Project Report on

STATUS MONITORING CARD

submitted as a part of course curriculum for

Bachelor of Technology in

Electronics and Communication Engineering

Submitted to Submitted by

( Session: 2009-2013 )Department of Electronics and CommunicationWORLD COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND

MANAGEMENT

CERTIFICATE OF EXAMINATION

1

This is to certify that we have examined the Training report on

________________________________________submitted by , student of

final year B.Tech(Electronics and Communication Engg.).We hereby accord

our approval of it as an Industial Training carried out and presented in a

manner required for partial fulfillment for the Bachelor of Technology

(Electronics and Communication) degree of Maharshi Daynand University

(Rohtak). This approval does not necessarily endorse or accept every statement

made, opinion expressed or conclusion drawn as recorded in the Training

report; it only signifies the acceptance of the Training report for the purpose for

which it is submitted.

(Name) (Name) (Name)

Examiner (Internal) Examiner (External ) HOD (E&CE)

Date Date Date

Acknowledgement

2

We are grateful to the authorities of Bharat Electronics Limited, Ghaziabad

for having permitted us to go ahead with the Training on Status Monitoring

Card in partial fulfillment of Bachelor of Technology (Electronics and

Communication Engg.) degree syllabus of Maharshi Daynand

University(Rohtak.)

I am very thankful to Mr. Ajay Dagar, Head of the department of Electronics

& Communication Engineering for approving our Training , timely

encouragement and supervision.

I take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude towards Mr.

R.N.TYAGI, SE, HRD, Bharat Electronics Limited, Ghaziabad for

accepting my letter and allowing me to complete my training at Bharat

Electronics.

I am extremely grateful to Er. JEEVESH PACHORI , MGR (D & E-

R), Bharat Electronics Limited, for permitting me to join RADAR

department.

Further I would like to thank Mr. ANKIT DHIMAN, DE (D&E-R) for

their kind help extended during the entire period of training and for their time to

time guidance and help extended during each stage our project.

Finally, I would like to thank each and every member of BEL family for

making me feel comfortable and helping me in every possible manner.

Date

DECLARATION

3

I, , student of B.TECH 8th Semester, studying at World College Of Technology

and Management, hereby declare that the six months training report on

“Automation and Robotics” is been completed.

The information and data given in the report is authentic to the best of my

knowledge.

The training report is not being submitted to any other University for award of

any other Degree, Diploma and Fellowship.

DATE: Kumar Saurav

4

SYNOPSIS

Under the Supervision of

(21 JAN 2013-14 JULY 2013)

SUBMITTED BY :-

5

Introduction

BHARAT ELECTRONICS LIMITED (BEL), the premier electronics company in India which has the distinction of being the first defence PSU to acquire operational “Navaratna” status was established in 1954 to meet the specialized electronic need of Indian Defence Services. Over the year it has grown into a multi-product, multi-technology, multi-unit company serving the need of customers in diverse fields. BEL offers products and services in a wide spectrum fields like Radars, Military communication, Naval systems, EW systems, Telecommunication, Sound and Vision broadcasting, Opto-electronics, Tank electronics, Solar and photovoltaic systems, Information technology, software and electronic components.

Besides having Seven state of art manufacturing units spread across the length and breadth of the country. BEL has a network of regional offices, marketing centres and service centres. BEL has also two offices in New York and Singapore, primarily for pronouncement of components and materials. BEL has two joint venture companies GE-BE Limited and MULTITONE Ltd. BEL also has a subsidiary named BEL-DELFT Electronics Ltd at Pune.

BEL has independent R & D division in all its unit and spend over 5% of its annual turnover on R & D. It has also set up Central Research Lab (CRL) at Bangalore and New Delhi to undertake blue sky research. About 60% of BEL’s turnover accursed from products developed either in house or in association with DRDO labs.

BEL has adopted the Total Quality Management (TQM) approach. All the divisions/units of BEL have obtained ISO:9000 accreditation. ISO:14001 accreditation has been attained by Ghaziabad unit and the engineering services division of Bangalore unit.

