2002 CRC Press LLC

Previous chapters havetry. The basic tasks and eqbeen clearly noted. Thesesurvey control collection, spatial data. Further, the dehave been highlighted. Sua thorough understandingthe development of a set oestimates of effort and co

Detailed project plannA quality specification nedetails: a description of wunderstanding of the requdefine and collect them. Fthese items. See Appendixfor time and cost.

17.2.1 Project Descri

The project manager data to be collected. Engicollection methods than a CHAPTER 17

Project Planningand Cost Estimating

17.1 INTRODUCTION

outlined and detailed technical aspects of photogramme-uipment required to create various mapping products have tasks generally include aerial imagery collection, groundfeature collection and attribution, and formatting the finaltails regarding necessary equipment and product accuracyccessful project planning and management must include of these details. This chapter will provide guidance forf specifications and a methodology to develop budgetary

st to produce typical photogrammetric mapping data sets.

17.2 SPECIFICATIONS

ing is the essence of an accurate effort and cost estimate.ed not be overly prescriptive, but it must include certainhat the spatial data collection is to be used for, a basic

ired tasks and final products, and what will be required toigure 17.1 shows a flow chart providing an overview of A for a sample specification text along with an estimate

ption and Boundaryshould briefly describe the intended uses for the spatialneering and design mapping may require some differentproduct that is to be used for GIS environmental analysis.

2002 CRC Press LLC

This photogrammetric management and GIS awill include an area-widwith digital orthophoto

Large-scale mapping (1 iscales and survey effortsmall-scale mapping (1 making a decision regard

The project boundary boundary as a line on a su

The project boundary USGS 7.5 ft Warrentonconsidered part of the

Figure 17.1

Flow chart proand final produ

Table 17.1

Suggested

Intended Use of Spatial Data

Regional and general pla

Environmental and real estudies

Citywide and facility management studies

Detailed engineering desand layoutEXAMPLES

mapping project is intended to be used for the facilitiesnalysis of the Oakville Industrial Complex. The projecte planimetric and topographic mapping database along

graphy.

n. = 100 ft to 1 in. = 30 ft) will require different photographys in addition to a different feature collection criteria thanin. = 1200 ft to 1 in. = 2000 ft). Table 17.1 will assist ining an appropriate map scale.

(limits) should be clearly defined. It is best to define theitable published map with a measurable scale.

is annotated by the polygon drawn on the copy of the

viding an overview of quality specification for the required taskscts and what will be required to define a project design.

Spatial Data Purposes vs. Map Scales

Suggested Horizontal Map Scale

Suggested Contour Interval

nning 1 in. = 1,000 ft to 1 in. = 2,000 ft(1:12,000 to 1:24,000)

1020 ft

state 1 in. = 400 ft to 1 in. = 800 ft(1:4,800 to 1:9,600)

48 ft(1.52.5 m)

1 in. = 100 ft to 1 in. = 200 ft(1:1,200 to 1:2,400)

24 ft(0.751.5 m)

ign 1 in. = 30 ft to 1 in. = 50 ft(1:300 to 1:600)

10.5 ft(0.50.2 m)

ProjectDescription

Define ProjectBoundaries and

Depict on SuitableProject MapsDefine Final

Products Required

Establish AccuracyRequirements and

Standards County, MO quadrangle. This project boundary map isspecifications for this project.

2002 CRC Press LLC

A USGS 7.5-ft quadrangThese map sheets are puobtained at minimum coslarge areas (i.e., projectsmaps) may be depicte1:1,000,000 scale sheets

The boundary map sholimits. Stipulation of a buPhotogrammetric mappinmapping polygon to accomap and/or in defining thenot count upon this buffer.requirements and costs. Slarger than the mapping bbe clearly marked on the

17.2.2 Define Produc

Clear definition of thebe clearly understood in thThe costs and overall timments. Products may be d

1. Intermediate produc Processed aerial Paper prints Diapositives and/ Ground survey co Project planning Aerotriangulation Check map sheet

2. Final products woul Paper prints of ae Hardcopy map sh Digital planimetr Digital orthophot

EXAMPLE

The final deliverables f9

9 in. prints and one 100 ft with 2-ft contour

17.2.3 Standards and

Stating a required horsufficient alone to establisrequired in collecting andle sheet is a common base map for a project boundary map.blished at a scale of 1:24,000 (1 in. = 2000 ft) and are easilyt from the USGS or other public sources. Projects involving

that may cover portions of several USGS 7.5-ft quadrangled on other USGS map products such as 1:250,000 or.

