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Propolis By Lady Spirit Moon CN, MH, CA, Certified Beekeeper Ambassador to the Center for Honeybee Research www.chbr.org 443 West Rd Hot springs, NC, 28743, USA www.BEeHealing.org info@BEeealing.org Cell: 1-828-606-2109

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The word propolis comes, via Latin, from Greek: suburb, bee glue, from pro- before and polis city; meaning in front or before the city. It is also possible that the word propolis comes from the Latin "propolre," which means "coat". (1) Sources of resin (left) (3) Cedar of Lebanon cone showing flecks of resin as used in the mummification of Egyptian Pharaohs. (2) (1)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolis (2)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resin (3)http://www.panoramio.com/user/5707675/tags/Arauc%C3%A1rias?photo_page=2http://www.panoramio.com/user/5707675/tags/Arauc%C3%A1rias?photo_page=2 (4)http://peacebeefarm.blogspot.com/2009_06_01_archive.htmlhttp://peacebeefarm.blogspot.com/2009_06_01_archive.html (5)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolis Propolis is gathered from trees from bark, cones, and flower buds. Propolis is then combined with wax and used to seal larger holes or line inside hives. (5) Peace Bee Farm(4)

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(2) http://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/43853/1/EJFR13-1_004.pdfhttp://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/43853/1/EJFR13-1_004.pdf (3) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aglyconehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aglycone (4) Apigenin molecule : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apigeninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apigenin (5) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Betula_pendulahttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Betula_pendula 6) http://www.bees-online.com/Propolis.htmlhttp://www.bees-online.com/Propolis.html (7) http://whatyouonceknew.wordpress.com/2012/02/05/balsam-poplar/http://whatyouonceknew.wordpress.com/2012/02/05/balsam-poplar/ Apigenin (4) Propolis is obtained from sap, bark, tree buds, etc. from all over the world. In Russia the most common source of propolis are the birch buds (Betula pendula). The outer bark containing 0.05% flavonoids (Dolgodvorova and Chernyaeva 1977). (1) To name one of many flavonoids, the inner bark contains the flavones apigenin, (Kononenko et al. 1975). (2) Apigenin is a natural product that is the aglycone of several naturally occurring glycosides.(3) A bee with propolis in her basket. (6) Balsam Popular Buds (7)

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(1)http://mandmbees.bizland.com/Pages/propolis.htmlhttp://mandmbees.bizland.com/Pages/propolis.html (2)http://www.bees-online.com/Propolis.htmhttp://www.bees-online.com/Propolis.htm (3) http://www.jonesbee.com/propolis.htmhttp://www.jonesbee.com/propolis.htm Aristotle was born c. 322 AD 384 AD Pliny, (c. 61 AD - c.112 AD) the Roman scholar, wrote much on the use of resins such as propolis in his massive book, Natural History. (1) Propolis has been used by Man for centuries for healing purposes. It was first used as folk medicine during the days of Aristotle around 350 BC as a remedy for bad bruises and strains. Pliny used propolis for nerve illnesses, ulcers, and many other serious conditions. (2) A mixture of propolis and petroleum jelly called propol was used for the treatment of wound and skin diseases in the Boer War 1888-1902 AD and also for disinfecting surgical instruments and hands. (3)

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3-phenylchromen-4-one (1) Chemical structure of 4-phenylcoumarin (neoflavone backbone). (1) (1)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoflavonoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoflavonoid (2, 3) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoid (4) http://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/7H.htmlhttp://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/7H.html The 3 Classes of Flavonoids (or bioflavonoids) (from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow, their color in nature) are what make up propolis and are a class of plant secondary metabolites. The three flavonoid classes above are all keytone-containing compounds, and as such, are flavonoids and flavonols. This class was the first to be termed "bioflavonoids. *AIC Molecular structure of the flavones backbone (2-phenyl- 1,4-benzopyrone ), examples: quercetin, and rutin)(2) Flavonoids are widely distributed in plants and are the most important plant pigments for flower coloration producing yellow or red/blue pigmentation in petals designed to attract pollinator animals. (1) Picture from WebExhibits.Org

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Propolis composition varies from hive to hive, from district to district, and from season to season. Normally it is dark brown in color, but it can be found in green, red, black, and white hues, depending on the sources of resin found in the particular hive area. (6) *AIC Green propolis (4) Red propolis (3) White propolis (2) Black propolis (5) In northern temperate climates, for example, bees collect resins from poplars and conifers (the biological role of resin in trees is to seal wounds and defend against bacteria, fungi and insects(1). (1)http://essmextension.tamu.edu/treecarekit/index.php/after-the-storm/tree-damage-and-hazard-assessment/tree-wounds/http://essmextension.tamu.edu/treecarekit/index.php/after-the-storm/tree-damage-and-hazard-assessment/tree-wounds/ (2)Wikipedia (3)Picture from Dreams time. (4)Lustrel.com (5)Chicago Reader.com (6)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolis

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2-Phenylethyl (2E)-3-(3,4- dihydroxyphenyl) acrylate (1) Though it can bring up allergic reaction in 1-2 % of the people who come in contact with prenyl caffeate. (2) Propolis is spasmolytic and it may thus decrease the blood pressure. *AIC (1)According to Hausen et al., 1987; Wollenweber et al., 1987; Greenaway et al., 1988; Hashimoto et al., 1988 prenyl caffeate is a potential contact allergen. Prenyl caffeate, Biochemical formula: prop-2-enoic acid, 3(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-, 3-methylbut-2-enyl ester 1,1-dimethylallyl caffeic acid ester Propolis varies in structure and consistency according to the temperature: hard and brittle at 0-15C (especially when it ages) *AIC soft and malleable at around 30C sticky between 30 to 60C *AIC it liquefies at temperatures higher than 60-70C *AIC

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If it is slowly warmed up in a bain- marie it splits into two distinct parts:* AIC (picture 5) - a viscous part which sinks - a liquid part (the wax of propolis) which floats on the water surface European propolis usually has a pleasant and sweetish smell of poplar buds, wax, honey and vanilla. When burnt it exhales a delicate smell caused by the aromatic resins which became volatile. The smell of Georgian propolis resembles, in general, propolis from other areas and regions of USSR. (1) *AIC (Picture 4) (1)Makashvili, 1972 (2)Patzaichin et al., 1990. (3)http://www.fanpop.com/clubs/garfield/images/164035 93/title/garfield-photohttp://www.fanpop.com/clubs/garfield/images/164035 93/title/garfield-photo (4)http://doblelol.com/funny-nerf-videos.htmhttp://doblelol.com/funny-nerf-videos.htm (5)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bain-mariehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bain-marie Sour and sometimes bitter. Georgian propolis has a bitter and pricking taste. The flavonoids from propolis have a bitter and astringent taste. (2) *AIC (Picture (3)

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Solubility: The antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of propolis solutions (EEP) is maintained in acidic or neutral pH. (1) PH ranges between 5.2-5.7 (Bracho et al., 1998) (2) * Insoluble in cold water but will partially dissolve in: * alcohol acetone ammoniac benzene chloroform ether trichloroethylene, etc. Propolis can be entirely diluted only by an adequate mixture of solvents. (3) (1)Scheller, Stanislaw; Szaflarski, J.; Tustanowski, J.; Nolewajka, E.; Stojko, A. (1977) - Biological properties and clinical application of propolis. I. Some physico-chemical properties of propolis, in Arzneimittelforschung, 27 (II)(4), Seiten 889-90 (abstract).The presence of 19 elements has been shown in the ethanol extracts of propolis (EEP). Three fractions have been obtained by filtration through a structural gel that did not show an initial antibacterial activity when investigated separately. Fractions 2 and 3 joined together have regained this activity. EEP solutions maintain their antibacterial activity in acidic or neutral pH. Insensitivity of EEP solutions on temperature of 75 degrees C for 30 min has been found. (2)According to the following authors, four samples of propolis showed that their pH was in the range of 5.2-5.7: Bracho Prez, Julio Csar (M.Sc); Fernndez, Mario D. (Prof. Apic.); Guerrini Laura (Dra) (1998) (Argentina) - Estudio de Calidad de Propleos: Camino a la Tipificacin, in Ciencia y abejas (8), Epoca II, Numbers 28,29 and 30. Pages: 13. (3)Donadieu, 1994. (4)http://cesnightmare.com/the-joy-of-water/http://cesnightmare.com/the-joy-of-water/ Partially warm or boiling water (4)

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55 % resins 7.5-35% waxes 4.40-19% impurities 10 % volatile oils 5% pollen 5% fatty acids balsams, terpenes, tannin substances, salivary gland secretion of the Bees and accidental components (1) Clearly such major differences in propolis composition are likely to have considerable effects on its properties. The assumption sometimes made that propolis is of a similar composition regardless of sources is incorrect and any supposedly scientific experimentation using propolis should detail the constituents of the propolis sample used (Greenaway et al., 1990). (2) Chart created by author. Information taken from AIC The variations in quantitative composition of propolis can be considerable. (1)

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Some Qualitative Compositions of Propolis * AIC Cinnamic acid and its derivatives (2) Alpha Amylase (2) Hydrocarbons (2) Short chain volatile oils (2) (1)Propolis flavonoids are aglycones, they are lipophilic and practically insoluble in water, in contrast to most plant flavonoids which occur in glycosidic form (Vassya Bankova, 2006). (2)All pictures are from Wikipedia Flavonoids(1) Aldehydes (2) Beta Amylase (2)

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Amino Acids (1) Sucrose: a disaccharide of glucose (left) and fructose (right), important molecules in the body. (1) Other Important Qualitative Compositions of Propolis (1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugars

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(1)en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invitro (2)http://mct.aacrjournals.org/content/5/7/1790.full.pdf+html In Vitro (in glass) studies show that flavonoids also have anti-allergic, anti- inflammatory, Therapeutic potential of inhibition of the NF-kB pathway in the treatment of inflammation and cancer. (1) (2)