BEL has been successfully increasing its contribution in the field of civilian electronics, the most visible being the solar powered LED based traffic signal system and the electronic voting machine. Other Civilian products include the GPS based fish finder, Telemedicine system, PC motherboards and the computer. BEL also sets up communication network on turnkey basis. One such network is been set up in Andhra Pradesh.

6

Over the years, BEL has grown from strength to strength, surmounting the obstacles and challenges that lay in its path with resilience and determination backed by a professional management and dedicated workforce.

DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT :-

The 3D Low Level Light Weight ASLESHA Radar project is going on in Bharat Electronics Limited . We are working on STATUS MONITORING CARD (SMC) which is a part of sub system of Aslesha Radar. The various sub systems of Aslesha Radar are given below :-

Sub Systems of ASLESHA

1. Semi Active Array Antenna

2. Central Unit

3. Pedestal

4. Quadripod

5. CDU and accessories

6. Power Supply System

7

STATUS MONITORING CARD (SMC)

As all the radar electronics is on rotating sensorhead, monitoring the status

signals of each module plays very critical role during field testing . SMC

module provides the status of all the modules in the Central Unit (CU) to the

remotely located Commander Display Unit (CDU) .

The Status Monitoring card is realized using a low- cost, and low-density

FPGA device and 386COTs based processor. The voltages from the Power

Converter module are sensed using the Digital Output from the ADC, and the

voltage status representation in the CDU indicates the corresponding DC-DC

Converter failure. Also, the voltages status is represented in three levels like:

Normal, Low, and Failure conditions.

The status signals from the other modules like DDS,DRS,UPC etc are

buffered and the sample data is sensed using the FPGA and reported to the

CDP using the RS232 interface from the board processor .

The status signals from DDS, indicates the component level failure of

50MHz Oven

Controlled Crystal Oscillator (OCXO), and the DDS device. In the case of UPC, the failure Status of 60 MHz OCXO and the mixer output are provided .Also the status of the power divider input is indicated using another set of signals as PDL01 and PDL02. An IFF reset signal is provided based on the command from CDU.

8

Front view of status monitoring card (SMC)

This is the component side of SMC. The white outlined part shown includes Microcontroller and FPGA .The microcontroller used in SMC became obsolete which is used for the serial communication between FPGA and CDU . Now we are implementing UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) in FPGA using RS232 Serial Communication byVHDL coding .

9

Table of Contents

Serial No. Topic Page No.

SYNOPSIS 5

Chapter 1 Introduction to Organisation 12

Chapter 2 Various Departments 20

Chapter 3 Project Work 26 3D Low Level Light Weight ASLESHA

Radar

Salient Features

Technical Specifications

ECCM features

Physical Specifications

Block diagram of ASLESHA radar

Sub systems of ASLESHA

Chapter 4 Project Work 32 SMC

UART

a) What is UART ?

b) Why do we need UART ?

c) description

33

36

10

FPGA

a) Applications of FPGA

b) Diagram of FPGA

VHDL Programming

a) VHDL code for clock

b) RTL view of clock

c) Waveform for clock

d) VHDL code for transmitting data

e) RTL view of transmitting data

43

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

11

CHAPTER -1

12

Introduction to organization

BHARAT ELECTRONICS LIMITED (BEL), the premier electronics company in India

which has the distinction of being the first defense PSU to acquire operational “Navaratna”

status was established in 1954 to meet the specialized electronic need of Indian Defense

Services. Over the year it has grown into a multi-product, multi-technology, multi-unit

company serving the need of customers in diverse fields. BEL offers products and services in

a wide spectrum fields like Radars, Military communication, Naval systems, EW systems,

Telecommunication, Sound and Vision broadcasting, Opto-electronics, Tank electronics,

Solar and photovoltaic systems, Information technology, software and electronic components.

