PPJ Saraswati vihar Nainital

Physical Assignment on

FOOTBALL

Submitted By:Aradhya Mishra

Submitted To:Shri Umesh Sharma

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Class: 12th A; Roll NO : 04 Physical Teacher

Acknowledgements

I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help of many individuals. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them.

I thank God for providing me with everything that I required in completing this project.

I am highly indebted to the physical education teacher Mr. Umesh Sharma for his guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project and also for his support in completing the project.

I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents for their kind co-operation and encouragement which helped me in the completion of this project.

My thanks and appreciations also go to my classmates in developing the project and to the people who have willingly helped me out with their abilities.

(Aradhya Mishra)

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Certificate

This is to certify that Master ARADHYA MISHRA, student of class XII-A has successfully completed the project on Football under the guidance of Respected Mr. Umesh Sharma Sir during the year 2016-17 in partial fulfillment of physical education assignment conducted by CBSE.

……………………Signature of teacher (Umesh Sharma)

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Contents

History of Football Rules and Regulations Measurements of Play Field Equipments Required Basic Skills Terminology Important Tournaments Important Venues Important Personalities Important Awards Basic First-Aid Techniques related to

Football

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HISTORYThe contemporary history of the world's favourite game spans more than 100 years. It all began in 1863 in England, when rugby football and association football branched off on their different courses and the Football Association in England was formed - becoming the sport's first governing body.

Both codes stemmed from a common root and both have a long and intricately branched ancestral tree. A search down the centuries reveals at least half a dozen different games, varying to different degrees, and to which the historical development of football has been traced back. Whether this can be justified in some instances is disputable. Nevertheless, the fact remains that people have enjoyed kicking a ball about for thousands of years and there is absolutely no reason to consider it an aberration of the more 'natural' form of playing a ball with the hands.

On the contrary, apart from the need to employ the legs and feet in tough tussles for the ball, often without any laws for protection, it was recognised right at the outset that the art of controlling the ball with the feet was not easy and, as such, required no small measure of skill. The very earliest form of the game for which there is scientific evidence was an exercise from a military manual dating back to the second and third centuries BC in China.

This Han Dynasty forebear of football was called Tsu' Chu and it consisted of kicking a leather ball filled with feathers and hair through an opening, measuring only 30-40cm in width, into a small net fixed onto long bamboo canes. According to one variation of this exercise, the player was not permitted to aim at his target unimpeded, but had to use his feet, chest, back and shoulders while trying to withstand the attacks of his opponents. Use of the hands was not permitted.

Another form of the game, also originating from the Far East, was the Japanese Kemari, which began some 500-600 years later and is still played today. This is a sport lacking the competitive element of Tsu' Chu with no struggle for possession involved. Standing in a circle, the players had to pass the ball to each other, in a relatively small space, trying not to let it touch the ground.

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The Greek 'Episkyros' - of which few concrete details survive - was much livelier, as was the Roman 'Harpastum'. The latter was played out with a smaller ball by two teams on a rectangular field marked by boundary lines and a centre line. The objective was to get the ball over the opposition's boundary lines and as players passed it between themselves, trickery was the order of the day. The game remained popular for 700-800 years, but, although the Romans took it to Britain with them, the use of feet was so small as to scarcely be of consequence.

Rules and Regulations Ball in and out of Play: The soccer ball is out of bounds when it

has crossed the goal line or touchline whether on the ground or in air. If it rebounds off the referee, an assistant referee, a goal post, crossbar, or corner flag post and remains inside the field, then it is still in play.

Method of scoring : A goal is scored in football if the ball crosses the goal line between the two goalposts and under the crossbar, as long as no violation of the rules has taken place. The side that scores the most goals wins. If both teams have the same number of goals at the end of the match, it is considered a draw even if neither of them scored a goal.

Offside : A player is in offside position if there are fewer than two defenders (including the goalie) between him and the goal line. A violation of the offside rule in football occurs if he is in that position and the ball is played to him. A free kick is awarded to the opposition if a player is caught offside.

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Fouls and misconducts : The following are the most common fouls in football: kicking, tripping, pushing, or charging another player

recklessly; striking or attempting to strike an opponent or any member

of the opposing side. A foul is called if a player: makes a tackle but hits

the player before the ball; deliberately handles the ball (except the

goalkeeper in his proper area); or if he uses excessive force in

defending an opponent.