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Flavonoids were found to be strong topoisomerase inhibitors and induce DNA mutations in the MLL gene, which are common findings in neonatal acute leukemia, (1,2) The DNA changes were increased by treatment with flavonoids in cultured blood stem cells. (3) In one study, a high flavonoid-content diet in mothers seemed to increase risk of MLL and acute myeloid leukemia in neonates. This result was not statistically significant though, and when the data on all types of leukemia in the study were taken together, a beneficial effect of the high- flavonoid diet was seen.(4,5,6) (1)Thirman MJ, Gill HJ, Burnett RC, Mbangkollo D, McCabe NR, Kobayashi H et al. (1993). "Rearrangement of the MLL gene in acute lymphoblastic and acute myeloid leukemiaswith 11q23 chromosomal translocations". N Engl J Med 329 (2)Strick R, Strissel PL, Borgers S, Smith SL, Rowley JD (2000). Dietary bioflavonoids induce cleavage in MLL gene and may contribute to infant leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97 (9): 47905. doi:10.1073/pnas.070061297. PMC 18311. (3)Barjesteh van Waalwijk van Doorn-Khosrovani S, Janssen J, Maas LM, Godschalk RW, Nijhuis JG, van Schooten FJ (2007). Dietary flavonoids induce MLL translocations in primary human CD34+cells.Carcinogenesis 28 (8): 17039. doi:10.1093/carcin/bqm 102. PMID 17468513. (4)Ross JA (1998). "Maternal diet and infant leukemia: a role for DNA topoisomerase II inhibitors?". Int J Cancer Suppl 11: 268. doi:10.1002/(SICI? 1097-0212(1998)78,11+ 3.0.CO:2-M. PMID 9876473 (5)Ross JA (2000). Dietary flavonoids and the MLL gene: A pathway to infant leukemia?Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97 (9): 44113. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4411.PMC 34309. PMID 10781030. (6)Spector LG, Xie Y, Robison LL, Heerema NA, Hilden JM, Lange B et al. (2005). Maternal diet and infant leukemia: the DNA topoisomerase II inhibitor hypothesis: a report from the childrens oncology group. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14 (3): 6515. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0602. PMID 15767345. Picture

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A few people who are sensitive to propolis and tests at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary showed that approximately one person in every two thousand might show a puffy redness of the skin when it has been touched by propolis. This can be quite a problem for beekeepers who must continually come into contact with it, but a silicone barrier cream has been shown to be effective. I suffer from this allergy myself but it does not afflict any other members of the family. Also it does not seem to lessen the good effects of propolis when taken internally or as a gargle. Also it does not seem to lessen the good effects of propolis when taken internally or as a gargle. (1) The eye area should be avoided when using propolis as it irritates the eyes. Prolonged and repeated use of propolis may increase peoples propensity for developing allergies. (2) SPECIAL NOTES (1)http://propolisplusbusiness.blogspot.com/2006/07/natures-source-for-health-care.htmlhttp://propolisplusbusiness.blogspot.com/2006/07/natures-source-for-health-care.html (2)http://altmedicine.about.com/cs/herbsvitaminsa1/a/Bee_propolis.htmhttp://altmedicine.about.com/cs/herbsvitaminsa1/a/Bee_propolis.htm

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Remedies Acne In cases of bad acne and other nasty spots on the skin a tiny dab of propolis tincture every day (preferably several times a day) promotes extremely rapid healing and the propolis also forms an invisible protective coat which protects against renewed infection allowing reddening to subside, the blemishes to dry, fall off and soon disappear. (1) * AIC (1)Nature's Medical Miracle (http://propolisplusbusiness.blogspot.com/).http://propolisplusbusiness.blogspot.com/ (2)http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/capillary+permeabilityhttp://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/capillary+permeability (3)http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/alveolar+edema.http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/alveolar+edema Anti-allergy There are about 1-2% of people allergic to propolis, or more specifically allergic to certain substances present in it, like prenyl caffeate. As a result of these allergies, propolis is NOT recommended to those persons who have such an allergy * AIC Anti-edema Propolis diminishes capillary permeability (ability of large molecules to pass out of the capillary lumen into surrounding tissue spaces; inflammation, allergy, poisoning, burns cause increased permeability resulting in plasma leakage and edema in surrounding tissues. (2)) and it also has a general dryness effect. (3) * AIC (2)

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Anti-bacterial Propolis sample collected by Apis mellifera caucasica showed a higher antibacterial activity than collected by Apis mellifera anatolica and Apis mellifera carnica (1). Some of the anti-bacterial properties are: Pinocembrin( 2) Pinobanksin (3) Isalpinin (4) Galangin (5) a diterpenoid of clerodane (6) aromatic acids and their esters ferulic acid (7) caffeic acid (1) Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of propolis collected by three different races of honeybees in the same region. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005. (2) Papay et al., 1985. (3) Papay et al., 1985. (4) Papay et al., 1985. (5) Pepeljnjak, 1982; Papay et al., 1985. (6) Matsuno Tetsuya, 1991. (7) Cizmarik and Matel, 1970. (8) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_cell_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_cell_structure Bacteria (8)

