A Summer Training Report

On

HUMIDITY DETECTOR

IN

KDMIPE,ONGC,DEHRADUN

Submittedto

AmityUniversity Uttar Pradesh

Inpartial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree

of

Bachelorof Technology

By

SWATI JOSHI

Underthe guidance of

Ms.DIVYA GUPTA Ms. GARIMA VYAS

Asst. Prof. Dept. of ECE Asst. Prof. Dept. of ECE

DEPARTMENTOF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

AMITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH, NOIDA(U.P.)

OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION

(ONGC)

In august 1960, the oil and natural gas and commission were formed. Rising from mere

directorate status to commission, it has enhanced power. In 1959, these powers were further

enhanced by converting the commission into a statutory body by an Act of Indian Parliament.

Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC) (incorporated on 23 June 1993) is an

Indian public sector and gas company. It is Fortune Global 500 com [any ranked 152nd, and

contributes 77% of India’s crude oil production and 81% of India’s natural gas production. It

is the highest profit making corporation in India. It was set up as a commission on 14 August

1956. Indian government holds 74.14% equity stake in this company.

ONGC is one of Asia’s largest and most active companies involved in exploration and

production of oil. It is involved in exploring for and exploiting hydrocarbons in 26

sedimentary basins of India. It produces about 30% of India’s crude oil requirement. It owns

and operates more than, 11,000 kilometers of pipelines in India.

Fig:1An ONGC vessel carrying on an off-shore exercise

INSTITUTES OF OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION (ONGC)

ONGC has institutionalized R&D in the oil and gas, and related sectors and established

separate institution to undertake specific activities in key areas of exploration, drilling,

reservoir management, production technology, ocean engineering, safety and environment

protection in the form of 9 independent managed R&D centers, regional laboratories also

support these institutes.

LIST OF INSTITUTIONS

1. GEOPIC: Geodata processing and interpretation center, Dehradun 1897

2. KDMIPE: Keshav Deva Malaviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration, Dehradun since

1962.

3. IDT: Institute of Engineering and Ocean technology

4. IEOT: Institution of engineering and Ocean Technology

5. ONGC Academy: oil and natural gas academy since 1982 in Dehradun

6. INBIGS: Institute of Biotechnology and geotectonics studies, Jorhat since 1989

7. IOGPT: Institute of oil and gas production technology

8. IPSHEM: Institute of petroleum safety, health and environment management, Goa since

1989

9. IRS: Institute of reservoir studies, Ahmedabad since 1978

KESHAV DEVA MALAVIYA INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM

EXPLORATION (KDMIPE)

Keshava Dev Malaviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration is located in picturesque valley of

Dehradun in the state of Uttrakhand.It was founded in 1962 with an objective to provide geo

scientific back up to the exploratory efforts of Indians national oil comapny,ONGC.

The institute was rechristened as Keshava Deva Malaviya institute of petroleum exploration

on 19th December 1981 by the then prime minister of India late Mrs. Indira Gandhi in the

memory of the father of Indian petroleum industry and first chairman of ONGC-Late Shri

Keshava Deva Malaviya. Since its inception the institute is continuously providing is

geoscientific support towards finding more oil and gas in various basins in India and globally

wherever ONGC is seeking business.

Fi 2:A group of students undergoing training at the

Institutealong withinstructor (Mr. Manjeet Singh)

ROLE OF IT DIVISION

Information Technology division of KDMIPE provides repair and maintenances

services to various equipment installed at different labs of KDMIPE through in-house

expertise.

This division can be termed as one of the most important divisions of the Institution.

Without the support and assistance of this division, the labs are incapable of

functioning properly.

It provides repair and maintenance service through OEM|OESthrough outsourcing.

Various companies are employed by the institute for the repair and maintenance. The

institute itself is not capable of taking care of all such activities.

It also caters IT services at KDMIPE users for complete IT infrastructure such as

repair and maintenance of computers, printers,LAN etc.

It provides various communication services such as EPABX connections, audio

visual, services in various auditorium of KDMIPE. Many meetings and conferences

are held by KDMIPE and as such there is a huge requirement of Electronic Private

Automatic Branch Exchange, audio-visual projectors services, etc.

