project lycra update

8/13/2019 Project Lycra Update

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Contents

1. Introduction--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3

2. Background of the Study----------------------------------------------------------------- 4

2.1. Textile------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5

2.2. Knitting----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6

2.3. Elastomeric Fibre------------------------------------------------------------------ 7

2.4. Properties of Elastomeric Fiber--------------------------------------------------

2.5. !istor" of Elastomeric #arn---------------------------------------------------- 12

2.6. $a% &aterials of Elastomeric #arn------------------------------------------- 14

2.7. T"pes of Elastomeric #arn----------------------------------------------------- 16

2.. T'e &an(fact(ring Process----------------------------------------------------- 1

2.). *+entification of ,pan+ex #arn------------------------------------------------- 24

2.1. $ecent e/elopments of Elastomeric #arn--------------------------------- 26

2.11. Test of Elastomeric 0oo+s---------------------------------------------------- 27

2.12. Pro+(ct of Elastomeric #arn-------------------------------------------------- 2)

2.13. "cra 0aller"-------------------------------------------------------------------- 31

3. Experimental------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 32

3.1. Knitting &ac'ine its ,pecification----------------------------------------- 33

3.2. Pro+(ction of t'e nitte+ Fabric %it' "cra "arns-------------------------- 34

3.3. Experimental $es(lts an+ nal"sis-------------------------------------------- 3)

3.3.1. ales per *nc'---------------------------------------------------------- 4

3.3.2. o(rses per *nc'------------------------------------------------------- 41

3.3.3. ,titc' engt'------------------------------------------------------------ 42

3.3.4. 0,&--------------------------------------------------------------------- 43

3.3.5. ,'rinage---------------------------------------------------------------- 44

3.3.6. Extensibilit"------------------------------------------------------------ 4

EFFECT OF INPUT TENSION OF ELASTOMERIC YARNS (LYCRA) ON KNITTED

FABRIC PROPERTIES. 1


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4. Dicuion of !eult--------------------------------------------------------------------- 5

4.1. Effect of ales per *nc'-------------------------------------------------------- 5

4.2. Effect of o(rse per *nc'------------------------------------------------------- 51

4.3. Effect of ,titc' lengt'----------------------------------------------------------- 52

4.4. Effect of 0,&-------------------------------------------------------------------- 53

4.5. Effect of ,'rinage-------------------------------------------------------------- 54

4.6. Effect of Extensibilit"----------------------------------------------------------- 55

". #oncluion--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56

$. %ppendix----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57

6.1. ist of Table---------------------------------------------------------------------- 57

6.2. ist of Fig(re--------------------------------------------------------------------- 5

6.3. ibliograp'"---------------------------------------------------------------------- 5)

6.4. $eferences------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6




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2. Background of the Study:

,pan+ex is a s"nt'etic pol"mer. 'emicall": it is ma+e (p of a long-c'ain

pol"gl"col combine+ %it' a s'ort +iisoc"anate: an+ contains at least 5;

pol"(ret'ane. *t is an elastomer: %'ic' means it can be stretc'e+ to a certain +egree

an+ it recoils %'en release+. T'ese fibers are s(perior to r(bber beca(se t'e" are

stronger: lig'ter: an+ more /ersatile. *n fact: span+ex fibers can be stretc'e+ to

almost 5; of t'eir lengt'. T'is (ni


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2.1. Textile:

lt'o(g' man9s first articles of clot'ing an+ f(rnis'ing %ere probabl" animal

sin %arps: sometimes stitc'e+ toget'er (sing bone nee+les an+ animal sine%s: 'e

soon attempte+ to manip(late fibro(s materials into textile fabrics: enco(rage+ b"

experience gaine+ from interlacing branc'es: lea/es an+ grasses in t'e pro+(ction of

primiti/e s'elters.

&igure 1' (hotograph of %ncient )extile )echnology.

T'e %orl+ Textile9 originates from t'e atin /erb Texere to %ea/e b(t: as

t'e Textiles *nstit(te9 Terms an+ efinitions G E &clint"re explains: textile %as

originall" a %o/en fabric: b(t t'e terms textile an+ pl(ral textiles are no% also

applie+ to fibres: filaments an+ "arn: nat(ral an+ man(fact(re+ an+ most pro+(cts for

%'ic' t'ese are a principle ra% material. T'is +efinition embraces: for example:

fibre-base+ pro+(cts in t'e follo%ing categoriesD t'rea+s: cor+s: ropes an+ brai+sD

%o/en: nitte+ an+ non%o/en fabrics: lace: nets: an+ embroi+er"D 'osier": nit%earan+ ma+e-(p apparelD 'o(se'ol+ textiles: soft f(rnis'ing an+ (p'olster"D carpets an+

ot'er floor co/eringD tec'nical: in+(strial textiles: incl(+ing geotextiles an+ me+ical

textile. escripti/e of textile as +efine in one abo/e an+ of t'e ra% materials:

processes: mac'iner": b(il+ings: craft: tec'nolog": personal (se+ in: an+ t'e

organi>ations an+ acti/ities connecte+ %it': t'eir man(fact(re.


FABRIC PROPERTIES. "


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2.2.Knitting:

T'e term nitting +escribes t'e tec'ni


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2.".#ro$erties of Elastomeric i!er:

,eneral #haracteritic'

an be stretc'e+ repeate+l" an+ still reco/er to /er" near its original lengt'

an+ s'ape.

0enerall": can be stretc'e+ more t'an 5; %it'o(t breaing.

,tronger: more +(rable an+ 'ig'er retracti/e force t'an r(bber.

ig't%eig't: soft: smoot': s(pple.

*n garments: pro/i+es a combination of comfort an+ fit pre/ents bagging

an+ sagging.

!eat-settable - facilitates transforming p(cere+ fabrics into flat fabrics: or

flat fabrics into permanent ro(n+e+ s'apes.

"eable.

$esistant to +eterioration b" bo+" oils: perspiration: lotions or +etergents.

brasion resistant.

'en fabrics containing span+ex are se%n: t'e nee+le ca(ses little or no

+amage from Mnee+le c(ttingN compare+ to t'e ol+er t"pes of elastic materials.

/ailable in fiber +iameters ranging from 1 +enier to 25 +enier.

/ailable in clear an+ opaone %'ereas (ret'ane pol"mers

are relati/el" inert. ot' r(bber an+ span+ex fibers are liel" to contain antioxi+ants?

t'e span+ex fibers ma" also be stabili>e+ to (ltra /iolet lig't an+ to atmosp'ericcontaminants t'at ca(se +iscoloration. ,pan+ex fibers (se a /ariet" of monomericEFFECT OF INPUT TENSION OF ELASTOMERIC YARNS (LYCRA) ON KNITTED

FABRIC PROPERTIES.


