project implementation agency emergency tsunami...

Project Implementation Agency Emergency Tsunami Reconstruction Project

Government of Puducherry

Environmental Impact Assessment Study for Reconstruction and Modernization of Karaikal Fishing Harbour

April 2011

WAPCOS Limited

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. GENERAL Karaikal fishery harbor was developed by the Department of Fisheries after taking the Environmental clearance in 2004. The harbour is lacking some of the essential facilities required by the fisherman. Hence, the Department of Fisheries, Government of Puducherry proposes the reconstruction and modernization of Karaikal Fishery harbor to full fill the demand of the fisherman. There are 10 fishing villages and around 3300 fishermen families are living in these coastal villages and their main employment is fishing and fishing related activity. Karaikal fishing harbor has 123 Mechanised boats. However, the proposed expansion is designed to accommodate the fleet strength of 320 Nos. The present document outlines the Executive Summary of the EIA study of Reconstruction and Modernization of Karaikal fishing harbor. 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION In the Detailed Project Report prepared by Central Institute of Coastal Engineering for Fishing (CICEF), recommendation was made for additional capacities for providing Ice Plant, slip way and Fish Processing unit and Boat making and repairing yard in Karaikal Fishery Harbour. Reconstruction and Modernization has been approved by the World Bank.The details of the facilities envisaged as part of the expansion are given as below:

� Boat making and repairing yard � Modernisation of slip way � Fish Processing Unit � Ice Plant � Treatment for discharge of effluent sullage

2.1 Boat making and Repair Yard There is no boat making and repair yard in the existing harbor and the fishermen have to go to Nagapattinam for utilising the boat making and repair facilities. To avoid hardship and inconvenience to the fishermen community, the Boat making and Repair Yard is proposed as part of the expansion. 2.2 Modernisation of Slip way It is proposed to provide cantilever retaining wall from -4 m to +2m to retain the earth. The finished level of ramp infront of the Arasalar River is -3 m and at the end, the finished level is +2m and therefore the total vertical height is 5 m. Adopting a slope of 1 in 15, the total length of retaining wall required to be provided is 75 m. Therefore the sloping cradle has been designed as a plate girder to withstand maximum load of 50 tonne. 2.3 Fish Processing Unit Fish catch at Karaikal has been estimated based on the data available with CMFRI for the Karaikal. The total fish catch at Karaikal has been estimated as 15 Tonnes per day. it is proposed to have 6 Tonne capacity fish processing unit at Karaikal to process, freeze and preserve the fishes and to supply the same in the local market at higher cost. 2.4 Ice Plant The total quantity of fish catch at Karaikal Fishing harbour is 15 tonnes/day. Considering 50% of total fish catch require iceing (0.5 x 15) 7.5 tonnes. The total Ice required for fleet and landed fish catch is (32 tonnes +7.5 tonnes) about 40 tonnes. Presently there is an ice plant of 10 tonne capacity. Hence the new ice plant with a capacity of 30 tonne per day is proposed at Karaikal. This will cater the needs of another 200 boats.

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2.5 Treatment for Effluent Sullage It is proposed to have 6 Tonne capacity fish processing unit at Karaikal Fishing harbour. The total quantity of sullage that is expected to be generated from fish processing and fish washing units is estimated as 75,000 litres per day. Hence, a pre-fabricated Sewage treatment plant of 75000 litres capacity is proposed for installation at Karaikal Fishing harbour. 3. ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STATUS The Study Area considered for the EIA study has been considered as the area within radius of 10 km considering the proposed project site at the centre. As a part of the EIA study, the baseline status has been ascertained for various aspects and the same is summarized in the following sections: 3.1 Meteorology Average annual rainfall in the project area is 1260 mm. Majority of rainfall is received under the influence of north-east monsoons during the months from October to December. As the project area is located in the tropical maritime zone summers are hot and humid, and winters are mild. Humidity ranges from 83% to 85% in monsoon and 69% to 76% in rest of the year. The average maximum and minimum temperatures during the summer season are 43oC and 27oC respectively. 3.2 Ambient Air Quality The ambient air quality monitoring was carried out with a frequency of two samples per week at three locations in August / September, 2010. The parameters monitored as a part of the study are listed as below:

• PM 10

• PM 2.5

• Sulphur dioxide (SO2)

• Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx). The PM2.5 concentration varies from 27.32 to 29.66 µg/m3 at various stations. Values of PM10

ranged from 34.65 to 47.24 µg/m3, which is below the prescribed limits of 60 µg/m3 and 100

µg/m3 respectively. The concentration of SO2 at various stations ranged from 1.11 to 9.23

µg/m3, which is below the prescribed limits of 80 µg/m3. Similarly NOX concentration was below detectable limits. 3.3 Noise Environment Baseline noise levels were recorded at 3 locations in the study area and equivalent noise level were calculated. The day time noise level ranged from a minimum of 28 dB(A) to a maximum of 37 dB(A). The night time noise level ranged from a minimum of 26 dB(A) to a maximum of 36 dB(A), which area well below the permissible limit. 3.4 Landuse Pattern The landuse pattern of the study area has also been studied using satellite data. The major portion of study area is occupied by water bodies (46.44%). Area under vegetation and agriculture accounts for about 9.90 % and 23.79 % of the total study area respectively. The Marshy and barren area are about 8.34% and 0.40%, respectively. 3.5 Marine Water Quality The temperature of the water samples ranged from 23°C to 25°C. pH value also did not exhibit insignificant variation and was in the range of 8.0 – 8.1. There is no fresh water influence during the time of collection and thus the salinity of surface water samples varied from 30 to 31 ppt. The DO values recorded at the four stations ranged from 4.00 mg/l to 4.50

