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TRANSCRIPT
Project Plan Master Project Kenya, 2012
Radu Panaitescu, Coert Strikker, Maria Xynogalou, Ioanna Livaniou
April 2012
1
1 Introduction 3
1.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT AREA 3 1.1.1. CATCHMENT AREA 4 1.1.2. GEOLOGY OF THE CATCHMENT AREA 4 1.1.3. CLIMATE 4 1.2 PROBLEM DESCRIPTION 4 1.2.1 WATER PROBLEMS 5 1.2.2 CONSTRUCTIONS PROBLEMS 5
2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 5
2.1 GOALS 5 2.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 6 2.3 WATER QUALITY 6 2.3.1 INTRODUCTION 6 2.3.2 AIMS 6 2.3.3 METHOD DESCRIPTION 7 2.3.3.1 Bacteria testing – E. coli 7 2.3.3.2 Pollutants testing – Nitrate 7 2.3.3.3 Turbidity 8 2.3.3.4 Salinity 8 2.3.3.5 PH 8 2.3.3.6 Temperature 8 2.4 WATER QUANTITY – BOREHOLES, RAIN WATER HARVESTING 9 2.4.1 INTRODUCTION 9 2.4.2 AIMS 9 2.4.3 METHOD DESCRIPTION 9 2.4.3.1 Boreholes 9 2.4.3.2 Rain harvesting system 11 2.5 PROCESSES FOR IMPROVING WATER SYSTEM 12 2.5.1 INTRODUCTION 12 2.5.2 AIMS 12 2.5.3 METHOD DESCRIPTION 13 2.5.3.1 Client – contractor relationship: Contracting 13 2.5.3.2 Investigating failure patterns 13 2.5.3.3 Interviewing local stakeholders 13 2.5.3.4 Increasing local awareness 13
3 PROJECT CONTEXT 14
3.1 SUPERVISION 14 3.2 INVOLVED ORGANIZATIONS 14 3.3 KENYAN CONTACTS 14 3.4 PREPARATIONS 15 3.5 WORK 15 3.6 FINAL REPORT 17
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4 PRACTICAL ASPECTS 17
4.1 PLANNING 17 4.2 FINANCE 19 4.3 REQUIRED EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS 20
5 APPENDIX 21
5.1 REFERENCES 21 5.2 CONTACT INFORMATION 22 5.3 BACKGROUND INFORMATION 24
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1 INTRODUCTION
A multidisciplinary master project has been set up in order to address the problem of
the water supply for the primary schools in the Kwale district, Kenya. The project
team is formed by student from the Technical University of Delft, 3 Water
Management master students: Coert Strikker, Maria Xynogalou and Ioanna Livaniou
and 1 Construction Management master student: Radu Panaitescu. The project is an
initiative of the Tenda Pamoja Kenya Foundation, a small Dutch NGO that supports
primary schools and their communities in Kenya. The scope of this initiative is to
search for solutions for the shortage of clean drinking water that this area faces. The
research aims to investigate the failing of boreholes in the area, the water quality and
the contracting for creating a new rain harvesting system. Further this text will
elaborate on the description of the area, problem description, project description with
its goals and method descriptions, will elaborate on the context of the project and will
end with the practical aspects of the plan.
1.1 Description of the project area
The Kwale District is one of the coast provinces in Kenya. The district has an area of
8,960 km2 with an estimated population of 583,000 persons. The area borders Taita
Taveta to the west, Kilifi district to the North West, Mombasa and Indian Ocean to
the east and Republic of Tanzania to the south. The capital of it is Kwale. The district
has been split into three administrative districts namely Kwale district comprises
Matuga and Kubo divisions, Msambweni district comprises Msambweni, Diani and
Lungalunga divisions and Kinango distrit consisting of Kinango, Samburu, Kasemeni
and Ndavaya divisions [2,5].
The 304 primary schools, which are supported by Tenda pamoja foundation, are sprea
around the Kwale district and have around 24000 students that receive education. All
schools have been divided into 6 clusters according to their location. Figure 1
illustrates the location of schools and the different color of the locations represents
different clusters [5].
Figure 1: Location of schools
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The research is going to be conducted at the next primary schools: Kilole, Kiruku,
Menzamwenye, Ganda, Mahuruni and Mweria.
1.1.1. Catchment area
West –east is the orientation of the main river in the area and the drainage into the
coastal region from arid and semi – arid catchments. Most rivers, in the project area,
are semi – perennial or seasonal that is why, they cannot provide permanent water
supply. Most rivers drain in the Indian Ocean. Shimba Hills blocks some rivers at the
upper part of the project area and bend to the North draining into Mombasa estuary.