Besides having Seven state of art manufacturing units spread across the length and

breadth of the country. BEL has a network of regional offices, marketing centers and service

centers. BEL has also two offices in New York and Singapore, primarily for pronouncement

of components and materials. BEL has two joint venture companies GE-BE Limited and

MULTITONE Ltd. BEL also has a subsidiary named BEL-DELFT Electronics Ltd at Pune.

BEL has independent R & D division in all its unit and spend over 5% of its

annual turnover on R & D. It has also set up Central Research Lab (CRL) at Bangalore and

New Delhi to undertake blue sky research. About 60% of BEL’s turnover accursed from

products developed either in house or in association with DRDO labs.

BEL has adopted the Total Quality Management (TQM) approach. All the

divisions/units of BEL have obtained ISO:9000 accreditation. ISO:14001 accreditation has

been attained by Ghaziabad unit and the engineering services division of Bangalore unit.

13

BEL has been successfully increasing its contribution in the field of civilian

electronics, the most visible being the solar powered LED based traffic signal system and

the electronic voting machine. Other Civilian products include the GPS based fish finder,

Telemedicine system, PC motherboards and the computer. BEL also sets up communication

network on turnkey basis. One such network is been set up in Andhra Pradesh.

Over the years, BEL has grown from strength to strength, surmounting the obstacles

and challenges that lay in its path with resilience and determination backed by a

professional management and dedicated workforce.

BEL has production units established at different parts of thecountry. The year of

establishment and location are as follows:

S.No. Year of Establishment Location

1 1954 Bangalore(Karnataka)

2 1971 Ghaziabad(U.P.)3 1979 Pune(Maharashtra)4 1983 Machilipatnam(A.P)5 1985 Panchkula(Haryana)6 1985 Chennai(Tamil Nadu)7 1986 Kotdwara(U.P)8 1986 Taloja(Maharashtra)9 1986 Hyderabad(A.P)

14

LOCATION OF BEL UNITS IN INDIA

15

Customer Profile & BEL Product Range

DefenceArmy Tactical and Strategic Communication Equipment and Systems, Secrecy

Equipment, Digital Switches, Battlefield Surveillance Radar, Air Defence and Fire Control Radar, Opto-Electronic Instruments, Tank Fire Control Systems, Stabilizer Systems, Stimulators and Trainers.

Navy Navigational, Surveillance, Fire Control Radar, IFF, SONAR Systems, Torpedo Decoys, Display Systems, EW Systems, Simulators, Communication Equipment and Systems.

Air Force Surveillance and Tracking Raiders, Communication Equipment and Systems, IFF and EW Systems.

Non-DefensePara-Military Communication Equipment and Systems.Space Department Precision Tracking Radar, Ground Electronics, Flight and On-Board Sub-

systems.All India Radio MW, SW & FM Transmitters.Doordarshan(T.V. Network)

Low, Medium and High Power Transmitters, Studio Equipment, OB Vans, Cameras, Antennae, Mobile and Transportable Satellite Uplinks.

NCERT TV Studios on Turnkey Basis for Educational ProgramsDepartment of Telecommunications

Transmission Equipment (Microwave and UHF) and PCM Multiplex, Rural and Main Automatic Exchanges, Flyaway Satellite Terminals, Solar Panels for Rural Exchanges

Videsh Sanchar Nigam and other corporate bodies

MCPC VSAT, SCPC VSAT, Flyaway Earth Stations. Hub Stations, Up/Down Converters, LAN Modems

Civil Aviation Airport Surveillance Radar, Secondary Surveillance RadarMeteorological Department Cyclone Warning and Multipurpose Meteorological Radar

Power Sector Satellite Communication EquipmentOil Industry Communication Systems, RadarForest Departments, Irrigation and Electricity boards

Communication Systems

16

Components

Defence Transmitting Tubes, Microwave Tubes, Lasers, Batteries, Semiconductors-Discrete, Hybrid and Integrated Circuits