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mg/l. Biochemical Oxygen Demand varied from 1.20 to 1.37 mg/l. The phosphorus and nitrates concentrations varied between 0.72 to .84 µmol/l and 1.06 to 1.16 µmol/l respectively. The concentration of cadmium in the water samples varied from 0.27 to 0.51µg/l. The concentration of Zinc in the study areas varied between11.0 to 12.30 µg/l. The estimated concentrations of lead ranged from 7 to 8.1 µg/l. The mercury level varied from 11.2 mg/l to 13.2 mg/l. 3.6 Sediment Quality The pH of sediments at various samples ranged from 8.1 to 8.2. The total phosphorus concentrations varied between 1.24 and 1.74 mg/g. The total nitrogen concentration ranged between 1.97 and 2.74 mg/g. Zinc concentrations was recorded in the range of 15.9 to 17µg/g. The concentrations of Lead varied between 36 and 43 µg/g. The mercury concentration was in the range of 5.9 to 6.1 ng/g. 3.7 Marine Ecology Detailed marine ecological survey was conducted at 5 locations. The parameters covered in marine survey includes primary productivity, Chlorophyll’a, Phaeo-pigment, Phytoplankton, Total Biomass, Zooplanktons, Macrobenthos, Meio-benthos et; The net primary productivity varies from 1.30 to 1.42 mg/m3. Chlorophyll’a content varied between 1.35 to 1.82 mg/m3. Phaeophytin content was analyzed in the range of 1.12 to 1.32 mg/m3. The phytoplankton density varies from 1735 Nos./l to 6675 Nos./l. The zooplankton population ranged from 435 to 3875 Nos./l.

3.8 Socio-economic Aspects There are 10 marine fishing villages in the Karaikal region. Total families in these villages are 3308. There are 1031 full time fishermen, 780 part time fishermen and 718 fishermen are involved in allied activities. There is no proper fish auction hall and the fish is being auctioned in the beach itself. The buyers transport these fishes to Karaikal fish market and nearby areas in Tamil Nadu for sale. 4. ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS Based on the project details and the baseline environmental status, potential impacts that are expected to accrue as a result of the proposed project have been briefly described in the following sections. 4.1 Land Environment Impacts due to construction activities Pre-construction activities generally do not cause significant damage to environment. The levels of construction activities envisaged in the proposed project are unlikely to cause any significant adverse impact. The natural drainage in the area is such that the entire water would outfall in the marine water. This could lead to marginal increase in turbidity levels. However, based on experience in similar projects, this impact is not expected to be significant. Impacts during Operation Phase Apart from the domestic sewage, totally 75,000 litres of sullage is likely to be generated in the Karaikal fishing harbour. The sullage generated from two auction halls, Pre-processing unit, Ice plant and Mechanised workshop will be collected in the manholes at the respective location and finally treated in the Effluent Treatment Plant and shall be reused for the horticulture purposes after treatment.

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Solid waste

The predicted total Municipal Solid Waste (including Fish Waste) is expected to be about 3.0 tonne/day .Solid waste comprises all bulky rubbish, old pieces of rope and netting, broken fish boxes etc. The detailed of solid waste management measures are given in Environmental Management Plan.

4.2 Water Environment Construction Phase The peak labour requirement during construction phase be about 200. The total water requirement for the laborers works out to 30 m3/day and the sewage generated will be about 24 m3/day. It is proposed to treat the sewage from labour camps prior to disposal.

Operation phase

It is proposed to have 6 Tonne capacity fish processing unit in Karaikal Fishing harbour. The total quantity of sullage that is expected to be generated from fish washing and fish processing unit has been estimated as 75,000 litres per day, which shall be treated in a pre-fabricated Sewage Treatment Plant.

4.3 Noise Environment Construction Phase The major sources of noise during construction phase are due to operation of various construction equipment. The noise levels generated by various construction equipments various between 70-90 dB (A). Based on the noise modelling, it has been observed that at a distance of 100 m and 200 m from the construction site, the increase in noise levels will be about 10 dB(A) and 15 dB(A) respectively. The nearest residential areas are more than 500 m away from the proposed fishing harbour. Thus, no adverse impacts are anticipated on noise levels due to the proposed project.

Operation phase

The major sources of noise during operation phase are vehicular movement for the transportation of fish. Increase in the noise levels during the construction phase are not expected to travel beyond 50 m. Hence, it is anticipated that there will not be significant increase in the noise levels in the operation phase of the proposed fishing harbour project. 4.4 Air Environment Construction Phase The combustion of diesel in construction equipment could be one of the possible sources of air pollution during the construction phase. It has been observed from the modeling that the incremental concentration of So2 is quite low and does not require any specific control measure. Thus, the operation of construction equipment is not expected to have any major impact on the ambient air quality. The fugitive emissions generated due to vehicular movement also contributes to Air Pollution. However fugitive emissions are not expected to travel beyond a distance of 200 to 300m. Hence, the impact on air environment during construction phase is not expected to be significant.

Operation phase

The major source of air pollution in the post-project phase is the vehicular movement for transportation of fish catch to different destinations of markets. On an average about 10 to 20 trucks per day will move in the area. The pollution levels due to those are not expected to be significant to cause significant adverse impact on ambient air quality.

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4.5 Ecology The study area has no major forest cover. Hence, no significant impacts are envisaged on terrestrial flora as a result of the proposed project. 4.6 Socio Economic Environment Construction Phase In the construction stage the peak labour force, skilled and unskilled labourers, is estimated at about 200. About 100 labour population are likely to come from nearby sites. The balance, i.e. 100 labour and their family members are likely to stay near construction sites. Thus, it is necessary to develop adequate infrastructure facilities, so that the requirements of the immigrating labour population are met. Operation Phase The facilities being proposed as a part of the expansion of the Karaikal fishing harbour will provide boost to fishing activities in the region. Additional employment from net making, boat repairs and other non conventional labour shall also be created. 4.6 Summary of Impacts The summary of impacts is given in Table-1

TABLE-1 SUMMARY OF PREDICTION

SUMMARY OF PREDICTION OF IMPACTS

Issues considered for prediction

Result of Prediction Impacts Significance

Air Quality Impacts

• Vehicular emission during transportation of construction materials

• The increase in the concentration of NOX, CO and HC at a distance of 500m is negligible and the overall concentration conform to NAAQS

• The impacts are short term, temporary and shall cease to exist after construction is complete.