Cha Shimba River, Mwachema River and Ramisi River are the rivers with the largest
catchments in the area in which the schools are located. The total surface of the
catchment areas is in the order of 100-200 km2
[2].
1.1.2. Geology of the catchment area
Sedimentary rocks and unconsolidated sands are the characteristics of the geology in
the largest project area. Grits that have been developed on top of the impermeable
basement complex of metamorphic geneses and schist are also present.
In the sedimentary system three well-marked division are present: Durum Sandstone
series, Tertiary sediments and Quaternary sediments. Grits, sandstones and shale are
the components of the Durum sandstone series. At the top layer sandstones are
located, in the middle one finer sandstones and shale are present and finally, grits are
located at the bottom layer [1,2,3].
1.1.3. Climate
The climate in Kwale district can be characterized as arid with a total precipitation
between 400-1200mm/y. the annual precipitation exceeds the annual evaporation
which is estimated around 1400mm/y. This raises the need of water storage. There are
two rain periods which can be divided based on the duration of rainfalls. Short rains
take place in April and May while long rains in November and December. The air
temperature ranges from 20 to 300C with higher values from January to April and
lower from June to August [2].
1.2 Problem description
A rate of 60% of boreholes is not functioning properly or at all. For this purpose six
different schools are going to be investigated on this area and experiments are going
to be conducted. Two more schools at Kiwegu and Tsuini are under discussion for
further investigation. The selection of these schools was based on the number of
functioning and failed boreholes that are located in the area.
Specifically, at Menzamwenye there are two boreholes which one of them is
functioning well and the other is failing. At Mahuruni and Ganda’s primary schools,
failed boreholes are located. Moreover, at Kiruku’s primary school, a new dug well
was constructed but after a while it dried up. At Kilole’s primary school there is a dug
well, a borehole and they are planning to drill a new borehole in June. Finally, the
borehole at Mwena’s primary school confronts salinity problems and it is going to be
useful and interesting, more investigation to be conducted about the reason for sea
water intrusion.
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The problems in the research area can be divided into two different groups. The first
one is related with the water quality and the water availability and the second one is
related with the problems which are appealed during the structural procedure.
1.2.1 Water problems
There are a lot of problem facing the Kwale district related with the water. A list of
the most crucial of them is presented below:
Water scarcity due to climate effects. There are only two rain periods during
the year; the duration of each one is only two months.
The evaporation is higher than the precipitation
Lack of clean drinking water due to poor sanitation
The main sources for drinking water which are boreholes, wells and rain
harvesting systems the maintenance of them is questioning
Unknown specific location of the aquifer due to lack of information and data
for research conduction
The reasons for sea water intrusion in boreholes and wells are unknown
Awareness of personal hygiene and the effects of lack of it are limited
sometimes
1.2.2 Constructions problems
Problems can be occurred during the structural procedure. The most common of them
are the following:
Different boreholes are drilled from different companies; there are a lot of
stakeholders in the area. The criteria for the location and a database of which
company drilled which borehole are unknown. As a result, there is no
evaluation of their work and no clear overview of the situation.
Tanks’ leakage has occurred between wall and foundation. The reasons for
this can be either insufficient reinforcement, poor mixture of mortar or lack of
cleanliness when the joint was made. Pure knowledge of builders, lack of row
material and not following the contracts can form the causes for the wrong
implementations of the designs
There is no specific committee about the maintenance and the monitoring of
the proper function of borehole.
2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 Goals
The project’s goal is to contribute to the structural improvement of the water system
of the primary schools in the Kwale district. The contamination of the drinking water
supply is the main problem and means to obtain clean water are: boreholes, deep
wells and “harvesting” rain water. In the last decades several hundreds of boreholes
were realized in the area but after a short period of time a big proportion of has
became faulty. The first goal is to analyze the reasons for this undesired outcome of
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the boreholes. The second goal is investigating the quality of the drinking water in the
area. The last goal focuses on the contracting of the rain harvesting system between
Tenda Pamoja and its subcontractors. Furthermore, our team intends to involve in the
process of raising the awareness regarding the water drinking safety for the local
population.
2.2 Research Questions
Concluding from the goals, the research question can be divided into 3 components:
1. What are the reasons behind the failing of boreholes and is there a failure
pattern present?
2. What is the quality of the water supply available for the schools?
3. What recommendations can be formulated for improving the contracting for
the construction of the rain harvesting system of the schools?
Further the plan will elaborate on the approaches that will be performed in order to
address the questions formulated above.