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN

I hereby certify that “SWATI JOSHI” Enrollment No. A2305112073 of AMITY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, AMITY UNIVERSITY has

undergone six weeks industrial training from 18th May to 3rd July at our organization to

fulfill the requirements for the award of degree of B.Tech. (ECE). She worked on

HUMIDITY DETECTOR project during the training under the supervision of MR. R.K

Verma. During her tenure with us we found her sincere and hard working.

Wishing her a great success in the future.

Signature of the Student Signature of Supervisor

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is my pleasure to be indebted to various people, who directly or indirectly contributed

in the development of this work and who influenced my thinking, behavior, and acts

during the course of study.

I am thankful to Mr.R.KVerma for his support, cooperation, and motivation provided to

me, during the training and for continuous inspiration, presence and blessings.

The constant guidance and encouragement received from Mr.R.KVerma been of great

help in carrying out the project work and is acknowledged with reverential thanks.

Lastly, I would like to thank the almighty and my parents for their moral support and my

friends with whom I shared my day-to-day experience and received lots of suggestions

that improved my quality of work.

SWATI JOSHI

Date:

Place: Noida

DECLARATION

I, SWATI JOSHI student of B.TECH studying in 7THSEMESTER hereby declare that the

Industrial Training report on “HUMIDITY DETECTOR” submitted to “AMITY SCHOOL

OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, AMITY UNIVERSITY” in partial fulfillment of

degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY is the original work conducted by me, at ONGC

(OIL AND NATURAL GAS CORPORATION), DEHRADUN.

The information and data given in the report is authentic to the best of my knowledge. This

industrial training report is not being submitted to any other place for award of any other

degree, diploma and fellowship.

SWATI JOSHI

Date:

Place: Noida

INDEX

CH.No. TOPICS Page No.

1. Introduction………………………………………………… 1-2

2. Humidity Sensing…………………………………………… 3

3.

3.1

3.2

Sensing Principle……………………………………………

Sensors Based on Capacitive Effect…………………………

Sensors Based on Resistive Effect………………………….

4

4-5

6

4. Description………………………………………………… 7-8

5. Circuit Diagram…………………………………………… 9

6. Working Principle………………………………………… 10

7.

7.1.

7.2.

7.3.

7.4.

Components Used…………………………………………

LED……………………………………………………….

Resistor……………………………………………………

Capacitor………………………………………………….

Potentiometer……………………………………………..

11

11

12

13

14

8. Breadboard Implementation……………………………… 15

9. Application……………………………………………….. 16

10. Conclusion……………………………………………….. 17

11. Laboratory Visits & Key Features………………………… 18

12. References………………………………………………… 19

ABSTRACT

The quantity of moisture in the air is called humidity. Various physical, chemical, and

biological processes are affected by volume of water in air.  Measurement of humidity in

various industries is important as it disturb the business value of the products.

Therefore, humidity sensing plays acrucial role, in the control system invarious

manufacturinghuman ease and processes.

Governing or observing it is of chief significance in various applications in domestic and

industrial field. During wafer processing moisture levels needs to be taken care in

semiconductor industry. In medical field too humidity sensing has many uses. It is used for

respiratory apparatus, disinfectants, incubators, pharmacological processing, and life

products. Chemical gas cleansing, dryers, kilns,paper, film drynessand nutrition processing

also requires humidity sensing. Agriculture field requires measurement of humidity for

plantation guard, soil dampness observing, etc. In domestic uses, it is essential for existing

atmosphere in constructions, cookery switch for heat up ovens, etc. Therefore humidity

sensors have uses in all these fields. 

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Humidity sensor senses the existence of moisture in our hands, and indicates the moisture

with the aid ofLED’s.The circuit can be used to examine theemotion, stressit can also be used

as lie indicator. Heart beat does not reflect emotion and stress,blood pressure and body

temperature but in that case skin moisture also elevates. The resistance decreases when the

body is moist.

When a person speaks lie its body resistance decreases. Therefore stress level can be

indicated by skin resistance.Physiological changes occur when a person speaks a lie due to

which body resistance decreases. We can relate it with the outcome for normal question.

Restrictingthe amount of moisture in air is very important in many industrial & domestic

uses. In various factories where semiconductors are made, moisture needed to be correctly

controlled throughoutmanufacturing process.