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an+ pol"meric 'in+ere+ p'enolic-t"pe antioxi+ants Aers t'at apparentl" act as ra+ical

sca/engers an+ t'erefore also possess antioxi+ant acti/it". ompo(n+s %it' tertiar"amine f(nctionalit" are commonl" a++e+ to span+ex fibers to in'ibit +iscoloration

from atmosp'eric poll(tants s(c' as oxi+es of nitrogen an+ c'emicals t'at +e/elop

(n+er smog-lie con+itions. ,pan+ex pro+(cers 'a/e been +esigning stabili>ers t'at

are 'ig'l" compatible %it' t'e segmente+ (ret'ane pol"mer to en'ance t'eir

effecti/eness an+ +(rabilit". ,pan+ex fibers base+ on pol"ester soft segments are

s(sceptible to mil+e% attac in en+ (ses s(c' as s%im%ear? t'is t"pe of +egra+ation

is minimi>e+ b" eit'er (sing antimil+e% a++iti/es or b" soft segment str(ct(ral

mo+ifications.

Elastomeric fibers ten+ to s%ell in certain organic sol/ents? r(bber fibers s%ell

in '"+rocarbon sol/ents s(c' as 'exane. ,pan+ex fibers become 'ig'l" s%ollen in

c'lorinate+ sol/ents s(c' as tetrac'loroet'"lene APercleneB. lt'o(g' t'e p'"sical

properties of span+ex fibers ret(rn to normal after t'e sol/ent e/aporates:

consi+erable amo(nts of its stabili>ers ma" 'a/e been extracte+. T'erefore: t'e

+e/elopment of stabili>ers t'at are more resistant to sol/ent extraction 'as become

important as sol/ent sco(ring +(ring mill processing replaces a


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)a/le 1' ariou )ype of (hyical (ropertie of Spandex yarn and !elated

#omparion.

Propert" ,pan+ex Extr(+e+ $(bber (t $(bber ,i>es a/ailable 1.125 tex 1661 tex 2.521 m +ia

Tenacit": HStex .5.13 .2.3 .1.2

Elongation: ; 4 67 67

&o+(l(s:e HStex .13.45 .4.5 .2.4

,tabilit"

Q lig't 0oo+ Fair Fair

8>one 0oo+ Poor Poor

H8x Fair: "ello%s Poor Poorcti/e l Fair: "ello%s Poor Poor

o+" oils Fair Poor Poor

osmetics 0oo+ Fair Fair

"eabilit" "eable Hot +"eable Hot +"eable

brasion

resistance

Qer" goo+ Poor Poor

ensit" AgS cm3

B 1.2

r" Tenacit" AgS+B .5

Elongation at brea A;B 7ommercial region A;B 1.3

5echanical (ropertie'

*n bot' r(bber t'rea+ an+ span+ex fibers: mec'anical properties ma" be /arie+

o/er a relati/el" broa+ range. *n r(bber: /ariations are ma+e in t'e +egree of cross-

lining or /(lcani>ation b" c'anging t'e amo(nt of /(lcani>ing agent: (s(all" s(lf(r:

an+ t'e accelerants (se+. *n span+ex fibers: man" more possibilities for /ariation are

a/ailable an+ t'ere are a large n(mber of pol"mers in t'e classification. &ec'anicalproperties A


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&igure 4' Stre7Strain #ur*e' : 'ar+ fiber: e.g.: n"lon? : biconstit(ent n"lon

span+ex fiber? : mec'anical stretc' n"lon? : span+ex fiber? E: extr(+e+ latex

t'rea+. To con/ert HStex to gfS+en: m(ltipl" b" 11.33.

2.%.&istory of Elastomeric 'arn:EFFECT OF INPUT TENSION OF ELASTOMERIC YARNS (LYCRA) ON KNITTED



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T'e +e/elopment of span+ex %as starte+ +(ring orl+ ar **. t t'is time:

c'emists too on t'e c'allenge of +e/eloping s"nt'etic replacements for r(bber. T%o

primar" moti/ating factors prompte+ t'eir researc'. First: t'e %ar effort re


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leotar+s t'e loo of t'e moment. eggings an+ bo+"-'(gging Ceans %it' #$=

fiber are among t'e +efining loos of t'e +eca+e.

16s - " t'e mi+ 1)s: o/er 'alf of all %omen9s 'osier" an+ (n+er%ear

relie+ on #$= fiber for a close: comfortable fit.

16s - (ring t'e 1))s: t'e #$= fiber bran+ position in t'e sports

maret strengt'ene+ t'ro(g' t'e +e/elopment of 'i-tec' fibers s(c' as #$=

Po%erU fabric in compression s'orts %'ic' 'elp re+(ce at'letes@ m(scle fatig(e.

T'is +eca+e also sa% t'e rising pop(larit" of t'e fiber not C(st in %omen9s fas'ion

b(t in men9s too.

2666s - T'e #$= fiber bran+ is contin(o(sl" e/ol/ing to create /al(e an+

inspire ne% pro+(ct experience for cons(mers. *n 24: T'e #$= fiber bran+expan+s be"on+ apparel %it' licensing partner ot": *nc.: intro+(cing $immel

#$= ear: a s'oc-resistant nail polis' %it' #$= fiber pro+(cts in

li


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protect t'e integrit" of t'e pol"mer: an+ colorants. T'e main gro(p of span+ex "arn

is Pol" E(rot'rin Amain ra% materialB.

T%o t"pes of prepol"mers are reacte+ to pro+(ce t'e span+ex fiber pol"mer

bac-bone. 8ne is a flexible macrogl"col %'ile t'e ot'er is a stiff +iisoc"anate. T'emacro-gl"col can be pol"ester: pol"et'er: pol"carbonate: pol"caprolactone or some

combination of t'ese. T'ese are long c'ain pol"mers: %'ic' 'a/e '"+rox"l gro(ps A-

8!B on bot' en+s. T'e important feat(re of t'ese molec(les is t'at t'e" are long an+

flexible. T'is part of t'e span+ex fiber is responsible for its stretc'ing c'aracteristic.

T'e ot'er prepol"mer (se+ to pro+(ce span+ex is a pol"meric +iisoc"anate. T'is is a

s'orter c'ain pol"mer: %'ic' 'as an isoc"anate A-H8B gro(p on bot' en+s. T'e

principal c'aracteristic of t'is molec(le is its rigi+it". *n t'e fiber: t'is molec(le

pro/i+es strengt'.

&igure "' 5onomer of the Elatomeric 0arn &ound /y Du(ont.