2.3 Water Quality
2.3.1 Introduction
The primary purpose of checking the drinking - water quality is the protection of
public health. Water is essential to sustain life (adequate, safe and accessible) supply
must be available to all. Improving access to safe drinking – water can result in
tangible benefits to health.
Safe drinking – water, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2008
at “Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality” does not represent any significant risk to
health over a lifetime of consumption, including different sensitivities that may occur
between life stages. Safe drinking – water is suitable for all usual domestic purposes,
including personal hygiene.
2.3.2 Aims
One of the mayor concerns of the project is going to the quality of the water that is
used from the schools for drinking. Both water stored in tanks and water drilled from
boreholes is going to be examined. Not only because Tenda Pamoja is concerned
about the quality of the water that the schools and its surroundings are supplied with
but also because in general the access to safe drinking –water is a right that all people
should have. Public awareness may decrease the infection from waterborne diseases
and also improve public health that’s why the group goals to inform the villagers and
mainly the children in the schools.
In general what the group plans to do is first to test the water quality and afterwards
examine whether the results meet the guidelines that are set for drinking – water all
over the world. Also, be asking the villagers some conclusions can be derived like,
whether they suffer from health problems and also what the think about the water that
they are drinking.
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Finally, after the detection of the problem possible solutions that can improve water
quality are going to be searched.
2.3.3 Method description
The quality of the water from the boreholes and the tanks is going to be assessed by
looking at different parameters. Aspects like color, odor and taste are going to be
evaluated. The parameters, which could be determined immediately are turbidity,
salinity, pH and the temperature are going to be measured in situ, with equipment
from TU Delft, Water Lab. For microbiological testing, like E-coli and nitrate,
samples are going to be taken from the field and tested in a laboratory. Samples are
going to be collected when no pumping/withdrawal of water is taking place. The
group has to take into consideration that during April and May is the rainy season in
Kenya; as a result there are things like dust, dirt and leaves that may contaminate the
water.
2.3.3.1 Bacteria testing – E. coli
Escherichia coli is present is large numbers in the normal intestinal flora of humans
and animals, where it generally cause no harm. However, in other parts of the body,
E. coli can cause serious disease. Furthermore, presence of E. coli implies that there is
a high chance of containing other pathogenic microorganisms.
According to WHO guidelines for drinking – water, waterborne transmission of
pathogenic E. coli has been well documented for recreational waters and
contaminated drinking water.
Control measures that can be applied to manage potential risk from enter - pathogenic
E. coli includes protection of raw water supplies from animal and human waste,
adequate treatment and protection of water during distribution.
A possible reason of contamination of the borehole water is if latrine pits are built too
close to the borehole. The safe distance between a borehole and latrines depends on
the geology and soil type of the area. Distances between borehole and latrines in areas
underlain by coral limestone should be up to 150 m and in areas underlain by
sandstones; the distance should be at least 120 m [4]. Another possible way of
contaminating water is by bird feces or if buckets and ropes that are used to fetch the
water are used from people whose hands are not clean.
2.3.3.2 Pollutants testing – Nitrate
Nitrate (NO3) is found naturally in the environment and is an important plant nutrient.
According to EPA, infants below six months who drink water that contains nitrate in
excess could become seriously ill and if untreated, may die.
Nitrate can be detected in both surface water and groundwater as a consequence of
agricultural activity from the extensive use of fertilizers, from wastewater disposal
and from oxidation of nitrogenous waste products in human and animal excreta.
The guideline value for nitrate of 50 mg/litre as nitrate is based on epidemiological
evidence for methaemoglobinaemia in infants, which results from short-term exposure
and is protective for bottle-fed infants and, consequently, other parts of the
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population, [7]. As a result authorities should be aware whether the concentration of
nitrate, if water that is used for bottle – fed infants, is near the guideline value.
2.3.3.3 Turbidity
Turbidity is a measure of the cloudiness of water. It is caused by suspended matter or
impurities that interfere with the clarity of the water, as a result the higher the
turbidity, the more difficult it becomes to see through the water. The turbidity is
expressed in NTU, which stands for Nephalometric Turbidity Units. An average
person can start to see turbidity with the naked eye when values exceed 5 NTU.
Relatively clear waters have a turbidity of around 25 NTU. If water appears muddy,
the turbidity has reached at least 100 NTU. If the water is completely opaque, the
turbidity exceeds 2000 NTU.
Excessive turbidity, or cloudiness, in drinking water is aesthetically unappealing and
may also represent a health concern. Turbidity can provide food and shelter for
pathogens, therefore is a key parameter when assessing the safety of water for
drinking. If not removed, turbidity can lead to waterborne diseases outbreaks.