In various medical usages, moisture balance is need for breathingequipment’s, incubating

dispensation, etc. Dampnesscheck is mandatory for gas cleansing and food dispensation. In

agricultural industry, quantity of moisture is of wide importance aimed at plants, soil

protection, etc. In households, dampness control is needed for existingsituation in buildings,

etc.

  In all such things, humidity sensors are used to giveasign of the moisture level present inair.

To make a mention of moisture level, a many terms are required. Psychometrics is the

learning of the amount of water vapour in air depending uponpressure and temperature.

Humidity measurement tells us the quantity of water vapour existing in the gas.

Table 1: The table below shows the terminologies used to specify the level of moisture:

Veryusually employed units required forthe magnitude of humidity are Parts per Million

(PPM), Dew/Frost point (D/F PT) and Relative Humidity (RH). Relative Humidity is

temperature reliant. Dew point is dependent on thegas pressureand is free from the

temperature and so it is known as absolutedampness measurement.

Parts per Million is a part of absolute measurement.

When the dryness of the gas is of crucial importance, dew pointas well as frost points are

used.

The dew point is employed as a measure of water vapour inmore temperatureprogressions

likethe dying in industries.

The Correlation amidthe above mentioned points are:

Fig 3: Correlation of the above mentioned points

CHAPTER 2

HUMIDITY SENSING

– CLASSIFICATION & PRINCIPLES

According to measurement units, humidity sensors can be divided into two types: Relative

humidity (RH) sensors and absolute humidity (moisture) sensors. Most of the available

humidity sensors are relative humidity sensors.

 

Table 2: The following table shows important parameters of different types of humidity

sensors:

CHAPTER 3

SENSING PRINCIPLE

Humidity measurement is performed by using dry and wet bulb hygrometers, dew point

hygrometers, and electronic hygrometers.

Electronic type hygrometers are broadly divided into two categories: one employs capacitive

sensing principle and the other use resistive effects.

Fig 4: A flowchart depicting categorization of Humidity Sensors

CHAPTER 3.1

SENSORS BASED ON CAPACITIVE EFFECT:

Humidity sensors based on this principle are made of a hygroscopic dielectric material which

is put in between a pair of electrodes which further make a small capacitor. Usually all

capacitive sensors make use of a plastic as the dielectric material, having a dielectric constant

having values from 2 to 15. Without moisture, the dielectric constant of the dielectric material

and the sensor geometry determines the magnitude of capacitance.

 

At room temperature, the dielectric constant of water vapour is 80 which is much larger than

the constant of the sensor dielectric material. Hence, absorption of water vapour by the sensor

makes an increase in the capacitance of the sensor.

At equilibrium, moisture present in a hygroscopic material depends on the temperature and

the water vapour pressure. It is true for the hygroscopic dielectric material which is used on

the sensor.

Relative humidity is a dependent on the temperature and water vapour pressure. Hence, there

is a relationship between relative humidity, the amount of moisture present in the sensor, and

sensor capacitance.

 

Fig 5:Structure of capacitive humidity

CHAPTER 3.2

SENSORS BASED ON RESISTIVE EFFECT:Resistive type humidity sensors sense a change in the resistance value of the sensor element

with change in the change in the humidity.

Fig 6:Basic structure of resistive type humidity sensor

Thick film conductor of gold, ruthenium oxide is printed and can bemade in the shape of the

comb in order to make an electrode.

Then a polymeric film can be applied on the electrode and then the film acts as a humidity

sensing film because of the existence of movable ions.

Difference in impedance takes place becauseof the change in the number of movable ions.

CHAPTER 4

DESCRIPTION

This circuit of Humidity detector is based on LED's and two ICs that is CA3130 and

LM3914.It is used asa stress meter with various extra components.

IC CA3130 is operational amplifier which combines the advantage of both CMOS and

bipolar transistor on a single chip. The operating voltage ranges from 4.5V to 16V. The

advantage of using CA3130 is that they can be phased compensated with use of a single

external capacitor. To adjust the offset voltage they have terminals. The reference voltage can

be tuned at non-inverting and inverting pin so that when voltage at non-inverting pin is less

than inverting pin it will make the out pin high and vice versa.