&an" ra% materials are (se+ to mae t'e (niers %'ic'protect t'e integrit" of t'e pol"mer: an+ textile colorantsto gi/e attracti/e s'a+es to

t'e fibers an+ t'e span+ex fabrics. T%o in+s of prepol"mers are reacte+ to pro+(ce

t'e span+ex fiber pol"mer bac-bone- t'e flexible macrogl"col an+ t'e rigi+

+iisoc"anate. &acro-gl"col can be an"t'ing from among pol"ester: pol"et'er:

pol"carbonate: pol"caprolactone or some combination of t'ese. T'ese are long an+

flexible c'ain pol"mers 'a/ing '"+rox"l gro(ps A-8!B on bot' en+s: responsible for

t'e stretc'ing c'aracteristic of span+ex. T'e pol"meric +iisoc"anate is a s'orter an+

rigi+ c'ain pol"mer: 'a/ing an isoc"anate A-H8B gro(p on bot' en+s. T'is molec(le

pro/i+es strengt' to t'e span+ex fibers. atal"st s(c' as +ia>obic"clo octane is (se+to initiate reaction bet%een t'e t%o t"pes of prepol"mers. 8t'er lo% molec(lar

%eig't amines are (se+ to control t'e molec(lar %eig't of t'e fibers.

part from t'e basic prepol"mers: catal"sts etc. stabili>ers: s(c' as

antioxi+ants: are a++e+ to protect t'e fibers from +amaging so(rces lie 'eat: lig't:

atmosp'eric contaminants: an+ c'lorine. ltra/iolet AQB screeners s(c' as

'"+rox"ben>otria>oles are a++e+ to protect it against lig't +egra+ation. 8t'er

stabili>ers s(c' as for pre/enting +iscoloration ca(se+ b" atmosp'eric poll(tants ma"

also be (se+. s span+ex is often (se+ for maing s%im %ear: antimil+e% a++iti/esare also a++e+ to it. ,tabili>ers a++e+ to t'e span+ex fibers: are resistant to sol/ent


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expos(re as t'is co(l+ 'a/e a +amaging effect on t'e fiber. isperse+ an+ aci+ +"es

are t"picall" (se+ for gi/ing color to span+ex fibers. !o%e/er: special +"eing

met'o+s are a+opte+ if t'e span+ex fibers are inter%o/en %it' ot'er fibers s(c' as

n"lon fiberorpol"ester fiber.

2.,. Ty$es of Elastomeric 'arn:

T'e t"pes of elastomeric "arn are classifie+ %it' t'e base of Pro+(cers of

,pan+ex an+ $elate+ tra+e name at gi/en belo%D

)a/le 2' Different )ype of )rade 8ame of Spandex 0arn 9a/le in ariou#ountrie.


FABRIC PROPERTIES. 1"
http://www.teonline.com/fibers-yarns-threads/nylon-fiber.htmlhttp://www.teonline.com/fibers-yarns-threads/polyester-fiber.htmlhttp://www.teonline.com/fibers-yarns-threads/nylon-fiber.htmlhttp://www.teonline.com/fibers-yarns-threads/polyester-fiber.html


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ompetitor o(ntr" Tra+e Hame

celon 'emicals Fiber orp. Tai%an ,pan+ex

sa'i 'emical *n+(str" o. Gapan $oicaao+ing ,%an 'emical Fiber o. t+. 'ina ,pan+ex

a"er 0 0erman" orlastan

a"er orp. nite+ ,tates orlastan

E.*. +( Pont +e Hemo(rs o. nite+ ,tates "cra

Far Eastern Textile t+. Tai%an ,pan+ex

Fillattice: *nc. *tal" inel

Formosa sa'i ,pan+ex o. Tai%an ,pan+ex

F(Ci ,pinning o.: t+. Gapan F(Cibo ,pan+ex ,oflas

F(Cian 'angle ret'ane Fibre o. t+. 'ina ,pan+ex!ais'an ret'ane Elastic Fibre *n+(str"

o.: t+.

'ina ,pan+ex

!(a Feng *n+(str" o. t+. 'ina WianOi

!"os(ng orporation Korea reora Toplon

*srael ,pan+ex o.: t+. *srael Filabell

Giang,( 'angs'( ,ai ens'i Fiber o. 'ina ,pan+ex

Giang,( Han !(ang'ai o. t+ 'ina ,pan+ex

Gilin iao"(an e'eng Fibre o. t+. 'ina ,pan+ex

Kanebo 0os'en: t+. Gapan (bellKolon *n+(stries: *nc. Korea ,pan+ex

ian"(ngang R'ongs'an ret'ane Fiber

o. t+.

'ina os'en

Hiss'inbo *n+(stries: *nc. Gapan &obilon

$a+ici,pan+ex orp. nite+ ,tates 0lospan lerspan

,ae'an *n+(stries Korea ,pan+ex

,'an+ong Ribo ret'ane Elastic Fibre o.:

t+.

'ina anli

,'aoxing Pol"ester 'ina ,pan+ex,'ei !eng ,'eiflex o. Tai%an ,'eiflex

,ib(r-Qol>'s" $(ssia ,pan+ex

Tae%ang *n+. o.: t+. Korea celan

TeiCin t+. Gapan $exe

Tong !%a ,"nt'etic Fiber o.: t+. Tai%an To%nsp(n

Tongoo ,"nt'etic Fibres o.: t+. Korea Texlon

To"obo o. Gapan Espa

nitia t+. Gapan ,(ccess

#antai ret'ane Elastic Fibre o. t+. 'ina ,pan+ex


FABRIC PROPERTIES. 1$


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R'eCiang Hinao ,"nt'etic Fiber

&an(factor"

'ina ,pan+ex

R'ong #(an Enterprise 0ro(p 'ina R"lon

Qi"ellatex an+ o/erall angla+es' angla+es' "craS,pan+ex

2.-. The +anufacturing #rocess:

,pan+ex fibers are pro+(ce+ in fo(r +ifferent %a"s incl(+ing melt extr(sion:

reaction spinning: sol(tion +r" spinning: an+ sol(tion %et spinning. Eac' of t'ese

met'o+s in/ol/es t'e initial step of reacting monomers to pro+(ce a prepol"mer.

T'en t'e prepol"mer is reacte+ f(rt'er: in /ario(s %a"s: an+ +ra%n o(t to pro+(ce a

long fiber. ,ince sol(tion +r" spinning is (se+ to pro+(ce o/er ); of t'e %orl+@s

span+ex fibers: it is +escribe+.

Baic (rinciple of Spandex &i/er (roduction'




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T'e pol"mer c'ain is a segmente+ bloc copol"mer containing long: ran+oml"

coile+: li


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2. *n +r" spinning fiber pro+(ction: t'e prepol"mer is f(rt'er reacte+ %it' an

e


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'en t'e t%o t"pes of prepol"mers are mixe+ toget'er: t'e" interact to form

t'e span+ex fibers. *n t'is reaction: t'e '"+rox"l gro(ps A-8!B on t'e macrogl"cols

react %it' t'e isoc"anates. Eac' molec(le gets a++e+ on to t'e en+ of anot'er

molec(le: an+ a long c'ain pol"mer is forme+. T'is is no%n as a step-gro%t' or

a++ition pol"meri>ation. To initiate t'is reaction: a catal"st s(c' as +ia>obic"clooctane m(st be (se+. 8t'er lo% molec(lar %eig't amines are a++e+ to control t'e

molec(lar %eig't of t'e fibers. ,pan+ex fibers are /(lnerable to +amage from a

/ariet" of so(rces incl(+ing 'eat: lig't atmosp'eric contaminants: an+ c'lorine. For

t'is reason: stabili>ers are a++e+ to protect t'e fibers. ntioxi+ants are one t"pe of

stabili>er.

Qario(s antioxi+ants are a++e+ to t'e fibers: incl(+ing monomeric an+

pol"meric 'in+ere+ p'enols. To protect against lig't +egra+ation: (ltra/iolet AQB

screeners s(c' as '"+rox"ben>otria>oles are a++e+. ompo(n+s %'ic' in'ibit fiber+iscoloration ca(se+ b" atmosp'eric poll(tants are anot'er t"pe of stabili>er a++e+.