Non-Defence

All India Radio, Doordarshan(TV Network), Department of Telecommunications and Civil Industries

Transmitting Tubes, Microwave Tubes, and Vacuum Tubes

Entertainment Industry B/W TV Tubes, Silicon Transistors, Integrated Circuits, Bipolar and

CMOS, Piezo Electric Crystals, Ceramic Capacitors and SAW Filters

Telephone Industry Integrated Circuits, Crystals

Switching Industry Vacuum Interrupters

Instrumentation Industry Liquid Crystal Displays

Medical & Health Care X-ray Tubes

Systems/Network

It includes Identity Card Systems Software, Office Automation Software, LCD On-line Public Information Display Systems and Communication Networks / VSAT Networks.

FORMATION OF THE UNIT

PRODUCT RANGE

The product ranges today of the company are:

Radar Systems

3-Dimensional High Power Static and Mobile Radar for the Air Force.

17

Low Flying Detection Radar for both the Army and the Air force.

Tactical Control Radar Systems for the Army

Battlefield Surveillance Radar for the Army

IFF Mk-X Radar systems for the Defence and Export

ASR/MSSR systems for Civil Aviation.

Radar & allied systems Data Processing Systems.

Communications

Digital Static Tropo scatter Communication Systems for the Air Force.

Digital Mobile Tropo scatter Communication System for the Air Force and Army.

VHF, UHF & Microwave Communication Equipment.

Bulk Encryption Equipment.

Turnkey Communication Systems Projects for defence & civil users.

Static and Mobile Satellite Communication Systems for Defence

Telemetry/Tele-control Systems.

Antennae

Antennae for Radar, Terrestrial & Satellite Communication Systems.

Antennae for TV Satellite Receive and Broadcast applications.

Antennae for Line-of-sight Microwave Communication Systems.

Microwave Component

Active Microwave components like LNAs, Synthesizer, Receivers etc.

Passive Microwave components like Double Balanced Mixers, etc

Most of these products and systems are the result of a harmonious combination of

technology absorbed under ToT from abroad, Defence R&D Laboratories and BEL's own

design and development efforts.

18

Organization:

The operations at BEL Ghaziabad are headed by General Manager with Additional /

Deputy General Manager heading various divisions as follows:

Design & Engineering Divisions :

Development and Engineering-R

Development and Engineering-C

Development and Engineering-Antenna.

Equipment Manufacturing Divisions :

Radar

Communication

Antenna

Systems

Microwave Components.

Support Divisions:

Material Management

Marketing & Customer Co-ordination

Quality Assurance & Torque

Central Services

PCB & Magnetics

Information Systems

Finance & Accounts

Personnel & Administration

Management Services.

19

CHAPTER - 2

DEPARTMENTS

20

TEST EQUIPMENT AND AUTOMATION DEPARTMENT

TEST EQUIPMENT SUPPORT (TES)

Main functions are:

Develops technical support to other departments.

Repair of equipment in case of failure.

Maintenance of equipments.

Periodic calibration of equipments.

This section deals with testing and the calibration of electronic equipments only the standards

of this department are calibrated by National Physics Laboratory (NPL).

AUTOMATION TEST EQUIPMENT (ATE)

Component testing gives faults of various discrete components of a PCB.

Integrated circuits tester tests various IC’s.

Functional testing compares output to decide whether the function is being

performed to the desired level of accuracy.

P.C.B. FABRICATION DEPARTMENT

PCB is abbreviated form of printed circuit board. As the name suggests, in a PCB the electrical

circuit is printed on a glass epoxy board. This reduces the complex writing network whose

trouble shooting in case of shorting or misconnection is not easy.

Types of PCB’s:

Single Sided: Having circuit pattern only on one side of the board.

Double Sided: Having circuit pattern on both sides of the board

Additionally Multilayered PCBs are also manufactured which use Surface Mounting Technology

during process of assembly.

QUALITY CONTROL WORKS

21

According to some laid down standards, the quality control department ensures the quality of

the product.