Although turbidity is not a direct indicator of health risk, numerous studies show a
strong relationship between removal of turbidity and removal of protozoa [6].
The maximum allowed turbidity in drinking water according to WHO, shouldn’t be
more than 5 NTU, and should ideally be below 1 NTU.
2.3.3.4 Salinity
Common salt is also known as sodium chlorine and is measured in drinking water as
sodium. Sodium has no smell, dissolves easily in water and gives water a “salty” taste
at levels greater than 180mg/l. Sodium can be released naturally into water through
minerals deposits, seawater spray and salt intrusion. As the project area is close to the
sea, measuring salinity is going to be a useful in order to check whether seawater has
intruded into the district maybe because of the extensive pumping of the borehole.
There is no specific guideline for salinity in drinking water, but also the results can be
verified by asking villagers opinion, if they find that water tastes salty.
2.3.3.5 PH
The pH value is probably the most frequently measured parameter in aqua bodies. The
pH is of mayor importance, is a measure of how acidic/basic water is. The ranges
goes from 0 – 14, with 7 being neutral. pHs of less than 7 indicate acidity, whereas a
pH of more than 7 indicates a base. In general, pH determines the solubility and
biological availability of chemical constituents such as nutrients and heavy metals.
Although pH usually has no direct impact on water consumers, it is one of the most
important operational water-quality parameters according also to WHO.
2.3.3.6 Temperature
High water temperature enhances the growth of microorganisms and may increase
taste, odor, color and corrosion problems. On the other hand, cool water is generally
more palatable. The recommended temperature for drinking water is 25 C according
to UK standards [8], there is no guideline value set by WHO.
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2.4 Water Quantity – Boreholes, Rain Water harvesting
2.4.1 Introduction
Ground water and precipitation are the main sources of drinking – water in Kwale
District. Boreholes are suitable in cases where the groundwater is not in a high depth
so it can be easily extracted.
An analysis of the boreholes in the six primary schools will be held. The group will
investigate whether the boreholes are functioning properly at the time of the research
and if not, determine the different reasons that may cause its failure. The depth of the
boreholes during their construction will be determined by surveying the locals and
compare it with the present groundwater level. The rain influences the presence of the
water. As a result, a borehole may have water only during the rainy season while
become dry or have a lower water level during dry periods than expected.
Furthermore the water harvesting systems are going to be examined. Schools have
systems that can collect the rainwater and store it in tanks. These systems as well as
the tanks are going to be observed.
2.4.2 Aims
As it is described above, the project aims to make a database of the failing boreholes;
find the possible reasons and recommend solutions. Water users will be interviewed o
for making an estimation of the actual water use and the amount of water that is
extracted from the boreholes (drinking, food preparation, personal hygiene, etc.) Also
the efficiency and the condition (maintenance) of the systems will be analyzed and a
directive to improve an existing system will be developed.
2.4.3 Method description
2.4.3.1 Boreholes
2.4.3.1.1 Clogging
Many wells abstracting groundwater suffer from impaired performance as a result of
clogging by mechanical or biogeochemical processes. This results in a significant
volume reductions pumped by the borehole.
Causes
One of the causes can be mixing of incompatible water qualities. When there is a
vertical stratification in the chemical composition of groundwater, for example
oxygen near the top of the aquifer and iron near the bottom, abstraction will result in
mixing of these water types. Through mixing, deposits of iron hydroxides, manganese
oxides or aluminum oxides will develop and clog the slots of the screen.
Also clogging can occur by enhancing microbiological processes. Due to the
increased velocity of the groundwater flow, the intensity of microbiological processes
already occurring in the aquifer, may be enhanced, resulting into the formation of
deposits upon the well bore/aquifer interface.
Another possibility is mechanical clogging. When the diameter of the gravel of the
gravel pack has not been correctly chosen forlayer of (very) fine sand, when the
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gravel pack has not been placed properly or not at all or when the screen is not
centered properly in the borehole, the well may start yielding sand and experience
clogging.
Recognizing clogging (symptoms)
Clogging can be recognized by the following symptoms:
Loss of capacity: the water level in the borehole usually decreases and the
specific capacity is lowered accordingly (greater than 10 procent).
The turbidity of the water increases: the turbidity could contain sand, silts and
high load of suspended solids.
The water is colored red: the initial discharge of red water could be caused by
the detachment of material stemming from high-velocity water moving
through a formation of iron oxides.
2.4.3.1.2 Failing pump
Until know it is not known what kinds of pumps are used in the Kwale district, but in
general two types of pumps for boreholes are used: submersible and vacuum pumps
(see Error! Reference source not found.). A submersible pump is a system which is
lowered and completely submerged in the water within the borehole casing.