T'ese are t"picall" compo(n+s %it' tertiar" amine f(nctionalit": %'ic' can interact

%it' t'e oxi+es of nitrogen in air poll(tion. ,ince span+ex is often (se+ for

s%im%ear: antimil+e% a++iti/es m(st also be a++e+. ll of t'e stabili>ers t'at are

a++e+ to t'e span+ex fibers are +esigne+ to be resistant to sol/ent expos(re since t'is

co(l+ 'a/e a +amaging effect on t'e fiber. 'en t'e" are first pro+(ce+: span+ex

fibers are %'ite. T'erefore: colorants are a++e+ to impro/e t'eir aest'etic

appearance. isperse+ an+ aci+ +"es are t"picall" (se+. *f t'e span+ex fibers are

inter%o/en %it' ot'er fibers s(c' as n"lon or pol"ester: special +"ing met'o+s arere


21/60

&igure ' Schematic Diagram of :et-Spinning (roce.

T'e filaments forme+ are gat'ere+ on a spin+le after (n+ergoing %as'ing:

+r"ing: etc. 8ne important point to be borne in min+ %'ile car"ing o(t %et spinning

is t'at sometimes +roplets are forme+ instea+ of contin(os filaments. T'is 'appens asa res(lt of t'e breaing of contin(it" in t'e Cet as it emerges from t'e spinnet 'ole

an+ is ca(se+ b" t'e forces of interfacial tension acting on t'e ne%l" forme+ Cet. T'is

co(l+ be a/oi+e+ b" incerasing t'e /iscosit" of t'e pol"mer sol(tion. oag(lation: an

essential step in %et spinning: is a rat'er slo% process. !ence: compare+ to t'e ot'er

t%o processes: t'e rate of %et spinning ma" be as lo% as 5 mSmin. t'e %et spinning

process is empol"e+ commerciall" to mae fibes from cell(lose: /iscose ra"on:

pol"acr"lonitrile.

Dry Spinning (roce'

Step 1'T'e first step is to pro+(ce t'e prepol"mer. T'is is +one b" mixing a

macrogl"col %it' a +iisoc"anate monomer. T'e t%o compo(n+s are mixe+ toget'er

in a reaction /essel to pro+(ce a prepol"mer. t"pical ratio of gl"col to +iisoc"anate

is 1D2.




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&igure ' Schametic Diagram of Dry Spinning (roce.

Step 2'T'e prepol"mer is f(rt'er reacte+ %it' an e


23/60

t'ro(g' a metal plate calle+ a spinneret. T'is ca(ses t'e sol(tion to be aligne+ in

stran+s of li


24/60

laboratories an+ re


25/60

part from it: +ar colore+ fabrics also cannot be teste+ %it' microscope as lig't

cannot pass t'ro(g' +ar s(bstances. For s(c' fabrics: eit'er t'e textile +"es'a/e to

be remo/e+ b" stripping: bleac'ing etc. or t'e" 'a/e to be c'emicall" teste+.

,pan+ex fiber'a/e t'e o(tstan+ing c'aracteristic of appearing lie gro(ps offibers f(se+ toget'er. !o%e/er: +ifferent /ariants of span+ex s'o% +ifferent

c'aracteristics too. T'e "cra fiber loos lie f(se+ m(ltifilament cross sectionall".

*n+i/i+(al fibers are +otte+ an+ in s'ape lie t'at of +og-bone. *f /ie%e+

longit(+inall": t'e" appear straig't.

2.1/.)ecent 0eelo$ments of Elastomeric 'arn:

T'e


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%ill be pro+(ce+ %'ic' incorporate span+ex fibers %it' con/entional fibers.

(rrentl": n"lonSspan+ex fiber blen+s are a/ailable. Finall": impro/ements in

man(fact(ring %ill also be +isco/ere+. T'ese %ill foc(s on pro+(cing fibers faster

an+ more efficientl".

*HQ*,T@s commitment to inno/ation is e/i+ence+ in its prolific la(nc' of

ne% pro+(cts. #$= lac fiber: la(nc'e+ in ,eptember 24: p(ts an en+ to t'e

%as'e+-o(t +a"s of fa+e+ gre"s.

,%im%ear man(fact(rers 'a/e been


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AiiB Single yarn trength tet's(all" ni/ersal strengt' tester is (se fort'e elastomeric "arn strengt' test.

&a/ric )et'

AiB ,rey &a/ric'0enerall" t'ere are no test is fo(n+ in t'e gre" fabric.

AiiB &inihed &a/ric'0enerall" t'ere are 3 to 1; "cra "arn are (se+ int'e elastomric fabric. 8ne of t'e most important special tests of "cra

fabric is Extension an+ &o+(le relate+ to stretc' an+ reco/er". T'ere

are /ario(s t"pes of test are fo(n+ in t'e finis'e+ elastomericS"cra

fabric Aafter +"eing: %as'ing an+ ot'er processingB: an brief i+ea as

gi/en belo%D

)a/le 4' )et of ariou )ype of Spandex 5aterial (ropertie and )heir

9ing Intrument.

Testing Title *nstr(mentS&et'o+s

,trengt' !"+ra(lic (rsting Tester

Elongation ni/ersal ,trengt' Tester

0,& 0,& c(tter an+ +igital alance

,piralit" 0eo-metric alc(lation

,'rinage T(mble r" met'o+

;uality #ontrol of (roduct'

To ens(re t'e


28/60

!an+ or mac'ine %as'es in l(e%arm %ater.

o not (se c'lorine bleac' on an" fabric containing span+ex. se ox"gen or

so+i(m per borate t"pe bleac'.

$ise t'oro(g'l".

rip +r". *f mac'ine +rie+: (se lo% temperat(re.

*roning: if re


29/60

*HQ*,T carries o(t contin(al researc' an+ +e/elopment in fiber tec'nolog".

T'is is s(pporte+ b" an (n+erstan+ing of t'e maret an+ e/er c'anging fas'ion

tren+s co(ple+ %it' an a%areness of +e/eloping cons(mers9 %ants an+ nee+s.

Some 5a


30/60

!ome f(rnis'ings &icrobea+ pillo%s.

*n clot'ing it (s(all" appears as a small percentage of total material. *n Hort'

merica it is rare in men@s c'eaper clot'ing: b(t pre/alent in %omen@s. *t is (se+more often in %omen@s as t'eir clot'es are (s(all" more form-fitting. *t is (s(all"

mixe+ %it' a greater percentage of one ot'er textile s(c' as cotton: pol"ester: or

ot'ers. T'is eeps t'e reflection of lig't re+(ce+ to being 'ar+l" noticeable.

2.13. ycra allery:

ll samples are collecte+ from Q*#ETEO an+ nlima Textile t+

AKnitting "ing sectionBD



Two Thread

Fleece LycraFeeder Stripe

Single JerseyLycra Interlock Lycra
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microbead_Pillow&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microbead_Pillow&action=edit&redlink=1


31/60

3.Ex$erimental:

(ring t'e t'esis t'e follo%ing mentions experiment can be +one.

Knitting of t'e fabric %it' "cra.

&eas(rement of ales per *nc'. &eas(rement of o(rse per *nc'.