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Anti- bacterial afffects Flavonoids stimulate hair growth, and improve the circulation of the blood. They also stimulate elimination of urine, bile secretion, and endocrine secretion. It is a well known fact that endocrine secretion, from places such as the thymus, the thyroid gland, the pancreas and the adrenals has a beneficial effect on the organism in general. Flavonoids are not only antibacterial substances, they are also active for the treatment of ulcers, rheumatism, flu and cold syndromes, irritated stomachs, and certain breathing problems. * AIC Anti-fungal It is suggested that high concentrations of propolis extract could be used as an antifungal agent against tested fungi.(photo 1) * AIC (1)Inhibitory effect of bee pollen and propolis extracts. Nahrung. 2004. (2)http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/capillary+permeabilityhttp://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/capillary+permeability (3)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscadine.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscadine Muscadine grapes have 6 x more antioxidants than standard grapes(3). Anti-septic Related to the general anti-microbial property; in Georgia, in the country side, many mothers "paint" the children's toys with propolis. * AIC Photo James Barker

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(1) Anti-microbial substances in propolis (Schneidewind et al., 1975): flavones and flavanols (Ghisalberti, 1979). http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/%28SICI%291099-1573%28199606%2910:4%3C335::AID-PTR828%3E3.0.CO;2-7/abstract. B. Tosi *, A. Donini, C. Romagnoli, A. Bruni, article first published online: 4 DEC 1998, DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099- 1573(199606)10:4 3.0.CO;2-7 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/%28SICI%291099-1573%28199606%2910:4%3C335::AID-PTR828%3E3.0.CO;2-7/abstract Anti-inflammatory According to a recent Oxford University non-published study propolis has twice the anti-inflammatory effect of the famous aspirin. Anti-inflammatory properties. * AIC caffeic acid (Bankova et al., 1983) flavonoids (Marinescu, 1982) bisabolol (Marinescu, 1982) acacetin (Bankova et al., 1983)

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Anti-microbial Some commercial extracts of propolis obtained with different solvents were tested to evaluate their antibacterial and antifungal activity. All propolis preparations exhibited antimicrobial activity, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria, yeasts and dermatophytes with zones of inhibition ranging from 3 to 30 mm.(1) (2) * AIC In addition to flavones and flavanones, there are: cinnamylidene acetic acid - anti-microbial against Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli (3) And volatile compounds (essential oils) (5) Figure 1: Low- temperature electron micrograph of a cluster of E. coli bacteria, magnified 10,000 times. Each individual bacterium is oblong shaped. Photo by Eric Erbe, digital colorization by Christopher Pooley, both of USDA, ARS, EMU. Source, (4) (1) Schneidewind et al., 1975): flavones and flavanols (Ghisalberti, 1979) (2) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/%28SICI%291099-1573%28199606%2910:4%3C335::AID-PTR828%3E3.0.CO;2-7/abstract. B. Tosi *, A. Donini, C. Romagnoli, A. Bruni, article first published online: 4 DEC 1998, DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199606)10:4 3.0.CO;2-7 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/%28SICI%291099-1573%28199606%2910:4%3C335::AID-PTR828%3E3.0.CO;2-7/abstract (3) Mochida et al., 1985. (4) http://emu.arsusd http://emu.arsusd (5)Kivalkina et al., showed in 1975 that the volatile compounds (etheric oils) from birch and poplar tree propolis has the highest microbicidal activity against Bacillus anthracis (P. Tenkovskiis vaccine strain), St. aureus 209, Bacillus subtilis L-2, Mycobacterium B-5, T. gipseum and E. colli 0-55. The etheric oils have a relatively high activity on the Gram - positive bacteria and a low activity on the Gram - negative ones (E. colli). The petroleum etheric oil extract had higher activity than other extracts like alcoholic extract and the volatile component from the native propolis. Makashvili states also in 1972 that the most active anti-microbial propolis is the strong smelling one, collected in the mountain regions.

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Anti-oxidant Bee propolis contains antioxidant compounds, flavonoids such as chrysin, and animal research has suggested it has anti-tumor properties. We compared antioxidant effects among water and ethanol extracts of Brazilian green propolis, its main constituents, water-soluble royal jelly, and an ethanol extract of bee pollen. On the basis of the present assays, propolis is the most powerful antioxidant of all bee products examined, and its effect may be partly due to the various caffeic acids it contains. Pollen exhibits strong antioxidant effects.(1) Anti oxidant properties: Flavonoids(2) caffeic acid phenethyl ester(3) (1) Comparison of bee products based on assays of antioxidant capacities. BMC Complement Altern Med. (2) Vanhaelen and Vanhaelen-Fastr, 1992. (3) Jaiswal, A. K.; Venugopal, R.; Mucha, J.; Carothers, A. M.; Grunberger, D. (1997). Molecular structure of the flavoe backbone (2-phenyl- 1,4-benzopyrone) 2-Phenylethyl (2E)-3-(3,4- dihydroxyphenyl)acrylate Picture: http://manbir-online.com/cardiac/anthero.1.htm