Submersible pumps push fluid to the surface as opposed to jet pumps having to pull
fluids. The pump is attached to a pipe in which the water can flow to the surface and
to wires supplying electrical power. Vacuum pumps create a vacuum by removing
gas/air in order to leave behind a partial vacuum. As a result water in the borehole,
which is closed from the surrounding atmosphere and soil, is pulled to the surface.
Figure 2 Vacuum (left) and submersible pump (right)
Causes
Possible causes of pump failure are:
No electrical power
Clogging of the pump: when submersible pumps starts to pump air this can
lead to a mass of iron deposits on the pump.
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Recognizing pump failure (symptoms)
Pump failure can be easily detected, when:
The pump does not run
No water is pumped, only air
2.4.3.1.3 Aquifer
In many parts of the world water shortage is common faced problem. This can be
caused by empty aquifers in which the water table is depleted. An aquifer is any
saturated geologic material that yields useful quantities of water to wells or
springs. Thick deposits of sand and gravel, sandstone, and fractured bedrock are
typically good aquifers, because they have a good permeability.
Causes
A lack of water supply from the soil could be caused by:
Empty aquifers, due to:
o Overpumping: groundwater level lowers because of depleting the
aquifers faster than they can be replenished. In combination with
drought (see below) this process accelerates.
o Drought: due to a lack of rain no water will infiltrate to replenish
aquifers and they eventually will run dry.
Well-screen in impermeable layer: because of the low conductivity of the
impermeable layer (e.g. clay layer) the pump is not able to extract sufficient
amounts of groundwater. This well screen is not properly placed and should be
located in aquifer (high conductivity) like a sand or fractured rock layer.
Recognizing no water availability (symptoms)
Low availability of groundwater can be obviously detected by a lack of water
extracted by the boreholes. When there is still water in the in the borehole a test can
be performed by pumping water out of the borehole and wait to the water level reach
the former water level before pumping. In case the water level not raises at all, the
aquifer probably is empty.
2.4.3.2 Rain harvesting system
2.4.3.2.1 Roof and gutters
This part will address the observations made on the construction of the gutters and the
transmission of the water to the tanks. A set of defects in implementing the clients
requirements has been revealed already as improper gutter slope, connection to
building and collection system failure. Therefore, because a large number of
differences exist between the client’s specification in the plans and the actual
construction of the system, a site investigation will be made. Future defects identified
will be reported to the client, Tenda Pamoja in order to take future actions.
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2.4.3.2.2 Construction of tanks
Furthermore, the process of construction of tanks that will store the rain water has
proved to be faulty. An investigation of the situation on field will be made consisting
on observing if the construction has followed the specifications in the plans. Several
“flaws” have been already signaled by the client as: smaller capacity than designed,
under reinforcement, low quality concrete, improper connection with the roof and
gutter system, etc. Therefore this type of aspects will be investigated in the
construction of the new tanks and the ones already finalized by the contractor. Also
the problem of tank capacity compared to existent need of water will be analyzed.
Further, the water quality of the supply in the tank will be analyzed in order to find
out if the tank provides drinkable water.
Figure 3 Working Plan for Tanks
2.5 Processes for improving water system
2.5.1 Introduction
An analysis focused on the processes of providing safe drinking water can be used to
supplement the technical analysis described in the chapters above in order to find an
overview of the situation in the area. Therefore this chapter will emphasize on the
analysis of several important aspects that this analysis will tackle. An analysis of the
contracts for constructing water tanks and harvesting systems and boreholes as well,
an investigation of the possibility to find a failure pattern in the boreholes, done
through interviewing and analyzing the stakeholders involved and using the borehole
register. Last the team aims to increase the local awareness in the schools visited.
2.5.2 Aims
The aim of this approach is to integrate the knowledge related to the processes that
lead to the construction of boreholes and water harvesting systems and to create an
overview of the situation. Therefore, through the methods described below, the
project aims to investigate the context of the water system in the target area and to
search for recommendations that might help improve it.
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2.5.3 Method description
2.5.3.1 Client – contractor relationship: Contracting
The current contracting for the construction of water tanks failed to create a fair
collaboration between the client, Tenda Pamoja and the contractor. There were
problems for the construction of some of the facilities in which the specifications
where not respected by the contractor. These can be the result of a lack of experience
or more probable because of an attempt to decrease the costs for the contractor and
thus increase its profits. The situation could have been easily solved if there were a lot
of options for choosing contractors in the area, but unfortunately there are not.
Therefore this situation must be investigated and improved. There might be several
levels to be tackled, the contract itself, the monitoring process or the procurement of
materials.