&eas(rement of ,titc' lengt'.

&eas(rement of 0,&.

&eas(rement of ,'rinage.

&eas(rement of Extensibilit".

ompare all of t'e properties of fabric an+ t'eir effect.

isc(ssion of res(lts.



Single Jersey

Lycra Stripe

Rib Single Stripe

Lycra

Lycra Lacosta

Single Jersey

Engineering

Stripe Lycra

Mercerized Feeder

Stripe Lycra

Single Jersey

Lycra Stripe


32/60

3.1.Knitting +achine and Its S$ecification:

e 'a/e +one t'is experiment on t'e nlima Textile t+. T'e compan"@s

Knitting pro+(ction facilit" comprises of fort" bran+ ne% &a"er ie of 0erman"

'ig' spee+ comp(teri>e+ circ(lar nitting mac'ines as %ell as ten semi-Cac


33/60

&igure ' (hotograph of Experimental +nitting 5achine.

Specification'T'e specification of t'e experimental nitting mac'ine is as follo%sD

&o+el D &a"er ie.

8rigin D 0erman".

ia D 3.0a(ge D 24.

$P& D 25.

Fee+er D )6.

H(mber of nee+lesD 2256.

3.2. Knitting of the a!ric:

nitte+ fabric ma" be ma+e %it' a single "arn %'ic' is forme+ into

interlocing loops %it' t'e 'elp of 'ooe+ nee+les. ccor+ing to t'e p(rpose of t'e

fabric: t'e loops ma" be loosel" or closel" constr(cte+. roc'ete+ fabric is t'e

simplest example of nitting %'ere a c'ain of loops is constr(cte+ from a single

t'rea+ %it' t'e 'elp of a 'oo. s t'e loops are interloce+ in a nitte+ fabric: it can

stretc' in an" +irection e/en %'en a lo%-gra+e "arn 'a/ing little elasticit" is (se+.

T'e constr(ction of nitte+ fabric is assesse+ b" t'e n(mber of stitc'es or

loops per s


34/60

r(n across t'e fabric: eac' ro% is calle+ a co(rse t'at correspon+s to t'e filling or

%eft in %o/en fabrics. nitte+ fabric 'a/ing 5 loops or stitc'es in one inc' of

%i+t' an+ 6 loops in one inc' of lengt' %ill be sai+ to 'a/e 5 ales an+ 6

co(rses.



Fabric ac Fabric Face

ooping iagram

'ain Hotation

Hee+le rrangement


35/60

&igure 16' Baic (icture of Simple Single =erey +nit Structure.

&igure 11' Sample of Experimental +nitted &a/ric.

8(r experimental fabric is ,ingle Gerse" fabric accor+ing to anal"sis of nitte+

str(ct(re. ccor+ing to Textile Terms an+ efinition T'e Textile *nstit(te ,ingle

Gerse" +efine+ as: M generic name applie+ to nitte+ fabrics ma+e on one set of

nee+le. T'e c'aracteristics are /arie+ to ac'ie/e t'e +esire+ en+-(se or patterne+

effectN. T'e ,ingle Gerse" fabric generall" pro+(ce+ from one sets of nee+les. T'e

face si+e an+ bac si+e of t'e fabric loo similar an+ all are face or all are bac

loops. T'e ,ingle Gerse" 'as greater c(rling ten+enc" an+ (nbalance+. *ts generall"t'icness an+ %eig't is 'alf of o(ble Gerse" A$ibB. To pro+(cing ,ingle Gerse"

fabric generall" atc' nee+les are (se+. T'e 'ooe+ metal nee+le is t'e principal

nitting element of t'e nitting mac'ine.T'e s'ape of nee+le 'oo an+ latc' an+ t'e

stroe of t'e nee+le pla" an important bearing on t'e loo an+


36/60

&igure 12' (hotograph of atch 8eedle %cti*ation &orming Single =erey.

T'e ,iner is t'e secon+ primar" nitting element. *t is a t'in metal plate %it'

an in+i/i+(al or a collecti/e action operating approximatel" at rig't angles from t'e

'oo si+e of t'e nee+le be+: bet%een a+Cacent nee+les. *t ma" perform one or more

of t'e follo%ing f(nctions: +epen+ent (pon t'e mac'ines nitting action an+

conse


37/60

Knitting cam controls t'e motion of t'e nee+les t'ro(g'o(t t'e nitting c"cle

as %ell as t'e pro+(ction rate of t'e mac'ine. T'e press(re to increase t'e rate of

pro+(ction of goo+


38/60

aB F(ll Fee+er.

3.3. Ex$erimental )esults and 4nalysis:

8(r experimental t'esis is MEffect of inp(t tension of elastomeric "arns

A"craB on nitte+ fabric propertiesN. (e to anal"sis abo(t t'is t'esis %e can %oron /ario(s t"pes of experiment. brief i+ea of experimental t'esis an+ t'eir /ario(s

t"pes of effect can be +isc(ss as belo%D

)a/le $' 5eaurement of :ale per Inch? #oure per Inch? Stitch ength and

,S5 ith Different &eeding )enion of ycra.

Fabric Properties "cra Fee+

1"6 16 16

ale per *nc' 3) 37 35oarse per *nc' 7 75 66




39/60

,titc' engt' AmmB 2.)3 3.1 3.7

0,& 237.47 23.3 225.5)

)a/le ' 5eaurement of :ale per Inch? #oure per Inch? Stitch ength and

,S5 ith Different &eeding )enion of ycra in %fter :ahing.

Fabric Properties "cra Fee+

1"6 16 16

ale per *nc' 41 4 3)

oarse per *nc' 71 67 61

,titc' engt' AmmB 2.)7 2.) 2.))

0,& 244.4 23.3 232.12

3.3.1. 5ales $er Inch: col(mn of loops along t'e lengt' of a fabric is calle+ ales. T'e n(mber of

/isible loops per (nit lengt' meas(re+ along a co(rse. T'e tra+itional (nit 'as been

ales per inc' b(t t'e /al(e is no% expresse+ as ales per cm.




40/60

&igure 1"' (hotograph )hat Shoing :ale per Inch.

5eaurement of :ale per Inch'

e calc(late+ t'e n(mber of ales in one inc' %it' t'e 'elp of co(nting glass

an+ nee+le. t first %e selecte+ t'e one s


41/60

meas(re+ along a %ale. T'e tra+itional (nit 'as been co(rses per inc' b(t t'e /al(e is

no% expresse+ as co(rses per cm.

&igure 1$' (hotograph )hat Shoing #oure per Inch.

5eaurement of #oure per Inch'

e calc(late+ t'e n(mber of co(rses in one inc' %it' t'e 'elp of co(nting

glass an+ nee+le. t first %e selecte+ t'e one s


42/60

&igure 1' (hotograph )hat Shoing Stitch ength.