Low in the long term and with suitable EMP like covering trucks with tarpaulin sheets, regulation of vehicle speeds and regular emission checks

• Vessel emission • Increase in concentration within the fishing harbour, but will return to background levels as the vessels are of low capacity

Low

Shoreline changes

• Construction activities • Negligible littoral drift calculated, thereby resulting in negligible accretion / erosion

• Low

Land / Aesthetics

• Disposal of solid wastes from canteen, fish meal, rotten fish, ship wastes, vessel repair wastes inland inside the fishing harbour

• Increased organic, toxic and heavy metal loads from runoff

• Odour and pests infection

• Low, when appropriate management measures are implemented.

Water Quality / Ecological Impacts

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• Wharf construction • Increased turbidity from boulder laying

• Smothering of benthic flora/fauna

• The impacts are short-term and cease after construction is complete.

• Provide nurseries and breeding grounds after construction is complete

• Medium during construction phase

• Beneficial in the long term after construction ceases

• Fishing operations, wastewater disposal, boat repairs

• Increased pathogen, organic loads leading to DO depletion, Eutrophication resulting in fish kills, decomposition and infection

• Toxics and hazardous wastes may lead to bioaccumulation and bio magnification especially in juveniles

• High (-ve)

• Low when integrated with Environmental and Fishing harbor management plans and non-fisheries impacts (from municipal sewage) are regulated;

• Discharge of oil sewage and waste water from vessels

• Increased organic loads, oil and grease inside the breakwater with insufficient mixing

• Low when onshore facilities for reception of oily wastes, slop and wastewater are provided. Adherence to EMP items shall be ensured by the Dept. of Fisheries.

Socio Economics

Livelihood and employment • The region is a fishing village with no other means of livelihood. Increased employment opportunities to locals from fisheries associated activities like net mending, boat repairs, markets, exports etc.,

• High (Positive)

Risk

Fuelling Operations • Impacts from Worst Case Scenario are limited to the fishing harbour. However, considering the generally crowded nature of fishing harbour it is required to provide fire hydrants in the vicinity of berthing locations

• Adequate care needs to be taken for protection of the fuel pipelines

• Low significance under normal operating conditions

• Consequences limited to fishing harbour only, during abnormal conditions as low quantities of fuel shall be handled.

• Adequate Fire hydrants and first aid facilities shall be provided within the fishing harbour

• Marine Environment

Construction activities

• Impact on Marine water • Low significance under

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quality and marine ecology normal operating conditions

• Net Impacts • Low (-ve) significance for short term

• Net Benefits • High (+ve) significance for long term

5. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the proposed fish landing centre is briefly described in the following sections: 5.1 Surface Water Quality The following measures are recommended:

• Spillage of fuel / engine oil and lubricants from the construction site shall be prevented by suitable precautions and also by providing necessary mechanisms to trap the spillage.

• Temporary colonies of the construction workers should be established sufficiently away from the HTL and adequate sanitation facilities shall be provided to prevent degrading the environmental quality of the area.

• The construction activities will be carried out in the confined manner to reduce the impacts on marine environment.

• The construction waste including the debris shall be disposed safely in the designated areas and in no case shall be disposed in the marine environment.

5.2 Ambient Air Quality

• Water sprinkling shall be done at least thrice a day at the construction sites, haul roads and other access roads of the project area.

• Transportation trucks shall be covered to control fugitive dust.

• Idling of delivery trucks or other equipment should be avoided during loading and unloading of construction material.

• All construction vehicles should comply with emission standards of CPCB and be maintained properly.

• Use of Ready-mix concrete wherever possible shall be explored. In the case of use of Concrete Mixer, Concrete Mixer should be mounted on shelter with top and slides closed.

5.3 Noise Quality

• Measures for minimizing noise generated from vehicles and other mechanical devices should be.

• Enclosures and mufflers for the construction equipment shall be provided during construction.

• DG sets shall be installed with acoustic enclosures and silencers so as to reduce noise up to the standard level as far as possible.

• Ear protective devices shall be used by the construction workers where they are exposed to steady noise levels above 85 dB (A).

5.4 Land Environment

• Modernization of fishing harbor should be carried out as per applicable regulations such as local planning requirements, fishery sector guide lines, coastal zone regulations and other environment regulations of Government of India and The World Bank.

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• Hazardous materials like diesel, LPG and paints, etc., should be stored as per the explosives act of GoI.

5.5 Marine Environment

• Construction activities to be scheduled and planned to minimise impacts on fishermen and marine ecology;

• Disposal of sewage from the construction work area in to sea, shall be prevented with suitable wastewater treatment measures

• Strict management of the aquatic environment should be followed during the construction phase through waste control, use of minimum disturbance techniques during construction for ensuring minimal changes to the aquatic environment.

• After completion of the construction activities adequate clean-up and restored to their original contours and the aesthetic quality of the surroundings should be restored.

5.6 Waste Water Management

• Apart from the domestic sewage, totally 75,000 litres of sullage Total 75,000 litres of sullage is likely to be generated in the Karaikal fishing harbour. A pre-fabricated Sewage treatment plant is proposed as a part of modernization of Karaikal Fishing harbor.

5.7 Oil Spill Mitigation during the Operation Phase

• Oil boom is proposed near the complex so that any oil that is spilled can be arrested by using the boom. The trapped oil is sucked out using a hand suction pump and transferred to the Oil collection container.

