project on power distribution

7/30/2019 project on power distribution

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POWER DISTRIBUTION IN USHA MARTIN

USHA MARTIN LIMITEDTATISILWAI(RANCHI)

A TRAINING REPORT

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OFTHE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY(Electrical Engineering)

SUBMITTED TOPUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, JALANDHAR

SUBMITTED BY

Name of Student University Roll No.Premkant Panjiyara 90640518286

21-01-13 to 21-07-13(Duration of Training period)

RIMT- INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, MANDI GOBINDGARHPUNJAB


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USHA MARTIN LIMITED

TATISILWAI(RANCHI)

A TRAINING REPORT

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OFTHE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY(Electrical Engineering)

SUBMITTED TOPUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, JALANDHAR

SUBMITTED BY Name of Student University Roll No.Premkant Panjiyara 90640518286

21-01-13 to 21-07-13

RIMT- INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, MANDI GOBINDGARHPUNJAB


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Undergoing summer training at USHA MARTIN LTD, RANCHI was a very niceexperience. We would like to extend our heartiest thanks to Mr. sanjay srivastav and Mr.

B.P. singh for their guidance and cooperation. In spite of their busy daily work they guidedus in learning the power distribution at USHA MARTIN LTD, RANCHI in a short span of time. We also thank, Mr. Arvind kumar of HRD dept. of USHA MARTIN LTD, RANCHIfor conducting such a training programme for us.

I am extremely thankful to Prof M.S.GILL, HOD, RIMT IET, Mandi Gobindgarh, for valuablesuggestions and encouragement .

Signature of Student

Premkant Panjiyara

90640518286


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CERTIFICATE

I hereby certify that I have completed the Six months Training in partial fulfillment of the requirements for theaward of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering. I did my training in Usha Martin Limited, TatisilwaiRanchi(JHARKHAND) from 21-01-13 to 21-07-13.

The matter presented in this Report has not been submitted by me for the award of any

other degree elsewhere.

Signature of Student

Premkant Panjiyara

90640518286

Signatures

Examined by:

1. 2. 3. 4.

HOD

Electrical Engineering Department


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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr.PREMKANT PANJIYARA has completed the

Training in our Industry during the period 21-01-13 to 21-07-13. Hisoverall performance during the period was Excellent.

Signature & Seal of Training Manager


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgement

About Company/industry/institute

Evolution

Divisions

List of Abbreviations


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Company Profi le

UML is the 2nd

largest wire and rope manufacturer in the world and has the largestvariety in South East Asia.

It is multi product, diversified engineering conglomerate with 10 production units inIndia,1 in Thailand,1 in UK and 1 in Dubai.

It is saving valuable foreign exchange by exporting by exporting its products to 42

countries like USA, Africa and Middle East, conforming to the strictest productquality standards.

It got the ISO 9000 Certification by BVQI in 1994.

ICICI (BCB) did the business process re-engineering in 1996 and line system was setup to enhance performance.

With the modern concepts like TPM, value engineering, QC, suggestions scheme,customer satisfaction and human resource development, UML is trying to reachunparalleled heights.

UML is serving through a leading daily Prabhat Khabar, Krishi Gram VikasKendra, Usha Martin Technical Institute.


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Evolution of The Company

Mr. Prashant Jhawar, the Chairman, established Usha Martin Limited in 1960 withthe Wire Ropes Plant, Ranchi.

The firm was initially called Usha Martin Black as it started with collaboration between M/S Martin Black, Scotland and Usha Automobile & Engineering Pvt. Ltd.,Calcutta in 1960.

In 1965, it backed Usha Ismal Ltd to manufacture rope accessories & splicingequipments and merged with it in 1990.

In 1969, it backed Usha Breco Ltd. To design, construct and erect Aerial Ropeways.

In 1971, it backed Usha Alloys & Steel Ltd. To produce steel billets as backwardintegration and merged with it in 1988.

The collaboration with Martin Black broke up in 1975 and the company was hencecalled Usha Martin Industries.

The company set up an electrical furnace steel plant at Jamshedpur in 1973, followed by a rod mill in 1976.

In 1980, it promoted Usha Siam Steel Industries Ltd, Thailand to produce wire, wireropes & auto control cables. It set special products division to produce Hi-Tech WireCables.


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In 1986, UML promoted Usha Beltron Ltd. Ranchi in alliance with AEG Cable of Germany and Bihar State Electronics Corporation to produce jelly filledtelecommunication cables.