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Anti-parasitic Parasites like humidity, they also need weak capillaries, weak skin and internal mucosa (endothelium) of the host; propolis has the opposite effect, protecting the "host. * AIC Schistosoma mansoni is a endoparasite that lives in human blood vessels.(1) (1)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasiteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasites (2)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteolysis Structure of a proteasome. Its active sites are inside the tube (blue) where proteins are degraded. (2) Anti-proteolysis Proteolysis in organisms serves many purposes; for example, digestive enzymes break down proteins in food to provide amino acids for the organism, while proteolytic processing of polypeptide chain after its synthesis may be necessary for the production of an active protein. It is also important in the regulation of some physiological and cellular processes, as well as preventing the accumulation of unwanted or abnormal proteins in cells.(2) Propolis helps protein production and generally speaking protects the body's organs, tissues and cell structures. This property is extremely important in the fight against tumors, because the cancerous cells and tissues can grow only through proteolysis of the surrounding structures. *AIC

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A colorized SEM of MRSASEM Anti-Staphylococcus aureus Is a bacterium that is a member of the Firmicutes, and is frequently found in the human respiratory tract and on the skin. Although S. aureus is not always pathogenic, it is a common cause of skin infections (e.g. boils), respiratory disease (e.g. sinusitis), and food poisoning. Disease- associated strains often promote infections by producing potent protein toxins, and expressing cell-surface proteins that bind and inactive antibodies. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant forms of pathogenic S. aureus (1) (e.g. MRSA, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) is a worldwide problem in clinical medicine.(2) *AIC (1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus (2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRSA Scanning electron micrograph of S. aureus; false color added. (1) False color added.

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Anti-tumor (Tumor cytotoxicity or inhibition) Propolis stimulates the immune system. It is anti-proteolytic, protects the body's structure and helps the genetical energies (Zhong Qi, according to TCM)(1). Tumor cytotoxicity or inhibition (2): *AIC caffeic acid phenethyl ester, also known as CAPE (methyl caffeate, methyl ferulate) artepillin C (3) (1)TCM = Traditional Chinese Medicine. (2)Grunberger et al., 1988; Inayama et al., 1984: (3)Matsuno Tetsuya, 1991 cited by Yamamoto, 1996.

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Antiviral substances (1) Propolis protects bark, buds, the skin, the endothelium (internal "skins"), the cell membranes; viruses cannot penetrate the living structures but enter through these anatomical structures; viral multiplication is also inhibited by certain constituents of propolis. ^AIC Besides caffeic acid: 3-methyl-but-2-enyl caffeate (2) Luteolin Quercetin 7-methoxyquercetin (3) 3,7-dimethoxyquercetin (4) (1)Knig and Dustmann, 1985 (2)Amoros et al., 1994 (3)Knig, 1987. (4)Knig, 1987. (5)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swine_influenza Elecgtron microscope mage of the rreassorted H1N1 influenza virus photographed at the CDC Influenza Laboratory. The viruses are 0-120 nanometers in diameter. (5)

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Cancer Propolis halted neurofibromatosis tumor growth in a group of cancer patients in a study done by scientists at Universitaets Klinikum Eppendorf in Hamburg, Germany. Dysfunction of the NF1 or NF2 gene coding is the major cause of neurofibromatosis. Since propolis contains anticancer ingredients caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and artepillin C (ARC), both of which block the oncogenic PAK1 signaling pathways, its potential therapeutic effects on NF tumors were explored in vivo. It was demonstrated that a CAPE-rich extract of propolis mixed with water completely suppressed the growth of human NF1 and caused an almost complete regression of human NF2 (Schwannoma(1)) grafted in mice. The scientists stressed that although CAPE is not used clinically due to its poor bioavailability, it can be made soluble with the addition of lipids (fats). (Phytotherapy Resources, February). *AIC NF2 anti-bodies by Bethyl Laboratories (2) (1)http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P35240http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P35240 (2)http://www.bethyl.com/product/A300-578A/NF2_Antibody?referrer=NF2http://www.bethyl.com/product/A300-578A/NF2_Antibody?referrer=NF2

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Candida Albicans Dr. Weil, Americas nutrition guru, also speaks of Candida albicans, when out of control, creates Inflammation of Autoimmune System Once into the blood stream, Inflammation of the Autoimmune weakens our ability to fight off diseases from the common cold, psoriasis, eczema, diabetesand more (1). This work was carried on by Dr. Cizmarik and Dr. Troupl, of the University of Bratislava, who tested propolis on a whole range of fungi and achieved a high standard of results. They extended their trial in 1976 and concluded that propolis is a substance with remarkable effectiveness for all fungal infections of the skin and body. Anti Candida properties: Pinocembrin (2) cinnamylidene acetic acid (3) (1)http://www.drweil.com/drw/u/QAA125503/Concerned-About-Candidiasis.htmlhttp://www.drweil.com/drw/u/QAA125503/Concerned-About-Candidiasis.html (2)Metzner and Schneidewind, 1978. (3) Mochida et al., 1985. (4) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Saccharomycetes Order: Saccharomycetales Family: Saccharomycetaceae Genus: Candida Species: C. albicans Binomial name Candida albicans (C.P.Robin) Berkhout (1923

