206

72207

72208

72209

72210

72211

72212

72213

72214

72215

72216

72217

72218

72219

72220

72221

72222

72223

72224

72225

72226

72227

72228

72229

72230

72231

72232

72233

72234

72235

72236

72237

72238

72239

72240

72241

72242

471 Consonant Order

The original Mongolian arrangement and values of the consonant letters are as follows

72203 72204 72207 72227 72228 72211 72217 72218 72221 72222 72223 72226 72234 72235 72224ga ka ṅa ja ca ntildea da ta na ba pa ma ya ra va

72236 72238 72240 72241 72242 72212 72213 72214 72215 72216 72231 72232 72233 72205 72206la śa sa ha kṣa ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa zha za rsquoa ga gha

72229 72230 72237 72219 72220 72224 72225ja jha va da dha ba bha

This order does not contain letters that are attested in various sources but that are not found in charts eg 7220872209 72210 72239 It is not clear where these four letters would fit into the above order The traditionalorder also includes two instances of the character 72224 ba an issue which must be resolved for the proposedencoding For this reason an arrangement that follows the Tibetan order has been adopted Letters that arenot part of the traditional repertoire are highlighted in red

8


72203 72204 72205 72206 72207 72208 72209 72210 72211 72212 72213 72214 72215 72216 72217ka kha ga gha ṅa ca cha ja ntildea ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa ta

72218 72219 72220 72221 72222 72223 72224 72225 72226 72227 72228 72229 72230 72231 72232tha da dha na pa pha ba bha ma tsa tsha dza dzha zha za

72233 72234 72235 72236 72237 72238 72239 72240 72241 72242rsquoa ya ra la va śa ṣa sa ha kṣa

472 Notes on Consonants

72208 72209 72210 These letters do not occur in traditional script charts but they occur in manuscripts andsecondary sources It is unclear when they were introduced into the script or by whom They correspond tothe Tibetan characters ཅ ཆ ཇ 72224 Traditional charts and secondary sources show two instances of the letter 72224 It occurs first after72236 and secondly before 72225 Based upon the occurrences it is clear that the first 72224 represents va inMongolian while the second 72224 is used for writing ba in Sanskrit and Tibetan (see figures 15 and 17) As vais represented distinctively using 72237 the letter 72224 is named It should be noted that 72224 is often used inplace of72237 in Tibetan contexts

72230 The letter represents Sanskrit jha It is named instead of because of its graphicalsimilarity to related characters 72227 72228 72229 as opposed to 72208 72209 72210 Also in thetraditional order of the script 72230 occurs between 72229 and 72237 which imitates the Tibetan orderand further suggests its value as corresponding to Tibetan ཛྷ +0F60

72233 The letter corresponds to Tibetan rsquoa chung (འ +0F60 -) It isused in some instances in place of for denote a long vowel (see figures 22 and 36)The name of the letter is based upon the corresponding ꡖ +A856 - insteadof the Tibetan name because usage of a lsquo-rsquo (hyphen) as the Tibetan name for the character - is no longerpermitted according to UCS naming conventions

72239 The letter is a reversed form of72238 and represents the Sanskrit ṣa It does not appear in scriptcharts but it is attested in manuscripts such as in the Sanskrit invocation written above script charts 72221722267219872205721947223572194 722267219472206721987223972234 namo guru mantildejughoṣāya ldquopraise to the preceptor Mantildejughoṣardquo (see figures 10 and 26) Thewas introduced into the script by Ugalzyn Lama it is curious that Zanabazar did not provide a distinctiveletter for writing ṣa in his square script as he did for Soyombo

72242 The letter 72242 represents the Sanskrit cluster kṣa (kʂa) While in some Indic scripts thewritten form for kʂa has an encoded representation as a character sequence such an approach would notbe consistent with the model for Zanabazar Square In this script this letter represents a phoneme that isphonetically a consonant cluster but it has the graphical structure of an atomic letter It is encoded as aconsonant letter because in all cases consonant conjunct forms are written as stacks in Zanabazar Squarenot as ligatures This letter corresponds to ཀྵ +0F69

473 Representation of Mongolian Sanskrit and Tibetan Consonants

Zanabazar Square consonants possess different values based upon linguistic context For Mongolian theletters for voiceless sounds (72203 72208 72217 72222 ) are used for voiced stops while letters for voiceless

9


aspirated sounds (72204 72209 72218 72223 ) are used for voiceless stops The values of consonants forMongolian (lsquoMrsquo) Sanskrit (lsquoSrsquo) and Tibetan (lsquoTrsquo) are given below

M S T

72203 ga γa ka ka

72204 ka qa xa kha kha

72205 ga ga

72206 gha gha

72207 nga ṅa ṅa

72208 ca

72209 cha

72210 ja

72211 ntildea ntildea

72212 ṭa ṭa

72213 ṭha ṭha

72214 ḍa ḍa

72215 ḍha ḍha

72216 ṇa ṇa

72217 da ta ta

72218 ta tha tha

72219 da da

72220 dha dha

72221 na na na

72222 ba pa pa

M S T

72223 pa pha pha

72224 va ba ba

72225 bha bha

72226 ma ma ma

72227 ǰa ca tsa

72228 ča cha tsha

72229 ja dza

72230 jha

72231 zha

72232 za

72233 rsquoa

72234 ya ya ya

72235 ra ra ra

72236 la la la

72237 va wa

72238 ša śa śa

72239 ṣa ṣa

72240 sa sa sa

72241 ha ha ha

72242 kṣa kṣa

474 Alternate Representations of Consonants

Alternate forms and glyphic variants are attested for some consonant letters

Regular Variant

72206

72220

72212

72216

Regular Variant

72221

72227

72233

72237

The letters and are reversed forms of 72217 and 72221 which are used for representing the Sanskritretroflex sounds ṭa and ṇa Figure 26 shows a subjoined form of in the conjunct ṣṭa figure 27 shows 72221inthe word72226 7222172193maṇi There exist distinctive letters for ṭa and ṇamdash72212 and72216 mdashhowever the practice

10


of reversing 72217 and 72221 for ṭa and ṇa is borrowed from Tibetan in which the letters for the dentalconsonants ཏ ta ཐ tha ད da དྷ dha ན na are reversed for producing the retroflex consonants ཊ ṭa ཋ ṭha ཌ ḍaཌྷ ḍha ཎ ṇa and the palatal sibilant ཤ śa is reversed for the retroflex sibilant ཥ ṣa The use of reversed lettersfor representing sounds for which distinctive letters exist may be interpreted as scribal idiosyncrasies whichresult from imprecise knowledge of the script by the writer who nonetheless has knowledge of TibetanAlthough ṭa and ṇa are distinct from the regular letters their occurrence is limited to a single sourceUntil additional evidence of their usage is found they are not proposed for encoding

Scribal idiosyncrasy may also explain the use of the form for writing 72233 in figure 35 This formof is based upon the Tibetan dbu med shape འ of the regular dbu can form འ rsquoa chung Similarlythe reversed form of is used in figure 36

Similarities between character glyphs may account for the usage of for72227 for representing Mongolianǰa in one manuscript The form is derived by attaching a hook to72225 It is likely the result of the scribewriting the left vertical stroke of 72227 as a curve from the left terminals instead of as a straight line

Misinterpretation of glyph boundaries in traditional charts may explain the alternate form of 72220 andthe form for72237 (see figure 38) In the traditional ordering of the script the 72220 and72237 occur atthe end of sequences of letters eg ldquo722197222072258rdquo da dha | and ldquo72229722307223772258rdquo dza dzha va | In some manuscripts thatshow the repertoire of the script the spacing between letters and the punctuation mark 72258 is rather tightso ldquo7222072258rdquo and ldquo7223772258rdquo may be read incorrectly as ldquordquo and ldquordquo in which the is seen not as punctuationbut as part of the glyph (see figure 37)

Explanations for other alternate forms require further research The source for the variant for 72206 asshown in figure 9 is unidentified The form for 72221 is shown in figure 28 where both forms are usedsimultaneously There is no semantic distinction between and 72221 It is unclear why the scribe used twodifferent forms of in such close promixity in a single dcument

48 Consonant Modifiers

481 Final Consonant Mark

The 72243 is used in Mongolian contexts for marking syllable-final consonants Onaccount of this function it also serves as a syllable-boundary mark similar to +0F0B It has no control properties Although it can combine only with a single consonantthere is a single record written in Tibetan in which the is used below conjunctsand after vowels This usage is irregular and is likely the result of a scribe using the mark not as a vowelsilencer as a generic syllable mark instead of specifically as a final-consonant mark The occurs in one Mongolian record as (see figure 34) which is considered a glyphic variant of 72243

482 Virama

The 72244 is used in Sanskrit and Tibetan contexts for silencing the inherent vowel of a consonantletter It can occur only with a consonant It also specifies that if the bare consonant is followed by anotherconsonant then the bare consonant is part of a cluster involving the following consonant (see section 410)It does not mark syllabic boundaries

Although is not part of the traditional repertoire of Zanabazar Square it is attested in texts (see figure30) It corresponds to the Lantsa Wartu and Tibetan sign halanta as shown in figure 30 In addition tosilencing the inherent vowel of a consonant the Zanabazar Square is used for representing conjuncts

11


in encoded text a sequence of bare consonants marked by the sign will be displayed as conjunct stacksGiven the form and function of the character in Zanabazar Square is an appropriate name for thesign as it corresponds to other characters in scripts in the UCS such as +094D In previous versions of the proposal the 72244 was called subjoiner It was proposed as acharacter for controling conjunct formation using a generic glyph While the subjoiner was suitable it wasmore appropriate to unify its function with that of the which fits the graphical model of the script

483 Necessity for Two Vowel-Silencing Marks

The 72243 and 72244 may be considered graphical variants of a single vowel-silencing mark However as explained in the above descriptions of each mark it is necessary to treat themas separate characters in the encoding on account of their language-specific semantics and behavior Thedistinct semantics of both characters is is exhibited by the following encoded sequence in which 72243 representsa single silencer mark for purposes of illustration

lt72240 72196 72218 72243 silencer 72204 72193 72236 72243 silencer72222 72196 72235 72243 silencergt

The above sequence would be rendered in a Mongolian context as 722407219672217722437220472193722367224372222721967223572243 sed-kil-ber and in a Sanskritor Tibetan context as 722407219672193721967223572243 setkhilper

From a character-encoding perspective although the silencer indicates bare consonants in both of the abovecases it also conveys additional details regarding the display of the consonants based upon linguistic contextIn the Mongolian example the silencer indicates that 72218 72236 and 72235 are bare consonants and thatthey occur at the end of a syllable In the Sanskrit example the silencer indicates that 72218 72236 and 72235 are bare consonants and are part of a cluster if followed by a consonant and that the cluster should berendered a as conjunct

In plain-text environments there is no means of instructing the silencer to behave as would be expected indifferent linguistic contexts For this reason it is necessary to separate the two functions of the silencerinto separate characters one that marks bare consonants in syllable-final position and the other that marksbare consonants in a consonant cluster the and respectively These twocharacters offer a feasible method of differentiating the representation of the example sequence inMongolianand Sanskrit contexts

722407219672217722437220472193722367224372222721967223572243 sed-kil-ber lt72240 72196 72218 72243 72204 72193 72236 72243 72222 72196 72235 72243 gt

72240721967221772204721937223672222721967223572244 setkhilper lt72240 72196 72218 72244

72204 72193 72236 72244 72222 72196 72235 72244 gt

49 Mongolian Final Consonants

Mongolian words may end with the following codas g k ng d n b m r l š s These are shown in chartsas721927220372243 ag721927220472243 ak721927220772243 aṅ721927221772243 ad721927222172243 an721927222272243 ab721927222672243 am721927223572243 ar721927223672243 al721927223872243 aš721927224072243 as the initial

12


72192 is used for illustrating a basic syllable Syllable-final consonants are indicated by placing the 72243 beneath a letter as follows

g 7220372243 lt72203 72243 gt

k 7220472243 lt72204 72243 gt

ng 7220772243 lt72207 72243 gt

d 7221772243 lt72217 72243 gt

n 7222172243 lt72221 72243 gt

b 7222272243 lt72222 72243 gt

m 7222672243 lt72226 72243 gt

r 7223572243 lt72235 72243 gt

l 7223672243 lt72236 72243 gt

š 7223872243 lt72238 72243 gt

s 7224072243 lt72240 72243 gt

The72192 ā is shown at the end of the syllable-final letters It is glossed as ā in several manuscripts Kara(1972) represents72192 as72192 lsquoaⁿrsquo while Shagdarsuumlruumlng (2001) represents it as72192 lsquoāṉrsquo These transliterationsindicate that Kara and Shagdarsuumlruumlng assign a nasal value to 72192 but they do not offer evidence for theirclaims Moreover such usage is not attested in the available sources Byambaa Ragchaagin (2005) equatesthe72192 that occurs among the syllable-final letters with the vowel ā The manuscript sources suggest that theoccurrence of72192 here simply indicates that a Mongolian syllable may end with this long vowel

410 Consonant Conjuncts

Consonant clusters are written as conjuncts which are rendered as vertical stacks with non-initial lettersdescending sequentially beneath the initial letter eg 72221 +72219 is written as nda Letters are displayedusing their regular shape with the exception of four letters 72234 72235 72236 72237 The forms of theseletters are determined by their position in a cluster and the linguistic context in which they occur In generalthe full forms of these letters are used for Sanskrit conjuncts while contextual alternates are used for Tibetanbut variation does occur (see figures 24)

Initial Medial FinalSanskrit Tibetan Sanskrit Tibetan

72234 72234 72234 72251

72235 72235 72250 72252

72236 72236 72236 72253

72237 72237 72237 72254

13


Given that only four consonants exhibit special shaping behavior in stacks the encoded representation ofconjuncts requires a subjoining model that utilizes 72244 for controling stacking behavior as well as 5characters for the contextual forms of

72250 72251

72252

72253

72254

The 72250 can occur only at the head of a cluster and must be followed by consonantletter By implication it is the logical base letter of a conjunct and any following consonant letter is alwayssubjoined therefore is not to be used in conjunction with it

The 72251 72252 72253 72254 may occur onlyin the penultimate and final positions in a cluster They are combining characters and logically combine withthe preceding consonant As inherently subjoined forms the is not used with these letters either in apreceding or following position These cluster-final letters may occur after each other in the penultimate andfinal positions in a cluster but as cannot combine with them these letters cannot be used medially

4101 Rationale for the Encoding Model for Conjuncts

The visual model for encoding Zanabazar Square conjuncts provides for all stacks that may occur in Sanskritand Tibetan It also eliminates the need to adopt the Tibetan subjoined-letter model for Zanabazar Squarewhich would require the independent encoding of a full set of subjoined letters for each consonant letter inaddition to context-specific forms of The decision to encode a instead ofrelying on the font to change the shape of from full-form to head-position is made in order to eliminate theneed to encode two characters that have the same nominal appearance but different conjoining behaviorsas is the case for Tibetan in the UCS eg ར +0F62 and ཪ +0FBC - The proposed model simply utilizes separate characters for each semantically distinctiveform of a consonant All other consonants are rendered in stacks using the which simply subjoinsone letter beneath the other and does not initiate a shape change of a consonant

4102 Encoded Representation of Conjuncts

A conjunct stack is represented in encoded text by placing a after each consonant in a cluster exceptfor the last ltconsonant 72244 [consonant 72244 ] consonantgt The specifies that theconsonant to which it is attached is a bare consonant and that the following letter is to be placed beneath itthe same rule applies to each subsequent consonant to which is attached As behaves as acontrol character when it occurs between two consonants it is not displayed visibly in the stack (see sections4103 and 4175 for additional details on the rendering of stacks)

7222172244 n lt72221 72244 gt

nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt

The exceptions to the usage of in producing conjuncts are72250 72251 72252 72253 72254 The usage of these letters in stacks is

14


shown in the examples below

kya lt72203 72244 72234 gt

7220372251 kya lt72203 72251 gt

rka lt72235 72244 72203 gt

rka lt72250 72203 gt

kra lt72203 72244 gt

7220372252 kra lt72203 72252 gt

kla lt72203 72244 gt

7220372253 kla lt72203 72253 gt

kva lt72203 72244 gt

7220372254 kva lt72203 72254 gt

Using with the 5 conjunct-specific letters will yield meaningless sequences

722507224472203 lt72250 72244 72203 gt

7220372244 72252 lt72203 72244 72252 gt

7220372252 72244 lt72203 72252 72244 gt

Naturally in a conjunct the only letter that can possess a vowel is the final letter in the cluster Any vowelor other combining signs must be placed after the final letter in a conjunct

72193 ndi lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt

7219472248 nduṃ lt72221 72244 72219 72194 72248 gt

4103 Controlling Conjunct Formation

As is the convention for conjunct models based upon conjunct formation may be broken by placingthe generic non-printing control character +200C - (abbreviated as )after This results in the display of a visible form of the sign compare the following

15


nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

722217224472219 nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt

7222172244722197224472235 ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt

The use of is necessary for representing clusters like 7222672244 msta which occurs in the phrase 722387219472225722267224472194śubhamstu and 722357224472240 rsa which occurs in the phrase 72203722407225172224722357224472240 kasyabar sarva in figure 30 As shownbelow if is not used the will produce a stack instead of a consonant with a visible

msta lt72226 72244 72240 72244 72217 gt

7222672244 msta lt72226 72244 72240 72244 72217 gt

rsa lt72235 72244 72240 gt

722357224472240 rsa lt72235 72244 72240 gt

As there are no half-forms of consonants in Zanabazar Square the usage of +200D does not produce any valid output

4104 Conjuncts Shown in Traditional Script Charts

The following conjuncts are shown in traditional script charts kra khya gla rka ska lka They are not independent characters but are ligatures that represent consonant conjuncts They arerepresented in encoded text as follows

kra lt72203 72252 gt

khya lt72204 72251 gt

gla lt72205 72253 gt

rka lt72250 72203 gt

ska lt72240 72244 72203 gt

lka lt72236 72244 72203 gt

It is likely that kra khya gla are presented for illustrating the cluster-final forms of and the cluster-initial form of The presence of ska and lka in this list is intended for illustrating the representation ofTibetan ལམག la-mgo and སམག sa-mgo letters The glyphs ska and lka are stylized ligatures of and respectively

16


4105 Depth of Conjunct Stacks

Zanabazar Square stacks may consist of numerous consonants The deepest stack shown in the availablesources contains three consonants

mprā However as Zanabazar Square is used for representing Tibetan

the rendering engine must be able to manage stacks consisting of greater than three consonants

411 Head Marks

Sources show 7225572246mdash and the variants 7225572245 7225572247 7225572248mdash as a head mark used at the beginning of texts (see figure 40for more variants) Rather than encode one of these as the normative form or each as a separate head-markcharacter it is sensible to analyze the mark as consisting of a base character and a combining sign Thisapproach offers the possibility of representing various forms simply by establishing a bare head mark towhich signs proposed for encoding in section 46 may be attached Moreover as figure 40 illustrates thehead mark may be used without an ornament even if such usage is rare

The plain form is proposed for encoding as 72255 It corresponds to +0FD3 The various forms of the initial head mark may berepresented in encoded text as follows

7225572245 lt72255 72245 gt

7225572246 lt72255 72246 gt

7225572247 lt72255 72247 gt

7225572248 lt72255 72248 gt

Additionally the72256 is proposed for encoding in order to produce a double head mark Itcorresponds to +0FD4 It is placed after72255 for producing 7225572256 lt72255 72256 gt cf TibetanIt is possible to encode 7225572256 as a separate character as was done for +A875 - however analyzing this mark as consisting of lsquoinitialrsquo and lsquoclosingrsquo parts enables the representationof extended head marks such as 722557225672256 which aligns with TibetanFigure 41 shows a mark which corresponds to Tibetan This mark is to be considered a glyphicvariation of 7225572256 where = 72255 and = 72256 Although these formsare encoded as distinct characters for Tibetan ( +0F04 and +0F05 ) for Zanabazar Square it is appropriate to treatthem as variants because of their limited occurrence As such their display is to be managed through fonts

The 72255 and a following 72256 is typically followed by a 72258 or 72259

eg 722557224672258722557224772259722557225672259 In such cases the and are to be placed at the end of thesequence eg 722557224772259 is represented as lt72255 72247 72259 gt

17


412 Punctuation

The following characters are used for punctuation

72257 is used for indicating the end of a syllable in Tibetan contexts It corresponds to +0F0B Although the 72243 is generally used for markingsyllabic boundaries the is proposed for inclusion in the script block because of attested usage (seefigures 46 and 47)

72258 indicates the end of a phrase or sentence It corresponds to +0F0D

72259 marks the end of a text section (see figure 23) It corresponds to +0F0E

72260 behaves as a comma (see figure 41) It corresponds to +0F0E

413 Digits

Digits are not attested The available sources do not indicate the use of digits or number forms in the script

414 Collation

The default sort order for Zanabazar Square is based for the most part upon the order for Tibetan

72203 lt 72242 lt 72204 lt 72205 lt 72206 lt 72207 lt 72208 lt 72209 lt



72226 lt 72227 lt 72228 lt 72229 lt 72230 lt 72231 lt 72232 lt

72233 lt 72234 ltlt 72251 lt 72250 ltlt 72235 lt

72252 lt 72236 ltlt 72253 lt 72237 ltlt

72254 lt 72238 lt 72239 lt 72240 lt 72241 lt 72192 lt

72193 lt 72194 lt 72195 lt 72196 lt

72197 lt 72198 lt 72199 lt 72200 lt

72201 lt lt 72243

The following characters have secondary weights

72245 72246 72247 72248 -

72249

18


415 Vertical Text

Although Zanabazar Square was designed to be written horizontally there some instances in the availablesources in which the script is oriented vertically for example the words haṃkṣamalavaraya (see figure 21)and thalīṃ (see figures 22 and 36)

7224172245722427222672236722377223572234

7224172245722427222672236722377223572234 haṃkṣamalavaraya lt72241 72245 72242 72226 72236 72237 72235 72234 gt

7221872193722487223672233

7221872236721937224872233 thalīṃ lt72218 72236 72193 72248 72233 gt

The graphical representation of vertical text is identical to that of conjuncts letters are written in their normalupright shape and are positioned sequentially beneath the first letter of the word and signs are positionedas they are in conjuncts (see section 417) Given this haṃkṣamalavaraya and thalīṃ may be incorrectlyparsed as the conjuncts hkṣmlvryaṃ and thlrsquoīṃ respectively

Although the vertical orientation of haṃkṣamalavaraya and thalīṃmay be produced in encoded text as falseconjuncts by placing after each consonant letter such an approach is not recommended because itobscures the semantic value of the words For instance in the correct encoded representation of haṃkṣa-malavaraya the 72245 attaches to72241 but an attempt to produce the desired output as a conjunctwould require that the 72245 be attached incorrectly to 72234 naturally combining signs can at-tach only to the final consonant of a conjunct Similarly for thalīṃ both 72193 and 72248 combine logically with 72236 but if the word is encoded as a false conjunct the signs would need to becombined with 72218

The word thalīṃ is a special case Byambaa Ragchaagiin states that the word is a Tantric mantra and isalways written vertically as shown above and does not occur horizontally as 7221872236721937224872233

Vertical text is outside of the purview of the encoding which is intended for the representation of plaintext Therefore the display of vertical text must be managed at the presentation layer It may be possible tocontrol vertical orientation in OpenType fonts using the lsquovertrsquo feature The basic rules for Zanabazar Squarein vertical environments is that text must be set top-to-bottom left-to-right with upright glyphs The recentlypublished ldquoUnicode Technical Report 50 Unicode Vertical Text Layoutrdquo describes the character propertyVertical_Orientation (vo) for specifying default character orientation (Ishii 2013) For Zanabazar Squarethe property would be defined as Vertical_Orientation=U (vo=U) where the value lsquoUrsquo indicates that theglyphs remain upright in both horizontal and vertical text layout as shown in the code chart

416 Combining Behavior

Multiple signs may combine with a base letter The example shown below is theoretical and does not occur inattested texts but it is nonetheless a valid encoded sequence for Zanabazar Square and illustrates the textualand graphical possibilities that rendering engines and fonts must be able to process and display

19


72250721967224872203722007221772224722527225172249

lt72250 72203 72244 72217 72244 72224 72252 72251 72196 72200 72248 72249 gt

The above example which could be transliterated as rktvryēuṃḥ is produced using 13 characters Seesection 4173 for rules regarding the placement of vowel signs with conjuncts

417 Glyph Interactions

4171 Size of Vowel Signs for Use With

The widths of glyphs for Zanabazar Square consonant letters are uniform however the72192 is wider than theconsonants This width difference requires a separate set of extra-wide vowel signs for use with compare7220372196 and7219272196 7220372194 and7219272194 With width variant forms the combinations with should resemble72192 and72192

4172 Placement of Multiple Combining Signs

When multiple signs occur combine with a base letter in the same position it may be necessary to adjust theglyphs in order to prevent clashing This may be achieved in various ways (signs are marked in red) One isto horizontally extend the anchor of the sign

lt72203 72196 (variant)gt = 7220372196rarr 7220372196 kei

Another is to horizontally condense the shape of one sign and to place both laterally

lt72236 72193 72248 gt = 722367219372248rarr 72236 72248 līṃ

A third is to alter the vertical position of a sign

lt72192 72198 72248 gt =7219272248rarr7219272248 oṃ

lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt = 7225272195rarr 7225272195 ndru