In 1994, it set up Software Division to provide IT Solution for communicationapplication and Usha Martin Ltd, a distribution center at Glasgow, UK.

Usha Martin Ltd. Merged with Usha Beltron Group in 1999 and was renamed as Wireand Wire Rope Division within which following six companies are included: JFTC-Ranchi, Wire And Wire Rope Division - Ranchi, Usha Ismal Division Ranchi, UshaAlloys & Steel Jamshedpur, Usha Machinery Division Bangalore and Rod-MillDivision Agra.


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Steel Divi sion

A backward integration initiative, the Usha Alloys & Steels Division (UASD) atJamshedpur is one of the largest amongst secondary steel manufacturers of specialtysteel long products in India. With ISO 9002 certified facilities, UASD has pioneeredthe unique process of steel making through mini blast furnace-arc furnace route,which ensures superior quality of steel at a lower cost. UASD serves a range of industries like automobile, general engineering, fasteners, railways, defense and

power.

M achinery Division

This ISO 9001 unit was set up in 1974 at Bangalore to manufacture Wire Drawingand allied machines. Over the years, the division has added a wide range of Wire,Wire Rope and Cable machinery to its product range and is now the leader in thisfield in India. The division started with technical collaboration with M/s MarshallRichards Barcro of UK and subsequently has collaborated with internationallyreputed firms like De-Angeli Industries SPA, Italy, Stolberger Maschinenfabrik,Germany, Hi-Draw Machinery Ltd, UK and Redaelli Techna Meccanica, Italy. Afacility in ranchi has also been created for manufacturing machines required for WireDrawing and Stranding Applications.

Usha I smal D ivision

This unit, having manufacturing unit in Ranchi ( Eastern India), is the leader in thefield of pre-stressing equipment & accessories and also executes pre-stressing job onturnkey basis. Besides, it provides services for jointing of reinforcement bars bymechanical splicing. All major civil contractors of National Highway Authority of India , Indian Railways, PWD are regular users of these products and services.

It also offers hydraulic presses & accessories for manufacturing mechanically splicedwire rope slings, machines for proof load testing of wire rope slings, and die-lesshand operated hydraulic crimping tools. These products find wide application withSteel Plants, Port Trusts, Oil Sector, Heavy Engineering Industry, Electricity Boards,Electrical Contractors, Factories etc..


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Cables Di vision Un der UM Cables

The Cable Division of Usha Martin Limited has emerged as a leading manufacturer of jelly-filled underground & fiber optic telecommunication cables in India. Thesophisticated manufacturing facilities is located in Silbasa. The company integratestechnology from KABEL RHEYDT (formerly AEG KABLE), GERMANY, amember of Alcatel Group - is rated as one of the most efficient plants in the countryand a benchmark in the industry. The Plant includes computer - controlled criticalequipments, imported from International Leaders in cable technology.


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Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION

The ISO 9001-certified 100,000 MT / annum-manufacturing facilities at Ranchi (Eastern India)is 2 nd largest producer of ropes in the world. Since its inception, the division has continuouslydeveloped and expanded its range of product offerings and is considered a pioneer in certainclasses of products in India. Steel wire ropes manufactured by the division find wide applicationsin oil exploration, mining, elevators, Crane, fishing, construction, load transportation and generalengineering sectors. It find varied use in different parts of the world known for their excellentquality, long life and low maintenance, and are the preferred choice of customers across nations.

Ropes, ranging from 2 mm to 100 mm diameter find varied applications. The wide ranges of products are used in underground mining, surface mining, mooring, onshore and offshoredrilling, fishing, elevators, cranes, aerial haulage and track installations besides various generalengineering applications. Pre-stretched ropes, locked coil wire ropes and spiral strands made in

Usha Martin are used in suspension bridges, antenna masts etc.

Backed by a strong international distribution network our ropes have found a place in differentcorners of the world.


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Other Particulars

Location Chotanagpur Plateau

Plant Area 112 Acres

Nearest Town Ranchi (13 Km)

Nearest Railway Station Tatisilwai (1 Km)

Nearest Airport Ranchi (17 Km)

Nearest Highway N H-33 (8 Km)

Nearest Port Kolkata (412 km)

Power Contracted demand 8000 KVA

Source-JSEB

Water 2400-3200 m 3/day

Sources Subernekha River


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FINISHED PRODUCTS


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Fine Cord

Usha Martin, extended vast experience in rope making technology towards manufacturing of Fine Cords. Usha Martin Fine Cords find application as the inner element for the AutomotiveControl Cables and also in boring applications and as Pull Cord cables for laying of Televisioncables.