Therefore this investigation aims to check if it is possible to rationalize the
relationship between the 2 parties through a better contracting framework and a better
implementation. This will be done by studying the available contracts, comparing
them with literature on contracting, analyzing the monitoring process and assessing
the opportunity to implement changes in this system.
2.5.3.2 Investigating failure patterns
The functioning of the boreholes in the Kwale area is affected by several issues. This
analysis will try to integrate the gained information in order to observe a possible
pattern between the failures of boreholes in different areas. From this patterns we
anticipate that they can be due to construction flaws, inadequate choosing of
locations, inadequate use and contamination of water. This can lead to a better
structuring of the borehole situation and a better understanding of the reasons due to
which the boreholes fail.
This will be done through interviewing local stakeholders, accessing available
information and visiting local boreholes in locations spread around the district. After
gaining the information, it will be integrated and analyzed in order to identify possible
failing patterns.
2.5.3.3 Interviewing local stakeholders
The analysis process will be supported by a set of interviews with the local
stakeholders in order to gain information. The gained information will be used to
investigate the failure pattern of boreholes.
2.5.3.4 Increasing local awareness
The process of proving a sufficient supply of safe drinkable water to the schools and
local communities can be helped by increasing the local awareness of the population
regarding the effects of drinking contaminated water. Further the importance of
maintaining the water system uncontaminated is also beneficial for the future use of
the system.
Therefore, the team intends to give small presentations at the visited schools in order
to raise the awareness of the children and their communities.
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3 PROJECT CONTEXT
3.1 Supervision
The supervisor of the project will be prof. Dr. Ir. T.N. (Theo) Olsthoorn. He is senior
researcher hydrology for Waternet (Amsterdam Water Supply) and a part-time
professor of groundwater exploration at the section Water Resources – Geohydrology.
He will support us on geohydrological related issues, such as the VES/TDEM
measurements and interpretations. In the end of the project he will partly judge the
work in the form of reviewing the final report.
The project supervision will also be made by ass. Prof. dr. R. (Rob) Schoenmaker,
Assistant Professor Integral Design, on matters addressing the Construction
Management and Engineering study.
Prof. Roland Abspoel from the Technology University of Delft is also a member of
Tenda Pamoja foundation. He acts as the project’s initiator and coordinator, therefore
providing the information necessary for the project. He will also take part in the
assessment of the project’s final report.
3.2 Involved Organizations
St. Tenda Pamoja is a relatively small NGO which is supported by ca. 30 individual
sponsors and has a average budget of €13.000 euro’s a year. It supports more than 30
primary schools on education, safety & health and local economy in the Kwale
District in Kenya, an area of ca. 4000 km2 located between Mombasa and the
Tanzanian border. One of the important issues is the supply of safe and sufficient
(drinking) water.
Tenda Pamoja is the initiator of this project as they face the problem of failing
boreholes. They provide information about the region, schools and useful social
connections. During our project Tenda Pamoja will give us financial and logistical
support as well. The most important contacts from Tenda Pamoja are Roland Abspoel
and Francis Nzai, the coordinators of the project in the Netherlands and Kenya
respectively.
3.3 Kenyan contacts
Prof. Mwakio P.Tole is a professor of Environmental Geochemistry currently working
at the Pwani University College as Deputy Principal (Asministration and Finance).
The position of professor Tole is as a hub in the personal relation network. He knows
most relations who are useful for the project: Roland Abspoel, the Kenyan students
(Martin Mubea and Catherine Kanini Musili) and the geohydrologist. We wish to
make us of this network and to gain some useful information and knowledge for our
project.
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Martin Mubea and Catherine Kanini Musili are two third year students undertaking
Bsc. Environmental Science at the Pwani University located at the Kenya coast.
They are willing to assist and guide us during our stay in Kenya. As we need local
information about the boreholes they can help us to get in contact with local people
living near the primary schools where the boreholes are situated. They also can
provide local information and knowledge themselves to support our project.
Collins Owuor is a exploration geophysicist and currently working as lecturer at the
Mombasa Polytechnic University College.
Mr. Owuor can provide us local geological and geohydrological information as: depth
and characteristics of present soil layers and water table levels. Besides he can help us
to gain the VES-equipment and other equipment from universities or consultancy
companies.
3.4 Preparations
The project preparation included weekly meetings between the team members in the
beginning of the preparation process and more frequent as the project departure date
approached. Also meetings with the coordinating and supervising professors were
conducted frequently in order to gain necessary preparatory information.
VES measurements were conducted in the last 2 weeks for the good understanding of
the equipment. Prof. W. Luxemburg and Prof. T. Olsthroon were present in the
process.