Fig 7:Internal structure of IC CA3130

LM3914 is a monolithic integrated circuit. It senses the analog voltage and also derives ten

LED's providing a linear analog display.

Advantages of IC LM3914 are:

1.By changing a single pin user can easily select the dot or bar graph on the display.

2. LCD, LED’s or vacuum fluorescent display can be driven by this IC.

3.  ICs can be cascaded up to hundred steps.

4. This IC can also work on low voltage as 3V power supply.

5. Resistor with LED is not needed in this IC becausethe currentrequired to drive LED’s is

controlled and programmed.

6. Wide temperature range is supported by it. The temperature range is from 0 degree to +70

degree Celsius.

 

Fig 8: Internal structure of LM3914

CHAPTER 5

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig 9: Circuit Diagram

CHAPTER 6

WORKING OF CIRCUIT

The First step is the calibration of the circuit as moisture content in handvaries from people to

people so we have to regulate the bridge network with the aid of VR1 and R1. Grasp the

electrodes in your hand normally and alter VR1 so that merely two or three LED glows.

There is no need to set it up once it is set up.

The circuit is ready and now it can be used. Interrogate a person and if he tells a lie than there

will be changes in body and resistance of body decreases.

This will cause a misbalance in our bridge network formed around VR1 and R1. Output of

pin sixof IC1 will become high which is given to pin 5 of IC2.LM3914 IC has the most

important work to convert the voltage into digital form and LED's starts to glow.

Therefore input voltages at IC1, IC2 act and various number of LED's glow. Generally IC2

has internal stable voltage of 1.2Vwhich meansthat after each 1.2V the other LED will glow.

The reference voltage can be varied by the variable resistor VR2.

The dot display can be changed to bar display by doing the following changes-

 1. Link pin 9 directly to pin 3 for Bar graph display-

2. Leave the pin 9 exposed for dot display.

CHAPTER 7

COMPONENTS USED

CHAPTER 7.1

LIGHT EMITTING DIODES (LEDS) are semiconductor light sources. A light-

emitting diode is made up of two lead semiconductor source of light. It is a form of very

fundamental pn-junction diode that produces light when switched on. Electrons go for

recombination with electron holes within the device when the fitting voltage is applied to

the leads which leads to release of energy in the form of photons. Hence this effect is

known as electroluminescence and the color of the light is decided by the

semiconductor’s energy band gap.Based on semiconductor diode, LEDs emit photons

when electrons recombine with holes on forward biasing. The two terminals of LEDs are

anode (+) and cathode (-) and can be identified by their size. The longer leg is the positive

terminal or anode and shorter one is negative terminal.The forward voltage

of LED (1.7V-2.2V) is lower than the voltage supplied (5V) to drive it in a circuit. Using

an LED as such would burn it because a high current would destroy its p-n gate.

Therefore a current limiting resistor is used in series with LED. Without this resistor,

either low input voltage (equal to forward voltage) or PWM (pulse width modulation) is

used to drive the LED. Get details about internal structure of a LED.

Fig 10:LED

CHAPTER 7.2

RESISTOR

:Resistor is a passive component used

to control current in a circuit. Its

resistance is given by the ratio of

voltage applied across its terminals to the

current passing through it. Thus a particular value of resistor, for fixed

voltage, limits the current through it. They are omnipresent in electronic

circuits.The different value of resistances are used to limit the currents or get

the desired voltResistage drop according to the current-voltage rating of the

device to be connected in the circuit. For example, if an LED of rating 2.3V

and 6mA is to be connected with a supply of 5V, a voltage drop of 2.7V (5V-

2.3V) and limiting current of 6mA is required. This can be achieved by

providing a resistor of 450  connected in series with the LED.Resistors can be

either fixed or variable. The low power resistors are comparatively smaller in

size than high power resistors. The resistance of a resistor can be estimated by

their color codes or can be measured by a multimeter. There are some

nonlinear resistors also whose resistance changes with temperature or light.

Negative temperature coefficient (NTC), positive temperature coefficient

(PTC) and light dependent resistor (LDR) are some suchresistors. These

special resistors are commonly used as sensors.