Size Range

The size range for overall diameter of finished cords is 1.20mm to 6.00mm.

Construction

We can provide fine cords in the following constructions:

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L ow Relax ation Prestr essed Concrete (L RPC) Strands

In keeping with the demands of the international market, we have introduced LowRelaxation Prestressed Concrete (LRPC) Strands for the construction industry in 2001. A steelmember that is prestressed and embedded in concrete, loses the initially applied stressexponentially with the passage of time. The single most important factor attributing to this lossin stress relaxation property of the steel itself. By treating the steel through a thermo mechanical

process known as stabilizing, the propensity of the steel to "relax under a stressed condition iscontrolled to a great extent. Some of the main advantages that our customers derive by using lowrelaxation strands are listed below

* Upto 10% reduction in steel requirement possible* Saving in number of anchorages, ducts, sheathings, wedges and labour resulting in

overall reduction of project cost.* Reduction in concrete requirement due to reduced size of structural members


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Chapter 2: Project Work

Pre-stressed concrete girders for road, river & railway bridges and flyovers, pre-stressedconcrete domes, slabs, silos, hangars, aquaducts, viaducts & railway sleepers.

Patenting and Galvanizin g F acil ity

* 50ft electrically fired furnace with inline cleaning, coating, galvanizing facilities.* 30ft propane fired LeFour furnace with inline cleaning, coating, and galvanizing facilities.* 30ft propane fired rod DSW patenting furnace* Galvanizing plants of different capacities* Stress relieving facilities for wires and strands* Annealing furnaces (bell type)* Vacuum annealing furnace* PLC driven automatic pickling plant* Manually operated pickling plant

Quali ty & Testin g

Wires and Strands hold a premier position in the domestic market and are also exported todifferent part of the world. Used for different purposes across a gamut of industries, our wiresand strands are continuously put through rigorous and demanding conditions. To ensure that our offerings match the international standards, we have set high internal quality standards. Plantlocated at Ranchi has been awarded ISO 9001 due to our emphasis on maintaining global qualitystandards.

Wires confirm to various specifications such as

* IS Specifications* JIS Specifications* British Specifications* ASTM Specifications* DIN Specifications

Tested using the best modern facilities our wires are produced to ensure that they match thequality for which we are renowned.


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Aeri al Ropes

We are the undisputed leaders in the domestic Aerial Rope sector. Our product offerings includeAerial haulage ropes, material handling ropes, rope for passenger ropeways and other track ropes. Our ropes are renowned for their low maintenance, long life, excellent quality andstrength.

Size Range

The size range generally preferred for such ropes is* 19mm to 38mm

Specifications

Our Aerial ropes cater to the following specifications

* IS 10891/84 Part I* IS 10892 / 84 Part IV

Steel Cord for Conveyor belts

Conveyor belts - one of the most popular means for bulk material handling - findswidespread application in mines, cement and coal industries, ports & terminals,

power st at io ns et c. When re in fo rced wi th st ee l co rd th ese be lts la st lo ng er , al lowhigher operating speeds and offer better shock and rupture resistance thanconventional fiber reinforced belts. In addition, very low elongation and absenceof creep, makes steel cord the ideal reinforcement for long haul, high strength

be lt s (f rom 500 to 20 00 N per mm of be lt wi dth) .


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Social Commitment Through Krishi Gram Vikas Kendra

Management commitement and support since 1977

"in every village where hunger persists, human being must be empowered to discover

Their own vision express their own leadership, create their own solutionsand work together to achieve their own success"

KGVK Activities

augmenting water resources through watershed management sustainable income generation through cottage industries & live stock management capacity building through "agivika research & training center" health & family welfare programmes women empowerment thru "swashakti" programme

KGVK projects

In partnership with grass root civic society, corporate and government

India canada environment facility (icef)project - for water resources conservation &

conjunctive utilisation for environmental restoration ( project cost rs 10.0 cr)

ICICI - cini project - for primary health services at the grass root level project cost rs. 2.0 cr)

project with us aid along with cepda - for training barefoot workers in villages for making them1st point of contact in village health services

Projects with govt of india for water shed, women empowerment,education.


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USHA MARTIN substation receives 33 kv from JSEB(Jharkhand state electricity board). Acurrent and potential transformer unit (CT /PT) measure incoming voltage and current at

substation. These readings are shield in a room for JSEB observation. The company measure thaincoming current by installin its own current transformer(CT).