4173 Placement of Vowel Signs in Conjuncts

Although all vowel signs are combined with the final letter in the encoded representation of a conjunct theplacement of signs upon the stack is dependent upon the combining behavior of the sign (marked in red)

Above-base vowel signs are placed above the initial letter

72193 ndi lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt

Below-base vowel signs (including ) are placed beneath the final letter

20


72195 ndu lt72221 72244 72219 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt

Right and left spacing marks are positioned on the respective sides of the initial letter

72199 ndai lt72221 72244 72219 72199 gt

72200 ndau lt72221 72244 72219 72200 gt

The above rules apply to cases where multiple vowel signs and modifiers occur at the end of a conjunct

72193 ndī lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt

7220072249 ndauḥ lt72221 72244 72219 72200 72249 gt

7219872248 ndōṃ lt72221 72244 72219 72198 72248 gt

When72250 occurs in a conjunct above-base marks attach to it while all other marks attachto the following consonants based upon the rules stated above

722507220372193 rki lt72250 72203 72193 gt

722507220372199 rkai lt72250 72203 72199 gt

When occurs with 72251 72252 72253 72254 the mark attaches to the letter which the cluster-final letter combines

7220372252 krā lt72203 72252 gt

4174 Positioning of

The is positioned at the normal head height not above it For this reason it may benecessary to adjust the height of the following consonant letter in order to accommodate fit

lt 72203 gt = 72203rarr

4175 Subjoined Glyphs for Rendering Conjuncts

A Zanabazar Square font must contain a full set of subjoined forms for each consonant letter The font willproduce a consonant stack by substituting each lt 72244 consonantgt pair with a subjoined form of the

21


consonant letter If the subjoined glyph is not available in the font the will be displayed visiblyalong with the regular glyph of the letter whose subjoined form is missing For example if the subjoinedform of 72219 is unavailable then a sequence such as lt72221 72244 72219 gt will be rendered as 722217224472219instead of the expected

4176 Positioning and Sizing of Letters in Conjunct Stacks

There are no formal rules for sizing character glyphs within a stack However based upon an examination ofconjunct styles in manuscripts it is evident that scribes adjust the size of letters in stacks for visual uniformitywith surrounding characters Shown below is the word dhumprāndhāḥ rendered in three different ways

A B C

7222072194722267222272235722217222072249 722207219472226

7222172249 722207219472249

The default method involves no size changes and uses the regular forms of letters (column lsquoArsquo) In somesources the regular glyph size of the initial letter is used while the glyph of a non-initial consonant iscompressed along the vertical axis such that their x-height is similar to that of below-base signs (see figure4 and column lsquoBrsquo) A third practice is to vertically condense the glyphs for the base and subjoined letterssuch that the height of the stack matches the height of the surrounding letters (see figure 23 and column lsquoCrsquo)Depending on the head-height of surrounding letters such size adjustments may be practical only for stacksconsisting of two letters

5 Character Data

51 Character Properties

Character properties given in the data format of UnicodeDatatxt

11A00ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER ALo0LN11A01ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL SIGN IMn0NSMN11A02ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL SIGN UEMn0NSMN11A03ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL SIGN UMn0NSMN11A04ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL SIGN EMn0NSMN11A05ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL SIGN OEMn0NSMN11A06ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL SIGN OMn0NSMN11A07ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL SIGN AIMc0LN11A08ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL SIGN AUMc0LN11A09ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL SIGN REVERSED IMn0NSMN11A0AZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL LENGTH MARKMc0LN11A0BZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER KALo0LN11A0CZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER KHALo0LN11A0DZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER GALo0LN11A0EZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER GHALo0LN11A0FZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER NGALo0LN11A10ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER CALo0LN11A11ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER CHALo0LN11A12ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER JALo0LN11A13ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER NYALo0LN11A14ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER TTALo0LN11A15ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER TTHALo0LN11A16ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER DDALo0LN11A17ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER DDHALo0LN

22


11A18ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER NNALo0LN11A19ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER TALo0LN11A1AZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER THALo0LN11A1BZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER DALo0LN11A1CZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER DHALo0LN11A1DZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER NALo0LN11A1EZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER PALo0LN11A1FZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER PHALo0LN11A20ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER BALo0LN11A21ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER BHALo0LN11A22ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER MALo0LN11A23ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER TSALo0LN11A24ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER TSHALo0LN11A25ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER DZALo0LN11A26ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER DZHALo0LN11A27ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER ZHALo0LN11A28ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER ZALo0LN11A29ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER SMALL ALo0LN11A2AZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER YALo0LN11A2BZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER RALo0LN11A2CZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER LALo0LN11A2DZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER VALo0LN11A2EZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER SHALo0LN11A2FZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER SSALo0LN11A30ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER SALo0LN11A31ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER HALo0LN11A32ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER KSSALo0LN11A33ZANABAZAR SQUARE FINAL CONSONANT MARKMn0NSMN11A34ZANABAZAR SQUARE SIGN VIRAMAMn9NSMN11A35ZANABAZAR SQUARE SIGN CANDRABINDUMn0NSMN11A36ZANABAZAR SQUARE SIGN CANDRABINDU WITH ORNAMENTMn0NSMN11A37ZANABAZAR SQUARE SIGN CANDRA WITH ORNAMENTMn0NSMN11A38ZANABAZAR SQUARE SIGN ANUSVARAMn0NSMN11A39ZANABAZAR SQUARE SIGN VISARGAMc0LN11A3AZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER CLUSTER INITIAL RALo0LN11A3BZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER CLUSTER FINAL YAMn0NSMN11A3CZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER CLUSTER FINAL RAMn0NSMN11A3DZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER CLUSTER FINAL LAMn0NSMN11A3EZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER CLUSTER FINAL VAMn0NSMN11A3FZANABAZAR SQUARE INITIAL HEAD MARKPo0ONN11A40ZANABAZAR SQUARE CLOSING HEAD MARKPo0ONN11A41ZANABAZAR SQUARE TSHEGPo0LN11A42ZANABAZAR SQUARE SHADPo0LN11A43ZANABAZAR SQUARE DOUBLE SHADPo0LN11A44ZANABAZAR SQUARE LONG TSHEGPo0LN

52 Linebreaking Properties

Linebreaking properties given in the data format of LineBreaktxt

11A00 AL ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER A11A0111A0A CM ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL SIGN I VOWEL LENGTH MARK11A0B11A32 AL ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER KA LETTER KSSA11A33 CM ZANABAZAR SQUARE FINAL CONSONANT MARK11A34 CM ZANABAZAR SQUARE SIGN VIRAMA11A3511A39 CM ZANABAZAR SQUARE SIGN CANDRABINDU SIGN VISARGA11A3A AL ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER CLUSTER INITIAL RA11A3B11A3E CM ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER CLUSTER FINAL YA LETTER CLUSTER FINAL VA11A3F11A40 BB ZANABAZAR SQUARE INITIAL HEAD MARK CLOSING HEAD MARK11A4111A44 BA ZANABAZAR SQUARE TSHEG LONG TSHEG

53 lsquoConfusablersquo Characters

Some Zanabazar Square letters resemble those found in other scripts encoded in the UCS

11A0C ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER KHA 0F41 TIBETAN LETTER KHA

23


11A0F ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER NGA A843 PHAGS-PA LETTER NGA11A12 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER JA A846 PHAGS-PA LETTER JA11A12 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER DZA 0045 LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E11A28 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER ZA 018E LATIN CAPITAL LETTER REVERSED E11A28 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER ZA A855 PHAGS-PA LETTER ZA11A29 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER SMALL A A855 PHAGS-PA LETTER SMALL A11A2B ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER RA A858 PHAGS-PA LETTER RA11A2C ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER LA A859 PHAGS-PA LETTER LA11A2F ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER SA 004E LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N11A33 ZANABAZAR SQUARE FINAL CONSONANT MARK 093C DEVANAGARI SIGN NUKTA11A34 ZANABAZAR SQUARE SIGN VIRAMA 0F84 TIBETAN MARK HALANTA11A35 ZANABAZAR SQUARE SIGN CANDRABINDU 0F83 TIBETAN SIGN SNA LDAN11A3A ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER CLUSTER INITIAL RA A872 PHAGS-PA SUPERFIXED LETTER RA11A3C ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER CLUSTER FINAL RA A871 PHAGS-PA SUBJOINED LETTER RA11A3E ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER CLUSTER FINAL VA A867 PHAGS-PA SUBJOINED LETTER WA11A3F ZANABAZAR SQUARE INITIAL HEAD MARK A874 PHAGS-PA SINGLE HEAD MARK11A41 ZANABAZAR SQUARE TSHEG 0F0B TIBETAN MARK INTERSYLLABIC TSHEG11A42 ZANABAZAR SQUARE SHAD 0F0D TIBETAN MARK SHAD11A43 ZANABAZAR SQUARE DOUBLE SHAD 0F0E TIBETAN MARK NYIS SHAD11A44 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LONG TSHEG 0F14 TIBETAN MARK GTER TSHEG

There are internal lsquoconfusablersquo characters

11A06 ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL SIGN OE 11A3A ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER CONJUNCT INITIAL RA11A20 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER PHA 11A3E ZANABAZAR SQUARE INITIAL HEAD MARK

54 Syllabic Categories

Syllabic categories given in the data format of IndicSyllabicCategorytxt

Indic_Syllabic_Category=Bindu11A3511A38 Bindu Mn [4] SIGN CANDRABINDU SIGN ANUSVARA

Indic_Syllabic_Category=Visarga11A39 Visarga Mc SIGN VISARGA

Indic_Syllabic_Category=Virama11A33 Virama Mn FINAL CONSONANT MARK11A34 Virama Mn SIGN VIRAMA

Indic_Syllabic_Category=Vowel_Independent11C0011C0D Vowel_Independent Lo LETTER A

Indic_Syllabic_Category=Vowel_Dependent11A0111A06 Vowel_Dependent Mn [6] VOWEL SIGN I VOWEL SIGN O11A0711A08 Vowel_Dependent Mc [2] VOWEL SIGN AI VOWEL SIGN AU11A09 Vowel_Dependent Mn VOWEL SIGN REVERSED I11A0A Vowel_Dependent Mc VOWEL LENGTH MARK

Indic_Syllabic_Category=Consonant11A0B11A32 Consonant Lo 40] LETTER KA LETTER KSSA11A3A Consonant Lo LETTER CLUSTER INITIAL RA

Indic_Syllabic_Category=Consonant_Subjoined11A3B11A3E Consonant_Subjoined Mn [4] LETTER CLUSTER FINAL YA LETTER CLUSTER FINAL VA

55 Matra Categories

Matra categories given in the data format of IndicMatraCategorytxt

Indic_Matra_Category=Right11A07 Right Mc VOWEL SIGN AI11A0A Right Mc VOWEL LENGTH MARK

Indic_Matra_Category=Left

24


11A08 Left Mc VOWEL SIGN AU

Indic_Matra_Category=Top11A01 Top Mn VOWEL SIGN I11A0411A06 Top Mn [3] VOWEL SIGN E VOWEL SIGN O11A09 Top Mn VOWEL SIGN REVERSED I

Indic_Matra_Category=Bottom11A0211A03 Bottom Mn [2] VOWEL SIGN UE VOWEL SIGN U11A34 Bottom Mn SIGN VIRAMA11A39 Bottom Mn FINAL CONSONANT MARK

6 References

B Boldsaikhan B Batsana and Ts Oyuntsetseg 2005 Соёмбо Нууц ба Синергетик [Secret of Soy-

ombo and Synergetic] (Түвэд монгол бичгийн эхийг орчуулан хавсаргав) 71794717297178571723717447171571682 71680716817169171736 716927168171692716837169871714 7168071681717117168471739716937168471708716817173371795 Edited by T Bulgan Ulaanbaatar Shambala Association System Science ResearchInstitute Mongolian University of Science and Technology

Bareja-Starzyńska Agata Forthcoming ldquoSome Notes on the Use of the Horizontal Square Script of Zan-abazarrdquo Mongolo-Tibetica Pragensia 2013

Bareja-Starzyńska Agata and Byambaa Ragchaa 2012 ldquoNotes on the Pre-existences of the First KhalkhaJetsundampa Zanabazar according to His Biography Written in the Horizontal Square Scriptrdquo RocznikOrientalistyczny vol no 1 pp 24ndash40

Рагчааийн Бямбаа [Byambaa Ragchaagiin] 2005 Занабазарын Дөрвөлжин Үсэг [Zanabazarin DoumlrboumlljinUumlseg]

Corff Oliver 2001 ldquoXaumlwtaumlauml Doumlrboumlljin or The Mongolian Horizontal Square Alphabet for LATEX2εrdquoRelease 04 alpha November 5 2001 httpwwwtexacukCTANlanguagesmongolianmxd

Fynn Christopher [nd] ldquoEncoding Model of the Tibetan Script in the UCSrdquo httpwwwthliborgtoolsscriptswikiEncoding20model20of20the20Tibetan20script20in20the20UCShtml

Ishii Koji 2013 ldquoUnicode Technical Report 50 Unicode Vertical Text Layoutrdquo httpwwwunicodeorgreportstr50

Kapaj Luigi 2002 ldquoMongol Scriptsrdquo httpwwwviahistoriacomSilverHordemainhtmlresearchMongolScriptshtml

Кара Д [Kara Gyoumlrgy] 1972 КнигиМонгольскихКочевников [Knigi mongolʹskikh kochevnikov] Moscow

Pandey Anshuman 2010 ldquoPreliminary Proposal to Encode the Xawtaa Dorboljin Script in ISOIEC10646rdquo N3956 L210-411 October 31 2010 httpstddkuugdkjtc1sc2wg2docsn3956pdf

mdashmdashmdash 2010 ldquoPreliminary Proposal to Encode the Soyombo Script in ISOIEC 10646rdquo ISOIEC JTC1SC2WG2N3949 L210-399 October 30 2010 httpstddkuugdkjtc1sc2wg2docsn3949pdf

mdashmdashmdash 2011a ldquoDetermining the Encoding Model for Soyombo Vowelsrdquo N3986 L211-054 February 52011 httpstddkuugdkjtc1sc2wg2docsn3986pdf

25


mdashmdashmdash 2011a ldquoRevised Preliminary Proposal to Encode Soyombo in the UCSrdquo N4026 L211-125 April25 2011 httpstddkuugdkjtc1sc2wg2docsn4026pdf

mdashmdashmdash 2011b ldquoPreliminary Proposal to Encode the Mongolian Square Script in ISOIEC 10646rdquo N4041L211-162 May 3 2011 httpstddkuugdkjtc1sc2wg2docsn4041pdf

mdashmdashmdash 2011c ldquoRevised Preliminary Proposal to Encode theMongolian Square Scriptrdquo N4160 L211-379October 24 2011 httpstddkuugdkjtc1sc2wg2docsn4160pdf

mdashmdashmdash 2013a ldquoProposal to Encode the Mongolian Square Script in ISOIEC 10646rdquo N4413 L213-068April 22 2013 httpstddkuugdkjtc1sc2wg2docsn4413pdf

mdashmdashmdash 2013a ldquoRevised Proposal to Encode the Soyombo Script in ISOIEC 10646rdquo N4414 L213-069April 22 2013 httpstddkuugdkjtc1sc2wg2docsn4414pdf

mdashmdashmdash 2013b ldquoProposal to Encode the Mongolian Square Script in ISOIEC 10646rdquo N4471 L213-198October 27 2013 httpstddkuugdkjtc1sc2wg2docsn4471pdf

Tseveliin Shagdarsuumlruumlng 2001 Study of Mongolian Scripts (Graphic Study or Grammatology) Enlarged2nd edition Bibliotheca Mongolica Monograph 1 Edited by Sharaviin Choimaa Ulaanbaatar Centerfor Mongol Studies National University of Mongolia

7 Acknowledgments

I expressmy gratitude to Agata Bareja-Starzyńska (University ofWarsaw Poland) for sharing her knowledgeof the script for her diligent review of the information I have presented and for enlightening discussions onthe script and comments regarding the character reptoire character names encoding order and language-specific transliterations I am also thankful to Byambaa Ragchaagiin who provided a copy of his bookЗанабазарын Дөрвөлжин Үсэг which contains several manuscripts and other records which facilitated myanalysis of the script He also granted permission for usage of images of the folios shown in figure 6

I also owe much thanks to Shriramana Sharma Peter Constable (Microsoft) and Andrew Glass (Microsoft)for providing detailed comments on the encoding model for consonant conjuncts and various other aspectsof the encoding for the script Laurentiu Iancu (Microsoft) and Ken Whistler (SAP) explained the repre-sentation of vertical text Andrew West and Christopher Fynn provided information on the orthographyof conjunct stacks in Tibetan Gyoumlrgy Kara (Indiana University Bloomington) patiently answered severalquestions during the preliminary stages of my research Biligsaikhan Batjargal (Ritsumeikan UniversityJapan) provided information on the Mongolian name of the script for the preliminary proposal

This project was made possible in part by an earlier grant from the United States National Endowment forthe Humanities which funded the Universal Scripts Project (part of the Script Encoding Initiative at theUniversity of California Berkeley) Any views findings conclusions or recommendations expressed in thispublication do not necessarily reflect those of the National Endowment for the Humanities

26

Printed using UniBooktrade(httpwwwunicodeorgunibook)

Printed 27-Jan-2014 1

11A4FZanabazar Square11A00

11A0 11A1 11A2 11A3 11A4

72192$72193$72194$72195$72196$72197$72198$72199$72200$72201$722027220372204722057220672207

72208722097221072211722127221372214722157221672217722187221972220722217222272223

72224722257222672227722287222972230722317223272233722347223572236722377223872239

722407224172242$72243$72244$72245

$72246$72247$72248$7224972250$72251$72252$72253$72254

72255

7225672257722587225972260

11A00

11A01

11A02

11A03

11A04

11A05

11A06

11A07

11A08

11A09

11A0A

11A0B

11A0C

11A0D

11A0E

11A0F

11A10

11A11

11A12

11A13

11A14

11A15

11A16

11A17

11A18

11A19

11A1A

11A1B

11A1C

11A1D

11A1E

11A1F

11A20

11A21

11A22

11A23

11A24

11A25

11A26

11A27

11A28

11A29

11A2A

11A2B

11A2C

11A2D

11A2E

11A2F

11A30

11A31

11A32

11A33

11A34

11A35

11A36

11A37

11A38

11A39

11A3A

11A3B

11A3C

11A3D

11A3E

11A3F

11A40

11A41

11A42

11A43

11A44

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F



11A39Zanabazar Square11A00

11A24 72228 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER TSHAbull Mongolian ca Sanskrit cha

11A25 72229 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER DZAbull Sanskrit ja

11A26 72230 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER DZHAbull Sanskrit jha

11A27 72231 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER ZHA11A28 72232 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER ZA11A29 72233 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER SMALL A

= Tibetan a-chungrarr 0F60 འ tibetan letter -a

11A2A 72234 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER YA11A2B 72235 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER RA11A2C 72236 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER LA11A2D 72237 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER VA11A2E 72238 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER SHA11A2F 72239 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER SSA

bull created by reversal of 11A2E 72238 11A30 72240 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER SA11A31 72241 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER HA11A32 72242 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER KSSA

Final Consonant Mark11A33 $72243 ZANABAZAR SQUARE FINAL CONSONANT

MARKbull used for marking a syllable-final

consonant in Mongolianbull indicates a syllabic boundary in

Mongolian

Virama11A34 $72244 ZANABAZAR SQUARE SIGN VIRAMA

rarr 0F84 tibetan mark halantabull indicates a bare consonant in Sanskrit and

Tibetanbull used for producing subjoining conjuncts

Candrabindu and Candra Ornaments11A35 $72245 ZANABAZAR SQUARE SIGN CANDRABINDU

bull indicates nasalizationrarr 0F83 tibetan sign sna ldanrarr 1880 ᢀ mongolian letter ali gali anusvara

one11A36 $72246 ZANABAZAR SQUARE SIGN CANDRABINDU

WITH ORNAMENTbull used primarily with 11A3F 72255

11A37 $72247 ZANABAZAR SQUARE SIGN CANDRA WITHORNAMENT

bull used primarily with 11A3F 72255 rarr 0F82 tibetan sign nyi zla naa da

Signs for Sanskrit11A38 $72248 ZANABAZAR SQUARE SIGN ANUSVARA

bull indicates nasalizationrarr 0F7E tibetan sign rjes su nga ro

11A39 $72249 ZANABAZAR SQUARE SIGN VISARGAbull indicates post-vocalic aspirationrarr 0F7F ཿ tibetan sign rnam bcad

The common Mongolian name for the script is ZanabazarinDoumlrboumlljin Useg It is also known as Xewtee Doumlrboumlljin Bicigor in English as the Horizontal Square Script

Vowel letter11A00 72192 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER A

bull used for representing independent vowelsin combination with vowel signs

Vowel signs11A01 $72193 ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL SIGN I11A02 $72194 ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL SIGN UE11A03 $72195 ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL SIGN U11A04 $72196 ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL SIGN E11A05 $72197 ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL SIGN OE11A06 $72198 ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL SIGN O11A07 $72199 ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL SIGN AI

bull also represents secondary vowel i11A08 $72200 ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL SIGN AU

bull also represents secondary vowel u

Reversed vowel sign11A09 $72201 ZANABAZAR SQUARE REVERSED VOWEL

SIGN Ibull used for Sanskrit vocalic sounds

Vowel length mark11A0A $72202 ZANABAZAR SQUARE VOWEL LENGTH MARK

Consonants11A0B 72203 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER KA

bull Mongolian ga gamma11A0C 72204 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER KHA

bull Mongolian ka qa xa11A0D 72205 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER GA11A0E 72206 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER GHA11A0F 72207 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER NGA11A10 72208 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER CA11A11 72209 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER CHA11A12 72210 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER JA11A13 72211 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER NYA11A14 72212 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER TTA11A15 72213 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER TTHA11A16 72214 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER DDA11A17 72215 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER DDHA11A18 72216 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER NNA11A19 72217 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER TA

bull Mongolian da11A1A 72218 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER THA

bull Mongolian ta11A1B 72219 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER DA11A1C 72220 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER DHA11A1D 72221 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER NA11A1E 72222 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER PA

bull Mongolian ba11A1F 72223 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER PHA

bull Mongolian pa11A20 72224 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER BA

bull Mongolian vabull also used instead of non-initial 11A2D 72237

in conjuncts11A21 72225 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER BHA11A22 72226 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER MA11A23 72227 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER TSA

bull Mongolian ja Sanskrit ca



11A44Zanabazar Square11A3A

Cluster-initial consonant11A3A 72250 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER CLUSTER

INITIAL RA

bull initial form of 11A2B 72235 in Tibetanconjuncts

Cluster-final consonants11A3B $72251 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER CLUSTER

FINAL YA

bull final form of 11A2A 72234 in Tibetanconjuncts

11A3C $72252 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER CLUSTERFINAL RA

bull final form of 11A2B 72235 in Tibetanconjuncts

11A3D $72253 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER CLUSTERFINAL LAbull final form of 11A2C 72236 in Tibetan

conjuncts11A3E $72254 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER CLUSTER

FINAL VAbull final form of 11A2D 72237 in Tibetan

conjuncts

Head marks11A3F 72255 ZANABAZAR SQUARE INITIAL HEAD MARK

rarr 0FD3 tibetan mark initial brda rnyingyig mgo mdun ma

rarr 0F04 tibetan mark initial yig mgomdun ma

rarr 1800 mongolian birga11A40 72256 ZANABAZAR SQUARE CLOSING HEAD MARK

rarr 0FD4 tibetan mark closing brda rnyingyig mgo sgab ma

rarr 0F05 tibetan mark closing yig mgosgab ma

Punctuation11A41 72257 ZANABAZAR SQUARE TSHEG

rarr 0F0B tibetan mark intersyllabic tsheg11A42 72258 ZANABAZAR SQUARE SHAD

rarr 0F0D tibetan mark shad11A43 72259 ZANABAZAR SQUARE DOUBLE SHAD

rarr 0F0E tibetan mark nyis shad11A44 72260 ZANABAZAR SQUARE LONG TSHEG

rarr 0F14 tibetan mark gter tsheg


Figure 1 A block print of Zanabazarrsquos square script from his collected works edited by the KhalkhaZaya Pandita Luvsanprinlei (1642ndash1715) (from Byambaa Ragchaagiin 2005 33)

30


Figure 2 Folios 1andash2a of a treatise on Zanabazar Square by Ugalzyn Lama (from ByambaaRagchaagiin 2005 49) Continued in figure 3

31


Figure 3 Folios 3andash5a of a treatise on the Zanabazar Square script by Ugalzyn Lama (from Byam-baa Ragchaagiin 2005 50ndash51) Continued from figure 2

32


Figure4

Amanuscriptfragm

entcontainingtextwritteninRanjana

(Lantsa)Soyom

boZ

anabazarSquareand

Tibetanscripts(fromTseveliin

Shagdarsuumlruumlng2001174)

33


Figure5

AmanuscriptshowingtheZanabazarS

quarescriptarrangedaccordingtothetraditionalM

ongolianorder(from

ByambaaRagchaagiin

200536)

