PRONUNCIATION

OF THE ENDING – ED

-ED as a Verbal Ending

The ending –ed of the past tense and the past participle of verbs is pronounced:

-ED as a Verbal Ending

/Id/ after d and t:

add - added lift - liftedend -ended rest - rested

defend - defended wait - waited

pretend - pretended

-ED as a Verbal Ending

/t/ after voiceless sounds other than t:

/p/ - dropped, wrapped/k/ - locked, marked/f/ - coughed, laughed/θ/ - bathed, toothed/s/ - danced, kissed, missed/∫/ - brushed, wished/t∫/ - pinched, watched

-ED as a Verbal Ending

/d/ after voiced sounds other than d:

/i: / - guaranteed/I/ - worried, carried/ɑ:/ - barred, scarred/ɜ:/ - preferred, referred,/ə/ - answered, bothered/eI/- stayed, played

-ED as a Verbal Ending

/d/ after voiced sounds other than d:

/b/ - disturbed, grabbed/g/ - begged, dragged/m/ - aimed, seemed/ð/ - clothed, bathed, mouthed/z/ - pleased, caused/l/ - called, killed

-ED as an Adjectival Ending

the past participles of some verbs are used as adjectives. Then, a second syllable is added even if the base form does not end in a /t/ or /d/ sound, and the "-ed" ending will be pronounced as /id/.

-ED as an Adjectival Ending

The following -ed words used as adjectives are pronounced with /Id/:

aged blessed wicked wretched

-ED as an Adjectival Ending

So we say:

the aged man /Id/ a blessed nuisance /Id/ a wretched beggar - the beggar was

wretched /Id/

-ED as an Adjectival Ending

But when used as real verbs (past simple and past participle), the normal rules apply and we say:

he aged quickly /d/ he blessed me /t/

-ED as an Adjectival Ending

The exceptions doesn't apply to teaching pronunciation of English past tense verbs, just past participles when they are used as adjectives.