The raw materials and components etc. purchased are inspected according to the

specifications by the IG department. Similarly QC works department inspects all the items

manufactured in the factory.

The fabrication inspection checks all the fabricated parts and ensures that these are made as

per the part drawing. Plating, Painting and stenciling etc are done and checked as per the BEL

standards.

The assembly inspection department inspects all the assembled parts such as PCB, cable

assembly, cable form, modules, racks and shelters as per latest documents and BEL standards.

The mistakes in the PCB can be categorized as:

D&E mistake

Shop mistake

Inspection mistake

A process card is attached to each PCB under inspection. Any error in the PCB is entered into

the process card by certain codes specified for each error or defect.

After mistake is detected, following actions are taken:

Observation is made.

Object code is given.

Division code is given.

Change code is prepared.

Recommended action is taken.

WORKS ASSEMBLY

This department plays an important role in the production. Its main function is to assemble

various components, equipment’s and instruments in a particular procedure. It has two sections:-

PCB assembly and Electronic assembly.

In PCB assembly, the different types of PCB are assembled as per BEL standards. PCB is

received from the PCB department on which soldering of component is done either by hand

soldering or wave soldering.

22

HAND SOLDERING: In case of hand soldering, soldering is done manually.

WAVE SOLDERING: Wave soldering is a procedure in which PCB’s are fed to the

wave soldering machine from the opening on one side and the soldering is done by machine and

after the soldering is done PCB’s are collected from the another opening of the machine and after

that cleaning is done.

MAGNETICS DEPARTMENT

In the magnetics department different types of transformers and coils are manufactured,

which are used in the various defence equipments i.e. radar, communication equipments. This

department basically consists of three sections.

PRODUCTION CONTROL

Basic function of production control is to plan the production of transformer and coils as

per the requirement of respective division (Radar & Communication). This department is divided

into two groups-

Planning

Planning store

WORKS (PRODUCTION)

Production of transformers and coils are being carried out by the works departments.

Following process are required for the manufacturing of transformer/coils-

Preparation of former

Winding

Insulation

Tape

Sleeve

Impregnation

Mechanical Assembly

Enveloping

Moulding

Oil filling

Painting

23

Stencilling

Types of Transformer :

Following types of transformers are being manufactured in this department-

Air and Oil cool transformers Pulse transformers Air core type Moulding type transformers P.C.B. Mounting transformers

QUALITY CONTROL

After manufacturing the transformer /coils the otem is offered to the inspection

department to check the electrical parameters (DCR,No load current, full load current, dielectric

strength, inductance, insulation resistance and mechanical dimension) as mention in the GA Drawing

of the product.

MICROWAVE LABORATORY

This section undertakes:

Manufacturing of films and microwave components to meet internal requirements.

Testing of low power antenna for which test-site is about 100 Km from the factory at Sohna.

The main component testing in this department is:

Oscillators

Amplifiers

Mixers

Radiation elements (e.g. Feeders)

Microwave components (e.g. Isolators, circulators, waveguides etc.)

Filters (e.g. LPF, BPF, Uniplexers, and Multiplexers etc.)

Functioning of component is listed below:

24

Frequency response

Noise figure

VSWR

Directivity and coupling

Power measurements

Various instruments in the lab are:

Adaptor

Attenuator

Coupler

Mixer

Detector

DEVELOPMENT AND ENGINEERING (D & E) DEPARTMENT

As the name suggests D&E dept. performs the function of development and engineering of the

requirements of the company’s customers which are mainly national defence organizations. There

are five sections in this dept. – Radar1, Radar2, Communication, Antennae and Data Handling. The

five sections work in co-ordination with each other and give an aggregate result as output of D&E

dept. and this output is send as an report to the CRL (Central Research Laboratory) where the

requirements of the customers framed by D & E are considered and a software is developed fulfilling

all the requirements.