Fig 11: Resistors varying from few Ohms to Mega Ohms

CHAPTER 7.3

CAPACITOR:A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component. It is

used to store up energy in an electric field. The types of practical capacitors vary widely,

but all includes at least two electrical conductors estranged by dielectric

(insulator); for example, Capacitor one common construction consists of

metal foils estranged by a thin layer of insulating film. Capacitors may be non-

polarized/polarized and fixed/variable. Electrolytic capacitors are polarized

while ceramic and paper capacitors are examples of non-polarized capacitors.

Since capacitors store charge, they must be carefully discharged before

troubleshooting the circuits. The maximum voltage rating of the capacitors

used must always be greater than the supply voltage. 

Fig 12:Different varieties of Capacitors

CHAPTER 7.4

POTENTIOMETER: In an informal way a potentiometer can be defined

as a pot in electronics technology which is a component bearing a three-

terminal resistor having a contact in the form of slide that help in forming

an adjustable voltage divider. However if only the two terminals are being

used the one end and the wiper thus acting as a variable resistor.

Fig 13: Potentiometers

CHAPTER 8

BREADBOARD IMPLEMENTATION

Fig 14: Breadboard Implementation

CHAPTER 9

APPLICATIONS

Relative Humidity Sensors find use in various fields. It has many importance and plays

acrucial role in calculating Humidity from our surrounding environment. They are also

beneficial in various applications where humidity compensation is desired. It is basically used

to make the following applications:

Office Automation Applications

Automotive Cabin Applications

Air Control Applications

Home Appliances Applications

Industrial Process Control Systems & Applications

Refrigeration And Cooling Systems & Applications

Drying Systems & Applications

Meteorology Applications

Battery Powered Systems Applications

OEM Assemblies and Applications

Official Applications

CHAPTER 10

CONCLUSION

A sensor is a transducer whose purpose is to sense (that is, to detect) some characteristic of its

environs. It detects events or changes in quantities and provides a corresponding output,

generally as an electrical or optical signal; for example, a thermocouple converts temperature

to an output voltage. But a mercury-in-glass thermometer is also a sensor; it converts the

measured temperature into expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a

calibrated glass tube.

Sensors are used in everyday objects such as touch-sensitive elevator buttons (tactile sensor)

and lamps which dim or brighten by touching the base, besides innumerable applications of

which most people are never aware. With advances in micro-machinery and easy-to-

use microcontroller platforms, the uses of sensors have expanded beyond the more traditional

fields of temperature, pressure or flow measurement,[1] for example into MARG sensors.

Moreover, analog sensors such as potentiometers and force-sensing resistors are still widely

used. Applications include manufacturing and machinery, airplanes and aerospace, cars,

medicine and robotics.

Sensor technologies are emerging fast with time and novel technology. This field is one of

the most fascinating areas which when revealeduninterruptedly so many sensor designs will

come out and advance in the coming days.This increases the competition between researchers

.This project humidity sensor is a contribution to the interest of people .It also gives a very

basic understanding about the sensor which will provide a good learning stage the beginner

CHAPTER 11

LABORATORY VISITS & KEY FEATURES

ROCK EVALUATION LABORATORY

Source rock identification, characterization and mapping.

Organic petrography of sediments.

Simulation of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion.

SEM LABORATORY

Scanning electro-microscope with dispersive x-ray.

XRF spectrometry

ISOTOPE LABORATORY

Testing of isotopes present in rock for knowing its age

Special machinery brought from oxford.

KDMIPE MEUSEUM

Various rock structure from which oil is extracted.

Samples of oil.

TEL BHAWAN

Headquarters of ONGC.

CORE LIBRARY

About 35000 books on geosciences, basic science and humanities.

81 journals.

Online database for petroleum abstracts, SPE and ASTM.

CHAPTER 12

REFERENCES

The project has been accomplished by referring to various sources both online as well as

offline. They are listed below:

www.electric garage.com

www.slideshare.com

Wikipedia

http://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-components/adc0804-datasheet

https://www.google.co.in/search?

q=capacitors&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=UxaUVeTIJ8eIuASdqqmYDA&v

ed=0CAcQ_AUoAQ&biw=1366&bih=667#imgrc=Z5QGrFH6W0JqgM%3A