uld provide a polygon indicating the maximum mappingffer zone beyond the mapping limits should be avoided.g firms generally provide a minimal buffer beyond theunt for any discrepancies due to inaccuracies in the base boundary polygon. However, the project manager should A vague boundary leads to difficulty in estimating projectome projects may call for a photography boundary that isoundary. Additional boundaries such as this should alsoproject map. Figure 17.2 shows a typical boundary map.ts

products required for a project is mandatory and shoulde initial stages of project planning and cost development.

e required are dependent upon the delivery item require-ivided into two groups: intermediate and final.

ts would include items such as:film

or scanned imagesntrol data

reports reportssd include such items as:rial filmeetsic and/or topographic map dataograph

or this project will include two sets of black and whiteset of digital planimetric and topographic maps at 1 in. =s on CDROM.

Accuracy Requirements

izontal map scale and contour interval for a map is not

h effort and cost. To truly design and estimate the effort presenting a set of spatial data products, horizontal and

2002 CRC Press LLC

vertical accuracies must bechapters, namely, FGDC, However, NMAS and ASPsome casual spatial data

Figure 17.2

Sample project stated. Several standards have been discussed in previousNMAS, and ASPRS. All three are widely accepted today.

boundary map.RS have been around for a longer period of time, and forusers they are more familiar. Regardless, it is imperative

2002 CRC Press LLC

in a successful specificatistate the accuracy standar

EXAMPLE

The planimetric and tomeet ASPRS Class I ac

As previously stated, required to produce the finensure that the specificatioproducts required in the prproposals. A project manathese processes so as to some intermediate producmay be used for other prnecessary to request that thwith several reference pointypes of requirements neetype of equipment to be u

Ground survey controlThe mapping contractothe final mapping at th

The processes for a typ

Aerial imagery colle Ground survey contr Densification of gro Elevation data collec Planimetric feature d Final formatting of d

These functions should bindependent budget estimamanager to truly compare

17.3.1 Aerial Photogr

Aerial photography sh

Type of camera syst Type of film or senson to not only state the map scales required, but also tod to which they will be held.

pographic mapping data produced for this project willcuracy standards for 1 in. = 100 ft with 2-ft contours.

17.3 PROCESSES

the project manager must understand the basic processesal products requested. This understanding is necessary tons and cost estimates include the necessary intermediate

oduction of the final products and to evaluate and compareger must be careful not to be too prescriptive in describingexclude new or the most efficient technology. However,ts may have other uses. For example, control survey pointsojects such as construction of structures. It may then bee ground control be established as a permanent benchmarkts and a concrete post with a descriptive cap on top. These

d to be spelled out in a set of specifications. However, thesed (brand and model) is not necessary.

EXAMPLE

points shall be collected for photogrammetric mapping.r will develop a ground survey plan that will produce

e specified accuracy.

ical photogrammetric mapping project generally include:ctionol collectionund control through the use of aerotriangulation procedurestionata collectionata sets

e noted in a set of specifications in order to develop ante of the time and funding required and to allow the project proposals from several prospective contractors.

aphy

ould indicate the following:em (analog or digital)or (black and white, natural color, color infrared, etc.)

2002 CRC Press LLC

Negative scale of the Focal length and for

aerial camera) USGS camera calibr

years) Approximate altitud Number of sets of p

17.3.2 Ground Surve

The ground survey co

Procedures that willthe final photogramm

A ground survey plaused in the project, thdata to be used for proposed methods th

Ground control poinmarked on one set o

A final ground contsurvey along with encountered, and ho

17.3.3 Densification o

This process generallyprocesses. The specificatiowill be used. Analog AT AT will require the produreport should be generateresults, any problems enc

17.3.4 Elevation Mod

Elevation model collemodel. Elevation models gthose used only for orthopare generally produced bythe surface. A surface modgeneration of contours. It iand accuracy standard.