Free kicks : A restarts a play after a foul or rule infringement is

committed and is usually taken from the spot where the violation was

committed. A free-kick can either be “direct”, in which a kicker may

score directly, or “indirect”, in which another player must touch the ball

before a goal can be scored.

Penalty kick : A penalty kick in football is awarded if a defender

commits a foul inside its own penalty area. The kick is taken from the

penalty spot and all the players (except the kicker and the goalkeeper)

must be outside the penalty area and penalty arc.

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Throw-in : A throw-in in football is awarded to a team if the ball goes

over the touchline. It is awarded to the team opposing the side that

touched the ball last. The throw is taken from the spot where the ball

goes out of bounds. The taker must throw the ball with both hands,

both feet on the ground, and facing the field of play.

Goal kick : A goal-kick in football is awarded to the defending team

if the opposing team causes the ball to go over the goal-line. Any

player from the defending side is allowed to take the goal kick. It must

be taken anywhere on the goal area and must go beyond the penalty

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area or it will be retaken. The ball must be touched by another player

before the taker can play it again.

Corner kick : A corner kick in football is awarded to the attacking

team if an opposing player is the last to touch the ball before it goes

out of bounds on the goal-line. The attacking team resumes play by

placing the ball in the corner arc nearest to where it crossed the goal

line.

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Measurements of Play Field and FootballLength of field: 120 yards (including 10 yards of end zone

at each end).

Width of field: 53 1/3 yards (160 feet).

Height of goal posts: At least 30 feet.

Height of crossbar: 10 feet.

Width of goal posts (above crossbar):

18 feet 6 inches, inside to inside.

Length of ball: 10 7/8 to 11 7/16 inches (long axis).

Circumference of ball: 20 3/4 to 21 1/4 inches (middle); 27 3/4 to 28 1/2 inches (long axis).

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Terminology: Advantage : decision made by the referee during a game, where a player

is fouled, but play is allowed to continue because the team that suffered the foul is in better position than they would have been had the referee stopped the game.

Against the run of play : describes a goal scored, or a win or draw achieved, by a side that was being clearly outplayed.

Assist : pass that leads to a goal being scored

Back heel : pass between team-mates, in which one player uses their heel to propel the ball backwards to another player

Brace : when a player scores two goals in a single match.

Clean-sheet : When a goalkeeper or team does not concede a single goal during a match.

Counter-attack : kick taken from within a one-yard radius of the corner flag.

Diving : form of cheating, sometimes employed by an attacking player to win a free kick or penalty.

Dribbling : when a player runs with the ball at their feet under close control.

Dummy : skill move performed by a player receiving a pass from a teammate; the player receiving the ball will angle their body in such a way that the opponent thinks that they are going to play the ball.

Extra Time : additional period, normally two halves of 15 minutes, used to determine the winner in some tied cup matches.

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False Nine : a centre forward who regularly drops back into midfield to disrupt opposition marking.

Flick-On : when a player receives a pass from a teammate and, instead of controlling it, touches the ball with their head or foot while it is moving past them, with the intent of helping the ball reach another teammate

Free Kick : the result of a foul outside the penalty area, given against the offending team.

Ghost goal : situation where a ball fairly crossed the goal line but did not result in a goal, or a goal was awarded despite the ball not crossing the line.

Howler : glaring and possibly amusing error made by a player or referee during a match.

Jew Goal : term used to describe a goal scored when a player “passes the ball when two-on-one with the keeper in order to provide the receiver with an open goal”.

Kick-Off : method of starting a match.

Lay-Off Pass : short pass, usually lateral, played delicately into the space immediately in front of a teammate who is arriving at speed from behind the player making the pass.

Man On : warning shout uttered by players to a teammate with the ball to alert him of the presence of an opposing player behind him.

Man-To-Man Marking : system of marking in which each player is responsible for an opposing player rather than an area of the pitch.

Nutmeg : when a player intentionally plays the ball between an opponent’s legs, runs past the opponent, and collects their own pass.

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Offside : law relating to the positioning of defending players in relation to attacking players when the ball is played to an attacking player by a teammate.

Open Goal : where no player is defending the goal.

Overlap : move between two teammates.

Shielding : defensive technique in which a defensive player positions their body between the ball and an attacking opponent, in order to prevent that opponent from reaching the ball.

Subbed : a player who is withdrawn from the field of play.

Sweeper : defender whose role is to protect the space between the goalkeeper and the rest of the defence

Throw-In : method of restarting play. Involves a player throwing the ball from behind a touchline after it has been kicked out by an opponent.