3.5 Work
The schools can be visited during the 2nd
and the 3rd
week and afterwards after
gathering all the necessary information some suggestions for improvements of the
systems that are used from the schools will be prepared. So, a second visit will be
made in order to inform the locals and do also lectures in the schools.
As the group is held by only 4 students, all together are going to work in the same
place as the work can be divided easier.
The work is going to be divided into two parts. The one is about the failure of the
boreholes and the other one about the rain harvesting systems. In figure 4 the working
plan for the boreholes can be observed.
16
Figure 4: Working plan for boreholes
Boreholes
not working
Check pump
VES depth
working
water level
depth water quality
5 tests
working not well
depth VES water quality
5 tests
pumping test
water level
17
3.6 Final report
After gathering all the information and maybe testing again if necessary, the last two
weeks in Kenya will be used for writing the final report. The final report will contain
description of the six schools that will be visited, definition of the problem,
suggestions for improvements of the water supply systems (rain harvesting systems)
and also about the water quality both for the water from the tanks and the boreholes.
The finishing of the final report will take place back in the Netherlands. A final
presentation will be given at TU Delft and for Tenda Pamoja Kenya Foundation.
4 PRACTICAL ASPECTS
4.1 Planning
The project in Kenya will take eight weeks. A planning has been made to make sure
the project will be finished within the available time. The planning is also necessary
to make appointments with the schools that we are going to visit and to arrange the
transportation in Kenya, which is also a very important aspect. This time schedule is
not the final, as it can change during our stay there because of the weather
circumstances or other situations that may arise during our stay. The complete
planning is presented in Table 1.
The group arrives on Saturday the 28th
of April so the first two days will be used for
acclimatizing and starting up the project. During the first week the group plans to get
in contact with local people, explore the region, contact with a laboratory for the
microbiological testing etc. After this week the six schools will be visited. One day
for doing the appropriate measures in the schools and the next day will be used for
processing the measurements. A second visit round will start, after the preparation of
the lessons that the group plans to give in the primary schools. With all the gathered
information the final detailed analysis can be made.
Week Planning
Week 1
30 - 4 May
Monday
Meeting Contacts, Gathering Information, Equipment, Contacting
laboratory
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Week 2 7 - 11 May Monday Visit Kilole
Tuesday Prosessing data
Wednesday Visit Kiruku
Thursday Prosessing data
Friday Visit Mwena
Week 3 14 - 18 May
18
Monday Prosessing data
Tuesday Visit Mahuruni
Wednesday Prosessing data
Thursday Visit Menzamwenye
Friday Prosessing data
Week 4 21 - 25 May Monday Visit Ganda
Tuesday Prosessing data
Wednesday Preparing Lessons
Thursday Preparing Lessons
Friday Making Desings/Directives
Week 5 28 - 1 June Monday Making Desings/Directives
Tuesday Making Desings/Directives
Wednesday Making Desings/Directives
Thursday Making Desings/Directives
Friday Making Desings/Directives
Week 6 4 - 8 June Monday Visit Kiruku
Tuesday Visit Mwena
Wednesday Visit Mahuruni
Thursday Visit Menzamwenye
Friday Visit Ganda
Week 7 11 - 15 June Monday Visit Kilole
Tuesday Final report
Wednesday Final report
Thursday Final report
Friday Final report
Week 8 18 - 22 June Monday Final report
Tuesday Final report
Wednesday Final report
Thursday Final report
Friday Final report Table 1: Planning
19
4.2 Finance
To finance the whole project, several water and civil engineering companies were
asked for financial support. Unfortunately, none of these companies replied
positively. Professor Theo Olsthoorn, who is the supervisor of the project, offered to
the group a fund from the Hygea Foundation. Also each of the members of the group
will take a scholarship from TU Delft, in order to cover some of the traveling
expenses and as the project is going to take place in a developing country in order to
improve the standard of living of local people, a scholarship was offered from StuD
(CICAT), which is the central liaison office of TU Delft.
Tenda Pamoja as the client will finance a part of the project and finally the group
members will contribute for their trip.