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Eczema Creams containing propolis used daily. *AIC Canker sores (aphtha) Propolis tincture swished around in the mouth daily will heal canker sores. Hepatitis and liver health Effects of Cuban red propolis on galactosamine-induced hepatitis in rats. Using transmission electron microscopy and biochemical analysis, the effect of Cuban red propolis against hepatitis induced by 1,000 mg kg-1 of galactosamine in rats was studied. An ethanolic extract of propolis was prepared and it was given to rats at doses of 10, 50 and 100 mg kg-1, 30 min before the hepatotoxin. Propolis extract prevented hepatocytes alterations induced by galactosamine. It was mainly seen in rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, nucleus and plasma membrane of hepatocytes. Propolis extract induced reversion of the increased activity of alanine aminotransferase and malondialdehyde concentration in the serum of rats treated with galactosamine. Pharmacol Res. 1997; Rodrguez S, Ancheta O, Ramos ME, Remrez D. Electron Microscopy Laboratory, National Center for Scientific Research, Havana, Cuba. (1) *AIC (1)Pharmacol Res. 1997; Rodrguez S, Ancheta O, Ramos ME, Remrez D. Electron Microscopy Laboratory, National Center for Scientific Research, Havana, Cuba. (2) http://www.onhealth.com/canker_sores_health/page5.htm#canker_sore_picture (3) http://www.baraka.lk/what-do-you-know-about-hepatitis/http://www.baraka.lk/what-do-you-know-about-hepatitis/ (4) http://www.medicinenet.com/eczema_atopic_dermatitis_pictures_slideshow/article.htmhttp://www.medicinenet.com/eczema_atopic_dermatitis_pictures_slideshow/article.htm Picture (2) Picture (3) Picture (4)

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Psoriasis Making a cream of Shea butter (or coconut oil), propolis pdr, and goldenseal tincture will help heal psoriasis when used daily. *AIC Various forms of psoriasis (Pictures from Mayo Clinic) Shingles Herpes Zoster as it is medically termed) At the symposium on api-therapy at Portoroz in Yugoslavia in September 1978 Dr. Franz Feiks of the Klosterneuburg Hospital in Austria He tried the treatment on twenty-one cases where each was given a 5% solution of Melbrosia propolis tincture each day as a dressing on the affected parts. In all of the twenty-one cases Dr. Feiks, reported that the pain disappeared in forty- eight hours and did not reappear. In three of these cases itching persisted for a long period of time in all the others that common accompaniment to shingles disappeared. Indeed, in nineteen of the patients the skin sores were healed without any recurrence so that only two cases had a new development of their illness. *AIC On a personal note, when I applied 25% propolis tincture to my shingles, the pain subsided within moments, pain stopped, as well as the itching. The tincture did leave a very thin film on the skin. (1) http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/shingles/ss/slideshow-shingles-pictures (1)

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Genital Herpes People sometimes apply propolis directly to the skin for wound cleansing, genital herpes and cold sores; as a mouth rinse for speeding healing following oral surgery; and for the treatment of minor burns.(1) The study ointments were applied to affected areas four times daily. In women with vaginal or cervical lesions a tampon with the appropriate ointment was inserted four times daily for 10 days Of the women, 66% had vaginal super infections of microbial pathogens at the initial examination. In the acyclovir and placebo groups no change in the vaginal flora was found following treatment whereas in the propolis group the incidence of super infection was reduced by 55%. *AIC Propolis ointment should be applied five times a day for cold sores and four times a day for genital herpes outbreaks. 1.WebmdWebmd 2.Wikipedia U.S. National Library of Medicine. January 19, 2012.Wikipedia Picture: Webmd. Symptoms: Fluid-filled blisters that form painful, crusted sores on the genitals, anus, thighs, or buttocks. Can spread to the lips through oral contact.

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Hepatitis and liver health Propolis extract prevented hepatocytes (cells of the main tissue of the liver) alterations induced by. Galactosamine (an amino sugar is a constituent of some glycoprotein hormones such as follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH)). Propolis extract induced reversion of the increased activity of alanine aminotransferase (an enzyme found mainly in the liver) (1) The initial phase of hepatitis is called the acute phase. The symptoms are like a mild flu, and may include: Diarrhea (2) Fatigue Loss of appetite Mild fever Muscle or joint aches Nausea Slight abdominal pain Vomiting Weight loss (1) Pharmacol Res. 1997; Rodrguez S, Ancheta O, Ramos ME, Remrez D. Electron Microscopy Laboratory, National Center for Scientific Research, Havana, Cuba. (2) http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/145869.php