• Waste oil will be collected in 200-litre oil drums and soled to oil processing companies for reprocessing.

5.8 Solid Waste Management

• The total solid waste to be generated would be of the order of 3 t/day, which will be collected and recyclable waste will be recycled. The balance solid waste will be disposed of at designated landfill site.

5.9 Greenbelt Development

• It is proposed to develop greenbelt around various project appurtenances, which will go a long way to achieve environmental protection and mitigation of pollution levels in the area. About 2 ha of land is proposed to be afforested as a part of Greenbelt Development Plan. . The plantation will be at a spacing of 2.5 x 2.5 m. The width of the greenbelt will be 30 m. About 1,600 trees per hectare will be planted.

5.10 Summary of Environmental Management Plan

The summary of Environmental Management Plan is given in Table – 2

TABLE - 2

Summary of Environmental Management Plan

S. No.

Issues / Impacts Mitigation Measures Responsibility

Pre-construction Stage

1 Clearances and Approvals

(i) Secure regulatory clearances such as CRZ Clearance of CRZ rules , GoI

Fisheries Department

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S. No.


(ii) Obtain planning permissions from relevant local planning authority and the local administration (iii) Ensure transfer of land from revenue authorities for approach road and dumping site of the project

2 Site clearance Site clearance shall be carried out to in such a way that the clearance and grubbing waste is disposed immediately in the designated dumping site identified for the project. In no case the waste material shall not be disposed in the sea or river or any other sensitive environment components.

Contractor

During Construction Stage

1 Infrastructure provisions at construction camps

The Contractor during the progress of work will provide, erect and maintain necessary living accommodation and ancillary facilities for labour as per the requirements of applicable labour regulations of Government of India. All the work sites and camp sites shall also be provided with basic sanitation and infrastructure as per the requirements of Building and other Construction Workers (regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996.

Contractor

2 Transportation of construction materials

The contractor should bring construction material only from approved quarries. Heavy vehicles shall be covered with Tarpaulin sheets to minimize fugitive dust during transportation

Contractor

3 Ambient Air quality

All the vehicles must have valid PUC certificates at all the time during construction phase of the project, Water sprinkling shall be done to suppress the dust emissions from the site. All the DG sets used for construction shall have valid consents from TNPCB and shall have built-in stacks to reduce the air emission impacts.

Contractor

4 Noise The construction materials shall be properly maintained and barricades shall be provided around the site for reducing the noise levels. All the workers will be provided with personal protective equipment including ear plugs and other necessary provisions by the contractor.

Contractor

5 Water The quality of water (marine, river and Contractor

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S. No.


wastewater discharged from the camps) shall be analysed once in three months during construction, for its compliance to the disposal standards of pollution control authority.

6 Emergency Management

First aid kits and emergency treatment facilities shall be provided by the contractor at the work sites, camp sites and all other ancillary facilities.

Contractor

7 Greenbelt development

Green belt with adequate number of trees shall be developed and shall be maintained to ensure at 80% survival rate.

Contractor and Fisheries Department

8 Marine Environment

• To assess the impacts on marine environment marine water and benthal samples shall be analysed on a quarterly basis during construction phase and necessary mitigation measures shall be implemented, as directed by the engineer in charge

• Total Suspended Solids (TSS) in sea water to be monitored at various locations in and around the construction work areas in order to assess the sediment transport and the resultant impacts

Contractor

Operation Stage

1 Monitoring Operational Performance

The PIU and Fishing harbour management shall monitor the operational performance of the various mitigation measures implemented in the project. This shall include overall hygiene practices of the Fishing harbour, performance of wastewater treatment plant, impacts due to material dump site, survival rate of trees, quality of river water, marine water and sediment quality

Fisheries Department and Fishing harbour management,

2 Water & Waste water

Surface water, ground water, marine water and treated / untreated wastewater quality shall be analysed by on a quarterly basis


3. Air Environment Ambient air quality and DG stack monitoring shall be done once in a quarter. Water sprinkling for dust suppression and Greenbelt development shall be carried out in the premises. Proper maintenance of boats shall be ensured to reduce the emissions.


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S. No.


4. Noise DG sets with acoustic enclosures shall be deployed.


5. Solid Waste Solid waste from the site should be source segregated and collected into biodegradable & non-biodegradable waste. The biodegradable waste will be treated in organic waste converter (OWC) and used as manure, whereas the non biodegradable waste shall be sent to authorised recyclers.



First aid kits and emergency treatment facilities shall be maintained by the Fishing harbour operating agency. Adequate fire extinguishers shall be provided in the premises with clear fire exit signals and sign boards are displayed for evacuation.


6. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME The summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme for implementation during project construction and operation phases is given in Tables-3 and 4 respectively

TABLE-3 Summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme (construction phase)

S. No.

Aspects Parameters to be monitored

Frequency of monitoring

Location

1. Marine water

Physico-chemical parameters

pH, Salinity, EC, TDS, Turbidity, Phosphates, Nitrates, Sulphates, Chlorides.

Grab, Once in quarter.

4 sites (site, u/s site, d/s site and waste water from camp site

Biological parameters Light penetration, Chlorophyll, Primary Productivity, Phytoplanktons, Zooplanktons


4 sites (site, u/s site, d/s site) and drinking water from camp site

2. Sediments


Texture, pH, Sodium, Potassium, Phosphate, Chlorides, Sulphates

Once in quarter.

3 sites

Biological parameters Benthic Meio-fauna, Benthic Macro-fauna

Once in quarter. 3 sites

3. Ambient air quality SPM, RPM, SO2 and NOx

- Summer, Post-monsoon and Winter seasons.

- Twice a week

Close to construction site(s)

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S. No.



Location

for four consecutive weeks per season.