34


Figure6Folios2a(top)and2a

(bottom)ofa

manuscriptofthe

biographyofZanabazar(from

Bareja-Starzyńska

andRagchaa2012imagesused

with

permission

ofByambaaRagchaa

35


Figure 7 Zanabazar Square text at the bottom of a record written in Ranjana (from Tseveliin Shag-darsuumlruumlng 2001 172)

36


Figure 8 Xylograph (block print) of a book cover with text in the Soyombo Zanabazar SquareMongolian and Cyrillic scripts (fromB Boldsaikhan et al 2005 330) The title is Sanskrit writtenin Soyombo Mongal-svayaṃbhu-jyoti-varṇa-lipiḥ The Zanabazar Square represents Tibetan theMongolian represents Mongolian and the Cyrillic represents Modern (Khalkha) Mongolian

37


Figure 9 Characters of the Zanabazar Square script (from Kara 1972 96) Note the variant form for 72193 and the variant form of 72206

38


Figure 10 Characters of the Zanabazar Square script (from Kapaj 2002)

39


Figure 11 Description of Zanabazar Square letters (from Tseveliin Shagdarsuumlruumlng 2001 160)

40



41



42



43



44



45


Figure 17 Description of Zanabazar Square letters (from Tseveliin Shagdarsuumlruumlng 2001 166)Note the use of 72201 for writing r r l l

46



47



48


Figure 20 Description of the letters 72239 72208 72209 72210 which are not enumerated intraditional charts (from Byambaa Ragchaagiin 2005 32)

49


Figure 21 Excerpt from a folio shown in figure 3 illustrating Zanabazar Square text written ver-tically The text is haṃkṣamalavaraya which may be incorrectly interpreted as a conjunct repre-senting hkṣmlvryaṃ

Figure 22 Seal showing the word 7221872236721937224872233 thalīṃ written vertically in the Zanabazar Square script(from Byambaa Ragchaagiin 2005 97) Note the use of 72233 instead of for indicating ī Also note the combining signs for 72236 placed above 72218

50


Figure 23 A manuscript containing text in Soyombo and Zanabazar Square (from Tseveliin Shag-darsuumlruumlng 2001 173) Note the sizing of consonant stacks such that the letters are reduced so thatthe height of the stack matches the regular letter height

Figure 24 Folio showing Sanskrit written in Zanabazar Square (from Byambaa Ragchaagiin 2005103) Conjuncts with the full forms of 72234 72235 and 72224 as C2 are shown vya brā mba

mprā lva Also shown is the conjunct ndha

51


Figure 25 Folio showing the conjunct ṣṭa (from Byambaa Ragchaagiin 2005 103) Compareto the form of the conjunct shown in figure 26

Figure 26 Detail of manuscript from figure 4 showing the conjunct ṣṭa written as instead ofthe expected Here the ṭa is represented with a reversed form of 72217 instead of 72212 Seesection 474 for more information on the use of reversed letters in Zanabazar Square The otherconjunct involving in this folio is ṣṇa which is written as expected

52


Figure 27 The use of 72221 a reversed form of 72221 instead of 72216 for writing the Sanskritretroflex ṇa in the word72226 7222172193 maṇi (excerpted from Bareja-Starzyńska and Ragchaa 2012 folio 7a)

Figure 28 Usage of the variant form (highlighted in red) of 72221 (highlighted in blue) (fromByambaa Ragchaagiin 2005 85) There is no semantic distinction between the variant and norma-tive form they both represent na

Figure 29 Excerpt from a folio shown in figure 3 illustrating the usage of 72245

53


Figure 30 Folios showing usage of the 72244 (from Byambaa Ragchaagiin 2005 113ndash114)In the top folio occurs with 72235 in 722037224072251722247223572244 kasyabar (7220372240722517222272249 kasyapaḥ ldquoKasyapardquo islikely intended) The expected representation of the phrase is7220372240722517222472249722407220372194722367222072193722227221772251 kasyabaḥ-sarva-kulādhipatya ldquoKasyapa the sovereign of all clansrdquo the 72249 ḥ is written as 7223572244 r due to incorrectapplication of sandhi) In the middle folio the occurs with 72226 twice in the phrase722387219472225722267224472194722407222972205722177222672244 śubhamstu-sarva-jagatam ldquomay there be auspiciousness in all the worldrdquo theuse of in 7223872194722257222672244 śubham is curious because in Sanskrit the word would join with the fol-lowing72194 stu (correct astu) as7223872194722257222672194 śubhamastu In the bottom folio the occurs with72219 in the word 722417225172224722177221972244 hyavatad (correct 722417225172224722197221772244 hyavadat) ldquothusly explainedrdquo

54


Figure 31 Usage of 72243 for representing Mongolian final consonants (fromByambaa Ragchaagiin 2005 63)

Figure 32 Excerpt from the last folio in figure 3 showing usage of 72243 inTibetan text Here its usage departs from its normative behavior in marking syllable-final conso-nants and occurs after conjuncts and vowels functioning more like a below-base 72257 than afinal-consonant mark For example it occurs with 722247225372243 bla (first syllable) 722347219372243 yi (third syllable) 72203722517219372243 kyi(ninth syllable) among others Agata Bareja-Starzyńska suggests that text (a Tibetan prayer) mayhave been added to the manuscript by another scribe who did not fully know the Zanabazar Squarescript as the usage of here differs from that of the primary text of theoriginal author

55


Figure 33 Manuscript excerpt showing usage of the 72243 with 72233 for indicating word-final 7223372243 rsquoa (from Byambaa Ragchaagiin 2005 51)

Figure 34 A seal showing the variant form of 72243 for representing theMongolian final consonant ng 72207 for 7220772243 (from Byambaa Ragchaagiin 2005 60)

56


Figure 35 Portion containing Zanabazar Square text from figure 8 showing usage of the variantform for 72233 in the words 7222272193 parsquoi and 722247225272193 rsquobri Details courtesy of Agata Bareja-Starzyńska

Figure 36 Zanabazar Square document showing the word thalīṃ written vertically with thereversed form of 72233 see also figure 22 (from Byambaa Ragchaagiin 2005 97)

Figure 37 Excerpt of the second folio from figure 5 showing the sequence ldquo72229722307223772258 722197222072258rdquo dza dzhava da dha in the traditional arrangement of the script Note the appearance of ldquo7223772258rdquo lt gtas and ldquo7222072258rdquo lt gt as

57


Figure 38 Manuscript showing the variant form of72237 in the phrase722417222172238722357224172241 ha nuva śa va ra hi svā hā (from Byambaa Ragchaagiin 2005 98) Note the variant form of 72195 in 72221 nu and the variant form of the subjoined form of72237 in the conjunct svā

Figure 39 Manuscript showing the word7219472241 svuhā (svāhā) written with the conjunct sba (fromByambaa Ragchaagiin 2005 98)

58


Figure 40 Variations of the 72255 written as a bare mark as well as with variousornaments See section 411 for details

59


Figure 41 Manuscript showing usage of the head mark (from Byambaa Ragchaagiin 200597) This mark corresponds to the Tibetan For purposes of the encoding it is considereda glyphic variant of 7225572256 and is to be produced using lt72255 72256 gt Note also the usage of the 72260 corresponding to the Tibetan mark

Figure 42 Two manuscript excerpts showing elongation of the 72199 at the end of atext (top from Bareja-Starzyńska and Ragchaa 2012 bottom from Byambaa 2005 87) In bothexcerpts elongation occurs in the Mongolian word boltugai ldquolet it berdquo which is written at top as7222272198722367224372218721987220372199 boltogai and at bottom as 72222722367224372218721957220372199 baltugai This form of is a stylisticvariation Details provided by Agata Bareja-Starzyńska

60


Figure 43 Mongolian diphthongs (from Byambaa Ragchaagiin 2005 85) Shown in red is 7220472194 kuumliin blue is7220472195 kui in black is7220372196 gei in green is7223672198 loi See section 44 for details on the representationof these diphthongs Note also the use of the variant form for 72199

Figure 44 The Mongolian diphthong eǖ in 722187219672194 theǖ (from Byambaa Ragchaagiin 2005 86)

Figure 45 The Mongolian diphthong ēi in 722037219672199 gēi (from Bareja-Starzyńska and Ragchaa 2012)

61


Figure 46 Detail of the specimen in figure 8 showing usage of 72257 for marking syllabic bound-aries in the sentence7225572245722587224072198722057225772222721937225772234721937225772205721967225772240722547225772234722487225772225721947225772229722517219872257722177219372257722247225272193722577222872194722367225772224722317219472205722407225772240721987225872258 sog parsquoi yi ge sva yam bhujyo ti rsquobri tshul bzhugs so

Figure 47 Detail of a folio showing usage of 72257 for marking syllabic boundaries in the Zan-abazar Square phrase 7225172257722037223572257722407221972257722197219472258 rgya gar skad du (from Byambaa Ragchaagiin 2005 107)

62


Figure 48 Folio showing usage of a variant form of 72199 used for writing7222672199mai (fromByambaa Ragchaagiin 2005 113)

Figure 49 Folio showing usage of a variant form of 72200 used for writing 722177225272200 trau(from Byambaa Ragchaagiin 2005 113)

63


Zanabazar Phags-pa Tibetan TibetanSquare (dbu can) (dbu med)

ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ

kha 72204 ꡁ ཁ ཁ

ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག

gha 72206 mdash གྷ གྷ

ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ

cha 72209 ꡅ ཆ ཆ

ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ

ntildea 72211 ꡇ ཉ ཉ

ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ

ṭha 72213 ꡪ ཋ ཋ

ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ

ḍha 72215 mdash ཌྷ

ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ

tha 72218 ꡉ ཐ ཐ

da 72219 ꡊ ད ད

dha 72220 mdash དྷ དྷ

na 72221 ꡋ ན ན

Table 7 Comparison of consonant letters of Zanabazar Square Phags-pa and Tibetan

64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ

pha 72223 ꡍ ཕ ཕ

ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ

bha 72225 mdash བྷ བྷ

ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ

tsa 72227 ꡐ ཙ ཙ

tsha 72228 ꡑ ཚ ཚ

dza 72229 ꡒ ཛ ཛ

dzha 72230 mdash ཛྷ ཛྷ

zha 72231 ꡔ ཞ ཞ

za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ

rsquoa 72233 ꡖ འ འ

ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ

ṣa 72239 mdash ཥ ཥ

sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ

kṣa 72242 mdash ཀྵ ཀྵ

Table 8 Comparison of consonant letters of Zanabazar Phags-pa Soyombo and Tibetan

65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ

ā 72192 mdash ཨ ཨ

i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ

ī 72192 mdash ཨ ཨ

uuml 72192 mdash mdash mdash

ǖ 72192 mdash mdash mdash

u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ

ū 72192 mdash ཨ ཨ

e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ

ē 72192 mdash mdash mdash

o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ

ō 72192 mdash mdash mdash

ouml 72192 mdash mdash mdash

ȫ 72192 mdash mdash mdash

ai 72192 mdash ཨ ཨ

au 72192 mdash ཨ ཨ

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

Table 9 Comparison of vowels of Zanabazar Square Phags-pa Soyombo and Tibetan

66

ISOIEC JTC 1SC 2WG 2 PROPOSAL SUMMARY FORM TO ACCOMPANY SUBMISSIONS

FOR ADDITIONS TO THE REPERTOIRE OF ISOIEC 106461

Please fill all the sections A B and C below Please read Principles and Procedures Document (P amp P) from httpwwwdkuugdkJTC1SC2WG2docsprincipleshtml for

guidelines and details before filling this form Please ensure you are using the latest Form from httpwwwdkuugdkJTC1SC2WG2docssummaryformhtml

See also httpwwwdkuugdkJTC1SC2WG2docsroadmapshtml for latest Roadmaps A Administrative 1 Title Proposal to Encode the Zanabazar Square Script in ISOIEC 10646 2 Requesters name Script Encoding Initiative (SEI) Anshuman Pandey (pandeyumichedu) 3 Requester type (Member bodyLiaisonIndividual contribution) Liaison contribution 4 Submission date 2014-01-22 5 Requesters reference (if applicable) 6 Choose one of the following This is a complete proposal Yes (or) More information will be provided later B Technical ndash General 1 Choose one of the following a This proposal is for a new script (set of characters) Yes Proposed name of script Zanabazar Square b The proposal is for addition of character(s) to an existing block Name of the existing block 2 Number of characters in proposal 69 3 Proposed category (select one from below - see section 22 of PampP document) A-Contemporary B1-Specialized (small collection) X B2-Specialized (large collection) C-Major extinct D-Attested extinct E-Minor extinct F-Archaic Hieroglyphic or Ideographic G-Obscure or questionable usage symbols 4 Is a repertoire including character names provided Yes a If YES are the names in accordance with the ldquocharacter naming guidelinesrdquo in Annex L of PampP document Yes b Are the character shapes attached in a legible form suitable for review Yes 5 Fonts related a Who will provide the appropriate computerized font to the Project Editor of 10646 for publishing the

standard

Anshuman Pandey b Identify the party granting a license for use of the font by the editors (include address e-mail ftp-site etc) Anshuman Pandey (pandeyumichedu) 6 References a Are references (to other character sets dictionaries descriptive texts etc) provided Yes b Are published examples of use (such as samples from newspapers magazines or other sources) of proposed characters attached Yes 7 Special encoding issues Does the proposal address other aspects of character data processing (if applicable) such as input presentation sorting searching indexing transliteration etc (if yes please enclose information) Yes 8 Additional Information Submitters are invited to provide any additional information about Properties of the proposed Character(s) or Script that will assist in correct understanding of and correct linguistic processing of the proposed character(s) or script Examples of such properties are Casing information Numeric information Currency information Display behaviour information such as line breaks widths etc Combining behaviour Spacing behaviour Directional behaviour Default Collation behaviour relevance in Mark Up contexts Compatibility equivalence and other Unicode normalization related information See the Unicode standard at httpwwwunicodeorg for such information on other scripts Also see Unicode Character Database ( httpwwwunicodeorgreportstr44 ) and associated Unicode Technical Reports for information needed for consideration by the Unicode Technical Committee for inclusion in the Unicode Standard

1 Form number N4102-F (Original 1994-10-14 Revised 1995-01 1995-04 1996-04 1996-08 1999-03 2001-05 2001-09 2003-11 2005-01 2005-09 2005-10 2007-03 2008-05 2009-11 2011-03 2012-01)

C Technical - Justification 1 Has this proposal for addition of character(s) been submitted before Yes If YES explain Complete revision of N4471 L213-198 see ldquoIntroductionrdquo for list of major changes 2 Has contact been made to members of the user community (for example National Body user groups of the script or characters other experts etc) Yes If YES with whom Agata Bareja-Starzyńska (University of Warsaw Poland) If YES available relevant documents 3 Information on the user community for the proposed characters (for example size demographics information technology use or publishing use) is included Yes Reference 4 The context of use for the proposed characters (type of use common or rare) Rare Reference 5 Are the proposed characters in current use by the user community Yes If YES where Reference By scholars of Mongolian culture history and linguistics 6 After giving due considerations to the principles in the PampP document must the proposed characters be entirely in the BMP NA If YES is a rationale provided If YES reference 7 Should the proposed characters be kept together in a contiguous range (rather than being scattered) Yes 8 Can any of the proposed characters be considered a presentation form of an existing character or character sequence No If YES is a rationale for its inclusion provided If YES reference 9 Can any of the proposed characters be encoded using a composed character sequence of either existing characters or other proposed characters No If YES is a rationale for its inclusion provided If YES reference 10 Can any of the proposed character(s) be considered to be similar (in appearance or function) to or could be confused with an existing character No If YES is a rationale for its inclusion provided If YES reference 11 Does the proposal include use of combining characters andor use of composite sequences Yes If YES is a rationale for such use provided Yes If YES reference Combining signs Is a list of composite sequences and their corresponding glyph images (graphic symbols) provided If YES reference 12 Does the proposal contain characters with any special properties such as control function or similar semantics Yes If YES describe in detail (include attachment if necessary) Virama see text of the proposal 13 Does the proposal contain any Ideographic compatibility characters No If YES are the equivalent corresponding unified ideographic characters identified If YES reference


by scholars and academic works on the script continue to be published (see Shagdarsuumlruumlng (2001) Ragchaa(2005) Bareja-Starzyńska and Ragchaa (2012))

3 Proposal Details

31 Script Name

The name for the script block is lsquoZanabazar Squarersquo It is known in Mongolian as lsquoХэвтээ Дөрвөлжинбичигrsquo xewtee doumlrboumlljin bicig or lsquoХэвтээ Дөрвөлжин Үсэгrsquo xewtee doumlrboumlljin uumlseg both of which translateinto English as ldquoHorizontal Square Scriptrdquo but this is a technical name and is not commonly used The namenormalized Latin transliteration lsquoXewtee Dorboljinrsquo was used for the script in the preliminary proposal butit was deemed too localized for usage in an international context Therefore the descriptor lsquoMongolianrsquo wasadded to the English translation to produce lsquoMongolian Horizontal Squarersquo However this name proved abit long and it was curtailed to lsquoMongolian Squarersquo Yet lsquoMongolian Squarersquo is a generic name as it canalso refer to Phags-pa another Mongolian or rather Central Asian script that is also known as lsquoДөрвөлжинҮсэгrsquo doumlrboumlljin uumlseg or lsquoSquare Scriptrsquo

The script is commonly refered to as lsquoЗанабазарын Дөрвөлжин Үсэгrsquo zanabazarin doumlrboumlljin uumlseg ldquoZan-abazar Square Scriptrdquo in the academic community (see Byambaa Ragchaagiin 2005) This name is usedbecause it differentiates the two Central Asian lsquosquarersquo scripts on the basis of the names of their inventorslsquoPhags-parsquo for the vertical and lsquoZanabazarrsquo for the horizontal script For these reasons lsquoZanabazar Squarersquo isa suitable and unique identifier for the script block in the UCS The Mongolian and alternate English nameshave been added as aliases for the script in the names list

32 Character Repertoire

The Zanabazar Square block contains 69 characters A code chart and names list are attached The proposedrepertoire contains elements that are not enumerated as separate characters in traditional arrangements ofZanabazar Square and in secondary sources In some cases the repertoire treats textual elements as se-quences of characters instead of as atomic characters For example vowels such as72192 ā72192 i72192 ī etc areenumerated as independent characters in traditional charts but they are to be represented in encoded textas combinations of a base letter and combining vowel sign Mongolian syllable-final consonants such as721927220372243 ag 721927220772243 ang etc are also treated similarly Redundant elements have been eliminated such as theoccurrence of72192 ā among both the vowels and codas as well as the two instances of72224 ba va These detailsare explained in section 471 The deviation from traditional perspectives regarding Zanabazar Square orany other script is a necessity for developing a character-encoding standard for the script in the UCS

33 Character Names

An attempt has been made to align names for Zanabazar Square characters with those in the Tibetan block ofthe UCS The names also correspond to characters of the Phags-pa block and those of the proposed encodingfor Soyombo (see N4414 L213-069) The names also align with transliterated values given for ZanabazarSquare characters in secondary sources such as Tseveliin Shagdarsuumlruumlng (2001) and Byambaa Ragchaagiin(2005) which have been normalized according to UCS naming conventions In this proposal names forproposed characters are given in small capitals and transliterated values in italics eg the character 72203 isreferred to as and its transliterated values as Sanskrit Tibetan ka and Mongolian ga (see section 473for language-specific transliteration)

2



34 Encoding Order


4 Script Details

41 Structure




3







42 Vowel Letter




44 Vowel Signs


72193

72194

72195

72196

72197

72198

72199

72200

72201



a 72192 lt72192 gt

ā 72192 lt72192 gt

4


i 72192 lt72192 72193 gt

ī 72192 lt72192 72193 gt

uuml u 72192 lt72192 72194 gt

ǖ 72192 lt72192 72194 gt

u 72192 lt72192 72195 gt

ū 72192 lt72192 72195 gt

e 72192 lt72192 72196 gt

ē 72192 lt72192 72196 gt

ouml 72192 lt72192 72197 gt

ȫ 72192 lt72192 72197 gt

o 72192 lt72192 72198 gt

ō 72192 lt72192 72198 gt

ai 72192 lt72192 72199 gt

au 72192 lt72192 72200 gt

441 Diphthongs


āi 72192 lt72192 72199 gt

ii 72192 lt72192 72193 72199 gt

iu 72192 lt72192 72193 72200 gt

uumli 72192 lt72192 72194 72199 gt

ui 72192 lt72192 72195 72199 gt

ūi 72192 lt72192 72195 72199 gt

ei 72192 lt72192 72196 72199 gt

ēi 72192 lt72192 72196 72199 gt

eǖ 72192 lt72192 72196 72194 gt

5


oi 72192 lt72192 72198 72199 gt

ōi 72192 lt72192 72198 72199 gt

ou 72192 lt72192 72198 72200 gt

442 Vocalic Letters


r 7223572201 lt72235 72201 gt

7220172252 ltconsonant 72252 72201 gt

r 7223572201 lt72235 72201 gt

7220172252 ltconsonant 72252 72201 gt

l 7223672201 lt72236 72201 gt

7220172253 ltconsonant 72253 72201 gt

l 7223672201 lt72236 72201 gt

7220172253 ltconsonant 72253 72201 gt




6



72193 7219272192 instead of72192 i72192 ī

72195 7219272192 instead of72192 u72192 ū

72197 7219272192 instead of72192 ouml72192 ȫ

72199 7219272192 instead of72192 ai

72200 7219272192 instead of 72192 au







45 Vowel Modifiers







7







72203

72204

72205

72206

72207

72208

72209

72210

72211

72212

72213

72214

72215

72216

72217

72218

72219

72220

72221

72222

72223

72224

72225

72226

72227

72228

72229

72230

72231

72232

72233

72234

72235

72236

72237

72238

72239

72240

72241

72242

471 Consonant Order






8













9



M S T

72203 ga γa ka ka


72205 ga ga

72206 gha gha

72207 nga ṅa ṅa

72208 ca

72209 cha

72210 ja


72212 ṭa ṭa

72213 ṭha ṭha

72214 ḍa ḍa

72215 ḍha ḍha

72216 ṇa ṇa

72217 da ta ta

72218 ta tha tha

72219 da da

72220 dha dha

72221 na na na

72222 ba pa pa

M S T

72223 pa pha pha

72224 va ba ba

72225 bha bha

72226 ma ma ma

72227 ǰa ca tsa

72228 ča cha tsha

72229 ja dza

72230 jha

72231 zha

72232 za

72233 rsquoa

72234 ya ya ya

72235 ra ra ra

72236 la la la

72237 va wa

72238 ša śa śa

72239 ṣa ṣa

72240 sa sa sa

72241 ha ha ha

72242 kṣa kṣa



Regular Variant

72206

72220

72212

72216

Regular Variant

72221

72227

72233

72237


10










482 Virama



11









722407219672217722437220472193722367224372222721967223572243 sed-kil-ber lt72240 72196 72218 72243 72204 72193 72236 72243 72222 72196 72235 72243 gt

72240721967221772204721937223672222721967223572244 setkhilper lt72240 72196 72218 72244

72204 72193 72236 72244 72222 72196 72235 72244 gt



12



g 7220372243 lt72203 72243 gt

k 7220472243 lt72204 72243 gt

ng 7220772243 lt72207 72243 gt

d 7221772243 lt72217 72243 gt

n 7222172243 lt72221 72243 gt

b 7222272243 lt72222 72243 gt

m 7222672243 lt72226 72243 gt

r 7223572243 lt72235 72243 gt

l 7223672243 lt72236 72243 gt

š 7223872243 lt72238 72243 gt

s 7224072243 lt72240 72243 gt





72234 72234 72234 72251

72235 72235 72250 72252

72236 72236 72236 72253

72237 72237 72237 72254

13



72250 72251

72252

72253

72254







7222172244 n lt72221 72244 gt

nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt


14



kya lt72203 72244 72234 gt

7220372251 kya lt72203 72251 gt

rka lt72235 72244 72203 gt

rka lt72250 72203 gt

kra lt72203 72244 gt

7220372252 kra lt72203 72252 gt

kla lt72203 72244 gt

7220372253 kla lt72203 72253 gt

kva lt72203 72244 gt

7220372254 kva lt72203 72254 gt


722507224472203 lt72250 72244 72203 gt

7220372244 72252 lt72203 72244 72252 gt

7220372252 72244 lt72203 72252 72244 gt


72193 ndi lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt

7219472248 nduṃ lt72221 72244 72219 72194 72248 gt



15


nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

722217224472219 nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt

7222172244722197224472235 ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt


msta lt72226 72244 72240 72244 72217 gt

7222672244 msta lt72226 72244 72240 72244 72217 gt

rsa lt72235 72244 72240 gt

722357224472240 rsa lt72235 72244 72240 gt




kra lt72203 72252 gt

khya lt72204 72251 gt

gla lt72205 72253 gt

rka lt72250 72203 gt

ska lt72240 72244 72203 gt

lka lt72236 72244 72203 gt


16






411 Head Marks



7225572245 lt72255 72245 gt

7225572246 lt72255 72246 gt

7225572247 lt72255 72247 gt

7225572248 lt72255 72248 gt




17


412 Punctuation






413 Digits


414 Collation





72226 lt 72227 lt 72228 lt 72229 lt 72230 lt 72231 lt 72232 lt

72233 lt 72234 ltlt 72251 lt 72250 ltlt 72235 lt

72252 lt 72236 ltlt 72253 lt 72237 ltlt

72254 lt 72238 lt 72239 lt 72240 lt 72241 lt 72192 lt

72193 lt 72194 lt 72195 lt 72196 lt

72197 lt 72198 lt 72199 lt 72200 lt

72201 lt lt 72243


72245 72246 72247 72248 -

72249

18


415 Vertical Text


7224172245722427222672236722377223572234


7221872193722487223672233

7221872236721937224872233 thalīṃ lt72218 72236 72193 72248 72233 gt







19


72250721967224872203722007221772224722527225172249

lt72250 72203 72244 72217 72244 72224 72252 72251 72196 72200 72248 72249 gt









lt72236 72193 72248 gt = 722367219372248rarr 72236 72248 līṃ


lt72192 72198 72248 gt =7219272248rarr7219272248 oṃ

lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt = 7225272195rarr 7225272195 ndru