The budget is constituted by 2 parts: the common expenses and the individual
expenses. The common expenses are: technical equipment insurance and water
quality testing. The individual expenses are: flight tickets, housing, living expenses,
local transportation, malaria pills, visa and Internet connection. The amount
constituting the budget can be observed in the table below:
Budget
Expenses Amount,
(Euro)
Individual (*4) Collective
Tickets 2,840
Train tickets 240
Accommodation 1,800
Visa 160
Internet 150
Malaria pills 860
Total 6,050
Living
Equipment
Water testing
Transportation
Other expenses
Total 9,600
Table 2: Expenses
Funders Amount, (Euro)
Theo Olsthoorn 1,000
Delta4mwena 300
StuD – CICAT 500
TU Delft 1,000
Tenda Pamoja 1,200
Members contribution 800
Walk for Water program 4,800
Total 9,600
Table 3: Project’s funding
3,550
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4.3 Required equipment and materials
In order to fulfill the measurements but also the analysis of the data; some objects
should be taken with the group to Kenya while others may be available in Kenya.
Measurement equipment
VES equipment
Salinity equipment
Turbidity equipment
pH equipment
E-coli testing
Nitrate testing
Divers
Software
Microsoft Office
Matlab
Software for the interpretation of the VES measures
Lecture notes and literature
CIE4440 – Hydrological Measurements
CIE5460 – Hydrology of catchments, rivers and deltas
CIE4420 – Geohydrology I
CIE5440 - Geohydrology II
CIE4410 – Irrigation and drainage
CIE4495 - Fundamentals of drinking water and wastewater
CT2090 – Soil Mechanics
CT3320 - Groundwater mechanics, flow and transport
CT1140 – Fluid Mechanics I
CIE2140 - Fluid Mechanics II
Chemistry of soil (lecture notes from the bachelor program)
Environmental chemistry (lecture notes from the bachelor program)
Flow mechanics (lecture notes from the bachelor program)
A practical guide to Dutch Building Contracts, E.M. Bruggeman,
M.A.B. Chao-Duivis, A.Z.R. Koning, Instituut voor Bouwrecht, 2010
Maps
Geological of Kwale District
Location of the boreholes
Location of schools
Soil Map of the examined boreholes
Questionnaires
Contracts, information and plans of the rain water harvesting system
21
5 APPENDIX
5.1 References
1. A.D.Horkel, 1984, “Notes on the geology and mineral resources of the
Southern Kenyan Coast”, Mitt. Osterr. Geol. Ges. 151-159.
2. E. Aalbers, R. Arkesteijn, L. Bouaziz, T. Euser, R. Nijzink, 2011, “Integrated
Waterplan Primary Schools Kenya”, Delft University of Technology National
3. Environment Secretariat, Ministry of environment and natural resources, 1985,
“ Kwale district rnvironmental assessment report”
4. Mwakio P. Tole, 1997, “Pollution of groundwater in the coastal Kwale
District, Kenya”, International Association of Hydrological Sciences,
Publication No. 240, p.p. 287 – 297, IAHS Wallingford.
5. http://www.tendapamoja.nl/
6. EPA, Guidance Manual. Turbidity Provisions, April 1999.
7. World Health Organization (WHO), 2008, “Guidelines for Drinking Water
Quality”, Third Edition, Incorporating the first and second addenda, Volume
1, Recommendations.
8. Pritchard, M., Mkandawire T. and O'Neill, J.G., 2007, “Biological, Chemical
and Physical Drinking Water Quality from Shallow Wells in Malawi: Case
Study of Blantyre, Chiradzulu and Mulanje”, Physics and Chemistry of the
Earth Journal, Vol. 32, Aug. pp. 1167-1177, ISBN 1474-7065.
22
5.2 Contact information
Tenda Pamoja Foundation:
Secretary Tenda Pamoja
Hogeveenseweg 15
2631 PH Nootdorp
The Netherlands
Ir. R. Abspoel (also from TU Delft)
Department of Structural Engineering
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences
Room: SII 2.54
The Netherlands
tel: +31 (0)152785358
Francis Nzai
P.O. Box 1781
Ukunda Kenya
TU Delft:
Prof. Ir. T.N. Olsthoorn
Department of Water Resources
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences
Room: 4.87
The Netherlands
Tel: +31 (0)152787346
dr.R.Schoenmaker
Assistant Professor Integral Design
TU Delft / Civil Engineering and Geosciences
Building 23
Stevinweg 1
2628 CN Delft
T +31 (0)6 5259 6494
M.van Eijck
International Office
E-mail: [email protected]
23
Pwani University:
Prof. M.P. Tole
Pwani University College
P.O. Box 195
80108 Kilifi
Kenya
Tel: 254-41-2008204
Students:
Martin Mubea
Tel: +254 726 593 791
Catherine Kanini Musili
Tel: +254-724274209
Email: [email protected]
Other:
Mr. C. Owuor
24
5.3 Background information
Some useful maps for the project are presented below:
Figure 5: geological map of the Southern Kenyan Coast
25
Figure 6 Geology Kwale District
26
Figure 7:Locations of boreholes in Kwale district