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Important Tournaments: FIFA: There is no greater competition than the World Cup. The

European Championship may have a greater variety of winners. The Champions League may provide better football. However, nothing matches the prestige of lifting the FIFA World Cup. The World Cup pips the Champions League to the No. 1 spot because of the enormous cultural impact that a victory can have. Nothing unites a nation like being crowned the best in the world.

The UEFA Champions League: It is the most glamorous club competition in world football. This tournament brings together the greatest teams in the world. As the financial clout of club football has grown, it has managed to supersede international football. In terms of the quality of play on the field, the Champions League is now the best tournament there is. Although the pure knockout form of the original European Cup is still missed, the re-branding as the Champions League has helped turn Europe into football's most financially powerful continent. There is no club competition to match the Champions League.

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The UEFA European Championship: The first pan-European international tournament was held in 1958 in France. In the intervening 55 years, the European Championship has established itself as one of world football's most exciting competitions. The European Championship is characterised by its unusually competitive nature: The 14 tournaments to date have produced nine different winners. Germany and Spain currently lead the field with three triumphs each. In 2014, the competition expanded from 16 to 24 teams, prompting concerns that the increase in size may precipitate a drop in quality.

The Copa America: It is the oldest existing continental football competition. The first formal Copa America was held in Argentina in 1916 to commemorate the first century of Argentina's independence. The competition involves the teams associated with CONMEBOL as well as two other nations, frequently Mexico, Costa Rica or the United States. Although Brazil and Argentina are regularly referred to as South American football's "Big Two," current holders Uruguay are in fact the competition's most successful team with 15 wins to date.

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The Copa Libertadores: It is the South American equivalent of the Champions League. The Libertadores trophy is the most coveted prize in South American club football, and the competition's final is broadcast in an incredible 135 countries across the globe. The Copa has extraordinary cultural currency in South America. It has spawned the Spanish phrase "El Sueno Libertador," referring to the dream of lifting the historic prize aloft. Since the competition's inception in 1960, many have chased that dream. Argentine club Independiente are the most successful team in the competition's history, having claimed the Copa a phenomenal seven times.

The UEFA Europa League: It is the much-maligned successor to the UEFA Cup. As the Champions League's younger and less glamorous sibling, the Europa League is vulnerable to snipers who criticise the competition's enormous fixture list and plethora of dead-rubber ties. However, a glance at the recent list of winners suggests that European football's major clubs still take the competition seriously. Chelsea, Atletico Madrid and Porto have all experienced the joy of Europa League triumph in the last few seasons.In 2003, Porto were Europa League Champions. A year later, they lifted the Champions League.

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Africa Cup of Nations: Africa is a continent that is seemingly in love with football. This tournament pits Africa's greatest international sides against each other in a fascinating battle for supremacy. The continent's most successful side is Egypt. They have won the tournament a record seven times, although they have not yet managed to transfer this continental success to the global stage. The competition is not without its flaws. The Africa Cup of Nations generally takes place in January, meaning that many European-based players are forced to abandon their clubs to take part. This has led to the withdrawal of some of Africa's major stars. If the tournament is to retain its status, it may need to move in line with the European calendar.

FA Cup:It is arguably the most famous domestic competition in the world. Established in July 1871, it is the oldest association football competition in the world. The FA Cup has produced some of English football's most iconic moments and is partly responsible for Wembley's status as "The Home of Football." English clubs from the Premier League right down to the fifth tier of the FA National League are invited to compete. The tournament has subsequently become known for "giant killings": occasions when minnows overcome the odds to defeat a club with far greater resources. The 2013 final was a case in point, as Roberto Martinez's gutsy Wigan side showed remarkable bravery and discipline to beat the financial superpower that is Manchester City.

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The Confederations Cup: It rose to prominence in 2005 when it was

established as a vital forerunner to the World Cup. Since that auspicious summer, the

tournament has been held in the same country that will host the World Cup the

following year. The Confederations Cup has subsequently become a vital part of

preparation for global football's most celebrated tournament. The Confederations Cup

allows FIFA to assess a nation's preparations for the arrival of their most prestigious

tournament. More importantly, it is a chance for the host nation to pit themselves

against some of the world's best ahead of the real thing. The excitement around the

current tournament in Brazil is indicative of the Confederations Cup's rising profile.