72193 ndi lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt


20


72195 ndu lt72221 72244 72219 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt


72199 ndai lt72221 72244 72219 72199 gt

72200 ndau lt72221 72244 72219 72200 gt


72193 ndī lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt

7220072249 ndauḥ lt72221 72244 72219 72200 72249 gt

7219872248 ndōṃ lt72221 72244 72219 72198 72248 gt


722507220372193 rki lt72250 72203 72193 gt

722507220372199 rkai lt72250 72203 72199 gt


7220372252 krā lt72203 72252 gt

4174 Positioning of


lt 72203 gt = 72203rarr



21





A B C

7222072194722267222272235722217222072249 722207219472226

7222172249 722207219472249


5 Character Data




22









23














55 Matra Categories




24





6 References














25









7 Acknowledgments




26




11A0 11A1 11A2 11A3 11A4

72192$72193$72194$72195$72196$72197$72198$72199$72200$72201$722027220372204722057220672207

72208722097221072211722127221372214722157221672217722187221972220722217222272223

72224722257222672227722287222972230722317223272233722347223572236722377223872239

722407224172242$72243$72244$72245

$72246$72247$72248$7224972250$72251$72252$72253$72254

72255

7225672257722587225972260

11A00

11A01

11A02

11A03

11A04

11A05

11A06

11A07

11A08

11A09

11A0A

11A0B

11A0C

11A0D

11A0E

11A0F

11A10

11A11

11A12

11A13

11A14

11A15

11A16

11A17

11A18

11A19

11A1A

11A1B

11A1C

11A1D

11A1E

11A1F

11A20

11A21

11A22

11A23

11A24

11A25

11A26

11A27

11A28

11A29

11A2A

11A2B

11A2C

11A2D

11A2E

11A2F

11A30

11A31

11A32

11A33

11A34

11A35

11A36

11A37

11A38

11A39

11A3A

11A3B

11A3C

11A3D

11A3E

11A3F

11A40

11A41

11A42

11A43

11A44

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F














Mongolian




































INITIAL RA



FINAL YA







conjuncts














30



31



32


Figure4

Amanuscriptfragm


(Lantsa)Soyom

boZ

anabazarSquareand



33


Figure5



ongolianorder(from

ByambaaRagchaagiin

200536)

34



(bottom)ofa

manuscriptofthe


Bareja-Starzyńska


with

permission

ofByambaaRagchaa

35



36



37



38



39



40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard






34 Encoding Order


4 Script Details

41 Structure




3







42 Vowel Letter




44 Vowel Signs


72193

72194

72195

72196

72197

72198

72199

72200

72201



a 72192 lt72192 gt

ā 72192 lt72192 gt

4


i 72192 lt72192 72193 gt

ī 72192 lt72192 72193 gt

uuml u 72192 lt72192 72194 gt

ǖ 72192 lt72192 72194 gt

u 72192 lt72192 72195 gt

ū 72192 lt72192 72195 gt

e 72192 lt72192 72196 gt

ē 72192 lt72192 72196 gt

ouml 72192 lt72192 72197 gt

ȫ 72192 lt72192 72197 gt

o 72192 lt72192 72198 gt

ō 72192 lt72192 72198 gt

ai 72192 lt72192 72199 gt

au 72192 lt72192 72200 gt

441 Diphthongs


āi 72192 lt72192 72199 gt

ii 72192 lt72192 72193 72199 gt

iu 72192 lt72192 72193 72200 gt

uumli 72192 lt72192 72194 72199 gt

ui 72192 lt72192 72195 72199 gt

ūi 72192 lt72192 72195 72199 gt

ei 72192 lt72192 72196 72199 gt

ēi 72192 lt72192 72196 72199 gt

eǖ 72192 lt72192 72196 72194 gt

5


oi 72192 lt72192 72198 72199 gt

ōi 72192 lt72192 72198 72199 gt

ou 72192 lt72192 72198 72200 gt

442 Vocalic Letters


r 7223572201 lt72235 72201 gt

7220172252 ltconsonant 72252 72201 gt

r 7223572201 lt72235 72201 gt

7220172252 ltconsonant 72252 72201 gt

l 7223672201 lt72236 72201 gt

7220172253 ltconsonant 72253 72201 gt

l 7223672201 lt72236 72201 gt

7220172253 ltconsonant 72253 72201 gt




6



72193 7219272192 instead of72192 i72192 ī

72195 7219272192 instead of72192 u72192 ū

72197 7219272192 instead of72192 ouml72192 ȫ

72199 7219272192 instead of72192 ai

72200 7219272192 instead of 72192 au







45 Vowel Modifiers







7







72203

72204

72205

72206

72207

72208

72209

72210

72211

72212

72213

72214

72215

72216

72217

72218

72219

72220

72221

72222

72223

72224

72225

72226

72227

72228

72229

72230

72231

72232

72233

72234

72235

72236

72237

72238

72239

72240

72241

72242

471 Consonant Order






8













9



M S T

72203 ga γa ka ka


72205 ga ga

72206 gha gha

72207 nga ṅa ṅa

72208 ca

72209 cha

72210 ja


72212 ṭa ṭa

72213 ṭha ṭha

72214 ḍa ḍa

72215 ḍha ḍha

72216 ṇa ṇa

72217 da ta ta

72218 ta tha tha

72219 da da

72220 dha dha

72221 na na na

72222 ba pa pa

M S T

72223 pa pha pha

72224 va ba ba

72225 bha bha

72226 ma ma ma

72227 ǰa ca tsa

72228 ča cha tsha

72229 ja dza

72230 jha

72231 zha

72232 za

72233 rsquoa

72234 ya ya ya

72235 ra ra ra

72236 la la la

72237 va wa

72238 ša śa śa

72239 ṣa ṣa

72240 sa sa sa

72241 ha ha ha

72242 kṣa kṣa



Regular Variant

72206

72220

72212

72216

Regular Variant

72221

72227

72233

72237


10










482 Virama



11









722407219672217722437220472193722367224372222721967223572243 sed-kil-ber lt72240 72196 72218 72243 72204 72193 72236 72243 72222 72196 72235 72243 gt

72240721967221772204721937223672222721967223572244 setkhilper lt72240 72196 72218 72244

72204 72193 72236 72244 72222 72196 72235 72244 gt



12



g 7220372243 lt72203 72243 gt

k 7220472243 lt72204 72243 gt

ng 7220772243 lt72207 72243 gt

d 7221772243 lt72217 72243 gt

n 7222172243 lt72221 72243 gt

b 7222272243 lt72222 72243 gt

m 7222672243 lt72226 72243 gt

r 7223572243 lt72235 72243 gt

l 7223672243 lt72236 72243 gt

š 7223872243 lt72238 72243 gt

s 7224072243 lt72240 72243 gt





72234 72234 72234 72251

72235 72235 72250 72252

72236 72236 72236 72253

72237 72237 72237 72254

13



72250 72251

72252

72253

72254







7222172244 n lt72221 72244 gt

nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt


14



kya lt72203 72244 72234 gt

7220372251 kya lt72203 72251 gt

rka lt72235 72244 72203 gt

rka lt72250 72203 gt

kra lt72203 72244 gt

7220372252 kra lt72203 72252 gt

kla lt72203 72244 gt

7220372253 kla lt72203 72253 gt

kva lt72203 72244 gt

7220372254 kva lt72203 72254 gt


722507224472203 lt72250 72244 72203 gt

7220372244 72252 lt72203 72244 72252 gt

7220372252 72244 lt72203 72252 72244 gt


72193 ndi lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt

7219472248 nduṃ lt72221 72244 72219 72194 72248 gt



15


nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

722217224472219 nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt

7222172244722197224472235 ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt


msta lt72226 72244 72240 72244 72217 gt

7222672244 msta lt72226 72244 72240 72244 72217 gt

rsa lt72235 72244 72240 gt

722357224472240 rsa lt72235 72244 72240 gt




kra lt72203 72252 gt

khya lt72204 72251 gt

gla lt72205 72253 gt

rka lt72250 72203 gt

ska lt72240 72244 72203 gt

lka lt72236 72244 72203 gt


16






411 Head Marks



7225572245 lt72255 72245 gt

7225572246 lt72255 72246 gt

7225572247 lt72255 72247 gt

7225572248 lt72255 72248 gt




17


412 Punctuation






413 Digits


414 Collation





72226 lt 72227 lt 72228 lt 72229 lt 72230 lt 72231 lt 72232 lt

72233 lt 72234 ltlt 72251 lt 72250 ltlt 72235 lt

72252 lt 72236 ltlt 72253 lt 72237 ltlt

72254 lt 72238 lt 72239 lt 72240 lt 72241 lt 72192 lt

72193 lt 72194 lt 72195 lt 72196 lt

72197 lt 72198 lt 72199 lt 72200 lt

72201 lt lt 72243


72245 72246 72247 72248 -

72249

18


415 Vertical Text


7224172245722427222672236722377223572234


7221872193722487223672233

7221872236721937224872233 thalīṃ lt72218 72236 72193 72248 72233 gt







19


72250721967224872203722007221772224722527225172249

lt72250 72203 72244 72217 72244 72224 72252 72251 72196 72200 72248 72249 gt









lt72236 72193 72248 gt = 722367219372248rarr 72236 72248 līṃ


lt72192 72198 72248 gt =7219272248rarr7219272248 oṃ

lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt = 7225272195rarr 7225272195 ndru




72193 ndi lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt


20


72195 ndu lt72221 72244 72219 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt


72199 ndai lt72221 72244 72219 72199 gt

72200 ndau lt72221 72244 72219 72200 gt


72193 ndī lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt

7220072249 ndauḥ lt72221 72244 72219 72200 72249 gt

7219872248 ndōṃ lt72221 72244 72219 72198 72248 gt


722507220372193 rki lt72250 72203 72193 gt

722507220372199 rkai lt72250 72203 72199 gt


7220372252 krā lt72203 72252 gt

4174 Positioning of


lt 72203 gt = 72203rarr



21





A B C

7222072194722267222272235722217222072249 722207219472226

7222172249 722207219472249


5 Character Data




22









23














55 Matra Categories




24





6 References














25









7 Acknowledgments




26




11A0 11A1 11A2 11A3 11A4

72192$72193$72194$72195$72196$72197$72198$72199$72200$72201$722027220372204722057220672207

72208722097221072211722127221372214722157221672217722187221972220722217222272223

72224722257222672227722287222972230722317223272233722347223572236722377223872239

722407224172242$72243$72244$72245

$72246$72247$72248$7224972250$72251$72252$72253$72254

72255

7225672257722587225972260

11A00

11A01

11A02

11A03

11A04

11A05

11A06

11A07

11A08

11A09

11A0A

11A0B

11A0C

11A0D

11A0E

11A0F

11A10

11A11

11A12

11A13

11A14

11A15

11A16

11A17

11A18

11A19

11A1A

11A1B

11A1C

11A1D

11A1E

11A1F

11A20

11A21

11A22

11A23

11A24

11A25

11A26

11A27

11A28

11A29

11A2A

11A2B

11A2C

11A2D

11A2E

11A2F

11A30

11A31

11A32

11A33

11A34

11A35

11A36

11A37

11A38

11A39

11A3A

11A3B

11A3C

11A3D

11A3E

11A3F

11A40

11A41

11A42

11A43

11A44

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F














Mongolian




































INITIAL RA



FINAL YA







conjuncts














30



31



32


Figure4

Amanuscriptfragm


(Lantsa)Soyom

boZ

anabazarSquareand



33


Figure5



ongolianorder(from

ByambaaRagchaagiin

200536)

34



(bottom)ofa

manuscriptofthe


Bareja-Starzyńska


with

permission

ofByambaaRagchaa

35



36



37



38



39



40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard










42 Vowel Letter




44 Vowel Signs


72193

72194

72195

72196

72197

72198

72199

72200

72201



a 72192 lt72192 gt

ā 72192 lt72192 gt

4


i 72192 lt72192 72193 gt

ī 72192 lt72192 72193 gt

uuml u 72192 lt72192 72194 gt

ǖ 72192 lt72192 72194 gt

u 72192 lt72192 72195 gt

ū 72192 lt72192 72195 gt

e 72192 lt72192 72196 gt

ē 72192 lt72192 72196 gt

ouml 72192 lt72192 72197 gt

ȫ 72192 lt72192 72197 gt

o 72192 lt72192 72198 gt

ō 72192 lt72192 72198 gt

ai 72192 lt72192 72199 gt

au 72192 lt72192 72200 gt

441 Diphthongs


āi 72192 lt72192 72199 gt

ii 72192 lt72192 72193 72199 gt

iu 72192 lt72192 72193 72200 gt

uumli 72192 lt72192 72194 72199 gt

ui 72192 lt72192 72195 72199 gt

ūi 72192 lt72192 72195 72199 gt

ei 72192 lt72192 72196 72199 gt

ēi 72192 lt72192 72196 72199 gt

eǖ 72192 lt72192 72196 72194 gt

5


oi 72192 lt72192 72198 72199 gt

ōi 72192 lt72192 72198 72199 gt

ou 72192 lt72192 72198 72200 gt

442 Vocalic Letters


r 7223572201 lt72235 72201 gt

7220172252 ltconsonant 72252 72201 gt

r 7223572201 lt72235 72201 gt

7220172252 ltconsonant 72252 72201 gt

l 7223672201 lt72236 72201 gt

7220172253 ltconsonant 72253 72201 gt

l 7223672201 lt72236 72201 gt

7220172253 ltconsonant 72253 72201 gt




6



72193 7219272192 instead of72192 i72192 ī

72195 7219272192 instead of72192 u72192 ū

72197 7219272192 instead of72192 ouml72192 ȫ

72199 7219272192 instead of72192 ai

72200 7219272192 instead of 72192 au







45 Vowel Modifiers







7







72203

72204

72205

72206

72207

72208

72209

72210

72211

72212

72213

72214

72215

72216

72217

72218

72219

72220

72221

72222

72223

72224

72225

72226

72227

72228

72229

72230

72231

72232

72233

72234

72235

72236

72237

72238

72239

72240

72241

72242

471 Consonant Order






8













9



M S T

72203 ga γa ka ka


72205 ga ga

72206 gha gha

72207 nga ṅa ṅa

72208 ca

72209 cha

72210 ja


72212 ṭa ṭa

72213 ṭha ṭha

72214 ḍa ḍa

72215 ḍha ḍha

72216 ṇa ṇa

72217 da ta ta

72218 ta tha tha

72219 da da

72220 dha dha

72221 na na na

72222 ba pa pa

M S T

72223 pa pha pha

72224 va ba ba

72225 bha bha

72226 ma ma ma

72227 ǰa ca tsa

72228 ča cha tsha

72229 ja dza

72230 jha

72231 zha

72232 za

72233 rsquoa

72234 ya ya ya

72235 ra ra ra

72236 la la la

72237 va wa

72238 ša śa śa

72239 ṣa ṣa

72240 sa sa sa

72241 ha ha ha

72242 kṣa kṣa



Regular Variant

72206

72220

72212

72216

Regular Variant

72221

72227

72233

72237


10










482 Virama



11









722407219672217722437220472193722367224372222721967223572243 sed-kil-ber lt72240 72196 72218 72243 72204 72193 72236 72243 72222 72196 72235 72243 gt

72240721967221772204721937223672222721967223572244 setkhilper lt72240 72196 72218 72244

72204 72193 72236 72244 72222 72196 72235 72244 gt



12



g 7220372243 lt72203 72243 gt

k 7220472243 lt72204 72243 gt

ng 7220772243 lt72207 72243 gt

d 7221772243 lt72217 72243 gt

n 7222172243 lt72221 72243 gt

b 7222272243 lt72222 72243 gt

m 7222672243 lt72226 72243 gt

r 7223572243 lt72235 72243 gt

l 7223672243 lt72236 72243 gt

š 7223872243 lt72238 72243 gt

s 7224072243 lt72240 72243 gt





72234 72234 72234 72251

72235 72235 72250 72252

72236 72236 72236 72253

72237 72237 72237 72254

13



72250 72251

72252

72253

72254







7222172244 n lt72221 72244 gt

nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt


14



kya lt72203 72244 72234 gt

7220372251 kya lt72203 72251 gt

rka lt72235 72244 72203 gt

rka lt72250 72203 gt

kra lt72203 72244 gt

7220372252 kra lt72203 72252 gt

kla lt72203 72244 gt

7220372253 kla lt72203 72253 gt

kva lt72203 72244 gt

7220372254 kva lt72203 72254 gt


722507224472203 lt72250 72244 72203 gt

7220372244 72252 lt72203 72244 72252 gt

7220372252 72244 lt72203 72252 72244 gt


72193 ndi lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt

7219472248 nduṃ lt72221 72244 72219 72194 72248 gt



15


nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

722217224472219 nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt

7222172244722197224472235 ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt


msta lt72226 72244 72240 72244 72217 gt

7222672244 msta lt72226 72244 72240 72244 72217 gt

rsa lt72235 72244 72240 gt

722357224472240 rsa lt72235 72244 72240 gt




kra lt72203 72252 gt

khya lt72204 72251 gt

gla lt72205 72253 gt

rka lt72250 72203 gt

ska lt72240 72244 72203 gt

lka lt72236 72244 72203 gt


16






411 Head Marks



7225572245 lt72255 72245 gt

7225572246 lt72255 72246 gt

7225572247 lt72255 72247 gt

7225572248 lt72255 72248 gt




17


412 Punctuation






413 Digits


414 Collation





72226 lt 72227 lt 72228 lt 72229 lt 72230 lt 72231 lt 72232 lt

72233 lt 72234 ltlt 72251 lt 72250 ltlt 72235 lt

72252 lt 72236 ltlt 72253 lt 72237 ltlt

72254 lt 72238 lt 72239 lt 72240 lt 72241 lt 72192 lt

72193 lt 72194 lt 72195 lt 72196 lt

72197 lt 72198 lt 72199 lt 72200 lt

72201 lt lt 72243


72245 72246 72247 72248 -

72249

18


415 Vertical Text


7224172245722427222672236722377223572234


7221872193722487223672233

7221872236721937224872233 thalīṃ lt72218 72236 72193 72248 72233 gt







19


72250721967224872203722007221772224722527225172249

lt72250 72203 72244 72217 72244 72224 72252 72251 72196 72200 72248 72249 gt









lt72236 72193 72248 gt = 722367219372248rarr 72236 72248 līṃ


lt72192 72198 72248 gt =7219272248rarr7219272248 oṃ

lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt = 7225272195rarr 7225272195 ndru




72193 ndi lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt


20


72195 ndu lt72221 72244 72219 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt


72199 ndai lt72221 72244 72219 72199 gt

72200 ndau lt72221 72244 72219 72200 gt


72193 ndī lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt

7220072249 ndauḥ lt72221 72244 72219 72200 72249 gt

7219872248 ndōṃ lt72221 72244 72219 72198 72248 gt


722507220372193 rki lt72250 72203 72193 gt

722507220372199 rkai lt72250 72203 72199 gt


7220372252 krā lt72203 72252 gt

4174 Positioning of


lt 72203 gt = 72203rarr



21





A B C

7222072194722267222272235722217222072249 722207219472226

7222172249 722207219472249


5 Character Data




22









23














55 Matra Categories




24





6 References














25









7 Acknowledgments




26




11A0 11A1 11A2 11A3 11A4

72192$72193$72194$72195$72196$72197$72198$72199$72200$72201$722027220372204722057220672207

72208722097221072211722127221372214722157221672217722187221972220722217222272223

72224722257222672227722287222972230722317223272233722347223572236722377223872239

722407224172242$72243$72244$72245

$72246$72247$72248$7224972250$72251$72252$72253$72254

72255

7225672257722587225972260

11A00

11A01

11A02

11A03

11A04

11A05

11A06

11A07

11A08

11A09

11A0A

11A0B

11A0C

11A0D

11A0E

11A0F

11A10

11A11

11A12

11A13

11A14

11A15

11A16

11A17

11A18

11A19

11A1A

11A1B

11A1C

11A1D

11A1E

11A1F

11A20

11A21

11A22

11A23

11A24

11A25

11A26

11A27

11A28

11A29

11A2A

11A2B

11A2C

11A2D

11A2E

11A2F

11A30

11A31

11A32

11A33

11A34

11A35

11A36

11A37

11A38

11A39

11A3A

11A3B

11A3C

11A3D

11A3E

11A3F

11A40

11A41

11A42

11A43

11A44

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F














Mongolian




































INITIAL RA



FINAL YA







conjuncts














30



31



32


Figure4

Amanuscriptfragm


(Lantsa)Soyom

boZ

anabazarSquareand



33


Figure5



ongolianorder(from

ByambaaRagchaagiin

200536)

34



(bottom)ofa

manuscriptofthe


Bareja-Starzyńska


with

permission

ofByambaaRagchaa

35



36



37



38



39



40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard





i 72192 lt72192 72193 gt

ī 72192 lt72192 72193 gt

uuml u 72192 lt72192 72194 gt

ǖ 72192 lt72192 72194 gt

u 72192 lt72192 72195 gt

ū 72192 lt72192 72195 gt

e 72192 lt72192 72196 gt

ē 72192 lt72192 72196 gt

ouml 72192 lt72192 72197 gt

ȫ 72192 lt72192 72197 gt

o 72192 lt72192 72198 gt

ō 72192 lt72192 72198 gt

ai 72192 lt72192 72199 gt

au 72192 lt72192 72200 gt

441 Diphthongs


āi 72192 lt72192 72199 gt

ii 72192 lt72192 72193 72199 gt

iu 72192 lt72192 72193 72200 gt

uumli 72192 lt72192 72194 72199 gt

ui 72192 lt72192 72195 72199 gt

ūi 72192 lt72192 72195 72199 gt

ei 72192 lt72192 72196 72199 gt

ēi 72192 lt72192 72196 72199 gt

eǖ 72192 lt72192 72196 72194 gt

5


oi 72192 lt72192 72198 72199 gt

ōi 72192 lt72192 72198 72199 gt

ou 72192 lt72192 72198 72200 gt

442 Vocalic Letters


r 7223572201 lt72235 72201 gt

7220172252 ltconsonant 72252 72201 gt

r 7223572201 lt72235 72201 gt

7220172252 ltconsonant 72252 72201 gt

l 7223672201 lt72236 72201 gt

7220172253 ltconsonant 72253 72201 gt

l 7223672201 lt72236 72201 gt

7220172253 ltconsonant 72253 72201 gt




6



72193 7219272192 instead of72192 i72192 ī

72195 7219272192 instead of72192 u72192 ū

72197 7219272192 instead of72192 ouml72192 ȫ

72199 7219272192 instead of72192 ai

72200 7219272192 instead of 72192 au







45 Vowel Modifiers







7







72203

72204

72205

72206

72207

72208

72209

72210

72211

72212

72213

72214

72215

72216

72217

72218

72219

72220

72221

72222

72223

72224

72225

72226

72227

72228

72229

72230

72231

72232

72233

72234

72235

72236

72237

72238

72239

72240

72241

72242

471 Consonant Order






8













9



M S T

72203 ga γa ka ka


72205 ga ga

72206 gha gha

72207 nga ṅa ṅa

72208 ca

72209 cha

72210 ja


72212 ṭa ṭa

72213 ṭha ṭha

72214 ḍa ḍa

72215 ḍha ḍha

72216 ṇa ṇa

72217 da ta ta

72218 ta tha tha

72219 da da

72220 dha dha

72221 na na na

72222 ba pa pa

M S T

72223 pa pha pha

72224 va ba ba

72225 bha bha

72226 ma ma ma

72227 ǰa ca tsa

72228 ča cha tsha

72229 ja dza

72230 jha

72231 zha

72232 za

72233 rsquoa

72234 ya ya ya

72235 ra ra ra

72236 la la la

72237 va wa

72238 ša śa śa

72239 ṣa ṣa

72240 sa sa sa

72241 ha ha ha

72242 kṣa kṣa



Regular Variant

72206

72220

72212

72216

Regular Variant

72221

72227

72233

72237


10










482 Virama



11









722407219672217722437220472193722367224372222721967223572243 sed-kil-ber lt72240 72196 72218 72243 72204 72193 72236 72243 72222 72196 72235 72243 gt

72240721967221772204721937223672222721967223572244 setkhilper lt72240 72196 72218 72244