The pace of development and technological obsolescence in the field of electronics necessitates

a strong Research and Development base. This is all the more important in the area of Defence

Electronics. BEL Ghaziabad has since its inception laid a heavy emphasis on indigenous Research

and Development.

25

CHAPTER - 3

Project Review

26

3D LOW LEVEL LIGHT WEIGHT ASLESHA RADAR

3d low level light weight aslesha radar used for measuring the three dimensions that are

distance ,angle and height of the target . It is light in weight & can be carried from one place

to another easily .It has many features which are explained below :-

Salient Features

S-Band 3D surveillance for aerial targets at low and medium altitude

Detection and tracking of fighter aircraft, helicopters, slow moving

micro-light aircraft Helicopters and UAVs

Track while scan of up to 100 targets

Integrated IFF

Extensive BIT

Enabled for networking with Integrated Asterix protocol

TECHINCAL SPECIFICATIONS

Radiated RF power 1100 W (peak), 110 W (Av)

Radar instrumented range 60 Km

Target detection range 50 Km for 2 sqm RCS

27

Height coverage 30 m to 6000 m (AGL)

Elevation coverage 0˚ to 30˚

Accuracy

Range < 50 m

Azimuth <0.5˚

Height ± 500m

Resolution

Range <150 m

Azimuth < 7˚

ECCM FEATURES

Wide RF Band width

Very low antenna side lobes

LPI Tx wave form

Digital pulse compression

Burst-to- burst frequency agility

Auto selection of least jammed channel

JSP and jammer angle estimation

28

Physical Characteristics

Radar Weight : <205Kg (Unpacked), excluding power source

: <250 Kg (Packed with Soft Cases)

: <380 Kg (Packed with Hard cases)

Modular for ease of transportation and quick assembly / dismantling

Capability to carry modules under-slung by helicopter

Ease of assembly and dismantling at remote site of small dimensions with minimum

manpower.

Environment

Temperature : -30°C to 50°C

Humidity : Upto 90% at 40°C

Winds : Operation up to 50 Knots & Survival up to 70 Knots

Operation in rain, snowfall, dust etc

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RADAR

29

Sub Systems of ASLESHA

30

Semi Active Array Antenna

Central Unit

Pedestal

Quadripod

CDU and accessories

Power Supply System

Planar Antenna

Break down details

– Array Segment 1

– Array Segment 2

– Array Antenna Frame

Antenna unit consists of 18 linear arrays each consisting of 2 sub

arrays fed by a 1:2 power divider.

1.7 m cable with BMA female connector connects the antenna unit to

the planar array.

31

CHAPTER - 4

PROJECT WORK

STATUS MONITORING CARD

32

The status monitoring card is a small part of Central Unit which is sub system of ASLESHA

basically it gives health status of the incoming signal and transmit the status to the remotely

located Commanders Display Unit (CDU).

As all the radar electronics is on rotating sensor head, monitoring the status signals of each

module plays very critical role during field testing . SMC module provides the status of all

the modules in the Central Unit (CU) to the remotely located Commander Display Unit

(CDU) .

The Status Monitoring card is realized using a low- cost, and low-density FPGA device

and 386COTs based processor. The voltages from the Power Converter module are sensed

using the Digital Output from the ADC, and the voltage status representation in the CDU

indicates the corresponding DC-DC Converter failure. Also, the voltages status is

represented in three levels like: Normal, Low, and Failure conditions.

The status signals from the other modules like DDS,DRS,UPC etc are buffered and the

sample data is sensed using the FPGA and reported to the CDP using the RS232 interface

from the board processor .

The status signals from DDS, indicates the component level failure of 50MHz Oven

Controlled Crystal Oscillator (OCXO), and the DDS device. In the case of UPC, the failure

Status of 60 MHz OCXO and the mixer output are provided .Also the status of the power

divider input is indicated using another set of signals as PDL01 and PDL02. An IFF

reset signal is provided based on the command from CDU.