17.3.5 Planimetric Da

Planimetric feature da imagery (i.e., 1 in. = 300 ft or 1:3600)mat of the camera (i.e., 6-in. focal length, 9 9 in. format

ation within the time period of the last calibration (i.e., three

e above mean terrain (AMT)aper prints and or scans

y Control

ntrol process should note the following:

produce survey locations with accuracy suitable to produceetric mapping reliability shall be listed.n shall be developed that will indicate control monumentse approximate location of the proposed ground control points,the project (both vertical and horizontal datums), and theat will be used to establish their respective locations.t location information will then be tabulated, recorded, andf paper prints (control prints) for future mapping.rol report shall be prepared that compiles the results of thea narrative describing the procedures used, any problemsw they were resolved.

f Ground Control

is accomplished through the use of aerotriangulation (AT)ns should note whether analog or softcopy AT processes

will require the production of diapositives, and softcopyction of scanned images suitable for softcopy AT. An ATd that indicates the methods used, expected results, finalountered, and how they were resolved.

el Collection

ction guidance should define the purpose of the elevationenerated for contour production require more detail than

hoto rectification. Elevation models for contour generation collecting mass points and breaklines to adequately defineel or TIN may also be required for software to use in the

s also very important to state the expected contour interval

ta Collection

ta collection guidance may be divided into two categories.

2002 CRC Press LLC

Features are normallymap scale. As a general more detail that can be sstate that the photogrammable in the imagery.

However, some projefeature data collection (i.ethese may require that thethe features not to be coll

17.4 ESTIMA

Project managers shouassociated with a photogrhelp assure that the producost and will also allow proposals and determine must account for all signifollowing sections that wilas described in previous cand associated cost for a tyand unique project requirthis section will present a of most projects that requmapping that can fit the pestimate of time and cost

17.4.1 Estimating Fac

Three major considerequipment, and overhead

17.4.1.1 Labor

The involvement of qnificant factors in the projunit cost for each requiredmembers is considered deffort will be expressed imost of the disciplines lisschedules and/or by conshad similar work accomp collected from aerial photo negative scale for a specificrule, the larger the photo negative and map scale is, theeen, identified, and plotted. Generally, the specificationsetric technician shall plot all features visible and identifi-

cts may require limited and/or very specific planimetric., only water boundaries and major roads). Cases such as specifications list the features to be collected and/or noteected.

TING PRODUCTION EFFORT AND COST

ld prepare an independent estimate of the time and costsammetic mapping project. This independent estimate willcts requested will be purchased at a fair and reasonable

the project manager the knowledge required to comparedifferences between them. These independent estimatesficant phases of the project. A process is described in thel allow a project manager familiar with the basic processeshapters in this text to develop a budget estimate of timepical photogrammetric mapping project. New technology

ements may make this process not applicable. However,generalized protocol that may help to guide cost estimatesire aerial imagery along with planimetric and topographicrocesses, and if followed closely a reasonable budgetarycan be developed.

tors

ations must influence the projects cost estimate: labor,and profit.

ualified scientists and technicians is one of the most sig-ect cost. An accurate budget should estimate the time and function. The amount of work required by various staff

irect labor. For the purposes of this chapter, the staffingn hours along with a unit cost per hour. Labor rates forted in this chapter can be obtained from local labor rateulting with other project managers in the area who havelished for them.

2002 CRC Press LLC

17.4.1.2 Equipment

Hardware and ancillaralso significant cost itemsas aircraft, cameras, steremanager should consult ohourly costs for these item

17.4.1.3 Overhead an

Although these signifisidered as objectively as pofirms may legitimately beAs stated above, maintenastaff to operate and maisurveys are often affectedbe greater than for some be more than those norma

17.4.2 Costing Aerial

Many factors, includinestimating production hou

Prod

Direct LaborProject mi

Flight prTakeoff/Cross-c

Photo flEnd turn

Photo lab:Develop

Check fi

Title filmContact

Equipment RAircraft = pAirborne G(if not inc

Film proceFilm titler Contact pry software associated with the various staff operations are to consider. As stated in earlier chapters, equipment suchoplotters, and scanners can be very costly. The projectthers who have had similar work completed recently fors.

d Profit

cant items may tend to be subjective, they must be con-ssible. Overhead and profit for photogrammetric mapping

higher than many other engineering firms in the vicinity.nce and updating of equipment, as well as the necessary

ntain it, are expensive. Aerial photography and ground by weather and access at the project site, so the risk mayother design projects. Therefore, profit percentages maylly associated with other design projects.