4. Noise Equivalent Noise Level

During peak construction activities

Construction Site(s)

TABLE-4

Summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme (operation phase)

S. No.



Location

1. Marine water



Once in three months

3 to 4 sites


Once a year

3 to 4 sites

2. Sediments




3 to 4 sites


Once in a year 3 to 4 sites

3. Ambient air quality SPM, RPM, SO2 & NOx

Summer, Post-monsoon & Winter seasons Twice a week for four consecutive weeks per season.

Villages


Once per month Project area and sites within 1 km of the project area

5. Greenbelt Development

Rate of survival and growth of various species

Once per month Various plantation sites.

7. COST ESTIMATE The cost estimates for implementing Environmental Management Plan (EMP) shall be Rs.27 million. The details are given in Table-5

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TABLE-5 Summary of cost estimate for implementing EMP

S. No.

Parameter Cost (Rs. million)

1. Solid Waste Management 3.70

2. Waste Water Treatment 20.00

2. Sanitary facilities at labour camps 0.80

3. Treatment of effluent from workshops 0.50

4. Greenbelt development 0.12

5. Purchase of noise meter 0.05

6. Implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programme during construction phase (Refer Table-6.3)

1.60

Total 26.67 say Rs. 27.0 million

The cost required for implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programme during construction phase is Rs.1.60 million. The cost required for implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programme during operation phase is Rs.0.75 million/year.

Project Implementation Agency EIA Study for Reconstruction and Modernization (Emergency Tsunami Reconstruction Project) of Karaikal fishing harbour

WAPCOS Limited 1-1

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Karaikal is a coastal town with a total coastline of 20 km. The location of Karaikal

town is shown in Figure-1.1. There are 10 fishing villages and around 3300

fishermen families are living in these coastal villages and their main employment is

fishing and fishing related activity. As per the registration details of Puducherry

fisheries department, 123 Mechanised boats, 400 FRP Boat fitted with OBM have

been registered. Since there is no fishing harbour for berthing their vessels and

handling their catches, the fishermen currently operating their fleet from

Jagathapattinam, Mallipattinam and Nagapattinam. The Karaikal Fishermen

demanded the Government of Puducherry to construct the fishing harbour.

The Department of Fisheries, Government of Puducherry has requested the Central

Institute of Coastal Engineering for Fishery (CICEF) to undertake the necessary

Engineering and Economic investigation and prepare a Project Feasibility Report for

development of Fishing harbour at Karaikal to fulfill the long felt need of fishermen

community. The CICEF Institute has carried out the Techno-Economic Feasibility

Report and prepared two different fishing harbour layouts and forwarded the same to

Government of Puducherry. The fish ing harbour layout on the southern side of river

Arasalar mouth was finalized. The Ministry of Environment and Forest had accorded

Environment clearance in July 2004 for the development of fishing harbour at

Karaikal.


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The PWD of Puducherry prepared the estimate for various components and total

cost of project is estimated as Rs.34.80 Crores which include construction of

Training wall at North and Southern bank of river.

1.2 REGULATORY AUTHORITIES FOR CRZ REGULATION

National Coastal Management Authority (NCZMA) –The Authority l examines and

accords approval to area specific management plans, based on the

recommendations of the State Coastal Zone Management Authorities and Union

Territory Coastal Zone Management Authorities

State Coastal Management Authority (SCZMA)

Based on the CRZ notification in 1991, the state Government constitutes Coastal

Zone Management Authority (SCZMA). The SCZMA is designated as having the

power to take various measures for protecting and improving the quality of the

coastal environment and preventing, abating and controlling environmental pollution

in areas of the respective State/UT. For the present project, shall review the project

and make recommendations to the National Coastal Zone Management Authority for

according clearance under CRZ notification.

District Coastal Management Authority (DCZMA)

The State/ Union Territory Government constitutes the District Coastal Zone

Management Authorities (DCZMA) with Collector of the District as its Chairman, to

monitor, enforce and implement the provisions of Coastal Regulation Zone at the

district level. Proposals seeking clearance under Coastal Regulation Zone

Notification are first scrutinized by the District Coastal Management Authority and

then submitted to State Coastal Zone Management Authority (SCZMA). The DCZMA

assists the State Coastal Zone Management Authority in discharging the expected


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duties apart from attending to the local issues concerned with the Coastal Regulation

Zones.

1.3 MARINE FISHING VILLAGES IN KARAIKAL REGION

There are 10 marine fishing villages in the Karaikal region. The names of the marine

fishing villages and the number of families in each village are given in Table-1.1.

TABLE-1.1

Details of marine fishing villages in Karaikal region

S. No. Name No. of families

1. Karaikalmedu 782

2. Kilinjalmedu 646

3. Keezhakasakudy 254

4. Kottucherrymedu 220

5. Akkampettai 117

6. Kalikuppam 176

7. Mandapathur 113

8. Karikalacherry 345

9. North vanjure 206

10. Pattinacherry 449

Total 3,308 Source: Department of Fisheries & Fishermen Welfare, Puducherry

In Karaikal region, there are 1031 full time fishermen, 780 part time fishermen and

the fishermen involved in allied activities are 718. The number repairing of boats is

33, 112 in processing of fish, 14 in fish and prawn seed collection and 232 in other

related activities.

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE EIA STUDY

The objectives of Environmental Impact Assessment for the reconstruction and

modernization of existing fishing harbour at Karaikal are to assess the likely impacts

on the existing quality of land, marine water, noise, air quality, marine as well as

terrestrial ecology and socio-economic environment. Mitigating measures in the form


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of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) have also been outlined as a part of

the EIA report.

The key components of the EIA study include:

- assessment of the existing status of physico-chemical, ecological (terrestrial and marine) and socio-economic aspects of environment

- identification of potential impacts on various environmental components due

to activities envisaged during construction and operation phases. - prediction of significant impacts on various aspects of environment. - delineation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) outlining measures to

minimize adverse impacts during construction and operation phases of the proposed project.