STATUS MONITORING CARD

33

FRONT VIEW OF STATUS MONITORING CARD

34

SMC

DDSUPC

CDPIFF

Power Converter

RS232

Reset

DRC

10

Temp

Reset

400MHz Card status

6

Receivers

This is the component side of SMC. The white outlined part shown includes

Microcontroller and FPGA .The microcontroller used in SMC became obsolete which is

used for the serial communication between FPGA and CDU . Now we are implementing

UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) in FPGA using RS232 Serial

Communication by VHDL coding .

UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver & Transmitter)

35

What is a UART?

The UART (universal asynchronous receiver and transmitter) module provides asynchronous

serial communication with external devices such as modems and other computers. The

UART can be used to control the process of breaking parallel data from the PC down into

serial data that can be transmitted and vice versa for receiving data. The UART allows the

devices to communicate without the need to be synchronized.

The UART consists of one receiver module and one transmitter module. Those two modules

have separate inputs and outputs for most of their control lines, the lines that are shared by

both modules are the bi-directional data bus, master clock (mclkx16) and reset.

WHY DO WE NEED A UART?

1) Control the receiving and transmitting time of the data:

Since the data stream has no clock, data recovery depends on the transmitting device

and the receiving device operating at close to the same bit rate. The UART receiver is

responsible for the synchronization of the serial data stream and the recovery of data

characters.

2) Increase the accuracy and decrease the effect of the noise:

The UART system can tolerate a moderate amount of system noise without losing any

information.

36

Schematic of UART

Implementation of a digital UART by VHDL

VHDL can be used for the behavioral level design implementation of a digital UART and

offers several advantages.

The advantages of using VHDL to implement UART:

VHDL allows us to describe the function of the transmitter in a more behavior

manner rather than focus on its actual implementation at the gate level.

VHDL makes the design implementation easier to read and understand, they also

provide the ability to easily describe dependencies between various processes that

usually occur in such complex event-driven systems.

37

It is easier to test the UART by the VHDL simulation and find out if any

discrepancy occurs.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF UART

How do we use the UART?

The use of the UART can be confusing at first but is rather straightforward once an

understanding of the UART is acquired. To begin, let us take a look at the UART data

format. This implementation of the UART transmits in blocks of 11 bits; 1 leading low start

bit, 1 trailing high stop bit, 1 parity bit and 8 data bits. The UART data format is shown

below.

The UART data format

38

The transmit and receive line of the UART are held high while no transmission/reception is

taking place. In the transmission of a sequence the active low start bit indicates to the

receiving UART that a new sequence of data is on its way. This causes the receiving UART

to take the next 8 bits as the transmitted data and the bit after that as the parity of these 8

data-bits. Lastly, a high stop bit is used to indicate the end of a block. The parity can be set

as even or odd and is used to indicate whether or not there has been an error in the received

data bits. Note that errors can still occur even if the parity bit indicates no parity errors. For

example, if the transmitted sequence is "11110000" and the parity is set as even, the parity bit

that would be transmitted with the sequence would be '0'.

If the received sequence is "11101000", the calculated parity of this sequence also equals the

transmitted parity bit of '0', thereby fooling the receiving UART into thinking that there were

no errors in transmission.

The top-level schematic of the transmit and receive module are shown

39

The signals and their respective description

40

FPGA

WHAT IS FPGA?

FIELD PROGRAMMABLE GATE ARRAY

A field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is an integrated circuit designed to be

configured by a customer or a designer after manufacturing—hence "field-programmable".

The FPGA configuration is generally specified using a hardware description language (HDL),

similar to that used for an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) . FPGAs have large

resources of logic gates and RAM blocks to implement complex digital computations. As

FPGA designs employ very fast IOs and bidirectional data buses it becomes a challenge to

verify correct timing of valid data within setup time and hold time. FPGAs can be used to

implement any logical function that an ASIC could perform. FPGAs contain programmable

41

logic components called "logic blocks", and a hierarchy of reconfigurable interconnects that

allow the blocks to be "wired together"—somewhat like many (changeable) logic gates that

can be inter-wired in (many) different configurations. Logic blocks can be configured to

perform complex combinational functions, or merely simple logic gates like AND and XOR.