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Important Venues (Stadiums) Estadio Aztec

Tenants:Club AmericaOpened in: 29 May 1966Capacity:105,000City:Mexico City

WembleyTenants: England National TeamOpened in: 1923Capacity: 82,000City: London

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Estadio Do MaracanaTenants: NoneOpened in: 16 June 1950Capacity: 82,238City: Madrid

Santiago BernabeuTenants: Real MadridOpened in: 14 Dec 1947Capacity: 85,454City: Rio de Janeiro

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Estadio MonumentalTenants: River Plate:Opened in: 25 May 1938Capacity: 67,664City: Buenos Aires

OlmpiastadionTenants: FC Bayern MunichOpened in: 26 May 1972Capacity: 69,250City: Munich

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Important PersonalitiesDavid Beckham: David Robert Joseph Beckham, he is an English

former professional footballer. He played for Manchester United, Preston

North End, Real Madrid, Milan, LA Galaxy, Paris Saint-Germain.

Lionel Messi: Lionel Andrés "Leo" Messi is an Argentine professional

footballer who plays as a forward for Spanish club FC Barcelona and the

Argentina national team. 

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Wayne Rooney: Wayne Mark Rooney is an English professional footballer who plays for and captains both Manchester United and the England national team. He has played much of his career as a forward, but he has also been used in various midfield roles.

Cristiano Ronaldo: Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro, ComM, GOIH is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Spanish club Real Madrid and the Portugal national team. He is a forward and serves as captain for Portugal. 

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Maradona: Diego Armando Maradona is a retired Argentine professional footballer. He has served as a manager and coach at other clubs as well as the national team of Argentina

Ryan Giggs: Ryan Joseph Giggs, OBE is a Welsh football coach and former player who is the co-owner of Salford City. He played his entire professional career for Manchester United

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Thierry Henry: Thierry Daniel Henry is a French retired professional footballer who played as a forward, and the current second assistant manager of the Belgium national team.

Kaka: Ricardo Izecson dos Santos Leite, commonly known as Kaká or Ricardo Kaká, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Orlando City SC in Major League Soccer and the Brazil national team.

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Important Awards Ballon d’Or : It was first awarded in 1956 by the France Football

Magazine. The award was the brain child of Gabriel Hanot - his vision was to have an award for the best European footballer of the season as voted on by a selectpanel of European journalists. The Ballo d'Or was quickly established as one of the most prestigious awards a European footballer could win.

FIFPro Player of the Year : It is a newcomer on the international awards front having first been awarded in 2005. The awarded is voted on by players from the various player associations across the world. As such the award shot to prominance quickly, to be voted as the best player in the world by your fellow professionals is seen as one of the highest forms of recognition a player can achieve.

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FIFA Team of the Year: It was first awarded in 1991 and was always destined to become arguably the pinnacle achievement for an individual in Football. Since it's inception the award has been seen to be provide the definitive answer to the question who is the best team in the world.

PFA Player of the Year Award : The Professional Footballer's Association award is consider by many to be the most prestigious award a player can receive due to the fact that it is voted on by fellow Footballers. Each member of the association votes for two players. The award was first given in 1974.

FWA Player of the Year : Along with the PFA Award, the Football Writer's Association award is considered as the premier individual award in

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England. It is awarded to the best player in the English Premier League and is voted on by approximately 400 English journalists. Sir Stanley Matthews was the award's first recipient after the 1947/48 award.

World Soccer Magazine Player of the Year : Yet another magazine award. Originally started in 1982, WSM readers from across the global cast their votes on whom they believe as been the player of the year. Obviously the player with the highest percentage of votes wins. The current holder is Christiano Ronaldo who amassed 48% of the votes. Votes came from over 40 different countries from around the world.

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FIFA Golden Ball/ Golden Shoe : The Golden ball is presented to the best player of a World Cup, whilst the Golden shoe is presented to the highest goal scorer in the tournament. The awards have been presented since the first world cup in 1930. The Golden Ball is voted on by the world's media, who select their vote from shortlist put together by the FIFA technical committee. The current holder(from the 2006 World Cup) of the Golden Ball is Zinidine Zidane, whilst the Golden shoe was awarded to Miroslav Klose.

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Basic First-Aid TechniquesBruises – To treat bruising and swelling, the first aider will need to apply ice on the affected area for about 15 minutes at a time every two hours making sure to put a cloth or towel between the ice and the skin. A day or two after the bruising or swelling develops; you should apply a heat pack or warm cloth to the affected area.