- formulation of environmental quality monitoring programme for construction

and operation phases. 1.5 METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR THE EIA STUDY

The purpose of this section is to enumerate the steps carried out in an

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study. The same are briefly described in

the following paragraphs.

Environmental Baseline study

Before the start of the project, it is essential to ascertain the baseline levels of

appropriate environmental parameters which could be significantly affected by the

implementation of the project. The planning of baseline survey emanates from short

listing of impacts prepared during identification. The baseline study involved both

field work and review of existing documents, which is necessary for identification of

data which may already have been collected for other purposes.

As per the Ministry of Environment & Forests (MOEF) guidelines, the Study Area for

the EIA study has been considered as the 10 km radius keeping the proposed

project site at the centre. The baseline data on various environmental parameters


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like land use pattern, water quality, noise, meteorology, air quality, demography and

socio-economics, terrestrial ecology and marine ecology was collected through field

studies, literature review and collection of secondary data as available with various

departments and locals.

The methodology adopted for various aspects of data collection is briefly described

in the following paragraphs:

• Marine Ecology

The marine ecological survey was conducted in the month of August, 2009. The

surface as well bottom water samples were collected using mechanized vessels.

Each location was fixed on benchmark and after reaching the site, the vessel was

anchored.

Parameters like temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen were estimated by an

YSI temperature, salinity oxygen meter respectively at the site itself.

Plankton samples were collected by filtering a known volume of water by a plankton

not of <60 µ mesh size bolting silk. Surface water was collected using a clean bucket

without causing any disturbances. Likewise, the bottom water samples were

collected by Nansen bottle. Sediment samples were collected by a grab sampler

operated from the vessel.

The data on various aspects like major aquatic floral and faunal species, rare and

endangered species, fisheries, crabs, prawns, mangroves, etc. was also collected as

a part of primary data collection. Apart from this, the secondary data/information as

available from the reported literature have been appropriately utilized in the EIA

report.


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• Ambient Air quality

Ambient air quality monitoring was conducted at three locations in and around the

project area. The parameters monitored were PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NOx.

• Noise Environment

Noise levels in the study area were recorded with A-weighted noise level meter at

various sampling locations in and around the project area. The readings were taken

during day and night time and equivalent noise levels were estimated and used in

the EIA report.

• Socio-economic Aspects

The data on demography, socio-economics was collected from secondary data

sources like Census handbook, Statistical handbook, and revenue records, etc.

• Landuse pattern

The landuse pattern of the study area has been studied using digital satellite data,

which was procured from National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), Hyderabad in

the form of CD-ROM for IRS-1C, LISS III. Detailed ground truth studies were

conducted for formulation of signature data set. A supervised classification was then

conducted using the GIS & IMAGINE processing software packages available in

house at WAPCOS Centre for Environment. The landuse pattern has been also

studied with use of revenue data (Census handbook).

Assessment of Impacts

With knowledge of the baseline conditions, project characteristics, the intensity of

construction and operation activities and current critical conditions, detailed

projections were made for the influence of the proposed project on physio-chemical,


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biological and social environment in the area. The impacts on environment due to

construction and operation activities of the proposed project were identified.

The various aspects of the environment covered as a part of the Impact Assessment

were:

• Land Environment

• Air Environment

• Noise Environment

• Terrestrial Environment

• Socio-Economic Aspects.

An attempt was made to predict future environmental scenario quantitatively to the

extent possible. However, for non-tangible impacts, qualitative assessment has been

done.

Environmental Management Plan

The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) was delineated to ensure that the

adverse impacts likely to accrue are altogether removed or minimized to the extent

possible. After selection of suitable and feasible environmental mitigation measures,

the cost required for implementation of various environmental management

measures has been estimated to have an idea of their cost-effectiveness.

Environmental Monitoring Programme

A post-project environmental monitoring programme has been suggested to oversee

the environmental safeguards, to ascertain the agreement between prediction and

reality and to suggest the remedial measures not foreseen during the planning stage

but during the operation phase and to generate data for further use. The equipment,

manpower and cost required for the implementation of environmental monitoring

programme were also suggested.


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1.6 OUTLINE OF THE REPORT

The contents of the EIA report are arranged as follows:

Chapter 1: The chapter gives an overview of the need for the project, objectives and

need for EIA study etc.

Chapter 2: A brief write-up on various project appurtenances, construction schedule

and construction material requirement have been covered in this chapter.

Chapter 3: Baseline environmental conditions including physical, biological and

socio-economic parameters, resource base and infrastructure have been described

in this chapter. Before the start of the project, it is essential to ascertain the baseline

conditions of appropriate environmental parameters which could be significantly

affected by the implementation of the project. The planning of baseline survey

emanates from short listing of impacts prepared during identification. The baseline

study involves both field work and review of existing documents, which is necessary

for identification of data which may already have been collected for other purposes.

Chapter 4: Anticipated positive and negative impacts as a result of the construction

and operation of the proposed project were assessed in the Chapter. Prediction is

essentially a process to forecast the future environmental conditions of the project

area that might be expected to occur as a result of the construction and operation of

the proposed project. An attempt has been made to predict future environmental

conditions quantitatively to the extent possible. But for certain parameters, which

cannot be quantified, the general approach is to discuss such intangible impacts in

qualitative terms so that planners and decision-makers are aware of their existence

as well as their possible implications.


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Chapter 5: Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for amelioration of anticipated

adverse impacts likely to accrue as a result of the proposed project. The approach

for formulation of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is to maximize the

positive environmental impacts and minimize the negative ones. After selection of

suitable environmental mitigation measures, cost required for implementation of

various management measures is also estimated.