An isolator or air break switch is provided for isolation of CT and transformer under circumstances like high high power flow maintenance fault repairing from isolator supplyconnection goes to O.C.B.

An O.C.B(oil circuit breaker) is used to break the circuit in case of undesirable high power flow.O.C.B automatically breaks the circuits as the current increase beyond safe limit. Sometime the circuit is open manually during fault repair in substation. After O.C.B the supply power

passes through CT where the supply current is measured from companys observation.

Incoming power from CT is given to a 33 kv swing busbar from where it is distributed in manyways.

A Potential transformer(PT) at one end of the bus bar is connected to measure the incomingvoltage for companys observation.

Five transformers are connected to this busbar.

Transformer 1(3mva. 33 kv/11kv) connected to the busbar indirectly through air break switchand O.C.B converts 33 kv to 11kv secondary side.

Similary transformer no 2&3 of same rating are connected to 33 kv bus bar.

Transformer no.4 connected in similar way but of different rating that is 33kv/433kv provides433v to ROPERY and FURNACE.


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POWER DISTRIBUTION DEVICES

Transformer Distribution panel Air break switch Oil circuit breaker Air circuit breaker U.P.S Diesel generator Disc insulator Pin insulator Lighting arrestor Bus coupler Bus bar Contactors Power factor unit


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Bucholz relay:-

The Buchholz Relay is used as a protective device sensitive to the effects of dielectric failureinside the equipment. In the field of electric power distribution and transmission, a Buchholzrelay is a safety device mounted on some oil-filled power transformers and reactors , equippedwith an external overhead oil reservoir called a conservator . If an arc forms, gas accumulation israpid, and oil flows rapidly into the conservator. This flow of oil operates a switch attached to avane located in the path of the moving oil. This switch normally will operate a circuit breaker toisolate the apparatus before the fault causes additional damage. Buchholz relays have a test portto allow the accumulated gas to be withdrawn for testing.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_distributionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_distributionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_distributionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactance_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactance_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactance_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_archttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_archttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_archttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_breakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_breakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_breakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_breakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_archttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactance_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_distributionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric


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C.T.P.T UNIT

CURRENT & POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER UNITS IN TRANSFORMER

CT:PT Combined unit are also called metering units. These units can be offered asDry Type or Oil Immersed and are generally pole mounted. The units are availablein three phase three wire or three phase four wire system. CT: PT unit used for single or double metering with trivector meter and energy meter.


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Technical Specification

General Particulars 11KV 33 KV

Highest System Voltage( H.S.V.)

12

KV( r.m.s.)

36

KV(r.m.s.)

Power frequency dry/ wet withstand voltage on primary winding for one minute

Lightning Impulse withstand Voltage ( 1.2 x 50 ?s )


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AIR BREAK SWITCH(A.B.S)

An air break switch comprising one or more fixed contacts and one or more movable contactswhich are movable between open and closed positions, and a coil which, preferably inconjunction with magnetically susceptible material acting as a flux director, provides a magneticfield in the vicinity of the separable contacts in a direction which is substantially normal to ashock front which tends to be set up by establishment of an arc between the separable contactsand has a value such as to cause the Alfven speed, at least in the vicinity of plasma associatedwith the arc, to be significantly in excess of the air speed attainable by such shock front, in order

to hinder or prevent establishment of such shock front .


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OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER

A high-voltage circuit breaker in which the arc is drawn in oil to dissipate the heat andextinguish the arc; the intense heat of the arc decomposes the oil, generating a gas whose high

pressure produces a flow of fresh fluid through the arc that furnishes the necessary insulation to prevent a restrike of arc.


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DISTRIBUTION PANEL

It is an electrical and electronic panel to control power supply to various sections of company.

Power from transformer is first received at one part of panel. We can see the the incomingvoltage, current and energy from this part is distributed to other parts of panel dedicated to somespecific machines, workshop and section of company. In all parts separate voltmeter ammeter and KWH meter are present to see the energy being supplied.

OCB and ACB are used in each part of panel to prevent current flow during short circuit,overloading and repair of faults in line.


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FURNACE

Furnace needs continuous supply of power.power interrupt may lead to faults, poor quality of product and economic losses.

For this purpose UPS and DG sets have been installed.