5eaurement of Stitch ength'

,titc' lengt' is t'eoreticall" is a single lengt' of "arn %'ic' incl(+e onenee+le loop an+ 'alf t'e lengt' of #arn A'alf of a siner loopB bet%een t'at nee+le

loop an+ t'e a+Cacent nee+le loops on eit'er si+e of it. oop exists in co(rse in co(rse

lengt' an+ it is t'at %'ic' infl(ence fabric +imension an+ ot'er properties incl(+ing

%eig't. *n or+er to +etermine t'e stitc' lengt': %e co(nt 1 n(mber ales or stitc'

an+ co(nt its lengt' b" 'anging t'e "arn on t'e stitc' lengt' co(nters. T'e rea+ing is

fo(n+ in mm (nit.

T'e ,titc' lengt' %as teste+ in fi/e places of eac' fabric sample an+ at eac'

place t%o rea+ings %ere taen before an+ after %as'. T'e teste+ res(lts are s'o%n in

tables Table 6 7. Teste+ res(lts are also presente+ grap'icall" an+ s'o%n in Fig(re21 %'ere stitc' lengt' %as plotte+ against inp(t tension Al"cra fee+B AmmB.

From to t'e mentione+ +ata c'arts %ere pro+(ce+ in %'ic' O-axis in+icates t'e inp(t

tension. *t ma" be mentione+ t'at t'ree +ifferent inp(t tensions %ere generate+ from

t'ree +ifferent rates of l"cra fee+ e.g. 1): 17 15. T'(s in case 1) t'e l"cra fee+

%as 'ig'est as a res(lt tension %ill be lo%est similarl" for 15 t'e l"cra fee+ %as

lo%est as a res(lt inp(t tension %ill be 'ig'est. T'ese t'ree +ifferent rates of l"cra

fee+ %ere plotte+ against stitc' lengt' in+icates in #-axis an+ s'o%n in fig(res 21. *t

ma" be mentione+ t'at t'o(g' inp(t tension %ere (se+ as 1): 17 15 b(t in t'e

program con/erte+ it to 1: 2 3. T'erefore 1 in+icates lo%est tension an+ 3 in+icate'ig'est inp(t tension.

3.3.". S+:

T'e stan+ar+ meas(rement for %eig't an+


43/60

&igure 1' (hotograph of Sample #utter ith ,S5 Balance.

5eaurement of ,S5'

T'e 0re" 0,& A0rams per s


44/60

$elaxation s'rinage

Felting s'rinage

ompressi/e s'rinage $esi+(al s'rinage

,'rinage is mainl" +(e to "arn s%elling an+ t'e res(lting crimp increase +(ring

%as'ing in case of cotton fabrics. #arn s%elling percentage is more t'an pol"ester

cotton blen+ing "arn.

!elaxation hrinkageD (ring man(fact(res fabrics an+ t'eir component

"arns are s(bCecte+ to tension (n+er /ar"ing con+itions of temperat(re an+

moist(re content: after man(fact(ring %'en t'e fabric is taen from t'emac'ine an+ eep on floor or store room: t'en t'e fabric ten+s to s'rin:

t'is t"pe s'rinage is calle+ relaxation s'rinage.

&elting hrinkageD *n case of %ool fibers +imensional c'anges can be

magnifie+ b" felting s'rinage. 'en (ntreate+ %ool fibers are s(bCecte+

to mec'anical action in t'e presence of moist(re

#omprei*e hrinkageD process in %'ic' fabric is ca(se+ to s'rin in

lengt' b" compression. T'e process often referre+ to as controlle+compressi/e s'rinage

!eidual hrinkage' fter %as'ing t'e fabric is s'r(n. T'is t"pe of

s'rinage is calle+ resi+(al s'rinage. $esi+(al s'rinage is t'e main factor

of garments in+(str".

5eaurement of Shrinkage'

(reparation of pecimen' T'e fabric s'o(l+ be con+itione+ in a stan+ar+

testing atmosp'ere before maring o(t: s(ppose sample c(t 5 O 5 cm an+

stitc'ing an+ mare+ o(t 35 O 35 cm

:ahing' T'e sample is %as'e+ in t'e rele/ant %as'ing sol(tion in a

%as'ing mac'ine. fter t'e specifie+ time 'as elapse+ t'e sample is rinse+.




45/60

1. Drying' fter rinsing: t'e s(rpl(s %ater is remo/e+ b" centrif(ge or b"

'an+ sing. r"ing is complete+ b" means of a flat 'eate+ press or a

'eate+ flat iron.

Shrinkage (ercentage #alculation'

,'rinage percentage L-

1- BA1--

L

LL

'ere:

-L L T'e +istance bet%een t'e +at(m lines before %as'ing.

1L L T'e +istance bet%een +at(m lines after %as'ing.

0enerall" in in+(str" *,8 stan+ar+ scales are (se+ %'ere t'e scale is 35 cm

an+ contain s'rinage percentage: for t'is reason t'e" meas(res s'rinage percentage+irectl".

5eaurement of Shrinkage'

!ecipe'

&ac'ine D 'irlpool 0arments %as'ing mac'ine A&a+e b" *n+iaB.

,ample D 5gm A*n+i/i+(alB.

ater D 1.2 g.

etergent D 2gmS A,(rf ExcelB.

!eat D

4- Time D 2 &in(tes.

r"ing D Hormal air +r"ing AFlat r"ingB.

T'e ,'rinage %as teste+ in fi/e places of eac' fabric sample an+ at eac'

place t%o rea+ings %ere taen before an+ after %as'. T'e teste+ res(lts are s'o%n in

tables Table . Teste+ res(lts are also presente+ grap'icall" an+ s'o%n in Fig(re 23

%'ere s'rinage %as plotte+ against inp(t tension Al"cra fee+B AmmB.

From to t'e mentione+ +ata c'arts %ere pro+(ce+ in %'ic' O-axis in+icatest'e inp(t tension. *t ma" be mentione+ t'at t'ree +ifferent inp(t tensions %ere

generate+ from t'ree +ifferent rates of l"cra fee+ e.g. 1): 17 15. T'(s in case

1) t'e l"cra fee+ %as 'ig'est as a res(lt tension %ill be lo%est similarl" for 15 t'e

l"cra fee+ %as lo%est as a res(lt inp(t tension %ill be 'ig'est. T'ese t'ree +ifferent

rates of l"cra fee+ %ere plotte+ against ,'rinage in+icate in #-axis an+ s'o%n in

Fig(re 23. ccor+ing to t'is c'art it %as follo%e+ t'at %'en "cra Fee+ Tension

increases t'en t'e ,'rinage ; gra+(all" +ecreases. *t ma" be mentione+ t'at t'o(g'

inp(t tension %ere (se+ as 1): 17 15 b(t in t'e program con/erte+ it to 1: 2

3. T'erefore 1 in+icates lo%est tension an+ 3 in+icate 'ig'est inp(t tension.


FABRIC PROPERTIES. 4"


46/60

!eult'

)a/le ' Data a/out Shrinkage.

0#!% &EED 1"6

:idth @InchA ength @InchA

Before :ahing 15. 15.

%fter :ahing 13.) 13.)5

Difference @InchA 1.16 1.6"

ycra &eed 16



%fter :ahing 13.)2 13.)4Difference @InchA 1.6 1.6$

ycra &eed 16



%fter :ahing 13.)3 13.)5

Difference @InchA 1.7 1.5

ycra &eed @1"6A'

Percentage of ,'rinage i+t' %ise +irection L-

1- BA1--

L

LL

L15

B)-.1315A1--

L 7.33 ;.