Bleeding (cut, graze or scratch wounds) – These could be minor, here the first aider will need to put on disposable gloves, clean the cuts with a dry sterile dressing or clean lint-free material, apply pressure to stop the bleeding then dab with ointment or gel and protect with a sterile bandage. A deep wound will have to be referred to a hospital after following the minor injury procedure.

Head & Face injuries – These injuries could be serious and are associated with concussion (impaired consciousness), cuts, skull fractures, neck or spinal break. The First Aider’s immediate aim is to let the player lie down gently whilst avoiding turning the player’s head- this is to maintain an open airway, check for pulse & breathing and record all vital signals of response. If the player is unconscious, the airway should be opened with a jaw thrust technique in order to feel breathing then proceed by calling out to the player if they can hear you or open their eyes but if no response, the coach then need to carry out chest compression also known as the CPR [ placing one or two hands in the centre of the chest using the heel of the hands with arms straight to press down about 30 times at the rate of 100-120 p/min] then perform the rescue breath method [make sure the airway is open, seal your lips around the child’s mouth and blow gently into their lungs. If the chest rises, stop blowing to allow it to fall then repeat this 5 times until they show signs of recovery or until proper medical assistance arrives.

Asthma Attack – Asthma is a medical condition that attacks the muscles of the air passages when the tubes that carry air in and out of the lungs become narrowed thereby making it difficult to breathe. To administer first-aid, help the player to sit in a comfortable position to ease breathing and reassure them. If they have their inhaler let them take 3-5 puffs according to the asthma plan given to them by their doctor but if the player has none, then

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the coach need to reach for one from the first-aid kit. The coach should or would have known about the player’s condition from the medical information submitted in their registration.

Ankle, Foot or Toe injuries – when injuries to these areas are minor, they are usually treated at home to relieve symptoms and promote healing but in case they are serious, the first-aider or the coach will need to take the appropriate measures in dealing with the affected areas using any of the following first-aid techniques. With a broken bone, it is not advisable to push the bone back into the skin

if it is sticking out but to leave it as it is by carefully covering the affected area with a clean bandage or hold together with a splint.

With sprained ankle or toe injury, the first thing to do is to use the P.R.I.C.E method (Protect, Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation) to reduce the swelling and pain, also use soft padding bandage. If pain persists then an assessment need to made to ascertain whether a visit to the specialist is warranted however if it is pain free, try massaging gently to allow the flow of blood whilst avoiding hot substances such as hot water or heat gels until 48-72hrs and then start gentle exercises of movement & strength without too much strain.

Back Pain – Mostly, footballers feel pain in the lower back. If this happens, there are various types of simple treatments that can be applied: Walking- Taking a brisk walk for about 10-20mins every 2hrs might do the

trick. Heat Therapy- Hot pool bath could be useful for some players whilst cold

compression therapy (ice pack) may be suited to others. Exercises like flexible stretching could be effective in relieving pain

however this should be done with due care so as not to aggravate the pain.

Massage Therapy, massaging may be more appropriate remedy, visiting an experienced massage therapist could be the answer to ending the back pain problems.

Medicines, using simple pain relieving medicines like Ibuprofen or Paracetamol, might just be the solution.

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Muscle Pulls – The initial first-aid treatment is to protect the affected area by applying soft padding and then resume the P.R.I.C.E method which will accelerate healing, reduce swelling and keep the blood from clotting in the injured area but if there is a severe pain  then a visit to a medical expert is advisable as this might be a sign of broken bone, sprain or muscle tear.

Shoulder, joint and all other dislocations would be the job for the expert medical professional, any attempt to try reducing or replacing the joint must be avoided.

Shin Splints, examination of the cause of pain is absolutely necessary in order to choose the right treatments. If it is certain that it is stress fracture, then a rest is usually the best treatment by taking a break from training for about 6-7 weeks to help the bone heal.

The First Aid   Kit   essentials :  

1. Tweezers2. Hand Sanitizers3. Gauge and Tapes,4. Disposable Gloves5. Wipes, Cleaning Solutions6. Antibiotic Cream7. Ointments8. Pain relieve gels9. Adhesive Bandages10. Elastic Plasters11. Thermometers12. Inhalers for Asthma,13. Disinfectants14. Instant Cold Packs,15. Scissors16. Cotton Swabs17. Heat & Cold Sprays18. Pain Killers19. Smelling Salt

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