72204 72193 72236 72244 72222 72196 72235 72244 gt



12



g 7220372243 lt72203 72243 gt

k 7220472243 lt72204 72243 gt

ng 7220772243 lt72207 72243 gt

d 7221772243 lt72217 72243 gt

n 7222172243 lt72221 72243 gt

b 7222272243 lt72222 72243 gt

m 7222672243 lt72226 72243 gt

r 7223572243 lt72235 72243 gt

l 7223672243 lt72236 72243 gt

š 7223872243 lt72238 72243 gt

s 7224072243 lt72240 72243 gt





72234 72234 72234 72251

72235 72235 72250 72252

72236 72236 72236 72253

72237 72237 72237 72254

13



72250 72251

72252

72253

72254







7222172244 n lt72221 72244 gt

nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt


14



kya lt72203 72244 72234 gt

7220372251 kya lt72203 72251 gt

rka lt72235 72244 72203 gt

rka lt72250 72203 gt

kra lt72203 72244 gt

7220372252 kra lt72203 72252 gt

kla lt72203 72244 gt

7220372253 kla lt72203 72253 gt

kva lt72203 72244 gt

7220372254 kva lt72203 72254 gt


722507224472203 lt72250 72244 72203 gt

7220372244 72252 lt72203 72244 72252 gt

7220372252 72244 lt72203 72252 72244 gt


72193 ndi lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt

7219472248 nduṃ lt72221 72244 72219 72194 72248 gt



15


nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

722217224472219 nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt

7222172244722197224472235 ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt


msta lt72226 72244 72240 72244 72217 gt

7222672244 msta lt72226 72244 72240 72244 72217 gt

rsa lt72235 72244 72240 gt

722357224472240 rsa lt72235 72244 72240 gt




kra lt72203 72252 gt

khya lt72204 72251 gt

gla lt72205 72253 gt

rka lt72250 72203 gt

ska lt72240 72244 72203 gt

lka lt72236 72244 72203 gt


16






411 Head Marks



7225572245 lt72255 72245 gt

7225572246 lt72255 72246 gt

7225572247 lt72255 72247 gt

7225572248 lt72255 72248 gt




17


412 Punctuation






413 Digits


414 Collation





72226 lt 72227 lt 72228 lt 72229 lt 72230 lt 72231 lt 72232 lt

72233 lt 72234 ltlt 72251 lt 72250 ltlt 72235 lt

72252 lt 72236 ltlt 72253 lt 72237 ltlt

72254 lt 72238 lt 72239 lt 72240 lt 72241 lt 72192 lt

72193 lt 72194 lt 72195 lt 72196 lt

72197 lt 72198 lt 72199 lt 72200 lt

72201 lt lt 72243


72245 72246 72247 72248 -

72249

18


415 Vertical Text


7224172245722427222672236722377223572234


7221872193722487223672233

7221872236721937224872233 thalīṃ lt72218 72236 72193 72248 72233 gt







19


72250721967224872203722007221772224722527225172249

lt72250 72203 72244 72217 72244 72224 72252 72251 72196 72200 72248 72249 gt









lt72236 72193 72248 gt = 722367219372248rarr 72236 72248 līṃ


lt72192 72198 72248 gt =7219272248rarr7219272248 oṃ

lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt = 7225272195rarr 7225272195 ndru




72193 ndi lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt


20


72195 ndu lt72221 72244 72219 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt


72199 ndai lt72221 72244 72219 72199 gt

72200 ndau lt72221 72244 72219 72200 gt


72193 ndī lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt

7220072249 ndauḥ lt72221 72244 72219 72200 72249 gt

7219872248 ndōṃ lt72221 72244 72219 72198 72248 gt


722507220372193 rki lt72250 72203 72193 gt

722507220372199 rkai lt72250 72203 72199 gt


7220372252 krā lt72203 72252 gt

4174 Positioning of


lt 72203 gt = 72203rarr



21





A B C

7222072194722267222272235722217222072249 722207219472226

7222172249 722207219472249


5 Character Data




22









23














55 Matra Categories




24





6 References














25









7 Acknowledgments




26




11A0 11A1 11A2 11A3 11A4

72192$72193$72194$72195$72196$72197$72198$72199$72200$72201$722027220372204722057220672207

72208722097221072211722127221372214722157221672217722187221972220722217222272223

72224722257222672227722287222972230722317223272233722347223572236722377223872239

722407224172242$72243$72244$72245

$72246$72247$72248$7224972250$72251$72252$72253$72254

72255

7225672257722587225972260

11A00

11A01

11A02

11A03

11A04

11A05

11A06

11A07

11A08

11A09

11A0A

11A0B

11A0C

11A0D

11A0E

11A0F

11A10

11A11

11A12

11A13

11A14

11A15

11A16

11A17

11A18

11A19

11A1A

11A1B

11A1C

11A1D

11A1E

11A1F

11A20

11A21

11A22

11A23

11A24

11A25

11A26

11A27

11A28

11A29

11A2A

11A2B

11A2C

11A2D

11A2E

11A2F

11A30

11A31

11A32

11A33

11A34

11A35

11A36

11A37

11A38

11A39

11A3A

11A3B

11A3C

11A3D

11A3E

11A3F

11A40

11A41

11A42

11A43

11A44

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F














Mongolian




































INITIAL RA



FINAL YA







conjuncts














30



31



32


Figure4

Amanuscriptfragm


(Lantsa)Soyom

boZ

anabazarSquareand



33


Figure5



ongolianorder(from

ByambaaRagchaagiin

200536)

34



(bottom)ofa

manuscriptofthe


Bareja-Starzyńska


with

permission

ofByambaaRagchaa

35



36



37



38



39



40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard





oi 72192 lt72192 72198 72199 gt

ōi 72192 lt72192 72198 72199 gt

ou 72192 lt72192 72198 72200 gt

442 Vocalic Letters


r 7223572201 lt72235 72201 gt

7220172252 ltconsonant 72252 72201 gt

r 7223572201 lt72235 72201 gt

7220172252 ltconsonant 72252 72201 gt

l 7223672201 lt72236 72201 gt

7220172253 ltconsonant 72253 72201 gt

l 7223672201 lt72236 72201 gt

7220172253 ltconsonant 72253 72201 gt




6



72193 7219272192 instead of72192 i72192 ī

72195 7219272192 instead of72192 u72192 ū

72197 7219272192 instead of72192 ouml72192 ȫ

72199 7219272192 instead of72192 ai

72200 7219272192 instead of 72192 au







45 Vowel Modifiers







7







72203

72204

72205

72206

72207

72208

72209

72210

72211

72212

72213

72214

72215

72216

72217

72218

72219

72220

72221

72222

72223

72224

72225

72226

72227

72228

72229

72230

72231

72232

72233

72234

72235

72236

72237

72238

72239

72240

72241

72242

471 Consonant Order






8













9



M S T

72203 ga γa ka ka


72205 ga ga

72206 gha gha

72207 nga ṅa ṅa

72208 ca

72209 cha

72210 ja


72212 ṭa ṭa

72213 ṭha ṭha

72214 ḍa ḍa

72215 ḍha ḍha

72216 ṇa ṇa

72217 da ta ta

72218 ta tha tha

72219 da da

72220 dha dha

72221 na na na

72222 ba pa pa

M S T

72223 pa pha pha

72224 va ba ba

72225 bha bha

72226 ma ma ma

72227 ǰa ca tsa

72228 ča cha tsha

72229 ja dza

72230 jha

72231 zha

72232 za

72233 rsquoa

72234 ya ya ya

72235 ra ra ra

72236 la la la

72237 va wa

72238 ša śa śa

72239 ṣa ṣa

72240 sa sa sa

72241 ha ha ha

72242 kṣa kṣa



Regular Variant

72206

72220

72212

72216

Regular Variant

72221

72227

72233

72237


10










482 Virama



11









722407219672217722437220472193722367224372222721967223572243 sed-kil-ber lt72240 72196 72218 72243 72204 72193 72236 72243 72222 72196 72235 72243 gt

72240721967221772204721937223672222721967223572244 setkhilper lt72240 72196 72218 72244

72204 72193 72236 72244 72222 72196 72235 72244 gt



12



g 7220372243 lt72203 72243 gt

k 7220472243 lt72204 72243 gt

ng 7220772243 lt72207 72243 gt

d 7221772243 lt72217 72243 gt

n 7222172243 lt72221 72243 gt

b 7222272243 lt72222 72243 gt

m 7222672243 lt72226 72243 gt

r 7223572243 lt72235 72243 gt

l 7223672243 lt72236 72243 gt

š 7223872243 lt72238 72243 gt

s 7224072243 lt72240 72243 gt





72234 72234 72234 72251

72235 72235 72250 72252

72236 72236 72236 72253

72237 72237 72237 72254

13



72250 72251

72252

72253

72254







7222172244 n lt72221 72244 gt

nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt


14



kya lt72203 72244 72234 gt

7220372251 kya lt72203 72251 gt

rka lt72235 72244 72203 gt

rka lt72250 72203 gt

kra lt72203 72244 gt

7220372252 kra lt72203 72252 gt

kla lt72203 72244 gt

7220372253 kla lt72203 72253 gt

kva lt72203 72244 gt

7220372254 kva lt72203 72254 gt


722507224472203 lt72250 72244 72203 gt

7220372244 72252 lt72203 72244 72252 gt

7220372252 72244 lt72203 72252 72244 gt


72193 ndi lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt

7219472248 nduṃ lt72221 72244 72219 72194 72248 gt



15


nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

722217224472219 nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt

7222172244722197224472235 ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt


msta lt72226 72244 72240 72244 72217 gt

7222672244 msta lt72226 72244 72240 72244 72217 gt

rsa lt72235 72244 72240 gt

722357224472240 rsa lt72235 72244 72240 gt




kra lt72203 72252 gt

khya lt72204 72251 gt

gla lt72205 72253 gt

rka lt72250 72203 gt

ska lt72240 72244 72203 gt

lka lt72236 72244 72203 gt


16






411 Head Marks



7225572245 lt72255 72245 gt

7225572246 lt72255 72246 gt

7225572247 lt72255 72247 gt

7225572248 lt72255 72248 gt




17


412 Punctuation






413 Digits


414 Collation





72226 lt 72227 lt 72228 lt 72229 lt 72230 lt 72231 lt 72232 lt

72233 lt 72234 ltlt 72251 lt 72250 ltlt 72235 lt

72252 lt 72236 ltlt 72253 lt 72237 ltlt

72254 lt 72238 lt 72239 lt 72240 lt 72241 lt 72192 lt

72193 lt 72194 lt 72195 lt 72196 lt

72197 lt 72198 lt 72199 lt 72200 lt

72201 lt lt 72243


72245 72246 72247 72248 -

72249

18


415 Vertical Text


7224172245722427222672236722377223572234


7221872193722487223672233

7221872236721937224872233 thalīṃ lt72218 72236 72193 72248 72233 gt







19


72250721967224872203722007221772224722527225172249

lt72250 72203 72244 72217 72244 72224 72252 72251 72196 72200 72248 72249 gt









lt72236 72193 72248 gt = 722367219372248rarr 72236 72248 līṃ


lt72192 72198 72248 gt =7219272248rarr7219272248 oṃ

lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt = 7225272195rarr 7225272195 ndru




72193 ndi lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt


20


72195 ndu lt72221 72244 72219 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt


72199 ndai lt72221 72244 72219 72199 gt

72200 ndau lt72221 72244 72219 72200 gt


72193 ndī lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt

7220072249 ndauḥ lt72221 72244 72219 72200 72249 gt

7219872248 ndōṃ lt72221 72244 72219 72198 72248 gt


722507220372193 rki lt72250 72203 72193 gt

722507220372199 rkai lt72250 72203 72199 gt


7220372252 krā lt72203 72252 gt

4174 Positioning of


lt 72203 gt = 72203rarr



21





A B C

7222072194722267222272235722217222072249 722207219472226

7222172249 722207219472249


5 Character Data




22









23














55 Matra Categories




24





6 References














25









7 Acknowledgments




26




11A0 11A1 11A2 11A3 11A4

72192$72193$72194$72195$72196$72197$72198$72199$72200$72201$722027220372204722057220672207

72208722097221072211722127221372214722157221672217722187221972220722217222272223

72224722257222672227722287222972230722317223272233722347223572236722377223872239

722407224172242$72243$72244$72245

$72246$72247$72248$7224972250$72251$72252$72253$72254

72255

7225672257722587225972260

11A00

11A01

11A02

11A03

11A04

11A05

11A06

11A07

11A08

11A09

11A0A

11A0B

11A0C

11A0D

11A0E

11A0F

11A10

11A11

11A12

11A13

11A14

11A15

11A16

11A17

11A18

11A19

11A1A

11A1B

11A1C

11A1D

11A1E

11A1F

11A20

11A21

11A22

11A23

11A24

11A25

11A26

11A27

11A28

11A29

11A2A

11A2B

11A2C

11A2D

11A2E

11A2F

11A30

11A31

11A32

11A33

11A34

11A35

11A36

11A37

11A38

11A39

11A3A

11A3B

11A3C

11A3D

11A3E

11A3F

11A40

11A41

11A42

11A43

11A44

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F














Mongolian




































INITIAL RA



FINAL YA







conjuncts














30



31



32


Figure4

Amanuscriptfragm


(Lantsa)Soyom

boZ

anabazarSquareand



33


Figure5



ongolianorder(from

ByambaaRagchaagiin

200536)

34



(bottom)ofa

manuscriptofthe


Bareja-Starzyńska


with

permission

ofByambaaRagchaa

35



36



37



38



39



40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard






72193 7219272192 instead of72192 i72192 ī

72195 7219272192 instead of72192 u72192 ū

72197 7219272192 instead of72192 ouml72192 ȫ

72199 7219272192 instead of72192 ai

72200 7219272192 instead of 72192 au







45 Vowel Modifiers







7







72203

72204

72205

72206

72207

72208

72209

72210

72211

72212

72213

72214

72215

72216

72217

72218

72219

72220

72221

72222

72223

72224

72225

72226

72227

72228

72229

72230

72231

72232

72233

72234

72235

72236

72237

72238

72239

72240

72241

72242

471 Consonant Order






8













9



M S T

72203 ga γa ka ka


72205 ga ga

72206 gha gha

72207 nga ṅa ṅa

72208 ca

72209 cha

72210 ja


72212 ṭa ṭa

72213 ṭha ṭha

72214 ḍa ḍa

72215 ḍha ḍha

72216 ṇa ṇa

72217 da ta ta

72218 ta tha tha

72219 da da

72220 dha dha

72221 na na na

72222 ba pa pa

M S T

72223 pa pha pha

72224 va ba ba

72225 bha bha

72226 ma ma ma

72227 ǰa ca tsa

72228 ča cha tsha

72229 ja dza

72230 jha

72231 zha

72232 za

72233 rsquoa

72234 ya ya ya

72235 ra ra ra

72236 la la la

72237 va wa

72238 ša śa śa

72239 ṣa ṣa

72240 sa sa sa

72241 ha ha ha

72242 kṣa kṣa



Regular Variant

72206

72220

72212

72216

Regular Variant

72221

72227

72233

72237


10










482 Virama



11









722407219672217722437220472193722367224372222721967223572243 sed-kil-ber lt72240 72196 72218 72243 72204 72193 72236 72243 72222 72196 72235 72243 gt

72240721967221772204721937223672222721967223572244 setkhilper lt72240 72196 72218 72244

72204 72193 72236 72244 72222 72196 72235 72244 gt



12



g 7220372243 lt72203 72243 gt

k 7220472243 lt72204 72243 gt

ng 7220772243 lt72207 72243 gt

d 7221772243 lt72217 72243 gt

n 7222172243 lt72221 72243 gt

b 7222272243 lt72222 72243 gt

m 7222672243 lt72226 72243 gt

r 7223572243 lt72235 72243 gt

l 7223672243 lt72236 72243 gt

š 7223872243 lt72238 72243 gt

s 7224072243 lt72240 72243 gt





72234 72234 72234 72251

72235 72235 72250 72252

72236 72236 72236 72253

72237 72237 72237 72254

13



72250 72251

72252

72253

72254







7222172244 n lt72221 72244 gt

nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt


14



kya lt72203 72244 72234 gt

7220372251 kya lt72203 72251 gt

rka lt72235 72244 72203 gt

rka lt72250 72203 gt

kra lt72203 72244 gt

7220372252 kra lt72203 72252 gt

kla lt72203 72244 gt

7220372253 kla lt72203 72253 gt

kva lt72203 72244 gt

7220372254 kva lt72203 72254 gt


722507224472203 lt72250 72244 72203 gt

7220372244 72252 lt72203 72244 72252 gt

7220372252 72244 lt72203 72252 72244 gt


72193 ndi lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt

7219472248 nduṃ lt72221 72244 72219 72194 72248 gt



15


nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

722217224472219 nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt

7222172244722197224472235 ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt


msta lt72226 72244 72240 72244 72217 gt

7222672244 msta lt72226 72244 72240 72244 72217 gt

rsa lt72235 72244 72240 gt

722357224472240 rsa lt72235 72244 72240 gt




kra lt72203 72252 gt

khya lt72204 72251 gt

gla lt72205 72253 gt

rka lt72250 72203 gt

ska lt72240 72244 72203 gt

lka lt72236 72244 72203 gt


16






411 Head Marks



7225572245 lt72255 72245 gt

7225572246 lt72255 72246 gt

7225572247 lt72255 72247 gt

7225572248 lt72255 72248 gt




17


412 Punctuation






413 Digits


414 Collation





72226 lt 72227 lt 72228 lt 72229 lt 72230 lt 72231 lt 72232 lt

72233 lt 72234 ltlt 72251 lt 72250 ltlt 72235 lt

72252 lt 72236 ltlt 72253 lt 72237 ltlt

72254 lt 72238 lt 72239 lt 72240 lt 72241 lt 72192 lt

72193 lt 72194 lt 72195 lt 72196 lt

72197 lt 72198 lt 72199 lt 72200 lt

72201 lt lt 72243


72245 72246 72247 72248 -

72249

18


415 Vertical Text


7224172245722427222672236722377223572234


7221872193722487223672233

7221872236721937224872233 thalīṃ lt72218 72236 72193 72248 72233 gt







19


72250721967224872203722007221772224722527225172249

lt72250 72203 72244 72217 72244 72224 72252 72251 72196 72200 72248 72249 gt









lt72236 72193 72248 gt = 722367219372248rarr 72236 72248 līṃ


lt72192 72198 72248 gt =7219272248rarr7219272248 oṃ

lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt = 7225272195rarr 7225272195 ndru




72193 ndi lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt


20


72195 ndu lt72221 72244 72219 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt


72199 ndai lt72221 72244 72219 72199 gt

72200 ndau lt72221 72244 72219 72200 gt


72193 ndī lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt

7220072249 ndauḥ lt72221 72244 72219 72200 72249 gt

7219872248 ndōṃ lt72221 72244 72219 72198 72248 gt


722507220372193 rki lt72250 72203 72193 gt

722507220372199 rkai lt72250 72203 72199 gt


7220372252 krā lt72203 72252 gt

4174 Positioning of


lt 72203 gt = 72203rarr



21





A B C

7222072194722267222272235722217222072249 722207219472226

7222172249 722207219472249


5 Character Data




22









23














55 Matra Categories




24





6 References














25









7 Acknowledgments




26




11A0 11A1 11A2 11A3 11A4

72192$72193$72194$72195$72196$72197$72198$72199$72200$72201$722027220372204722057220672207

72208722097221072211722127221372214722157221672217722187221972220722217222272223

72224722257222672227722287222972230722317223272233722347223572236722377223872239

722407224172242$72243$72244$72245

$72246$72247$72248$7224972250$72251$72252$72253$72254

72255

7225672257722587225972260

11A00

11A01

11A02

11A03

11A04

11A05

11A06

11A07

11A08

11A09

11A0A

11A0B

11A0C

11A0D

11A0E

11A0F

11A10

11A11

11A12

11A13

11A14

11A15

11A16

11A17

11A18

11A19

11A1A

11A1B

11A1C

11A1D

11A1E

11A1F

11A20

11A21

11A22

11A23

11A24

11A25

11A26

11A27

11A28

11A29

11A2A

11A2B

11A2C

11A2D

11A2E

11A2F

11A30

11A31

11A32

11A33

11A34

11A35

11A36

11A37

11A38

11A39

11A3A

11A3B

11A3C

11A3D

11A3E

11A3F

11A40

11A41

11A42

11A43

11A44

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F














Mongolian




































INITIAL RA



FINAL YA







conjuncts














30



31



32


Figure4

Amanuscriptfragm


(Lantsa)Soyom

boZ

anabazarSquareand



33


Figure5



ongolianorder(from

ByambaaRagchaagiin

200536)

34



(bottom)ofa

manuscriptofthe


Bareja-Starzyńska


with

permission

ofByambaaRagchaa

35



36



37



38



39



40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard










72203

72204

72205

72206

72207

72208

72209

72210

72211

72212

72213

72214

72215

72216

72217

72218

72219

72220

72221

72222

72223

72224

72225

72226

72227

72228

72229

72230

72231

72232

72233

72234

72235

72236

72237

72238

72239

72240

72241

72242

471 Consonant Order






8













9



M S T

72203 ga γa ka ka


72205 ga ga

72206 gha gha

72207 nga ṅa ṅa

72208 ca

72209 cha

72210 ja


72212 ṭa ṭa

72213 ṭha ṭha

72214 ḍa ḍa

72215 ḍha ḍha

72216 ṇa ṇa

72217 da ta ta

72218 ta tha tha

72219 da da

72220 dha dha

72221 na na na

72222 ba pa pa

M S T

72223 pa pha pha

72224 va ba ba

72225 bha bha

72226 ma ma ma

72227 ǰa ca tsa

72228 ča cha tsha

72229 ja dza

72230 jha

72231 zha

72232 za

72233 rsquoa

72234 ya ya ya

72235 ra ra ra

72236 la la la

72237 va wa

72238 ša śa śa

72239 ṣa ṣa

72240 sa sa sa

72241 ha ha ha

72242 kṣa kṣa



Regular Variant

72206

72220

72212

72216

Regular Variant

72221

72227

72233

72237


10










482 Virama



11









722407219672217722437220472193722367224372222721967223572243 sed-kil-ber lt72240 72196 72218 72243 72204 72193 72236 72243 72222 72196 72235 72243 gt

72240721967221772204721937223672222721967223572244 setkhilper lt72240 72196 72218 72244

72204 72193 72236 72244 72222 72196 72235 72244 gt



12



g 7220372243 lt72203 72243 gt

k 7220472243 lt72204 72243 gt

ng 7220772243 lt72207 72243 gt

d 7221772243 lt72217 72243 gt

n 7222172243 lt72221 72243 gt

b 7222272243 lt72222 72243 gt

m 7222672243 lt72226 72243 gt

r 7223572243 lt72235 72243 gt

l 7223672243 lt72236 72243 gt

š 7223872243 lt72238 72243 gt

s 7224072243 lt72240 72243 gt





72234 72234 72234 72251

72235 72235 72250 72252

72236 72236 72236 72253

72237 72237 72237 72254

13



72250 72251

72252

72253

72254







7222172244 n lt72221 72244 gt

nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt


14



kya lt72203 72244 72234 gt

7220372251 kya lt72203 72251 gt

rka lt72235 72244 72203 gt

rka lt72250 72203 gt

kra lt72203 72244 gt

7220372252 kra lt72203 72252 gt

kla lt72203 72244 gt

7220372253 kla lt72203 72253 gt

kva lt72203 72244 gt

7220372254 kva lt72203 72254 gt


722507224472203 lt72250 72244 72203 gt

7220372244 72252 lt72203 72244 72252 gt

7220372252 72244 lt72203 72252 72244 gt


72193 ndi lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt

7219472248 nduṃ lt72221 72244 72219 72194 72248 gt



15


nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

722217224472219 nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt

7222172244722197224472235 ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt


msta lt72226 72244 72240 72244 72217 gt

7222672244 msta lt72226 72244 72240 72244 72217 gt

rsa lt72235 72244 72240 gt

722357224472240 rsa lt72235 72244 72240 gt




kra lt72203 72252 gt

khya lt72204 72251 gt

gla lt72205 72253 gt

rka lt72250 72203 gt

ska lt72240 72244 72203 gt

lka lt72236 72244 72203 gt


16






411 Head Marks



7225572245 lt72255 72245 gt

7225572246 lt72255 72246 gt

7225572247 lt72255 72247 gt

7225572248 lt72255 72248 gt




17


412 Punctuation






413 Digits


414 Collation





72226 lt 72227 lt 72228 lt 72229 lt 72230 lt 72231 lt 72232 lt

72233 lt 72234 ltlt 72251 lt 72250 ltlt 72235 lt

72252 lt 72236 ltlt 72253 lt 72237 ltlt

72254 lt 72238 lt 72239 lt 72240 lt 72241 lt 72192 lt

72193 lt 72194 lt 72195 lt 72196 lt

72197 lt 72198 lt 72199 lt 72200 lt

72201 lt lt 72243


72245 72246 72247 72248 -

72249

18


415 Vertical Text


7224172245722427222672236722377223572234


7221872193722487223672233

7221872236721937224872233 thalīṃ lt72218 72236 72193 72248 72233 gt







19


72250721967224872203722007221772224722527225172249

lt72250 72203 72244 72217 72244 72224 72252 72251 72196 72200 72248 72249 gt









lt72236 72193 72248 gt = 722367219372248rarr 72236 72248 līṃ


lt72192 72198 72248 gt =7219272248rarr7219272248 oṃ

lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt = 7225272195rarr 7225272195 ndru




72193 ndi lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt


20


72195 ndu lt72221 72244 72219 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt