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Hepatitis A Viral diseases generally are contagious. Hepatitis A is highly contagious. It usually is spread from person to person via a fecal-oral route, meaning via fecal contamination of food. It usually is a mild hepatitis, and many people do not know they are infected. The virus is eliminated by the body rapidly, and it does not cause long-term damage. Hepatitis B A majority of adults who contract hepatitis B have none to mild symptoms, and then the virus resolves spontaneously; however, about 5% of people are not able to eliminate the hepatitis B virus and develop chronic infection. It is spread through blood or body fluids. Hepatitis C With acute hepatitis C, the virus is eliminated in 25% of people. The rest of the people become chronically infected and later may develop serious complications such as liver failure and liver cancer. There is treatment, however, for hepatitis C that usually can prevent the complications. It is spread through needles and blood. Hepatitis Virus Hepatitis C Hepatitis Virus

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Autoimmune System Disorders: Some Symptoms Eczema (1) Lyme disease (1)Psoriasis (1) Lupus (1) Yeast infection (1) Canker sore (1) Pictures are from the Website of Hardin, MD obtained from various sources. Updated Dec 2, 2010 (1) http://www.medicinenet.com/rash/related-conditions/index.htm An autoimmune disorder is a condition that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. There are more than 80 different types of autoimmune disorders.

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Multiple Sclerosis: An estimated 2.5 million people worldwide are living with multiple sclerosis, or MS, an autoimmune condition that causes damage to the protective myelin sheaths around nerve endings. And that interrupts smooth communication between the brain, the spinal cord and your organs, bodily systems and muscles. MS causes an assortment of symptoms, such as: numbness, dizziness, balance problems, vision problems, pain, stiffness and involuntary muscle spasms. (4) Iron is enriched within oligodendrocytes and myelin in both normal and diseased tissue (1). One explanation for such findings proposes that iron is associated with the biosynthetic enzymes of myelinogenesis (the process of sequential of development of myelin sheaths around nerve fibers of the central nervous system.)(2). Brain iron accumulation has been shown histologically in neurodegenerative diseases, including MS, and has been specifically seen in the vessel walls of veins (3). (1)Francois C, Nguyen-Legros J, Percheron G. Topographical and cytological localization of iron in rat and monkey brains. Brain Res. 1981;215:317322. [PubMed]PubMed (2)Connor JR, Snyder BS, Arosio P. A quantitative analysis of isoferritins in select regions of aged, parkinsonian, and Alzheimer's diseased brains. J Neurochem. 1995;65:717724. [PubMed]PubMed (3)Zamboni P. The Big Idea: iron-dependent inflammation in venous disease and proposed parallels in multiple sclerosis. J R Soc Med. 2006;99:589593. [PMC free article] [PubMed]PMC free articlePubMed (4)http://conditions.healthguru.com/slideshow/just-nerves Picture

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Other uses of Propolis Shingles: (Herpes Zoster as it is medically termed) At the symposium on api-therapy at Portoroz in Yugoslavia in September 1978 Dr. Franz Feiks of the Klosterneuburg Hospital in Austria reported how the immediate pain relieving effect of propolis in patients with ulcers led him on to decide to treat the local skin sores of herpes with the same substance. He tried the treatment on twenty-one cases where each was given a 5% solution of Melbrosia PLD propolis((pour la dame for the woman)whose ingredients include Pollen and Royal Jelly.) tincture each day as a dressing on the affected parts. In all of the twenty-one cases Dr. Feiks, reported that the pain disappeared in forty- eight hours and did not reappear. Melbrosia PLD contains: * AIC Flower pollen 390mg Perga 37mg Royal jelly 100mg Ascorbic acid 20mg Stimulates mitosis and enhance protein biosynthesis: * AIC Mitosis is related to cellular multiplication Protein biosynthesis is necessary in any cellular or tissue regeneration processes Wound healing: * AIC phenolic acids flavonoids ShinglesShingles blisters scabbing over

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When Not to Use Propolis Propolis is not recommended for the 1-2% of people allergic to propolis, specifically allergic to certain substances present in it, like prenyl caffeate. Below are some negative reactions that may occur after propolis administration (internal and/or external): *AIC contact dermatitis to propolis, like poison ivy (raw or cream, ointment propolis) cosmetic dermatitis after application of propolis creams, lotions etc. allergy to propolis inhalations with bronchial spasms oral mucositis with ulceration (propolis tablets and chewable propolis) occupational eczema to beekeepers (raw propolis) low Blood Pressure (propolis is spasmolytic and may decrease blood pressure) (1) http://www.mayoclinic.org/condition/dermatitis-eczema/multimedia/dermatitis/SLS-20076203?s=2 (2) http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1079570-overview Chemo-induced Oral Mucositis lesions (2) Contact Dermatitis poison ivy (1)