Chapter 6: Environmental Monitoring Programme for implementation during project

construction and operation phases has been delineated in this Chapter. The

objective is to assess the adequacy of various environmental safeguards and to

compare the predicted and actual scenario during construction and operation phases

to suggest remedial measures not foreseen during the planning stage but arising

during these phases and to generate data for further use. The cost for required for

implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programme has also been summarized

in this chapter.


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CHAPTER-2

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The Central Institute of Coastal Engineering for Fishing (CICEF) involved in Planning

and Design of fishing habour at Karaikal. The fishing harbour was planned and

designed for handling Mechanised vessel comprising 200 Nos. of 11 m and 120 Nos.

of 13 m trawlers. The Feasibility Report was submitted by CICEF during 1997.

The Feasibility Report was reviewed by the Department of Fisheries, Government of

Puducherry. Since considerable time had elapsed in conducting mathematical model

study and getting report from CWPRS, the report was revised in April 2001 by

collecting and updating the field data.

As per the statistics during April 2001, the fleet strength remained unchanged and

various components of fishing harbour were firmed up to accommodate the fleet

strength of 320 Nos.

In the Detailed Project Report of CICEF, a recommendation was made for additional

capacities for providing Ice Plant and Fish Processing Unit and it was also indicated

that these facilities have to be constructed during “O” year (Before commencing of its

commercial activities).Further in the on-going fishing harbour project, a provision to

construct the slip way was made and cost provided in the estimate for this purpose

was Rs.25.00 lakh.

In the estimate of CICEF, 35 m wide ramp with 1 in 10 slope along with metal and

sand layer of 250 mm thick have been suggested.As the fleet being operated in

Karaikal is of steel and wooden mechanised boat and the length of boat is between

11 to 13 m, providing sloping hard is not suitable for hauling and launching. The


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Stake-holders insisted during the pre-stake holder’s meeting to make modern and

mechanised repair arrangement.Considering the efficiency of the slipway, approval

was accorded by the World Bank to provide slipway at Karaikal Fishing Harbour

during the meeting held on 5-3-2010.

2.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.2.1 Boat making and Repair Yard

There is no provision in the estimate for boat making and repair yard facilities under

the centralised sponsored scheme and the fishermen find IT difficulties to build or

repair their boat. The fishermen have to go to Nagapattinam for utilising the boat

making and repair yard facilities. To avoid hardship and inconvenience to the

fishermen community, the Boat making and Repair Yard is proposed on the southern

end of slip way under the ETRP scheme. It comprises of 3 Bays on each shed and

each bay is provided with CR100 Rail arrangements. In this Boat making and Repair

yard, 6 Nos. of Boats can be repaired or build at a time. The general layout of Boat

Making and Repair Yard is shown in Figure-2.1.

2.2.2 Slip way

The location of slip way is on the south west side of Arasalar River and on the

western side of fishing harbour. It is proposed to provide cantilever retaining wall

from -4 m to +2m to retain the earth. The finished level of ramp infront of the Arasalar

River is -3 m and at the end, the finished level is +2m and therefore the total vertical

height is 5 m. Adopting a slope of 1 in 15, the total length of retaining wall required

to be provided is 75 m.


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2.2.3 Design of the Cradle system

The maximum length of the steel boat is 36 feet (12 meter) and the maximum weight

of boat is assessed as 19 T and the wooden boat weight is 9 T. Therefore the

sloping cradle has been designed as a plate girder to withstand maximum load of 50

tonne.

2.2.4 Construction sequence

The construction sequence is given as below:

� Construction of cofferdam in front of the proposed slip way to avoid the

intrusion of water during working.

� Earthwork excavation and dredging

� Construction of cantilever retaining wall

� PCC and RCC Concreting for ramp portion

� Providing CR100 Rail of 2.5m apart in ramp portion, transfer bay for the

movement of transfer cradle and also in the boat making and repair yard.

� Providing winch room with winch of suitable capacity.

� Fabrication of sloping cradle, Boat trolley and Transfer cradle.

2.3 FISH PROCESSING UNIT

A detailed sectoral analysis was carried out as a part of the Feasibility study to

assess the number of boats registered with the department of fisheries and annual

fish catches and variety of fish landings, gear details including marketing avenues

and method of disposal. The data available with department of fisheries have been

collected.

During the presentation made on various occasions it is emphasized to adopt the

catch details published by the CMFRI. In this connection the fisheries statistics from

CMFRI was collected and as per the CMFRI data, the fish catch details upto 2004

was available for entire Union Territory of Puducherry without any breakup. However

the fish catch details from 2005 to 2008 was available for Puducherry, Karaikal,


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Mahe and Yanam separately. The CMFRI data available for Karaikal region between

2005 to 2008 was considered and from this a total fish catch per day is assessed as

15 Tonnes. . The general layout of Fish Processing Unit is shown in Figure-2.2.

2.4 ICE PLANT

Ice has a very large cooling capacity for a given weight or volume. It is used for

preservation of fish since rapid cooling is possible through intimate contact between

fish and ice pieces. Quality at the end product will depend on the supply of adequate

quantity and quality of ice used for its preservation right from the catch through

various stages of processing such as landing, auctioning, transportation, storage,

etc.,

All fishing vessels prior to their sail need to carry block ice in sufficient quantity for

preserving fish. Block ice is cheaper, convenient to carry, requires less space and is

having less melt water when compared to any other form of ice. Therefore, modern

block ice manufacturing units is proposed to supply quality ice to the fishing industry

by using potable water. The area and location of ice plant were reviewed by the

Collector and other Team member during the meeting and the size and location were

approved by the committee after the deliberation. The District Collector informed that

the existing fleet strength in Karaikal may be fixed as 100 nos. and requested the

Consultant to develop infrastructure facilities for 300 mechanised crafts, considering

future growth. The general layout of Ice Plant is shown in Figure-2.3.