72199 ndai lt72221 72244 72219 72199 gt

72200 ndau lt72221 72244 72219 72200 gt


72193 ndī lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt

7220072249 ndauḥ lt72221 72244 72219 72200 72249 gt

7219872248 ndōṃ lt72221 72244 72219 72198 72248 gt


722507220372193 rki lt72250 72203 72193 gt

722507220372199 rkai lt72250 72203 72199 gt


7220372252 krā lt72203 72252 gt

4174 Positioning of


lt 72203 gt = 72203rarr



21





A B C

7222072194722267222272235722217222072249 722207219472226

7222172249 722207219472249


5 Character Data




22









23














55 Matra Categories




24





6 References














25









7 Acknowledgments




26




11A0 11A1 11A2 11A3 11A4

72192$72193$72194$72195$72196$72197$72198$72199$72200$72201$722027220372204722057220672207

72208722097221072211722127221372214722157221672217722187221972220722217222272223

72224722257222672227722287222972230722317223272233722347223572236722377223872239

722407224172242$72243$72244$72245

$72246$72247$72248$7224972250$72251$72252$72253$72254

72255

7225672257722587225972260

11A00

11A01

11A02

11A03

11A04

11A05

11A06

11A07

11A08

11A09

11A0A

11A0B

11A0C

11A0D

11A0E

11A0F

11A10

11A11

11A12

11A13

11A14

11A15

11A16

11A17

11A18

11A19

11A1A

11A1B

11A1C

11A1D

11A1E

11A1F

11A20

11A21

11A22

11A23

11A24

11A25

11A26

11A27

11A28

11A29

11A2A

11A2B

11A2C

11A2D

11A2E

11A2F

11A30

11A31

11A32

11A33

11A34

11A35

11A36

11A37

11A38

11A39

11A3A

11A3B

11A3C

11A3D

11A3E

11A3F

11A40

11A41

11A42

11A43

11A44

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F














Mongolian




































INITIAL RA



FINAL YA







conjuncts














30



31



32


Figure4

Amanuscriptfragm


(Lantsa)Soyom

boZ

anabazarSquareand



33


Figure5



ongolianorder(from

ByambaaRagchaagiin

200536)

34



(bottom)ofa

manuscriptofthe


Bareja-Starzyńska


with

permission

ofByambaaRagchaa

35



36



37



38



39



40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard
















9



M S T

72203 ga γa ka ka


72205 ga ga

72206 gha gha

72207 nga ṅa ṅa

72208 ca

72209 cha

72210 ja


72212 ṭa ṭa

72213 ṭha ṭha

72214 ḍa ḍa

72215 ḍha ḍha

72216 ṇa ṇa

72217 da ta ta

72218 ta tha tha

72219 da da

72220 dha dha

72221 na na na

72222 ba pa pa

M S T

72223 pa pha pha

72224 va ba ba

72225 bha bha

72226 ma ma ma

72227 ǰa ca tsa

72228 ča cha tsha

72229 ja dza

72230 jha

72231 zha

72232 za

72233 rsquoa

72234 ya ya ya

72235 ra ra ra

72236 la la la

72237 va wa

72238 ša śa śa

72239 ṣa ṣa

72240 sa sa sa

72241 ha ha ha

72242 kṣa kṣa



Regular Variant

72206

72220

72212

72216

Regular Variant

72221

72227

72233

72237


10










482 Virama



11









722407219672217722437220472193722367224372222721967223572243 sed-kil-ber lt72240 72196 72218 72243 72204 72193 72236 72243 72222 72196 72235 72243 gt

72240721967221772204721937223672222721967223572244 setkhilper lt72240 72196 72218 72244

72204 72193 72236 72244 72222 72196 72235 72244 gt



12



g 7220372243 lt72203 72243 gt

k 7220472243 lt72204 72243 gt

ng 7220772243 lt72207 72243 gt

d 7221772243 lt72217 72243 gt

n 7222172243 lt72221 72243 gt

b 7222272243 lt72222 72243 gt

m 7222672243 lt72226 72243 gt

r 7223572243 lt72235 72243 gt

l 7223672243 lt72236 72243 gt

š 7223872243 lt72238 72243 gt

s 7224072243 lt72240 72243 gt





72234 72234 72234 72251

72235 72235 72250 72252

72236 72236 72236 72253

72237 72237 72237 72254

13



72250 72251

72252

72253

72254







7222172244 n lt72221 72244 gt

nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt


14



kya lt72203 72244 72234 gt

7220372251 kya lt72203 72251 gt

rka lt72235 72244 72203 gt

rka lt72250 72203 gt

kra lt72203 72244 gt

7220372252 kra lt72203 72252 gt

kla lt72203 72244 gt

7220372253 kla lt72203 72253 gt

kva lt72203 72244 gt

7220372254 kva lt72203 72254 gt


722507224472203 lt72250 72244 72203 gt

7220372244 72252 lt72203 72244 72252 gt

7220372252 72244 lt72203 72252 72244 gt


72193 ndi lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt

7219472248 nduṃ lt72221 72244 72219 72194 72248 gt



15


nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

722217224472219 nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt

7222172244722197224472235 ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt


msta lt72226 72244 72240 72244 72217 gt

7222672244 msta lt72226 72244 72240 72244 72217 gt

rsa lt72235 72244 72240 gt

722357224472240 rsa lt72235 72244 72240 gt




kra lt72203 72252 gt

khya lt72204 72251 gt

gla lt72205 72253 gt

rka lt72250 72203 gt

ska lt72240 72244 72203 gt

lka lt72236 72244 72203 gt


16






411 Head Marks



7225572245 lt72255 72245 gt

7225572246 lt72255 72246 gt

7225572247 lt72255 72247 gt

7225572248 lt72255 72248 gt




17


412 Punctuation






413 Digits


414 Collation





72226 lt 72227 lt 72228 lt 72229 lt 72230 lt 72231 lt 72232 lt

72233 lt 72234 ltlt 72251 lt 72250 ltlt 72235 lt

72252 lt 72236 ltlt 72253 lt 72237 ltlt

72254 lt 72238 lt 72239 lt 72240 lt 72241 lt 72192 lt

72193 lt 72194 lt 72195 lt 72196 lt

72197 lt 72198 lt 72199 lt 72200 lt

72201 lt lt 72243


72245 72246 72247 72248 -

72249

18


415 Vertical Text


7224172245722427222672236722377223572234


7221872193722487223672233

7221872236721937224872233 thalīṃ lt72218 72236 72193 72248 72233 gt







19


72250721967224872203722007221772224722527225172249

lt72250 72203 72244 72217 72244 72224 72252 72251 72196 72200 72248 72249 gt









lt72236 72193 72248 gt = 722367219372248rarr 72236 72248 līṃ


lt72192 72198 72248 gt =7219272248rarr7219272248 oṃ

lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt = 7225272195rarr 7225272195 ndru




72193 ndi lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt


20


72195 ndu lt72221 72244 72219 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt


72199 ndai lt72221 72244 72219 72199 gt

72200 ndau lt72221 72244 72219 72200 gt


72193 ndī lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt

7220072249 ndauḥ lt72221 72244 72219 72200 72249 gt

7219872248 ndōṃ lt72221 72244 72219 72198 72248 gt


722507220372193 rki lt72250 72203 72193 gt

722507220372199 rkai lt72250 72203 72199 gt


7220372252 krā lt72203 72252 gt

4174 Positioning of


lt 72203 gt = 72203rarr



21





A B C

7222072194722267222272235722217222072249 722207219472226

7222172249 722207219472249


5 Character Data




22









23














55 Matra Categories




24





6 References














25









7 Acknowledgments




26




11A0 11A1 11A2 11A3 11A4

72192$72193$72194$72195$72196$72197$72198$72199$72200$72201$722027220372204722057220672207

72208722097221072211722127221372214722157221672217722187221972220722217222272223

72224722257222672227722287222972230722317223272233722347223572236722377223872239

722407224172242$72243$72244$72245

$72246$72247$72248$7224972250$72251$72252$72253$72254

72255

7225672257722587225972260

11A00

11A01

11A02

11A03

11A04

11A05

11A06

11A07

11A08

11A09

11A0A

11A0B

11A0C

11A0D

11A0E

11A0F

11A10

11A11

11A12

11A13

11A14

11A15

11A16

11A17

11A18

11A19

11A1A

11A1B

11A1C

11A1D

11A1E

11A1F

11A20

11A21

11A22

11A23

11A24

11A25

11A26

11A27

11A28

11A29

11A2A

11A2B

11A2C

11A2D

11A2E

11A2F

11A30

11A31

11A32

11A33

11A34

11A35

11A36

11A37

11A38

11A39

11A3A

11A3B

11A3C

11A3D

11A3E

11A3F

11A40

11A41

11A42

11A43

11A44

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F














Mongolian




































INITIAL RA



FINAL YA







conjuncts














30



31



32


Figure4

Amanuscriptfragm


(Lantsa)Soyom

boZ

anabazarSquareand



33


Figure5



ongolianorder(from

ByambaaRagchaagiin

200536)

34



(bottom)ofa

manuscriptofthe


Bareja-Starzyńska


with

permission

ofByambaaRagchaa

35



36



37



38



39



40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard






M S T

72203 ga γa ka ka


72205 ga ga

72206 gha gha

72207 nga ṅa ṅa

72208 ca

72209 cha

72210 ja


72212 ṭa ṭa

72213 ṭha ṭha

72214 ḍa ḍa

72215 ḍha ḍha

72216 ṇa ṇa

72217 da ta ta

72218 ta tha tha

72219 da da

72220 dha dha

72221 na na na

72222 ba pa pa

M S T

72223 pa pha pha

72224 va ba ba

72225 bha bha

72226 ma ma ma

72227 ǰa ca tsa

72228 ča cha tsha

72229 ja dza

72230 jha

72231 zha

72232 za

72233 rsquoa

72234 ya ya ya

72235 ra ra ra

72236 la la la

72237 va wa

72238 ša śa śa

72239 ṣa ṣa

72240 sa sa sa

72241 ha ha ha

72242 kṣa kṣa



Regular Variant

72206

72220

72212

72216

Regular Variant

72221

72227

72233

72237


10










482 Virama



11









722407219672217722437220472193722367224372222721967223572243 sed-kil-ber lt72240 72196 72218 72243 72204 72193 72236 72243 72222 72196 72235 72243 gt

72240721967221772204721937223672222721967223572244 setkhilper lt72240 72196 72218 72244

72204 72193 72236 72244 72222 72196 72235 72244 gt



12



g 7220372243 lt72203 72243 gt

k 7220472243 lt72204 72243 gt

ng 7220772243 lt72207 72243 gt

d 7221772243 lt72217 72243 gt

n 7222172243 lt72221 72243 gt

b 7222272243 lt72222 72243 gt

m 7222672243 lt72226 72243 gt

r 7223572243 lt72235 72243 gt

l 7223672243 lt72236 72243 gt

š 7223872243 lt72238 72243 gt

s 7224072243 lt72240 72243 gt





72234 72234 72234 72251

72235 72235 72250 72252

72236 72236 72236 72253

72237 72237 72237 72254

13



72250 72251

72252

72253

72254







7222172244 n lt72221 72244 gt

nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt


14



kya lt72203 72244 72234 gt

7220372251 kya lt72203 72251 gt

rka lt72235 72244 72203 gt

rka lt72250 72203 gt

kra lt72203 72244 gt

7220372252 kra lt72203 72252 gt

kla lt72203 72244 gt

7220372253 kla lt72203 72253 gt

kva lt72203 72244 gt

7220372254 kva lt72203 72254 gt


722507224472203 lt72250 72244 72203 gt

7220372244 72252 lt72203 72244 72252 gt

7220372252 72244 lt72203 72252 72244 gt


72193 ndi lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt

7219472248 nduṃ lt72221 72244 72219 72194 72248 gt



15


nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

722217224472219 nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt

7222172244722197224472235 ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt


msta lt72226 72244 72240 72244 72217 gt

7222672244 msta lt72226 72244 72240 72244 72217 gt

rsa lt72235 72244 72240 gt

722357224472240 rsa lt72235 72244 72240 gt




kra lt72203 72252 gt

khya lt72204 72251 gt

gla lt72205 72253 gt

rka lt72250 72203 gt

ska lt72240 72244 72203 gt

lka lt72236 72244 72203 gt


16






411 Head Marks



7225572245 lt72255 72245 gt

7225572246 lt72255 72246 gt

7225572247 lt72255 72247 gt

7225572248 lt72255 72248 gt




17


412 Punctuation






413 Digits


414 Collation





72226 lt 72227 lt 72228 lt 72229 lt 72230 lt 72231 lt 72232 lt

72233 lt 72234 ltlt 72251 lt 72250 ltlt 72235 lt

72252 lt 72236 ltlt 72253 lt 72237 ltlt

72254 lt 72238 lt 72239 lt 72240 lt 72241 lt 72192 lt

72193 lt 72194 lt 72195 lt 72196 lt

72197 lt 72198 lt 72199 lt 72200 lt

72201 lt lt 72243


72245 72246 72247 72248 -

72249

18


415 Vertical Text


7224172245722427222672236722377223572234


7221872193722487223672233

7221872236721937224872233 thalīṃ lt72218 72236 72193 72248 72233 gt







19


72250721967224872203722007221772224722527225172249

lt72250 72203 72244 72217 72244 72224 72252 72251 72196 72200 72248 72249 gt









lt72236 72193 72248 gt = 722367219372248rarr 72236 72248 līṃ


lt72192 72198 72248 gt =7219272248rarr7219272248 oṃ

lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt = 7225272195rarr 7225272195 ndru




72193 ndi lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt


20


72195 ndu lt72221 72244 72219 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt


72199 ndai lt72221 72244 72219 72199 gt

72200 ndau lt72221 72244 72219 72200 gt


72193 ndī lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt

7220072249 ndauḥ lt72221 72244 72219 72200 72249 gt

7219872248 ndōṃ lt72221 72244 72219 72198 72248 gt


722507220372193 rki lt72250 72203 72193 gt

722507220372199 rkai lt72250 72203 72199 gt


7220372252 krā lt72203 72252 gt

4174 Positioning of


lt 72203 gt = 72203rarr



21





A B C

7222072194722267222272235722217222072249 722207219472226

7222172249 722207219472249


5 Character Data




22









23














55 Matra Categories




24





6 References














25









7 Acknowledgments




26




11A0 11A1 11A2 11A3 11A4

72192$72193$72194$72195$72196$72197$72198$72199$72200$72201$722027220372204722057220672207

72208722097221072211722127221372214722157221672217722187221972220722217222272223

72224722257222672227722287222972230722317223272233722347223572236722377223872239

722407224172242$72243$72244$72245

$72246$72247$72248$7224972250$72251$72252$72253$72254

72255

7225672257722587225972260

11A00

11A01

11A02

11A03

11A04

11A05

11A06

11A07

11A08

11A09

11A0A

11A0B

11A0C

11A0D

11A0E

11A0F

11A10

11A11

11A12

11A13

11A14

11A15

11A16

11A17

11A18

11A19

11A1A

11A1B

11A1C

11A1D

11A1E

11A1F

11A20

11A21

11A22

11A23

11A24

11A25

11A26

11A27

11A28

11A29

11A2A

11A2B

11A2C

11A2D

11A2E

11A2F

11A30

11A31

11A32

11A33

11A34

11A35

11A36

11A37

11A38

11A39

11A3A

11A3B

11A3C

11A3D

11A3E

11A3F

11A40

11A41

11A42

11A43

11A44

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F














Mongolian




































INITIAL RA



FINAL YA







conjuncts














30



31



32


Figure4

Amanuscriptfragm


(Lantsa)Soyom

boZ

anabazarSquareand



33


Figure5



ongolianorder(from

ByambaaRagchaagiin

200536)

34



(bottom)ofa

manuscriptofthe


Bareja-Starzyńska


with

permission

ofByambaaRagchaa

35



36



37



38



39



40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard













482 Virama



11









722407219672217722437220472193722367224372222721967223572243 sed-kil-ber lt72240 72196 72218 72243 72204 72193 72236 72243 72222 72196 72235 72243 gt

72240721967221772204721937223672222721967223572244 setkhilper lt72240 72196 72218 72244

72204 72193 72236 72244 72222 72196 72235 72244 gt



12



g 7220372243 lt72203 72243 gt

k 7220472243 lt72204 72243 gt

ng 7220772243 lt72207 72243 gt

d 7221772243 lt72217 72243 gt

n 7222172243 lt72221 72243 gt

b 7222272243 lt72222 72243 gt

m 7222672243 lt72226 72243 gt

r 7223572243 lt72235 72243 gt

l 7223672243 lt72236 72243 gt

š 7223872243 lt72238 72243 gt

s 7224072243 lt72240 72243 gt





72234 72234 72234 72251

72235 72235 72250 72252

72236 72236 72236 72253

72237 72237 72237 72254

13



72250 72251

72252

72253

72254







7222172244 n lt72221 72244 gt

nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt


14



kya lt72203 72244 72234 gt

7220372251 kya lt72203 72251 gt

rka lt72235 72244 72203 gt

rka lt72250 72203 gt

kra lt72203 72244 gt

7220372252 kra lt72203 72252 gt

kla lt72203 72244 gt

7220372253 kla lt72203 72253 gt

kva lt72203 72244 gt

7220372254 kva lt72203 72254 gt


722507224472203 lt72250 72244 72203 gt

7220372244 72252 lt72203 72244 72252 gt

7220372252 72244 lt72203 72252 72244 gt


72193 ndi lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt

7219472248 nduṃ lt72221 72244 72219 72194 72248 gt



15


nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

722217224472219 nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt

7222172244722197224472235 ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt


msta lt72226 72244 72240 72244 72217 gt

7222672244 msta lt72226 72244 72240 72244 72217 gt

rsa lt72235 72244 72240 gt

722357224472240 rsa lt72235 72244 72240 gt




kra lt72203 72252 gt

khya lt72204 72251 gt

gla lt72205 72253 gt

rka lt72250 72203 gt

ska lt72240 72244 72203 gt

lka lt72236 72244 72203 gt


16






411 Head Marks



7225572245 lt72255 72245 gt

7225572246 lt72255 72246 gt

7225572247 lt72255 72247 gt

7225572248 lt72255 72248 gt




17


412 Punctuation






413 Digits


414 Collation





72226 lt 72227 lt 72228 lt 72229 lt 72230 lt 72231 lt 72232 lt

72233 lt 72234 ltlt 72251 lt 72250 ltlt 72235 lt

72252 lt 72236 ltlt 72253 lt 72237 ltlt

72254 lt 72238 lt 72239 lt 72240 lt 72241 lt 72192 lt

72193 lt 72194 lt 72195 lt 72196 lt

72197 lt 72198 lt 72199 lt 72200 lt

72201 lt lt 72243


72245 72246 72247 72248 -

72249

18


415 Vertical Text


7224172245722427222672236722377223572234


7221872193722487223672233

7221872236721937224872233 thalīṃ lt72218 72236 72193 72248 72233 gt







19


72250721967224872203722007221772224722527225172249

lt72250 72203 72244 72217 72244 72224 72252 72251 72196 72200 72248 72249 gt









lt72236 72193 72248 gt = 722367219372248rarr 72236 72248 līṃ


lt72192 72198 72248 gt =7219272248rarr7219272248 oṃ

lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt = 7225272195rarr 7225272195 ndru




72193 ndi lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt


20


72195 ndu lt72221 72244 72219 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt


72199 ndai lt72221 72244 72219 72199 gt

72200 ndau lt72221 72244 72219 72200 gt


72193 ndī lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt

7220072249 ndauḥ lt72221 72244 72219 72200 72249 gt

7219872248 ndōṃ lt72221 72244 72219 72198 72248 gt


722507220372193 rki lt72250 72203 72193 gt

722507220372199 rkai lt72250 72203 72199 gt


7220372252 krā lt72203 72252 gt

4174 Positioning of


lt 72203 gt = 72203rarr



21





A B C

7222072194722267222272235722217222072249 722207219472226

7222172249 722207219472249


5 Character Data




22









23














55 Matra Categories




24





6 References














25









7 Acknowledgments




26




11A0 11A1 11A2 11A3 11A4

72192$72193$72194$72195$72196$72197$72198$72199$72200$72201$722027220372204722057220672207

72208722097221072211722127221372214722157221672217722187221972220722217222272223

72224722257222672227722287222972230722317223272233722347223572236722377223872239

722407224172242$72243$72244$72245

$72246$72247$72248$7224972250$72251$72252$72253$72254

72255

7225672257722587225972260

11A00

11A01

11A02

11A03

11A04

11A05

11A06

11A07

11A08

11A09

11A0A

11A0B

11A0C

11A0D

11A0E

11A0F

11A10

11A11

11A12

11A13

11A14

11A15

11A16

11A17

11A18

11A19

11A1A

11A1B

11A1C

11A1D

11A1E

11A1F

11A20

11A21

11A22

11A23

11A24

11A25

11A26

11A27

11A28

11A29

11A2A

11A2B

11A2C

11A2D

11A2E

11A2F

11A30

11A31

11A32

11A33

11A34

11A35

11A36

11A37

11A38

11A39

11A3A

11A3B

11A3C

11A3D

11A3E

11A3F

11A40

11A41

11A42

11A43

11A44

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F














Mongolian




































INITIAL RA



FINAL YA







conjuncts














30



31



32


Figure4

Amanuscriptfragm


(Lantsa)Soyom

boZ

anabazarSquareand



33


Figure5



ongolianorder(from

ByambaaRagchaagiin

200536)

34



(bottom)ofa

manuscriptofthe


Bareja-Starzyńska


with

permission

ofByambaaRagchaa

35



36



37



38



39



40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard












722407219672217722437220472193722367224372222721967223572243 sed-kil-ber lt72240 72196 72218 72243 72204 72193 72236 72243 72222 72196 72235 72243 gt

72240721967221772204721937223672222721967223572244 setkhilper lt72240 72196 72218 72244

72204 72193 72236 72244 72222 72196 72235 72244 gt



12



g 7220372243 lt72203 72243 gt

k 7220472243 lt72204 72243 gt

ng 7220772243 lt72207 72243 gt

d 7221772243 lt72217 72243 gt

n 7222172243 lt72221 72243 gt

b 7222272243 lt72222 72243 gt

m 7222672243 lt72226 72243 gt

r 7223572243 lt72235 72243 gt

l 7223672243 lt72236 72243 gt

š 7223872243 lt72238 72243 gt

s 7224072243 lt72240 72243 gt





72234 72234 72234 72251

72235 72235 72250 72252

72236 72236 72236 72253

72237 72237 72237 72254

13



72250 72251

72252

72253

72254







7222172244 n lt72221 72244 gt

nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt


14



kya lt72203 72244 72234 gt

7220372251 kya lt72203 72251 gt

rka lt72235 72244 72203 gt

rka lt72250 72203 gt

kra lt72203 72244 gt

7220372252 kra lt72203 72252 gt

kla lt72203 72244 gt

7220372253 kla lt72203 72253 gt

kva lt72203 72244 gt

7220372254 kva lt72203 72254 gt


722507224472203 lt72250 72244 72203 gt

7220372244 72252 lt72203 72244 72252 gt

7220372252 72244 lt72203 72252 72244 gt


72193 ndi lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt

7219472248 nduṃ lt72221 72244 72219 72194 72248 gt



15


nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

722217224472219 nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt

7222172244722197224472235 ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt


msta lt72226 72244 72240 72244 72217 gt

7222672244 msta lt72226 72244 72240 72244 72217 gt

rsa lt72235 72244 72240 gt

722357224472240 rsa lt72235 72244 72240 gt




kra lt72203 72252 gt

khya lt72204 72251 gt

gla lt72205 72253 gt

rka lt72250 72203 gt

ska lt72240 72244 72203 gt

lka lt72236 72244 72203 gt


16






411 Head Marks



7225572245 lt72255 72245 gt

7225572246 lt72255 72246 gt

7225572247 lt72255 72247 gt

7225572248 lt72255 72248 gt




17


412 Punctuation






413 Digits


414 Collation





72226 lt 72227 lt 72228 lt 72229 lt 72230 lt 72231 lt 72232 lt

72233 lt 72234 ltlt 72251 lt 72250 ltlt 72235 lt

72252 lt 72236 ltlt 72253 lt 72237 ltlt

72254 lt 72238 lt 72239 lt 72240 lt 72241 lt 72192 lt

72193 lt 72194 lt 72195 lt 72196 lt

72197 lt 72198 lt 72199 lt 72200 lt

72201 lt lt 72243


72245 72246 72247 72248 -

72249

18


415 Vertical Text


7224172245722427222672236722377223572234


7221872193722487223672233

7221872236721937224872233 thalīṃ lt72218 72236 72193 72248 72233 gt







19


72250721967224872203722007221772224722527225172249

lt72250 72203 72244 72217 72244 72224 72252 72251 72196 72200 72248 72249 gt









lt72236 72193 72248 gt = 722367219372248rarr 72236 72248 līṃ


lt72192 72198 72248 gt =7219272248rarr7219272248 oṃ

lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt = 7225272195rarr 7225272195 ndru




72193 ndi lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt


20


72195 ndu lt72221 72244 72219 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt