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Rules on Propolis Administration * AIC first of all test for a possible allergy start usually with low doses, unless an emergency forces your hand use several "vehicles" (honey, capsules, creams, suppositories) use several administration methods to reach your "target: through the mouth (most usually) through the skin (propolis ointments "helped" to penetrate in the skin through massages, acupressure) through suppositories through physiotherapeutic ways (electrotherapy, phonophoresis, etc.) use several types of propolis extracts (water, alcohol, fat extracts) in order to be sure that you have "squeezed" out most of the active, useful propolis compounds watch for the quantity of "active" propolis in the commercial products A heavy bleeding for example, no matter whether internal or external, or a burn or scald. ALERT Some companies, in their desire to gain maximum of profits, write "PROPOLIS" in large letters on the label but insert tiny amounts of it in the product relax the body sufficiently, obtain sufficient sleep, in order to let the body process all the precious propolis compounds efficiently Picture

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Dosage & Tincture The best dosage and rhythm for all administration methods can be established by the apitherapist and varies according to the disease, the patient's structural, functional and even emotional characteristics. As the tolerance to propolis is pretty high (even 1 gram/Kg body weight/day can be tolerated), the amount of propolis can vary largely according to the therapeutical goals. Raw propolis (3-10 grams a day) can be swallowed after 5-20 minutes of chewing. Propolis tincture 5-50% the dose can vary from 5 to 30 drops, three times a day, between meals, in a tablespoon of water or tea. (1) To make 25 per cent (1:4) alcohol extract you will need 250g of propolis plus four times (1,000g) that weight/volume in 90% or more ethanol alcohol. Heating the alcohol slightly will bring out more of propolis properties. But be careful as ethanol is flammable. Take 30-40 grams of propolis powder and mix it with 70 ml. of 90 - 96% alcohol. Leave for a minimum of 14 days, in a dark cool place (not in refrigerator), but shake/stir 3-6 times per day. It is important to allow the alcohol molecules to come into contact with as many propolis compounds as possible, in order to extract them from the "solid" mass. (You can use 1 cup of propolis pdr and 2 cups of ethanol alcohol.) If you dont shake often, the powder will settle to a semi-solid mass and you will have to manually stir it. After two weeks (the longer the better) the solution can be filtered; the liquid portion should be stored in a dark green or dark brown bottle in a cool, dry and dark place. You will have about 30% (if you wish to know the exact percentage, you need to know how much wax and other non-soluble in alcohol compounds have been in the propolis to begin with). If you buy pure, clean propolis powder you will have the exact. (1)In some cancer cases larger amounts of propolis extracts (tinctures) needs to be administered. (2) All from * AIC

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The non-soluble remainder of the propolis should, left after the first extraction, should be mixed again with "fresh" alcohol, in a proportion of 1:10. This mixture can be left in place for another 2-3 months. After this period of time you can repeat the same procedures as above (filtration, storage etc.). The final solution, in this second extraction can also be called propolis tincture, but its grade tincture can contain about 3-6% propolis substances. Administration (internal and/or external) Here are some negative reactions that can possibly occur in allergic people after propolis contact dermatitis to propolis (raw or cream, ointment propolis) cosmetic dermatitis after application of propolis creams, lotions etc. allergy to propolis inhalations with bronchial spasms oral mucositis with ulceration (propolis tablets and chewable propolis) occupational eczema to beekeepers (raw propolis) low Blood Pressure (propolis is spasmolytic and may decrease the blood pressure) The general advice for the use of all bee products is to test for allergy by using only very small, even tiny amounts to begin with. So, start with only one drop of propolis tincture diluted in a soupspoon of tea or water; use less than 10-50 mg. in raw form to chew; or apply externally in ointments on very small body areas only. The limits in the use of propolis are similar to those specified for honey or pollen: weak body inefficient absorption obstacles on the way to the "target" areas incorrect administration All from * AIC Picture

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Propylene Glycol * AIC Use only 10% raw propolis, or 100g, to 1 liter of glycol because glycol is not as effective solvent as alcohol. You may need to use a little heat to help the propolis dissolve. * Do not drink more than 1.5g of glycol a day. Propylene glycol tinctures can be used in the same way. Indeed, external use on wounds and burns may be more appropriate because the liquid does not sting as much as the alcohol-based product. It is not advisable for humans to consume more than 1.5g of glycol per day. So if you are taking the tincture internally on a regular basis, it is probably better to use one that is alcohol-based. (1) Water extract * AIC Take 10 grams of propolis powder and mix it with 100 ml. of clean and pure water (1:10). Leave it for about 10 hours, but, if possible, shake the receptacle as often as possible. After 10 hours, filter the solution. What is left can be used in alcoholic or fat extracts, or it can be chewed or swallowed as is the case with raw propolis. The fluid which is obtained (the water propolis extract), has a taste and aroma specific to propolis and can be used in various ways: to drink, as mouth water (combined with a few drops of essential oils and herbal extracts), to gargle in throat related diseases, or in external applications Other Products * AIC Creams Ointments Mouth Sprays And more (1)James Fearnley's book `Bee Propolis Natural Healing from the Hive, copyright 2001 James Fearnley. Propolis on screened inner cover. usually mixed with beeswax.

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Thank you Unless otherwise indicated, information with ** AIC is information taken from the Apitherapy Internet Course.