Photography

g manpower and equipment rental, must be considered inrs in the aerial photo mission.

uction Hours for Aerial Photography

ssion:eparation = 1.5 hlanding = 0.5 hountry flight = miles to site 2 ways/mph

= ______ 2/______= ______ h

ight =s = lines 0.08 h = ______ h

film = ______ photos 0.04 = ______ hlm = ______ photos 0.04 = ______ h = ______ photos/40 = ______ h

prints = ______ photos/45 = ______ h

entalroject mission hours = ______ hPS = project mission hours = ______ hluded in aircraft rental)ssor = develop film hours = ______ h= title film hours = ______ hinter = contact prints hours = ______ h

2002 CRC Press LLC

17.4.3 Costing Photo

The specified accuracyventional and/or GPS) to of control points to be esceived and thoroughly dis

Photo control is oftenwith a detailed staffing anit is usually fair to estimaDetailed estimates shouldwill compose a large parconsult with others who his fair and reasonable.

17.4.4 Costing Aerotr

Many factors, includinestimating production hou

17.4.5 Costing Photo

For site-specific informor measured to assist in th

1. Number of stereomo2. Number of acres to 3. Complexity of terrai4. Complexity of plani5. Format translations

Pro

Direct LabPhoto s

AerotriaMode

Coor

Compu

EquipmenScanneWorkstaCompu Control Surveying

requirements will dictate methods and procedures (con-be employed as well as indicate the number and patterntablished. A pre-project field survey plan should be con-cussed with a licensed surveyor. estimated either as an average cost per control point ord equipment estimate for the total project. In these caseste these efforts and cost on a per control point method.

be reserved for unique projects where the ground surveyst of the total project cost. The project manager shouldave obtained these products to get a current unit cost that

iangulation

g manpower and equipment rental, must be considered inrs in the AT procedure.

grammetric Compilation

ation, the following items are to be calculated, estimated,e computing costs associated with digital mapping:

dels to orientmapn charactermetric cultureof digital data

duction Hours for Aerotriangulationorcan = ________ photos 0.3 h = ______ hngulation (workstation):l orientation = ______ models 0.2 h

= ______ hdinate readings = ______ photos 0.3 h

= ______ htations = ______ models 0.4 h = ______ h

t Rentalr = scanning hours = ______ htion = aerotriangulation hours = ______ h

ter = computations hours = ______ h

2002 CRC Press LLC

17.4.6 Costing Ortho

Current technology aprevious chapters for mordigital terrain mode with clean set of diapositives wHowever, if the contractorcollection, then the same The user must assume ondifference in cost should

Table 17.4 is a chart topographic features.

17.4.7 Summary of P

Table 17.5 provides athat in addition to the totaland applied to the total cosand applied to the total

Pr

Model SetupModel setup includes planndata collection system. Anadata collection. Analytical swill require high-resolution Chapters 510.

Model orientation = ____

Photo scan = ________

(if not done previously)Digital Data Capture

Planimetry (cultural featureThe project planning maproposed flight line layoueach photo stereopair. Thassessed based on the astereomodel and the finastereomodel. For examplthan rural area stereomoto produce the planimetr

TopographyThe project planning map usflight line layout, which shotopographic feature detail iof topographic detail to be Topographic detail must co1-ft contour development in1-ft contours in very mountarequired to produce the topphoto Images

llows for total softcopy generation of orthophotos (seee detailed information). If a contractor has collected the

an analytical stereoplotter and created diapositives, then aill need to be made and scanned for orthophoto generation. uses softcopy stereocompilation for the elevation model

scanned images may be used to generate the orthophotos.e method or the other in developing a cost estimate. Thebe negligible.for estimating the production time required to produce

roduction Efforts

summary of the production hours itemized above. Note labor hours, an appropriate overhead should be establishedt of labor. Also, an appropriate profit should be established

oduction Hours for Stereomapping

ing the collection procedures and georeferencing models in the lytical stereoplotters or softcopy workstations may accomplish tereoplotters will require diapositives, and softcopy workstations scans. For additional explanation and detail, review portions of

___models 0.1 hours = ______ hphotos 0.2 hours = ______ h

s)p used to outline the mapping area should be overlain with a t. The flight line layout should note the approximate location of e planimetric feature detail in each of the models should be mount of planimetric detail to be captured (full or partial

l map scale) and the density of planimetry to be captured in each e, highly urban area stereomodels require more time to compile dels. Table 17.2 will aid in estimating the production time required ic features.