72199 ndai lt72221 72244 72219 72199 gt

72200 ndau lt72221 72244 72219 72200 gt


72193 ndī lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt

7220072249 ndauḥ lt72221 72244 72219 72200 72249 gt

7219872248 ndōṃ lt72221 72244 72219 72198 72248 gt


722507220372193 rki lt72250 72203 72193 gt

722507220372199 rkai lt72250 72203 72199 gt


7220372252 krā lt72203 72252 gt

4174 Positioning of


lt 72203 gt = 72203rarr



21





A B C

7222072194722267222272235722217222072249 722207219472226

7222172249 722207219472249


5 Character Data




22









23














55 Matra Categories




24





6 References














25









7 Acknowledgments




26




11A0 11A1 11A2 11A3 11A4

72192$72193$72194$72195$72196$72197$72198$72199$72200$72201$722027220372204722057220672207

72208722097221072211722127221372214722157221672217722187221972220722217222272223

72224722257222672227722287222972230722317223272233722347223572236722377223872239

722407224172242$72243$72244$72245

$72246$72247$72248$7224972250$72251$72252$72253$72254

72255

7225672257722587225972260

11A00

11A01

11A02

11A03

11A04

11A05

11A06

11A07

11A08

11A09

11A0A

11A0B

11A0C

11A0D

11A0E

11A0F

11A10

11A11

11A12

11A13

11A14

11A15

11A16

11A17

11A18

11A19

11A1A

11A1B

11A1C

11A1D

11A1E

11A1F

11A20

11A21

11A22

11A23

11A24

11A25

11A26

11A27

11A28

11A29

11A2A

11A2B

11A2C

11A2D

11A2E

11A2F

11A30

11A31

11A32

11A33

11A34

11A35

11A36

11A37

11A38

11A39

11A3A

11A3B

11A3C

11A3D

11A3E

11A3F

11A40

11A41

11A42

11A43

11A44

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F














Mongolian




































INITIAL RA



FINAL YA







conjuncts














30



31



32


Figure4

Amanuscriptfragm


(Lantsa)Soyom

boZ

anabazarSquareand



33


Figure5



ongolianorder(from

ByambaaRagchaagiin

200536)

34



(bottom)ofa

manuscriptofthe


Bareja-Starzyńska


with

permission

ofByambaaRagchaa

35



36



37



38



39



40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard






g 7220372243 lt72203 72243 gt

k 7220472243 lt72204 72243 gt

ng 7220772243 lt72207 72243 gt

d 7221772243 lt72217 72243 gt

n 7222172243 lt72221 72243 gt

b 7222272243 lt72222 72243 gt

m 7222672243 lt72226 72243 gt

r 7223572243 lt72235 72243 gt

l 7223672243 lt72236 72243 gt

š 7223872243 lt72238 72243 gt

s 7224072243 lt72240 72243 gt





72234 72234 72234 72251

72235 72235 72250 72252

72236 72236 72236 72253

72237 72237 72237 72254

13



72250 72251

72252

72253

72254







7222172244 n lt72221 72244 gt

nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt


14



kya lt72203 72244 72234 gt

7220372251 kya lt72203 72251 gt

rka lt72235 72244 72203 gt

rka lt72250 72203 gt

kra lt72203 72244 gt

7220372252 kra lt72203 72252 gt

kla lt72203 72244 gt

7220372253 kla lt72203 72253 gt

kva lt72203 72244 gt

7220372254 kva lt72203 72254 gt


722507224472203 lt72250 72244 72203 gt

7220372244 72252 lt72203 72244 72252 gt

7220372252 72244 lt72203 72252 72244 gt


72193 ndi lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt

7219472248 nduṃ lt72221 72244 72219 72194 72248 gt



15


nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

722217224472219 nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt

7222172244722197224472235 ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt


msta lt72226 72244 72240 72244 72217 gt

7222672244 msta lt72226 72244 72240 72244 72217 gt

rsa lt72235 72244 72240 gt

722357224472240 rsa lt72235 72244 72240 gt




kra lt72203 72252 gt

khya lt72204 72251 gt

gla lt72205 72253 gt

rka lt72250 72203 gt

ska lt72240 72244 72203 gt

lka lt72236 72244 72203 gt


16






411 Head Marks



7225572245 lt72255 72245 gt

7225572246 lt72255 72246 gt

7225572247 lt72255 72247 gt

7225572248 lt72255 72248 gt




17


412 Punctuation






413 Digits


414 Collation





72226 lt 72227 lt 72228 lt 72229 lt 72230 lt 72231 lt 72232 lt

72233 lt 72234 ltlt 72251 lt 72250 ltlt 72235 lt

72252 lt 72236 ltlt 72253 lt 72237 ltlt

72254 lt 72238 lt 72239 lt 72240 lt 72241 lt 72192 lt

72193 lt 72194 lt 72195 lt 72196 lt

72197 lt 72198 lt 72199 lt 72200 lt

72201 lt lt 72243


72245 72246 72247 72248 -

72249

18


415 Vertical Text


7224172245722427222672236722377223572234


7221872193722487223672233

7221872236721937224872233 thalīṃ lt72218 72236 72193 72248 72233 gt







19


72250721967224872203722007221772224722527225172249

lt72250 72203 72244 72217 72244 72224 72252 72251 72196 72200 72248 72249 gt









lt72236 72193 72248 gt = 722367219372248rarr 72236 72248 līṃ


lt72192 72198 72248 gt =7219272248rarr7219272248 oṃ

lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt = 7225272195rarr 7225272195 ndru




72193 ndi lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt


20


72195 ndu lt72221 72244 72219 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt


72199 ndai lt72221 72244 72219 72199 gt

72200 ndau lt72221 72244 72219 72200 gt


72193 ndī lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt

7220072249 ndauḥ lt72221 72244 72219 72200 72249 gt

7219872248 ndōṃ lt72221 72244 72219 72198 72248 gt


722507220372193 rki lt72250 72203 72193 gt

722507220372199 rkai lt72250 72203 72199 gt


7220372252 krā lt72203 72252 gt

4174 Positioning of


lt 72203 gt = 72203rarr



21





A B C

7222072194722267222272235722217222072249 722207219472226

7222172249 722207219472249


5 Character Data




22









23














55 Matra Categories




24





6 References














25









7 Acknowledgments




26




11A0 11A1 11A2 11A3 11A4

72192$72193$72194$72195$72196$72197$72198$72199$72200$72201$722027220372204722057220672207

72208722097221072211722127221372214722157221672217722187221972220722217222272223

72224722257222672227722287222972230722317223272233722347223572236722377223872239

722407224172242$72243$72244$72245

$72246$72247$72248$7224972250$72251$72252$72253$72254

72255

7225672257722587225972260

11A00

11A01

11A02

11A03

11A04

11A05

11A06

11A07

11A08

11A09

11A0A

11A0B

11A0C

11A0D

11A0E

11A0F

11A10

11A11

11A12

11A13

11A14

11A15

11A16

11A17

11A18

11A19

11A1A

11A1B

11A1C

11A1D

11A1E

11A1F

11A20

11A21

11A22

11A23

11A24

11A25

11A26

11A27

11A28

11A29

11A2A

11A2B

11A2C

11A2D

11A2E

11A2F

11A30

11A31

11A32

11A33

11A34

11A35

11A36

11A37

11A38

11A39

11A3A

11A3B

11A3C

11A3D

11A3E

11A3F

11A40

11A41

11A42

11A43

11A44

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F














Mongolian




































INITIAL RA



FINAL YA







conjuncts














30



31



32


Figure4

Amanuscriptfragm


(Lantsa)Soyom

boZ

anabazarSquareand



33


Figure5



ongolianorder(from

ByambaaRagchaagiin

200536)

34



(bottom)ofa

manuscriptofthe


Bareja-Starzyńska


with

permission

ofByambaaRagchaa

35



36



37



38



39



40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard






72250 72251

72252

72253

72254







7222172244 n lt72221 72244 gt

nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt


14



kya lt72203 72244 72234 gt

7220372251 kya lt72203 72251 gt

rka lt72235 72244 72203 gt

rka lt72250 72203 gt

kra lt72203 72244 gt

7220372252 kra lt72203 72252 gt

kla lt72203 72244 gt

7220372253 kla lt72203 72253 gt

kva lt72203 72244 gt

7220372254 kva lt72203 72254 gt


722507224472203 lt72250 72244 72203 gt

7220372244 72252 lt72203 72244 72252 gt

7220372252 72244 lt72203 72252 72244 gt


72193 ndi lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt

7219472248 nduṃ lt72221 72244 72219 72194 72248 gt



15


nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

722217224472219 nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt

7222172244722197224472235 ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt


msta lt72226 72244 72240 72244 72217 gt

7222672244 msta lt72226 72244 72240 72244 72217 gt

rsa lt72235 72244 72240 gt

722357224472240 rsa lt72235 72244 72240 gt




kra lt72203 72252 gt

khya lt72204 72251 gt

gla lt72205 72253 gt

rka lt72250 72203 gt

ska lt72240 72244 72203 gt

lka lt72236 72244 72203 gt


16






411 Head Marks



7225572245 lt72255 72245 gt

7225572246 lt72255 72246 gt

7225572247 lt72255 72247 gt

7225572248 lt72255 72248 gt




17


412 Punctuation






413 Digits


414 Collation





72226 lt 72227 lt 72228 lt 72229 lt 72230 lt 72231 lt 72232 lt

72233 lt 72234 ltlt 72251 lt 72250 ltlt 72235 lt

72252 lt 72236 ltlt 72253 lt 72237 ltlt

72254 lt 72238 lt 72239 lt 72240 lt 72241 lt 72192 lt

72193 lt 72194 lt 72195 lt 72196 lt

72197 lt 72198 lt 72199 lt 72200 lt

72201 lt lt 72243


72245 72246 72247 72248 -

72249

18


415 Vertical Text


7224172245722427222672236722377223572234


7221872193722487223672233

7221872236721937224872233 thalīṃ lt72218 72236 72193 72248 72233 gt







19


72250721967224872203722007221772224722527225172249

lt72250 72203 72244 72217 72244 72224 72252 72251 72196 72200 72248 72249 gt









lt72236 72193 72248 gt = 722367219372248rarr 72236 72248 līṃ


lt72192 72198 72248 gt =7219272248rarr7219272248 oṃ

lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt = 7225272195rarr 7225272195 ndru




72193 ndi lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt


20


72195 ndu lt72221 72244 72219 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt


72199 ndai lt72221 72244 72219 72199 gt

72200 ndau lt72221 72244 72219 72200 gt


72193 ndī lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt

7220072249 ndauḥ lt72221 72244 72219 72200 72249 gt

7219872248 ndōṃ lt72221 72244 72219 72198 72248 gt


722507220372193 rki lt72250 72203 72193 gt

722507220372199 rkai lt72250 72203 72199 gt


7220372252 krā lt72203 72252 gt

4174 Positioning of


lt 72203 gt = 72203rarr



21





A B C

7222072194722267222272235722217222072249 722207219472226

7222172249 722207219472249


5 Character Data




22









23














55 Matra Categories




24





6 References














25









7 Acknowledgments




26




11A0 11A1 11A2 11A3 11A4

72192$72193$72194$72195$72196$72197$72198$72199$72200$72201$722027220372204722057220672207

72208722097221072211722127221372214722157221672217722187221972220722217222272223

72224722257222672227722287222972230722317223272233722347223572236722377223872239

722407224172242$72243$72244$72245

$72246$72247$72248$7224972250$72251$72252$72253$72254

72255

7225672257722587225972260

11A00

11A01

11A02

11A03

11A04

11A05

11A06

11A07

11A08

11A09

11A0A

11A0B

11A0C

11A0D

11A0E

11A0F

11A10

11A11

11A12

11A13

11A14

11A15

11A16

11A17

11A18

11A19

11A1A

11A1B

11A1C

11A1D

11A1E

11A1F

11A20

11A21

11A22

11A23

11A24

11A25

11A26

11A27

11A28

11A29

11A2A

11A2B

11A2C

11A2D

11A2E

11A2F

11A30

11A31

11A32

11A33

11A34

11A35

11A36

11A37

11A38

11A39

11A3A

11A3B

11A3C

11A3D

11A3E

11A3F

11A40

11A41

11A42

11A43

11A44

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F














Mongolian




































INITIAL RA



FINAL YA







conjuncts














30



31



32


Figure4

Amanuscriptfragm


(Lantsa)Soyom

boZ

anabazarSquareand



33


Figure5



ongolianorder(from

ByambaaRagchaagiin

200536)

34



(bottom)ofa

manuscriptofthe


Bareja-Starzyńska


with

permission

ofByambaaRagchaa

35



36



37



38



39



40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard






kya lt72203 72244 72234 gt

7220372251 kya lt72203 72251 gt

rka lt72235 72244 72203 gt

rka lt72250 72203 gt

kra lt72203 72244 gt

7220372252 kra lt72203 72252 gt

kla lt72203 72244 gt

7220372253 kla lt72203 72253 gt

kva lt72203 72244 gt

7220372254 kva lt72203 72254 gt


722507224472203 lt72250 72244 72203 gt

7220372244 72252 lt72203 72244 72252 gt

7220372252 72244 lt72203 72252 72244 gt


72193 ndi lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt

7219472248 nduṃ lt72221 72244 72219 72194 72248 gt



15


nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

722217224472219 nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt

7222172244722197224472235 ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt


msta lt72226 72244 72240 72244 72217 gt

7222672244 msta lt72226 72244 72240 72244 72217 gt

rsa lt72235 72244 72240 gt

722357224472240 rsa lt72235 72244 72240 gt




kra lt72203 72252 gt

khya lt72204 72251 gt

gla lt72205 72253 gt

rka lt72250 72203 gt

ska lt72240 72244 72203 gt

lka lt72236 72244 72203 gt


16






411 Head Marks



7225572245 lt72255 72245 gt

7225572246 lt72255 72246 gt

7225572247 lt72255 72247 gt

7225572248 lt72255 72248 gt




17


412 Punctuation






413 Digits


414 Collation





72226 lt 72227 lt 72228 lt 72229 lt 72230 lt 72231 lt 72232 lt

72233 lt 72234 ltlt 72251 lt 72250 ltlt 72235 lt

72252 lt 72236 ltlt 72253 lt 72237 ltlt

72254 lt 72238 lt 72239 lt 72240 lt 72241 lt 72192 lt

72193 lt 72194 lt 72195 lt 72196 lt

72197 lt 72198 lt 72199 lt 72200 lt

72201 lt lt 72243


72245 72246 72247 72248 -

72249

18


415 Vertical Text


7224172245722427222672236722377223572234


7221872193722487223672233

7221872236721937224872233 thalīṃ lt72218 72236 72193 72248 72233 gt







19


72250721967224872203722007221772224722527225172249

lt72250 72203 72244 72217 72244 72224 72252 72251 72196 72200 72248 72249 gt









lt72236 72193 72248 gt = 722367219372248rarr 72236 72248 līṃ


lt72192 72198 72248 gt =7219272248rarr7219272248 oṃ

lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt = 7225272195rarr 7225272195 ndru




72193 ndi lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt


20


72195 ndu lt72221 72244 72219 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt


72199 ndai lt72221 72244 72219 72199 gt

72200 ndau lt72221 72244 72219 72200 gt


72193 ndī lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt

7220072249 ndauḥ lt72221 72244 72219 72200 72249 gt

7219872248 ndōṃ lt72221 72244 72219 72198 72248 gt


722507220372193 rki lt72250 72203 72193 gt

722507220372199 rkai lt72250 72203 72199 gt


7220372252 krā lt72203 72252 gt

4174 Positioning of


lt 72203 gt = 72203rarr



21





A B C

7222072194722267222272235722217222072249 722207219472226

7222172249 722207219472249


5 Character Data




22









23














55 Matra Categories




24





6 References














25









7 Acknowledgments




26




11A0 11A1 11A2 11A3 11A4

72192$72193$72194$72195$72196$72197$72198$72199$72200$72201$722027220372204722057220672207

72208722097221072211722127221372214722157221672217722187221972220722217222272223

72224722257222672227722287222972230722317223272233722347223572236722377223872239

722407224172242$72243$72244$72245

$72246$72247$72248$7224972250$72251$72252$72253$72254

72255

7225672257722587225972260

11A00

11A01

11A02

11A03

11A04

11A05

11A06

11A07

11A08

11A09

11A0A

11A0B

11A0C

11A0D

11A0E

11A0F

11A10

11A11

11A12

11A13

11A14

11A15

11A16

11A17

11A18

11A19

11A1A

11A1B

11A1C

11A1D

11A1E

11A1F

11A20

11A21

11A22

11A23

11A24

11A25

11A26

11A27

11A28

11A29

11A2A

11A2B

11A2C

11A2D

11A2E

11A2F

11A30

11A31

11A32

11A33

11A34

11A35

11A36

11A37

11A38

11A39

11A3A

11A3B

11A3C

11A3D

11A3E

11A3F

11A40

11A41

11A42

11A43

11A44

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F














Mongolian




































INITIAL RA



FINAL YA







conjuncts














30



31



32


Figure4

Amanuscriptfragm


(Lantsa)Soyom

boZ

anabazarSquareand



33


Figure5



ongolianorder(from

ByambaaRagchaagiin

200536)

34



(bottom)ofa

manuscriptofthe


Bareja-Starzyńska


with

permission

ofByambaaRagchaa

35



36



37



38



39



40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard





nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

722217224472219 nda lt72221 72244 72219 gt

ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt

7222172244722197224472235 ndra lt72221 72244 72219 72244 72235 gt


msta lt72226 72244 72240 72244 72217 gt

7222672244 msta lt72226 72244 72240 72244 72217 gt

rsa lt72235 72244 72240 gt

722357224472240 rsa lt72235 72244 72240 gt




kra lt72203 72252 gt

khya lt72204 72251 gt

gla lt72205 72253 gt

rka lt72250 72203 gt

ska lt72240 72244 72203 gt

lka lt72236 72244 72203 gt


16






411 Head Marks



7225572245 lt72255 72245 gt

7225572246 lt72255 72246 gt

7225572247 lt72255 72247 gt

7225572248 lt72255 72248 gt




17


412 Punctuation






413 Digits


414 Collation





72226 lt 72227 lt 72228 lt 72229 lt 72230 lt 72231 lt 72232 lt

72233 lt 72234 ltlt 72251 lt 72250 ltlt 72235 lt

72252 lt 72236 ltlt 72253 lt 72237 ltlt

72254 lt 72238 lt 72239 lt 72240 lt 72241 lt 72192 lt

72193 lt 72194 lt 72195 lt 72196 lt

72197 lt 72198 lt 72199 lt 72200 lt

72201 lt lt 72243


72245 72246 72247 72248 -

72249

18


415 Vertical Text


7224172245722427222672236722377223572234


7221872193722487223672233

7221872236721937224872233 thalīṃ lt72218 72236 72193 72248 72233 gt







19


72250721967224872203722007221772224722527225172249

lt72250 72203 72244 72217 72244 72224 72252 72251 72196 72200 72248 72249 gt









lt72236 72193 72248 gt = 722367219372248rarr 72236 72248 līṃ


lt72192 72198 72248 gt =7219272248rarr7219272248 oṃ

lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt = 7225272195rarr 7225272195 ndru




72193 ndi lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt


20


72195 ndu lt72221 72244 72219 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt


72199 ndai lt72221 72244 72219 72199 gt

72200 ndau lt72221 72244 72219 72200 gt


72193 ndī lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt

7220072249 ndauḥ lt72221 72244 72219 72200 72249 gt

7219872248 ndōṃ lt72221 72244 72219 72198 72248 gt


722507220372193 rki lt72250 72203 72193 gt

722507220372199 rkai lt72250 72203 72199 gt


7220372252 krā lt72203 72252 gt

4174 Positioning of


lt 72203 gt = 72203rarr



21





A B C

7222072194722267222272235722217222072249 722207219472226

7222172249 722207219472249


5 Character Data




22









23














55 Matra Categories




24





6 References














25









7 Acknowledgments




26




11A0 11A1 11A2 11A3 11A4

72192$72193$72194$72195$72196$72197$72198$72199$72200$72201$722027220372204722057220672207

72208722097221072211722127221372214722157221672217722187221972220722217222272223

72224722257222672227722287222972230722317223272233722347223572236722377223872239

722407224172242$72243$72244$72245

$72246$72247$72248$7224972250$72251$72252$72253$72254

72255

7225672257722587225972260

11A00

11A01

11A02

11A03

11A04

11A05

11A06

11A07

11A08

11A09

11A0A

11A0B

11A0C

11A0D

11A0E

11A0F

11A10

11A11

11A12

11A13

11A14

11A15

11A16

11A17

11A18

11A19

11A1A

11A1B

11A1C

11A1D

11A1E

11A1F

11A20

11A21

11A22

11A23

11A24

11A25

11A26

11A27

11A28

11A29

11A2A

11A2B

11A2C

11A2D

11A2E

11A2F

11A30

11A31

11A32

11A33

11A34

11A35

11A36

11A37

11A38

11A39

11A3A

11A3B

11A3C

11A3D

11A3E

11A3F

11A40

11A41

11A42

11A43

11A44

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F














Mongolian




































INITIAL RA



FINAL YA







conjuncts














30



31



32


Figure4

Amanuscriptfragm


(Lantsa)Soyom

boZ

anabazarSquareand



33


Figure5



ongolianorder(from

ByambaaRagchaagiin

200536)

34



(bottom)ofa

manuscriptofthe


Bareja-Starzyńska


with

permission

ofByambaaRagchaa

35



36



37



38



39



40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard









411 Head Marks



7225572245 lt72255 72245 gt

7225572246 lt72255 72246 gt

7225572247 lt72255 72247 gt

7225572248 lt72255 72248 gt




17


412 Punctuation






413 Digits


414 Collation





72226 lt 72227 lt 72228 lt 72229 lt 72230 lt 72231 lt 72232 lt

72233 lt 72234 ltlt 72251 lt 72250 ltlt 72235 lt

72252 lt 72236 ltlt 72253 lt 72237 ltlt

72254 lt 72238 lt 72239 lt 72240 lt 72241 lt 72192 lt

72193 lt 72194 lt 72195 lt 72196 lt

72197 lt 72198 lt 72199 lt 72200 lt

72201 lt lt 72243


72245 72246 72247 72248 -

72249

18


415 Vertical Text


7224172245722427222672236722377223572234


7221872193722487223672233

7221872236721937224872233 thalīṃ lt72218 72236 72193 72248 72233 gt







19


72250721967224872203722007221772224722527225172249

lt72250 72203 72244 72217 72244 72224 72252 72251 72196 72200 72248 72249 gt









lt72236 72193 72248 gt = 722367219372248rarr 72236 72248 līṃ


lt72192 72198 72248 gt =7219272248rarr7219272248 oṃ

lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt = 7225272195rarr 7225272195 ndru




72193 ndi lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt


20


72195 ndu lt72221 72244 72219 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt


72199 ndai lt72221 72244 72219 72199 gt

72200 ndau lt72221 72244 72219 72200 gt


72193 ndī lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt

7220072249 ndauḥ lt72221 72244 72219 72200 72249 gt

7219872248 ndōṃ lt72221 72244 72219 72198 72248 gt


722507220372193 rki lt72250 72203 72193 gt

722507220372199 rkai lt72250 72203 72199 gt


7220372252 krā lt72203 72252 gt

4174 Positioning of


lt 72203 gt = 72203rarr



21





A B C

7222072194722267222272235722217222072249 722207219472226

7222172249 722207219472249


5 Character Data




22









23














55 Matra Categories




24





6 References














25









7 Acknowledgments




26




11A0 11A1 11A2 11A3 11A4

72192$72193$72194$72195$72196$72197$72198$72199$72200$72201$722027220372204722057220672207

72208722097221072211722127221372214722157221672217722187221972220722217222272223

72224722257222672227722287222972230722317223272233722347223572236722377223872239

722407224172242$72243$72244$72245

$72246$72247$72248$7224972250$72251$72252$72253$72254

72255

7225672257722587225972260

11A00

11A01

11A02

11A03

11A04

11A05

11A06

11A07

11A08

11A09

11A0A

11A0B

11A0C

11A0D

11A0E

11A0F

11A10

11A11

11A12

11A13

11A14

11A15

11A16

11A17

11A18

11A19

11A1A

11A1B

11A1C

11A1D

11A1E

11A1F

11A20

11A21

11A22

11A23

11A24

11A25

11A26

11A27

11A28

11A29

11A2A

11A2B

11A2C

11A2D

11A2E

11A2F

11A30

11A31

11A32

11A33

11A34

11A35

11A36

11A37

11A38

11A39

11A3A

11A3B

11A3C

11A3D

11A3E

11A3F

11A40

11A41

11A42

11A43

11A44

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F














Mongolian




































INITIAL RA



FINAL YA







conjuncts














30



31



32


Figure4

Amanuscriptfragm


(Lantsa)Soyom

boZ

anabazarSquareand



33


Figure5



ongolianorder(from

ByambaaRagchaagiin

200536)