In most FPGAs, the logic blocks also include memory elements, which may be simple flip-

flops or more complete blocks of memory.

Common FPGA Applications

Video & Image Processing Aerospace and Defense

o Avionics/DO-254

o MILCOM

o Missiles & Munitions

o Secure Solutions

o Space

Audio

o Connectivity Solutions

o Portable Electronics

o Radio

o Digital Signal Processing (DSP)

Automotive

o High Resolution Video

o Image Processing

o Vehicle Networking and Connectivity

o Automotive Infotainment

42

Broadcast

o Real-Time Video Engine

o Edge QAM

o Encoders

o Displays

o Switches and Routers

Consumer Electronics

o Digital Displays

o Digital Cameras

o Multi-function Printers

o Portable Electronics

o Set-top Boxes

Data Center

o Servers

o Security

o Routers

o Switches

o Gateways

o Load Balancing

43

High Performance Computing

o Servers

o Super Computers

o SIGINT Systems

o High-end RADARS

o High-end Beam Forming Systems

Industrial

o Industrial Imaging

o Industrial Networking

o Motor Control

Medical

o Ultrasound

o CT Scanner

o MRI

o X-ray

o PET

o Surgical Systems

Security

o Industrial Imaging

o Secure Solutions

o Image Processing Video

44

o Video Over IP Gateway

o Digital Displays

o Industrial Imaging

DIAGRAMS OF FPGA

45

VHDL PROGRAMMING

VHDL is very high speed integrated circuit Hardware Description Language.

We had created two programs using VHDL coding in QUARTUS 2 software.

In first program we generate a clock signal of 9600kbps baud rate for transmission of

data.

The frequency of Base Band signal is 50MHz.

The time period for 9600kbps signal is 104.2nS.

For Base Band signal the counter will count 1 pulse in 20nS, Now for time period of

104.2nS the counter will count up to 6 pulses .

Now for first 6 pulses the output clock will be HIGH and for next 6 pulses it will be

LOW.

46

The clock will be low and high alternatively after every 6 pulse duration.

Thus clock signal of required Baud Rate is generated.

Now we will write the VHDL code for Clock generation and Transmitting data in

QUARTUS 2 software .

VHDL CODE FOR CLOCK

library ieee;

use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;

use ieee.std_logic_arith.all;

use ieee.std_logic_unsigned.all;

entity baudrate is

port( clock : in std_logic;

p : out std_logic);

end baudrate;

architecture behavior of baudrate is

begin

process(clock)

47

variable count :natural:=0;

begin

if ( clock'event and clock='1') then

if( count<6)then

count:=count +1 ;

p<= '1';

elsif( count<12)then

p<= '0';

count:=count+1;

else

count:=0;

end if;

end if ;

end process;

end behavior;

RTL VIEW OF CLOCK

48

This is the Register Transistor Logic (RTL) diagram of clock at required Baud Rate.

WAVE FORM FOR CLOCK

49

50

VHDL CODE FOR TRANSMITTING DATA

library ieee;

use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;

use ieee.std_logic_unsigned.all;

entity bufferrr is

port(d,clk : in std_logic; y : out std_logic);

end bufferrr;

architecture behavioural of bufferrr is

signal i : std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);

begin

process(d)

begin

if(clk'event and clk='1') then

for k in 7 downto 0 loop

i(k) <= d;

end loop;

if(clk'event and clk='1') then

for k in 7 downto 0 loop

y<= i(k);

end loop;

end if;

end if;

end process;

end behavioural;

51

RTL VIEW FOR TRANSMITTING DATA

d and clk are the input and y is the output .In this basically two D-flip flops are connected in

cascade to transmit data and clk signal is used for enabling the flip flop .

The waveform of transmitting data that is generated by simulation of code in QUARTUS 2

software is shown :

52

53