Percentage of ,'rinage engt' %ise +irection L-

1- BA1--

L

LL

L15

B)5.1315A1--

L 7. ;.ycra &eed @16A'


1- BA1--

L

LL

L15

B)2.1315A1--

L 7.2 ;.


1- BA1--

L

LL

L15

B)4.1315A1--


FABRIC PROPERTIES. 4$


47/60

L 7.7 ;.

ycra &eed @16A'


1- BA1--

L

LL

L15

B)3.1315A1--

L 7.13;.


1- BA1--

L

LL

L15

B)5.1315A1--

L 7. ;.

3.3.(. Extensi!ility:

ccor+ing to Textile Terms an+ efinition b" T'e Textile *nstit(te

Extensibilit" can be +efine as: MT'e increase in lengt' of a specimen +(ring a tensile

test expresse+ as percentage of t'e ga(ge lengt' or t'e nominal ga(ge lengt'N.

5eaurement of Exteni/ility'

Extensibilit" %as meas(re+ man(all" beca(se of t'ere is less instr(ment in

TTW laborator". To meas(re extensibilit" +ifferent loa+ lie 2gm: 3gm an+

4gm are applie+. T'e experimental samples are c(t 12Y4 inc' an+ t'is sample is'anging %it' loa+ remaining fo(r min(tes. T'en t'e elongation lengt' is meas(re in




48/60

meter scale (se of (nit inc'. ll of t'e +ata collecte+ abo(t fi/e places at abo(t fi/e

times an+ finall" calc(late a/erage +ata t'at are collecte+ on Table ).

From to t'e mentione+ +ata c'arts %ere pro+(ce+ in %'ic' O-axis in+icates

t'e inp(t tension. *t ma" be mentione+ t'at t'ree +ifferent inp(t tensions %eregenerate+ from t'ree +ifferent rates of l"cra fee+ e.g. 1): 17 15. T'(s in case

1) t'e "cra fee+ %as 'ig'est as a res(lt tension %ill be lo%est similarl" for 15 t'e

"cra fee+ %as lo%est as a res(lt inp(t tension %ill be 'ig'est. T'ese t'ree +ifferent

rates of "cra fee+ %ere plotte+ against extensibilit" in+icate in #-axis an+ s'o%n in

fig(res24. *t ma" be mentione+ t'at t'o(g' inp(t tension %ere (se+ as 1): 17

15 b(t in t'e program con/erte+ it to 1: 2 3. T'erefore 1 in+icates lo%est tension

an+ 3 in+icate 'ig'est inp(t tension.

)a/le ' 5eaurement of Exteni/ility :ith different ycra &eed )enion.

"cra Fee+ A15B

H(mber of

obser/ation

oa+ AgmB *nitial

engt'

A*nc'B

it' oa+

engt'

A*nc'B

Extension

A*nc'B

fter isplace

oa+ engt' A*nc'B

1. 2 12 13.75 1.75 12.1

2. 3 12 15. 3. 12.45

3. 4 12 17. 5. 13.

"cra Fee+ A17B

H(mber of

obser/ation

oa+ AgmB *nitial

engt'

A*nc'B

it' oa+

engt'

A*nc'B

Extension

A*nc'B

fter isplace

oa+ engt' A*nc'B

1. 2 12 14.1 2.1 12.15

2. 3 12 15.75 3.75 12.5

3. 4 12 1.5 6.5 13.

"cra Fee+ A1)B

H(mber of

obser/ation

oa+ AgmB *nitial

engt'

A*nc'B

it' oa+

engt'

A*nc'B

Extension

A*nc'B

fter isplace

oa+ engt' A*nc'B

1. 2 12 14.5 2.5 12.2

2. 3 12 16.25 4.25 12.6

3. 4 12 1). 7. 13.2




49/60

". 0iscussion of )esults:

From t'e abo/e experiment of effect of inp(t tension of elastomeric "arn A"craB on

nitte+ fabric properties %e fo(n+ t'e follo%ing res(lts.

".1.Effect of 5ales $er Inch:

ccor+ing to t'e Fig(re 16 an+ Table 6 7 %e 'a/e follo%e+ t'at as "cra

Fee+ Tension increases t'e ales per *nc' are +ecreases. T'is is probabl" beca(se of

t'at %'en fee+ tension of "arn increases t'en t'e s'rinage %o(l+ occ(r ales %ise

+irect ion +(e to t'e 'ig' exten+e+ properties of "cra "arn.




50/60

35

37

3939

40

41

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

1 2 3

Lycra Feed

WalesperInch

Wales per Inch (Before Washing)Wales per Inch (After Washing)

&igure 1' Effect of :ale per Inch of ariou &eeding )enion of ycra.

".2.Effect of 6ourse $er Inch:

ccor+ing to t'e Fig(re 1 an+ Table 6 7 %e 'a/e follo%e+ t'at %'en "cra

Fee+ Tension increases t'en t'e o(rse per *nc' are gra+(all" +ecreases. T'is is

probabl" beca(se of t'at %'en fee+ tension of "arn increases t'en t'e s'rinage

co(l+ be occ(r o(rse %ise +irection +(e to t'e 'ig' exten+e+ properties of "cra

"arn.


FABRIC PROPERTIES. "6


51/60

6675

78

6167

71

010

20

30

40

50

60

7080

90

1 2 3Lycra Feed

CourseperInch

o!rse per Inch (Before Washing)o!rse per Inch (After Washing)

&igure 26' Effect of #oure per Inch in ariou &eeding )enion of ycra.

".3.Effect of Stitch ength:


Fee+ Tension increases t'en t'e ,titc' lengt' are also increases.




52/60

2"93

2"97

3"073"01

2"99

2"98

2"85

2"9

2"95

3

3"05

3"1

1 2 3Lycra Feed

S

titchLenght(mm)

#titch $ength (Before Washing)#titch $ength (After Washing)

&igure 21' Effect of Stitch length @mmA in ariou &eeding )enion of ycra.

".".Effect of S+:


Fee+ Tension increases t'en t'e 0,& are gra+(all" +ecreases. T'is is probabl"

beca(se of t'at %'en fee+ tension of "arn increases t'en t'e s'rinage co(l+ be occ(r

ales o(rse %ise +irection +(e to t'e 'ig' exten+e+ properties of "cra "arn.




53/60

237"47

244"48

225"59

230"38

232"12

238"3

215

220

225

230

235

240

245

250

1 2 3

Lycra Feed

GSM

%#& (Before Washing) %#& (After Washing)

&igure 22' Effect of ,S5 in ariou &eeding )enion of ycra.

".%.Effect of Shrinkage:

ccor+ing to t'e Fig(re 23 Table %e 'a/e follo%e+ t'at %'en "cra Fee+

Tension increases t'en t'e s'rinage percentage are gra+(all" +ecreases.




54/60

7"33

7"2

7"13

7"2

7 7"13

6"8

6"9

7

7"1

7"2

7"3

7"4

1 2 3Lycra Feed

Shrinkage%

Wi'th ise #hrinage $ength ise #hrinage

&igure 23' Effect of Shrinkage (ercentage of ariou &eed )enion.