Power from JSEB passes through UPS to distribution panel. Incoming power is received at one part of panel from where it is distributed to other parts of panel through a common busbar. Each part of panel supplier power to few specific section of furnace. In this way complete panelsupply power to all the section of furnace.

In case of some repair work in UPS line , power from JSEB or DG sets is supplied directly todistributed panel BYPASS line.


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OFFLINE/STANDBY UPS:

An Offline or Stand-by is the basic idea of an uninterrupted power supply system.Off- Line UPS models protect against power failures only

This kind of UPS switch to battery power in case the voltage is 10% lower than thetypical input voltage range. If voltage range comes back to a normal level the UPSswitch back to AC power mode.

The benefit of Off- Line UPS is the simplicity and low costs. Installation is easy andquick.

Off- Line UPS are designed for small budgets and less critical loads with a wider

input tolerance.

The offline / standby UPS (SPS) offers only the most basic features, providing surge protectionand battery backup. The protected equipment is normally connected directly to incoming utility

power. When the incoming voltage falls below a predetermined level the SPS turns on itsinternal DC-AC inverter circuitry, which is powered from an internal storage battery. The SPSthen mechanically switches the connected equipment on to its DC-AC inverter output. Theswitchover time can be as long as 25 milliseconds depending on the amount of time it takes thestandby UPS to detect the lost utility voltage. The UPS will be designed to power certain


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equipment, such as a personal computer, without any objectionable dip or brownout to thatdevice.


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Double conversion/ online UPS:

The online UPS is ideal for environments where electrical isolation is necessary or for equipment

that is very sensitive to power fluctuations. Although once previously reserved for very largeinstallations of 10 kW or more, advances in technology have now permitted it to be available as acommon consumer device, supplying 500 watts or less. The initial cost of the online UPS may beslightly higher, but its total cost of ownership is generally lower due to longer battery life. Theonline UPS may be necessary when the power environment is "noisy", when utility power sags,outages and other anomalies are frequent, when protection of sensitive IT equipment loads isrequired, or when operation from an extended-run backup generator is necessary.

The basic technology of the online UPS is the same as in a standby or line-interactive UPS.However it typically costs much more, due to it having a much greater current AC-to-DC

battery-charger/rectifier, and with the rectifier and inverter designed to run continuously with

improved cooling systems. It is called a double-conversion UPS due to the rectifier directlydriving the inverter, even when powered from normal AC current.

In an online UPS, the batteries are always connected to the inverter, so that no power transfer switches are necessary. When power loss occurs, the rectifier simply drops out of the circuit andthe batteries keep the power steady and unchanged. When power is restored, the rectifier resumescarrying most of the load and begins charging the batteries, though the charging current may belimited to prevent the high-power rectifier from overheating the batteries and boiling off theelectrolyte.

The main advantage to the on-line UPS is its ability to provide an electrical firewall between theincoming utility power and sensitive electronic equipment.
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DIESEL GENERATOR SETS:

The packaged combination of a diesel engine, a generator and various ancillary devices (such as base, canopy, sound attenuation, control systems, circuit breakers, jacket water heaters andstarting system) is referred to as a "generating set" or a "genset" for short.

Set sizes range from 8 to 30 kW (also 8 to 30 kVA single phase) for homes, small shops &offices with the larger industrial generators from 8 kW (11 kVA) up to 2,000 kW (2,500 kVAthree phase) used for large office complexes, factories. A 2,000 kW set can be housed in a 40 ft(12 m) ISO container with fuel tank, controls, power distribution equipment and all other

equipment needed to operate as a standalone power station or as a standby backup to grid power.These units, referred to as power modules are gensets on large triple axle trailers weighing85,000 pounds (38,555 kg) or more. A combination of these modules are used for small power stations and these may use from one to 20 units per power section and these sections can becombined to involve hundreds of power modules. In these larger sizes the power module (engineand generator) are brought to site on trailers separately and are connected together with largecables and a control cable to form a complete synchronized power plant.


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Diesel generators, sometimes as small as 200 kW (250 kVA) are widely used not only for emergency power, but also many have a secondary function of feeding power to utility gridseither during peak periods, or periods when there is a shortage of large power generators

POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT

AC power flow has the three components: real power (also known as active power) (P),measured in watts (W); apparent power (S), measured in volt-amperes (VA); and reactive power (Q), measured in reactive volt-amperes (var) .[15]

The power factor is defined as:

.