34



(bottom)ofa

manuscriptofthe


Bareja-Starzyńska


with

permission

ofByambaaRagchaa

35



36



37



38



39



40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard





412 Punctuation






413 Digits


414 Collation





72226 lt 72227 lt 72228 lt 72229 lt 72230 lt 72231 lt 72232 lt

72233 lt 72234 ltlt 72251 lt 72250 ltlt 72235 lt

72252 lt 72236 ltlt 72253 lt 72237 ltlt

72254 lt 72238 lt 72239 lt 72240 lt 72241 lt 72192 lt

72193 lt 72194 lt 72195 lt 72196 lt

72197 lt 72198 lt 72199 lt 72200 lt

72201 lt lt 72243


72245 72246 72247 72248 -

72249

18


415 Vertical Text


7224172245722427222672236722377223572234


7221872193722487223672233

7221872236721937224872233 thalīṃ lt72218 72236 72193 72248 72233 gt







19


72250721967224872203722007221772224722527225172249

lt72250 72203 72244 72217 72244 72224 72252 72251 72196 72200 72248 72249 gt









lt72236 72193 72248 gt = 722367219372248rarr 72236 72248 līṃ


lt72192 72198 72248 gt =7219272248rarr7219272248 oṃ

lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt = 7225272195rarr 7225272195 ndru




72193 ndi lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt


20


72195 ndu lt72221 72244 72219 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt


72199 ndai lt72221 72244 72219 72199 gt

72200 ndau lt72221 72244 72219 72200 gt


72193 ndī lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt

7220072249 ndauḥ lt72221 72244 72219 72200 72249 gt

7219872248 ndōṃ lt72221 72244 72219 72198 72248 gt


722507220372193 rki lt72250 72203 72193 gt

722507220372199 rkai lt72250 72203 72199 gt


7220372252 krā lt72203 72252 gt

4174 Positioning of


lt 72203 gt = 72203rarr



21





A B C

7222072194722267222272235722217222072249 722207219472226

7222172249 722207219472249


5 Character Data




22









23














55 Matra Categories




24





6 References














25









7 Acknowledgments




26




11A0 11A1 11A2 11A3 11A4

72192$72193$72194$72195$72196$72197$72198$72199$72200$72201$722027220372204722057220672207

72208722097221072211722127221372214722157221672217722187221972220722217222272223

72224722257222672227722287222972230722317223272233722347223572236722377223872239

722407224172242$72243$72244$72245

$72246$72247$72248$7224972250$72251$72252$72253$72254

72255

7225672257722587225972260

11A00

11A01

11A02

11A03

11A04

11A05

11A06

11A07

11A08

11A09

11A0A

11A0B

11A0C

11A0D

11A0E

11A0F

11A10

11A11

11A12

11A13

11A14

11A15

11A16

11A17

11A18

11A19

11A1A

11A1B

11A1C

11A1D

11A1E

11A1F

11A20

11A21

11A22

11A23

11A24

11A25

11A26

11A27

11A28

11A29

11A2A

11A2B

11A2C

11A2D

11A2E

11A2F

11A30

11A31

11A32

11A33

11A34

11A35

11A36

11A37

11A38

11A39

11A3A

11A3B

11A3C

11A3D

11A3E

11A3F

11A40

11A41

11A42

11A43

11A44

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F














Mongolian




































INITIAL RA



FINAL YA







conjuncts














30



31



32


Figure4

Amanuscriptfragm


(Lantsa)Soyom

boZ

anabazarSquareand



33


Figure5



ongolianorder(from

ByambaaRagchaagiin

200536)

34



(bottom)ofa

manuscriptofthe


Bareja-Starzyńska


with

permission

ofByambaaRagchaa

35



36



37



38



39



40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard





415 Vertical Text


7224172245722427222672236722377223572234


7221872193722487223672233

7221872236721937224872233 thalīṃ lt72218 72236 72193 72248 72233 gt







19


72250721967224872203722007221772224722527225172249

lt72250 72203 72244 72217 72244 72224 72252 72251 72196 72200 72248 72249 gt









lt72236 72193 72248 gt = 722367219372248rarr 72236 72248 līṃ


lt72192 72198 72248 gt =7219272248rarr7219272248 oṃ

lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt = 7225272195rarr 7225272195 ndru




72193 ndi lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt


20


72195 ndu lt72221 72244 72219 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt


72199 ndai lt72221 72244 72219 72199 gt

72200 ndau lt72221 72244 72219 72200 gt


72193 ndī lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt

7220072249 ndauḥ lt72221 72244 72219 72200 72249 gt

7219872248 ndōṃ lt72221 72244 72219 72198 72248 gt


722507220372193 rki lt72250 72203 72193 gt

722507220372199 rkai lt72250 72203 72199 gt


7220372252 krā lt72203 72252 gt

4174 Positioning of


lt 72203 gt = 72203rarr



21





A B C

7222072194722267222272235722217222072249 722207219472226

7222172249 722207219472249


5 Character Data




22









23














55 Matra Categories




24





6 References














25









7 Acknowledgments




26




11A0 11A1 11A2 11A3 11A4

72192$72193$72194$72195$72196$72197$72198$72199$72200$72201$722027220372204722057220672207

72208722097221072211722127221372214722157221672217722187221972220722217222272223

72224722257222672227722287222972230722317223272233722347223572236722377223872239

722407224172242$72243$72244$72245

$72246$72247$72248$7224972250$72251$72252$72253$72254

72255

7225672257722587225972260

11A00

11A01

11A02

11A03

11A04

11A05

11A06

11A07

11A08

11A09

11A0A

11A0B

11A0C

11A0D

11A0E

11A0F

11A10

11A11

11A12

11A13

11A14

11A15

11A16

11A17

11A18

11A19

11A1A

11A1B

11A1C

11A1D

11A1E

11A1F

11A20

11A21

11A22

11A23

11A24

11A25

11A26

11A27

11A28

11A29

11A2A

11A2B

11A2C

11A2D

11A2E

11A2F

11A30

11A31

11A32

11A33

11A34

11A35

11A36

11A37

11A38

11A39

11A3A

11A3B

11A3C

11A3D

11A3E

11A3F

11A40

11A41

11A42

11A43

11A44

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F














Mongolian




































INITIAL RA



FINAL YA







conjuncts














30



31



32


Figure4

Amanuscriptfragm


(Lantsa)Soyom

boZ

anabazarSquareand



33


Figure5



ongolianorder(from

ByambaaRagchaagiin

200536)

34



(bottom)ofa

manuscriptofthe


Bareja-Starzyńska


with

permission

ofByambaaRagchaa

35



36



37



38



39



40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard





72250721967224872203722007221772224722527225172249

lt72250 72203 72244 72217 72244 72224 72252 72251 72196 72200 72248 72249 gt









lt72236 72193 72248 gt = 722367219372248rarr 72236 72248 līṃ


lt72192 72198 72248 gt =7219272248rarr7219272248 oṃ

lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt = 7225272195rarr 7225272195 ndru




72193 ndi lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt


20


72195 ndu lt72221 72244 72219 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt


72199 ndai lt72221 72244 72219 72199 gt

72200 ndau lt72221 72244 72219 72200 gt


72193 ndī lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt

7220072249 ndauḥ lt72221 72244 72219 72200 72249 gt

7219872248 ndōṃ lt72221 72244 72219 72198 72248 gt


722507220372193 rki lt72250 72203 72193 gt

722507220372199 rkai lt72250 72203 72199 gt


7220372252 krā lt72203 72252 gt

4174 Positioning of


lt 72203 gt = 72203rarr



21





A B C

7222072194722267222272235722217222072249 722207219472226

7222172249 722207219472249


5 Character Data




22









23














55 Matra Categories




24





6 References














25









7 Acknowledgments




26




11A0 11A1 11A2 11A3 11A4

72192$72193$72194$72195$72196$72197$72198$72199$72200$72201$722027220372204722057220672207

72208722097221072211722127221372214722157221672217722187221972220722217222272223

72224722257222672227722287222972230722317223272233722347223572236722377223872239

722407224172242$72243$72244$72245

$72246$72247$72248$7224972250$72251$72252$72253$72254

72255

7225672257722587225972260

11A00

11A01

11A02

11A03

11A04

11A05

11A06

11A07

11A08

11A09

11A0A

11A0B

11A0C

11A0D

11A0E

11A0F

11A10

11A11

11A12

11A13

11A14

11A15

11A16

11A17

11A18

11A19

11A1A

11A1B

11A1C

11A1D

11A1E

11A1F

11A20

11A21

11A22

11A23

11A24

11A25

11A26

11A27

11A28

11A29

11A2A

11A2B

11A2C

11A2D

11A2E

11A2F

11A30

11A31

11A32

11A33

11A34

11A35

11A36

11A37

11A38

11A39

11A3A

11A3B

11A3C

11A3D

11A3E

11A3F

11A40

11A41

11A42

11A43

11A44

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F














Mongolian




































INITIAL RA



FINAL YA







conjuncts














30



31



32


Figure4

Amanuscriptfragm


(Lantsa)Soyom

boZ

anabazarSquareand



33


Figure5



ongolianorder(from

ByambaaRagchaagiin

200536)

34



(bottom)ofa

manuscriptofthe


Bareja-Starzyńska


with

permission

ofByambaaRagchaa

35



36



37



38



39



40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard





72195 ndu lt72221 72244 72219 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt

7225272195 ndru lt72221 72244 72219 72252 72195 gt


72199 ndai lt72221 72244 72219 72199 gt

72200 ndau lt72221 72244 72219 72200 gt


72193 ndī lt72221 72244 72219 72193 gt

7220072249 ndauḥ lt72221 72244 72219 72200 72249 gt

7219872248 ndōṃ lt72221 72244 72219 72198 72248 gt


722507220372193 rki lt72250 72203 72193 gt

722507220372199 rkai lt72250 72203 72199 gt


7220372252 krā lt72203 72252 gt

4174 Positioning of


lt 72203 gt = 72203rarr



21





A B C

7222072194722267222272235722217222072249 722207219472226

7222172249 722207219472249


5 Character Data




22









23














55 Matra Categories




24





6 References














25









7 Acknowledgments




26




11A0 11A1 11A2 11A3 11A4

72192$72193$72194$72195$72196$72197$72198$72199$72200$72201$722027220372204722057220672207

72208722097221072211722127221372214722157221672217722187221972220722217222272223

72224722257222672227722287222972230722317223272233722347223572236722377223872239

722407224172242$72243$72244$72245

$72246$72247$72248$7224972250$72251$72252$72253$72254

72255

7225672257722587225972260

11A00

11A01

11A02

11A03

11A04

11A05

11A06

11A07

11A08

11A09

11A0A

11A0B

11A0C

11A0D

11A0E

11A0F

11A10

11A11

11A12

11A13

11A14

11A15

11A16

11A17

11A18

11A19

11A1A

11A1B

11A1C

11A1D

11A1E

11A1F

11A20

11A21

11A22

11A23

11A24

11A25

11A26

11A27

11A28

11A29

11A2A

11A2B

11A2C

11A2D

11A2E

11A2F

11A30

11A31

11A32

11A33

11A34

11A35

11A36

11A37

11A38

11A39

11A3A

11A3B

11A3C

11A3D

11A3E

11A3F

11A40

11A41

11A42

11A43

11A44

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F














Mongolian




































INITIAL RA



FINAL YA







conjuncts














30



31



32


Figure4

Amanuscriptfragm


(Lantsa)Soyom

boZ

anabazarSquareand



33


Figure5



ongolianorder(from

ByambaaRagchaagiin

200536)

34



(bottom)ofa

manuscriptofthe


Bareja-Starzyńska


with

permission

ofByambaaRagchaa

35



36



37



38



39



40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard








A B C

7222072194722267222272235722217222072249 722207219472226

7222172249 722207219472249


5 Character Data




22









23














55 Matra Categories




24





6 References














25









7 Acknowledgments




26




11A0 11A1 11A2 11A3 11A4

72192$72193$72194$72195$72196$72197$72198$72199$72200$72201$722027220372204722057220672207

72208722097221072211722127221372214722157221672217722187221972220722217222272223

72224722257222672227722287222972230722317223272233722347223572236722377223872239

722407224172242$72243$72244$72245

$72246$72247$72248$7224972250$72251$72252$72253$72254

72255

7225672257722587225972260

11A00

11A01

11A02

11A03

11A04

11A05

11A06

11A07

11A08

11A09

11A0A

11A0B

11A0C

11A0D

11A0E

11A0F

11A10

11A11

11A12

11A13

11A14

11A15

11A16

11A17

11A18

11A19

11A1A

11A1B

11A1C

11A1D

11A1E

11A1F

11A20

11A21

11A22

11A23

11A24

11A25

11A26

11A27

11A28

11A29

11A2A

11A2B

11A2C

11A2D

11A2E

11A2F

11A30

11A31

11A32

11A33

11A34

11A35

11A36

11A37

11A38

11A39

11A3A

11A3B

11A3C

11A3D

11A3E

11A3F

11A40

11A41

11A42

11A43

11A44

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F














Mongolian




































INITIAL RA



FINAL YA







conjuncts














30



31



32


Figure4

Amanuscriptfragm


(Lantsa)Soyom

boZ

anabazarSquareand



33


Figure5



ongolianorder(from

ByambaaRagchaagiin

200536)

34



(bottom)ofa

manuscriptofthe


Bareja-Starzyńska


with

permission

ofByambaaRagchaa

35



36



37



38



39



40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard












23














55 Matra Categories




24





6 References














25









7 Acknowledgments




26




11A0 11A1 11A2 11A3 11A4

72192$72193$72194$72195$72196$72197$72198$72199$72200$72201$722027220372204722057220672207

72208722097221072211722127221372214722157221672217722187221972220722217222272223

72224722257222672227722287222972230722317223272233722347223572236722377223872239

722407224172242$72243$72244$72245

$72246$72247$72248$7224972250$72251$72252$72253$72254

72255

7225672257722587225972260

11A00

11A01

11A02

11A03

11A04

11A05

11A06

11A07

11A08

11A09

11A0A

11A0B

11A0C

11A0D

11A0E

11A0F

11A10

11A11

11A12

11A13

11A14

11A15

11A16

11A17

11A18

11A19

11A1A

11A1B

11A1C

11A1D

11A1E

11A1F

11A20

11A21

11A22

11A23

11A24

11A25

11A26

11A27

11A28

11A29

11A2A

11A2B

11A2C

11A2D

11A2E

11A2F

11A30

11A31

11A32

11A33

11A34

11A35

11A36

11A37

11A38

11A39

11A3A

11A3B

11A3C

11A3D

11A3E

11A3F

11A40

11A41

11A42

11A43

11A44

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F














Mongolian




































INITIAL RA



FINAL YA







conjuncts














30



31



32


Figure4

Amanuscriptfragm


(Lantsa)Soyom

boZ

anabazarSquareand



33


Figure5



ongolianorder(from

ByambaaRagchaagiin

200536)

34



(bottom)ofa

manuscriptofthe


Bareja-Starzyńska


with

permission

ofByambaaRagchaa

35



36



37



38



39



40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard

















55 Matra Categories




24





6 References














25









7 Acknowledgments




26




11A0 11A1 11A2 11A3 11A4

72192$72193$72194$72195$72196$72197$72198$72199$72200$72201$722027220372204722057220672207

72208722097221072211722127221372214722157221672217722187221972220722217222272223

72224722257222672227722287222972230722317223272233722347223572236722377223872239

722407224172242$72243$72244$72245

$72246$72247$72248$7224972250$72251$72252$72253$72254

72255

7225672257722587225972260

11A00

11A01

11A02

11A03

11A04

11A05

11A06

11A07

11A08

11A09

11A0A

11A0B

11A0C

11A0D

11A0E

11A0F

11A10

11A11

11A12

11A13

11A14

11A15

11A16

11A17

11A18

11A19

11A1A

11A1B

11A1C

11A1D

11A1E

11A1F

11A20

11A21

11A22

11A23

11A24

11A25

11A26

11A27

11A28

11A29

11A2A

11A2B

11A2C

11A2D

11A2E

11A2F

11A30

11A31

11A32

11A33

11A34

11A35

11A36

11A37

11A38

11A39

11A3A

11A3B

11A3C

11A3D

11A3E

11A3F

11A40

11A41

11A42

11A43

11A44

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F














Mongolian




































INITIAL RA



FINAL YA







conjuncts














30



31



32


Figure4

Amanuscriptfragm


(Lantsa)Soyom

boZ

anabazarSquareand



33


Figure5



ongolianorder(from

ByambaaRagchaagiin

200536)

34



(bottom)ofa

manuscriptofthe


Bareja-Starzyńska


with

permission

ofByambaaRagchaa

35



36



37



38



39



40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard








6 References














25









7 Acknowledgments




26




11A0 11A1 11A2 11A3 11A4

72192$72193$72194$72195$72196$72197$72198$72199$72200$72201$722027220372204722057220672207

72208722097221072211722127221372214722157221672217722187221972220722217222272223

72224722257222672227722287222972230722317223272233722347223572236722377223872239

722407224172242$72243$72244$72245

$72246$72247$72248$7224972250$72251$72252$72253$72254

72255

7225672257722587225972260

11A00

11A01

11A02

11A03

11A04

11A05

11A06

11A07

11A08

11A09

11A0A

11A0B

11A0C

11A0D

11A0E

11A0F

11A10

11A11

11A12

11A13

11A14

11A15

11A16

11A17

11A18

11A19

11A1A

11A1B

11A1C

11A1D

11A1E

11A1F

11A20

11A21

11A22

11A23

11A24

11A25

11A26

11A27

11A28

11A29

11A2A

11A2B

11A2C

11A2D

11A2E

11A2F

11A30

11A31

11A32

11A33

11A34

11A35

11A36

11A37

11A38

11A39

11A3A

11A3B

11A3C

11A3D

11A3E

11A3F

11A40

11A41

11A42

11A43

11A44

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F














Mongolian




































INITIAL RA



FINAL YA







conjuncts














30



31



32


Figure4

Amanuscriptfragm


(Lantsa)Soyom

boZ

anabazarSquareand



33


Figure5



ongolianorder(from

ByambaaRagchaagiin

200536)

34



(bottom)ofa

manuscriptofthe


Bareja-Starzyńska


with

permission

ofByambaaRagchaa

35



36



37



38



39



40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard












7 Acknowledgments




26




11A0 11A1 11A2 11A3 11A4

72192$72193$72194$72195$72196$72197$72198$72199$72200$72201$722027220372204722057220672207

72208722097221072211722127221372214722157221672217722187221972220722217222272223

72224722257222672227722287222972230722317223272233722347223572236722377223872239

722407224172242$72243$72244$72245

$72246$72247$72248$7224972250$72251$72252$72253$72254

72255

7225672257722587225972260

11A00

11A01

11A02

11A03

11A04

11A05

11A06

11A07

11A08

11A09

11A0A

11A0B

11A0C

11A0D

11A0E

11A0F

11A10

11A11

11A12

11A13

11A14

11A15

11A16

11A17

11A18

11A19

11A1A

11A1B

11A1C

11A1D

11A1E

11A1F

11A20

11A21

11A22

11A23

11A24

11A25

11A26

11A27

11A28

11A29

11A2A

11A2B

11A2C

11A2D

11A2E

11A2F

11A30

11A31

11A32

11A33

11A34

11A35

11A36

11A37

11A38

11A39

11A3A

11A3B

11A3C

11A3D

11A3E

11A3F

11A40

11A41

11A42

11A43

11A44

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F














Mongolian




































INITIAL RA



FINAL YA







conjuncts














30



31



32


Figure4

Amanuscriptfragm


(Lantsa)Soyom

boZ

anabazarSquareand



33


Figure5



ongolianorder(from

ByambaaRagchaagiin

200536)

34



(bottom)ofa

manuscriptofthe


Bareja-Starzyńska


with

permission

ofByambaaRagchaa

35



36



37



38



39



40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard







11A0 11A1 11A2 11A3 11A4

72192$72193$72194$72195$72196$72197$72198$72199$72200$72201$722027220372204722057220672207

72208722097221072211722127221372214722157221672217722187221972220722217222272223

72224722257222672227722287222972230722317223272233722347223572236722377223872239

722407224172242$72243$72244$72245

$72246$72247$72248$7224972250$72251$72252$72253$72254

72255

7225672257722587225972260

11A00

11A01

11A02

11A03

11A04

11A05

11A06

11A07

11A08

11A09

11A0A

11A0B

11A0C

11A0D

11A0E

11A0F

11A10

11A11

11A12

11A13

11A14

11A15

11A16

11A17

11A18

11A19

11A1A

11A1B

11A1C

11A1D

11A1E

11A1F

11A20

11A21

11A22

11A23

11A24

11A25

11A26

11A27

11A28

11A29

11A2A

11A2B

11A2C

11A2D

11A2E

11A2F

11A30

11A31

11A32

11A33

11A34

11A35

11A36

11A37

11A38

11A39

11A3A

11A3B

11A3C

11A3D

11A3E

11A3F

11A40

11A41

11A42

11A43

11A44

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F














Mongolian




































INITIAL RA



FINAL YA







conjuncts














30



31



32


Figure4

Amanuscriptfragm


(Lantsa)Soyom

boZ

anabazarSquareand



33


Figure5



ongolianorder(from

ByambaaRagchaagiin

200536)

34



(bottom)ofa

manuscriptofthe


Bareja-Starzyńska


with

permission

ofByambaaRagchaa

35



36



37



38



39



40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard

















Mongolian




































INITIAL RA



FINAL YA







conjuncts














30



31



32


Figure4

Amanuscriptfragm


(Lantsa)Soyom

boZ

anabazarSquareand



33


Figure5



ongolianorder(from

ByambaaRagchaagiin

200536)

34



(bottom)ofa

manuscriptofthe


Bareja-Starzyńska


with

permission

ofByambaaRagchaa

35



36



37



38



39



40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard








INITIAL RA



FINAL YA







conjuncts














30



31



32


Figure4

Amanuscriptfragm


(Lantsa)Soyom

boZ

anabazarSquareand



33


Figure5



ongolianorder(from

ByambaaRagchaagiin

200536)

34



(bottom)ofa

manuscriptofthe


Bareja-Starzyńska


with

permission

ofByambaaRagchaa

35



36



37



38



39



40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard






30



31



32


Figure4

Amanuscriptfragm


(Lantsa)Soyom

boZ

anabazarSquareand



33


Figure5



ongolianorder(from

ByambaaRagchaagiin

200536)

34



(bottom)ofa

manuscriptofthe


Bareja-Starzyńska


with

permission

ofByambaaRagchaa

35



36



37



38



39



40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard






31



32


Figure4

Amanuscriptfragm


(Lantsa)Soyom

boZ

anabazarSquareand



33


Figure5



ongolianorder(from

ByambaaRagchaagiin

200536)

34



(bottom)ofa

manuscriptofthe


Bareja-Starzyńska


with

permission

ofByambaaRagchaa

35



36



37



38



39



40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard






32


Figure4

Amanuscriptfragm


(Lantsa)Soyom

boZ

anabazarSquareand



33


Figure5



ongolianorder(from

ByambaaRagchaagiin

200536)

34



(bottom)ofa

manuscriptofthe


Bareja-Starzyńska


with

permission

ofByambaaRagchaa

35



36



37



38



39



40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard





Figure4

Amanuscriptfragm


(Lantsa)Soyom

boZ

anabazarSquareand



33


Figure5



ongolianorder(from

ByambaaRagchaagiin

200536)

34



(bottom)ofa

manuscriptofthe


Bareja-Starzyńska


with

permission

ofByambaaRagchaa

35



36



37



38



39



40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard





Figure5



ongolianorder(from

ByambaaRagchaagiin

200536)

34



(bottom)ofa

manuscriptofthe


Bareja-Starzyńska


with

permission

ofByambaaRagchaa

35



36



37



38



39



40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard






(bottom)ofa

manuscriptofthe


Bareja-Starzyńska


with

permission

ofByambaaRagchaa

35



36



37



38



39



40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard






36



37



38



39



40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard






37



38



39



40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard






38



39



40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard






39



40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard






40



41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard






41



42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard






42



43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard






43



44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard






44



45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard






45



46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard






46



47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard






47



48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard






48



49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard






49




50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard







50





51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard








51




52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard







52





53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard








53



54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard






54




55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard







55




56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard







56





57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard








57




58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard







58



59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard






59




60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard







60





61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard








61




62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard







62




63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard







63



ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard






ka 72203 ꡀ ཀ ཀ


ga 72205 ꡂ ག ག


ṅa 72207 ꡃ ང ང

ca 72208 ꡄ ཅ ཅ


ja 72210 ꡆ ཇ ཇ


ṭa 72212 ꡩ ཊ ཊ


ḍa 72214 ꡫ ཌ ཌ


ṇa 72216 ꡬ ཎ ཎ

ta 72217 ꡈ ཏ ཏ


da 72219 ꡊ ད ད


na 72221 ꡋ ན ན


64



pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard






pa 72222 ꡌ པ པ


ba 72224 ꡎ བ བ


ma 72226 ꡏ མ མ






za 72232 ꡕ ཟ ཟ


ya 72234 ꡗ ཡ ཡ

ra 72235 ꡘ ར ར

la 72236 ꡙ ལ ལ

va 72237 ꡓ ཝ ཝ

śa 72238 ꡚ ཤ ཤ


sa 72240 ꡛ ས ས

ha 72241 ꡜ ཧ ཧ



65



a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard






a 72192 ꡝ ཨ ཨ


i 72192 ꡞ ཨ ཨ




u 72192 ꡟ ཨ ཨ


e 72192 ꡠ ཨ ཨ


o 72192 ꡡ ཨ ཨ






r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

r 7223572201 mdash ར ར

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ

l 7223672201 mdash ལ ལ


66






standard









standard




proposaltoencodethezanabazarsquarescriptiniso/iec10646 · 2014-01-28 ·...

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