".(.Effect of Extensi!ility:

ccor+ing to t'e Fig(re 24 an+ Table ) %e 'a/e follo%e+ t'at %'en "cra

Fee+ Tension increases t'en t'e extensibilit" being increases. e 'a/e also follo%e+

t'at %'en respecti/e loa+ is increases t'en t'e elongation increases t'at extension

abo/e t'e smaller loa+.




55/60

2"5

4"25

7

1"752"1

3

3"75

5

6"5

0

12

3

4

5

6

7

8

1 2 3Lycra Feed

Ete

nsi!ility

(Inch)

*+tensi,ilit- ($oa' 200 g.) *+tensi,ilit- ($oa' 300 g.)

*+tensi,ilit- ($oa' 400 g.)

&igure 24' Effect of Exteni/ility in ariou &eeding )enion of ycra ith

Different oad.

%.6onclusion:

T'e inp(t tension of "cra "arn is /er" important for t'e nit fabric

properties. From t'is proCect it is fo(n+ t'at %'en t'e "cra fee+ %as lo%est inp(t

tension %ill be 'ig'est fabric properties if inp(t tension c'anges in same fabric b(t

in +ifferent places ales per inc': o(rse per inc': stitc' lengt': 0,& an+

s'rinage: Extensibilit" are also c'anges. To stabili>e t'ere propert" a goo+ finis'ing


FABRIC PROPERTIES. ""


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is re


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)a/le 2'ifferent T"pes of Tra+e Hame of ,pan+ex #arn sable in Qario(s

o(ntries--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16

)a/le 3'*+entification of ,pan+ex #arn sing (rn Test an+ lso T'eir

Properties--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24

)a/le 4'Test of Qario(s T"pes of ,pan+ex &aterials Properties an+ T'eir

sing *nstr(ment------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 27

)a/le "'Pro+(ct of ,pan+ex 0oo+s an+ T'eir se------------------------------------- 3

)a/le $'&eas(rement of ales per *nc': o(rse per *nc': ,titc' engt' an+ 0,&

%it' ifferent Fee+ing Tension of "cra-------------------------------------------------- 3)

)a/le '&eas(rement of ales per *nc': o(rse per *nc': ,titc' engt' an+ 0,&

%it' ifferent Fee+ing Tension of "cra in fter as'ing---------------------------- 3)

)a/le 'ata abo(t ,'rinage------------------------------------------------------------- 46

)a/le '&eas(rement of Extensibilit" it' +ifferent "cra Fee+ Tension--------- 4

6.2. it of &igure'

&igure 1' P'otograp's of ncient Textile Tec'nolog"----------------------------------- 5

&igure 2' P'otograp's of ecorati/e Knitte+ 0oo+s ------------------------------------ 6

&igure 3' P'otograp's of Elasstomeric Fibre to #arn ------------------------------------ 7

&igure 4' ,tress,train (r/es ------------------------------------------------------------ 11

&igure "' &onomer of t'e Elastomeric #arn Fo(n+ b" (Pont ---------------------- 14

&igure $' P'otograp's of ,pan+ex Fibre Pro+(ction &et'o+s ------------------------ 1




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&igure ' ,c'ematic iagram of et-,pinning Process ------------------------------- 21

&igure ' ,c'ametic iagram of r" ,pinning Process -------------------------------- 22

&igure ' P'otograp's of Experimental Knitting &ac'ine ---------------------------- 33

&igure 16'asic Pict(re of ,imple ,ingle Gerse" Knit ,tr(ct(re---------------------- 35

&igure 11',ample of Experimental Knitte+ Fabric------------------------------------- 35

&igure 12'P'otograp's of atc' Hee+le cti/ation Forming ,ingle Gerse"-------- 36

&igure 13'P'otograp's of atc' Hee+le an+ eb !ol+ing ,iner

rrangement----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 36

&igure 14' P'otograp's of am "namics of ,ingle Gerse" Knitte+ Fabrics-------- 37

&igure 1"'P'otograp's T'at ,'o%ing ales per *nc'--------------------------------- 4

&igure 1$' P'otograp's T'at ,'o%ing o(rse per *nc'-------------------------------- 41

&igure 1'P'otograp's T'at ,'o%ing ,titc' engt'----------------------------------- 42

&igure 1'P'otograp's of ,ample (tter %it' 0,& alance------------------------- 43

&igure 1'Effect of ales per *nc' of Qario(s Fee+ing Tension of "cra---------- 5

&igure 26'Effect of o(rse per *nc' in Qario(s Fee+ing Tension of "cra--------- 51

&igure 21'Effect of ,titc' lengt' AmmB in Qario(s Fee+ing Tension of "cra------

52

&igure 22'Effect of 0,& in Qario(s Fee+ing Tension of "cra---------------------- 53

&igure 23'Effect of ,'rinage Percentage of Qario(s Fee+ Tension----------------- 54

&igure 24'Effect of Extensibilit" in Qario(s Fee+ing Tension of "cra %it'

ifferent oa+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55

$.3.Bi/liography'

Book'

1. Textile Terms an+ efinition b" t'e Textile *nstit(te ATent' E+itionB:

1))7.

2. Knitting Tec'nolog" b" a/i+ G. ,pencer AT'ir+ E+itionB: 21.

3. irc(lar Knitting b" "er A,econ+ E+itionB: 1))5.

4. Textile *n+(str" n+er 0lobali>ation b" &. ,o(n+arapan+in AFirst

E+itionB: 24.




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5. !an+ oo of Tec'nical Textiles b" A R Horrocks and S C Anand

(Frs! Ed!on)" #$$$.

6. !an+ oo of Textile Fibres b" G. 0or+on oo AFift' E+itionB: 1)4.

7. Textile Testing " P. ngappan AFo(rt' E+itionB: 1))7.

. Principles of Textile Testing b" G. E. oot' AT'ir+ E+itionB: 1))6.). &an-&a+e Fibres b" $. . &oncrieff A,ixt' E+itionB: 1)75.

1.Pol"mer ,cience " Q. $. 0o%arier AFo(rteent' $eprintB: &a" 1))).

:e/ite'

1. 'ttpDSS%%%.0&E.com

2. 'ttpDSS%%%.K&E.com

3. 'ttpDSS%%%.google.com

4. 'ttpDSS%%%."a'oo.com5. 'ttpDSS%%%.te(line.com

6. 'ttpDSS%%%.ebooee.com.cn7. 'ttpDSS%%%.2man(fact(rer.com. 'ttpDSS%%%.cn-"ana.com

). 'ttpDSS%%%.fibre2fas'ion.com

1.'ttpDSS%%%.textileglossar".com

11.'ttpDSS%%%.E>inerticles.com

8epaper'

1. T'e Prot'om lo.

17t'Ho/ember 2.2t'Ho/ember 2.

2t'G(l" 2).

Seminar (aper'

1. *TET ,eminar: Presente+ b" &iCan(r $a'man '(i"an on 27 t' G(l"

27.

$.4.!eference'

*nternet.

He%spaper.

0&E.

Q*#ETEO.

extex imite+.

,eminar Paper.


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project lycra update

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