In the case of a perfectly sinusoidal waveform, P, Q and S can be expressed as vectors thatform a vector triangle such that:

If is the phase angle between the current and voltage, then the power factor is equal tothe cosine of the angle, , and:

Since the units are consistent, the power factor is by definition adimensionlessnumber between -1 and 1. When power factor is equal to 0, the energy flow isentirely reactive, and stored energy in the load returns to the source on each cycle.When the power factor is 1, all the energy supplied by the source is consumed by theload. Power factors are usually stated as "leading" or "lagging" to show the sign of the phase angle. Capacitive loads are leading (current leads voltage), and inductiveloads are lagging (current lags voltage).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt-amperehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt-amperehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt-amperehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt-ampere_reactivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt-ampere_reactivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt-ampere_reactivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_factor#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_factor#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_factor#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_(geometry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_(geometry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_(geometry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_anglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_anglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_anglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensionless_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensionless_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensionless_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensionless_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensionless_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensionless_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_anglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_(geometry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_factor#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt-ampere_reactivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt-amperehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt


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Distortion power factor

The distortion power factor describes how the harmonic distortion of a load current decreases theaverage power transferred to the load.

is the total harmonic distortion of the load current. This definition assumes that thevoltage stays undistorted (sinusoidal, without harmonics). This simplification is often a good

approximation in practice. is the fundamental component of the currentand is the total current - both are root mean square -values.

The result when multiplied with the displacement power factor (DPF) is the overall, true power factor or just power factor (PF):

t

BUS COUPLER

Bus coupler is a device which is used to switch from one bus to the other without any

interruption in power supply and without creating hazardous arcs. It is achieved with the help

of circuit breaker and isolators .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distortion#Harmonic_distortionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distortion#Harmonic_distortionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distortion#Harmonic_distortionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_harmonic_distortionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_harmonic_distortionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_harmonic_distortionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_mean_squarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_mean_squarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_mean_squarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busbarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busbarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busbarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_breakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_breakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_breakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolator_switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolator_switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolator_switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolator_switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_breakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busbarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_mean_squarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_harmonic_distortionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distortion#Harmonic_distortion


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DISC INSULATORS

11kv disc insulator are used in substation and in transmission lines. For 33 kv supply three 11kvdisc insulator are connected to the pole. They isolate the pole from the conducting wires, hence

prevent current flow in the supporting pole and safety to the public and operators.


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PIN INSULATORS

A pin insulator consists of a nonconducting material such as porcelain, glass, plastic, polymer,or wood that is formed into a shape that will isolate a wire from a physical support (or "pin")

The pin insulator is designed to secure the conductor to itself. The most common way to do thisis to use a wire to tie the conductor to the insulator. Pin insulators are almost always deployed inthe open air, so isolation when wet is a major consideration.

Sometimes slots and grooves are made into the insulators. They are formed on poles insubstation and transmission lines.


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LIGHTENING ARRESTER

A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systemsand telecommunications systems to protect the insulation and conductors of the system from thedamaging effects of lightning . The typical lightning arrester has a high-voltage terminal and aground terminal. When a lightning surge (or switching surge, which is very similar) travels along

the power line to the arrester, the current from the surge is diverted through the arrestor, in mostcases to earth.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulator_(electrical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulator_(electrical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulator_(electrical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulator_(electrical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_power


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TRANSFORMER

USHA martin uses oil cooled transformer of rating

3MVA,33kv/11kv 3MVA,11kv/415v 1MVA,11kv/415v 3MVA,33kv/433v


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PARTS OF TRANSFORMER:

CONSERVATOR: it is used to provide adequate space for theexpansion of oil when transformer is loaded or when ambient

temprature changes.

RADIATORS: these are used for cooling of the transformer oil.

SILICA GEL BREATHER: it sucks the moisture from the air which is taken by transformer so that dry air is taken by

transformer.

TAP CHANGER:- A tap changer is an connection point selection mechanism along a power transformer winding that allows a variable number of turns to be selected indiscrete steps.

BUSHING:-Larger transformers are provided with high-voltage insulated bushings madeof polymers or porcelain. A large bushing can be a complex structure since it must

provide careful control of the electric field gradient without letting the transformer leak oil

TEMPERATURE METER:- Temperature meter is used to measure the temperature of transformer which indicated the safe/unsafe working condition of transformer.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushing_(electrical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushing_(electrical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushing_(electrical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_field_gradienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_field_gradienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_field_gradienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_field_gradienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushing_(electrical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer

project on power distribution

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