ed to outline the mapping area should be overlain with a proposed uld note the approximate location of each photo stereopair. The n each of the models should be assessed based on the amount captured (full or partial stereomodel and the final map scale). nsider the character of the land to be depicted. For example, a a relatively flat terrain requires much less time than collection of inous terrain. Table 17.3 will aid in estimating the production time ographic features.of labor and direct costs. Ground survey requirements

Table 17.2

Chart for Estimating Production Time Required to Produce Planimetric Features

Planimetry

Approximate Planimetric Time (Hours/Model)

Density Type

Models Per Type

Hours Per Type

Total Planimetry

Hours

Final Map Horizontal Scale1 in. = 40 ft to

1 in. = 60 ft1 in. = 100 ft to

1 in. = 150 ft1 in. = 200 ft to

1 in. = 300 ft1 in. = 400 ft to 1 in. = 1600 ft

Light planimetry1 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.52 4.0 3.5 3.5 3.5

Medium planimetry34

Hea5

TotaEdit of tcom

2002 5.0 4.0 4.0 4.07.0 6.0 6.0 5.0

vy planimetry10.0 8.0 7.0 6.0

l planimetry hourstime: generally 30% otal planimetric pilation hours

Table 17.3 Chart for Estimating Production Time Required to Produce Topographic FeaturesTopography (Topo) Collection of Mass Points

and Breaklines for Production of Contours Approximate Topography Time (Hours/Model)

Terrain Character (Slope) Models/Type Hours/TypeTotal

Topo HoursFinal Map Contour Interval Scale

1 ft 2 ft 4 ft 58 ft

Flat 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.0Rolling 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.0Hilly 6.0 6.0 5.0 4.0Steep 8.0 8.0 6.0 5.0Disturbed 10.0 10.0 8.0 7.0Total topo hoursEdit time: generally 30% of total topo collection time

CRC Press LLC

2002 CRC Press LLC

established should also bsummary of the total estim

By applying wage ratethe estimator can arrive amating production hours ois urged to seek current lageographical area, perhapsrates from recent or curre

Table 17.4

Chart for Estima

Ortho

Elevation Model (DEM) De

# Stereo Models

Tasks Below Accomplished

Natural Color

Image scanningDEM scan data mergeRadiomenteric correctionTiling/sheetingTotal hours

Table 17.5

Photog

Production laAerial photAerotriangModel setuPlanimetryTopographOrthophotoTotal

Direct costsFilmPrintsDiapositiveHardcopy pCDs, disksAircraft w/cStereoplottSoftcopy wEdit worksScannerTotal directe added to the total costs below. Table 17.5 provides aated production time and costs for the project.

s to labor hours and equipment rental to equipment hourst project budgetary costs. To support the process of esti-f various photomapping phases, the estimator of a projectbor and equipment rates more applicable to a project or

ting Production Time Required to Produce Orthophotographsphoto Production Costs (Direct Labor)velopment (Ortho Only) Developed by the Stereocompiler

Hours/ModelTotal DEM Time

(Stereo Models Hours/Model)2 h/model

by Softcopy Technician and Color IR Black and WhiteHours/Image Total Hours Hours/Image Total Hours

0.30.52.50.25

Summary of Total Estimated Production Time and Costs for the Projectrammetric Mapping Project Production

Hours Unit Cost Total Costborographyulationp

ygraphy

Units Unit Cost Total Cost

FootEach

s Eachrints Each

, or tapes Eachamera Hourser Hoursorkstation Hourstation Hours

Hours cost using regional wage rates and actual negotiated contractornt contracts.

Aerial Mapping: Methods and ApplicationsContentsChapter 17: Project Planning and Cost Estimating17.1 Introduction17.2 Specifications17.2.1 Project Description and Boundary17.2.2 Define Products17.2.3 Standards and Accuracy Requirements

17.3 Processes17.3.1 Aerial Photography17.3.2 Ground Survey Control17.3.3 Densification of Ground Control17.3.4 Elevation Model Collection17.3.5 Planimetric Data Collection

17.4 Estimating Production Effort and Cost17.4.1 Estimating Factors17.4.1.1 Labor17.4.1.2 Equipment17.4.1.3 Overhead and Profit

17.4.2 Costing Aerial Photography17.4.3 Costing Photo Control Surveying17.4.4 Costing Aerotriangulation17.4.5 Costing Photogrammetric Compilation17.4.5 Costing Photogrammetric Compilation17.4.6 Costing Orthophoto Images17.4.7 Summary of Production Efforts