Ice required

As per Sectoral Analysis study, the total fleet being operated in Karaikal is 123 nos.

and there is no FRP Boat with Inboard engine in Karaikal. Assuming 65% of fleet

are being operated for fish catch,


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No. of fleet going for fish catch = 123 x 65%= 79.95 nos. Say, 80 Assuming ice required for daily fishing is 400 kg/vessel. Thus, Ice required for daily

fishing (80 x 400) 32000 kg.

The quantity of fish catch as per CMFRI data for Karaikal Fishing harbour is

15 tonnes/day. Considering 50% of total fish catch require iceing (0.5 x 15) 7.5

tonnes. The total Ice required for fleet and landed fish catch is (32 tonnes +7.5

tonnes) about 40 tonnes.

Presently there is an ice plant of 10 tonne capacity constructed by SIFFS located at

Singaravelusalai near Karaikalmedu and is now in operating condition. Hence the

capacity of ice plant proposed at Karaikal is 30 tonne with adequate provision for

expansion to cater the needs of another 200 boats for future expansion when it

becomes operational from the Karaikal fishing harbour. The area earmarked for the

Ice plant is 30 m x 20 m which includes provision for future expansion also. Two

numbers of 50 T of refrigeration capacity compressor is required for 30 tonne ice

production at – 15° evaporation and + 40° condensing temperature. The capacity of

motor required is 188 HP and totally 110 T of refrigeration is required for the ice plant

to produce the 30 T of Ice. The power required of producing 30T of ice is 145 KW.

Water requirement of Ice Plant

It is roughly estimated that for an ice plant, an equal amount of fresh water will be

needed. Therefore for 30 tonne capacity ice plant, the requirement of fresh water by

taking into account 2 to 3 days reserve storage is about 90,000 litres. Since Karaikal

is a small town having a population of about 1.71 lakh, it is proposed to draw water

for ice plant from the locally available sources, as the ground water in the area is

saline.


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According to the norms of MPEDA, area required for setting up an ice plant of 20

Tonne per day is about 300 m2. Therefore, it is proposed to provide the Ice plant with

size 30 m x 17 m approximate with reference to the quantum of ice arrived based on

CMFRI data. The proposed Ice plant shall have built-up area of 30m x 17m and

shall be of framed structure with shallow foundation and the expected production of

Ice per day is 30 Tonnes.

2.5 TREATMENT FOR DISCHARGE OF EFFLUENT SULLAGE:

The common liquid wastes that pollute the fishing harbour are:

� Sewage from sanitary facilities � Waste water from fish cleaning operations � Outfalls from processing plants � Galley waste from boats � Deck and fish-hold washings and � Laundry discharges.

In addition,

� Effluents from shore-based industries and � Human waste from settlements upstream and to the pollution load in some harbours.

� The harbour should provide reception facilities for large vessels to discharge their sewage.

In Karaikal, the development of fishing harbour is in progress. For some of the items,

the constructions are on-going and constructions for few components are yet to be

commenced. At present, 123 nos. of boats are being operated in Karaikal.

Considering 5 nos. of fishermen per boat, around 625 fishermen will be using the

harbour and around 200 outsider may use the harbour.

Considering 2 litres of water is required for washing 1 kg of fish and 75% of fishes

are being handled at the harbour. (75% of 15 tonne) 11.25 tonne. The total quantity

of water required (2 x 11.25 x 1000) 22500 is about 25000 litres.

In Karaikal Fishing harbour, it is proposed to have 6 Tonne capacity fish processing

unit. Considering 6 litres of water is required per kg of fish. The total quantity of


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sullage that is expected to be generated from fish processing unit is (6 x 1000 x 6)

36000 litres. The total sullage generated from fishing harbour (25000 + 36000)

61000 litres or Say, 75,000 litres.

Hence, a pre-fabricated Sewage treatment plant of 75000 litres capacity is proposed

for installation at Karaikal Fishing harbour. However, this work can be taken up only

after completion of all the components proposed under Centrally Sponsored Scheme

and also ETRP Scheme.

2.6 COST ESTIMATE

The abstract of cost of construction for the additional components proposed under

ETRP Scheme is given in Table-2.1.

TABLE-2.1 Abstract of cost estimate

S. No. Component Total Amount (Rs. lakhs)

1 Boat making & repair yard 33.00

2 Fish processing unit 35.00

3 Ice plant 123.00

4 Treatment for discharge of effluent sullage 25.00

5 Modernisation of slip way 265.00

Total 481.00

Project Implementation Agency EIA Study for Reconstruction and Modernization

(Emergency Tsunami Reconstruction Project) of Karaikal fishing harbour

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CHAPTER-3

ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STATUS 3.1 GENERAL The assessment of baseline environmental setting is an essential component of

any EIA study. Based on the “Scoping Matrix”, various parameters to be covered

for assessment of baseline environmental setting are identified. Assessment of

environmental impacts due to reconstruction and modernization of the Karaikal

fishing harbour project requires a comprehensive and scientific consideration of

various environmental aspects and their interaction with natural resources,

namely, physico-chemical parameters i.e. meteorology, air quality, noise quality,

land use and water quality, biological parameters i.e. terrestrial flora and fauna,

marine flora and fauna, fish species, etc. and socio-economic parameters i.e.

demography, occupational profile, etc.

As a part of the EIA study, a large quantum of related secondary data as

available with departments like Forest, Fisheries, Revenue, etc. has been

collected. Field surveys were conducted for primary data generation on various

aspects including ambient air quality, water quality, noise, marine ecology,

landuse pattern, etc. The Study Area considered for the EIA study is the area

within radius of 10 km considering the proposed project site at the centre. The

study area map is enclosed as Figure-3.1. The major portion of the study area is

under water. In such settings, impacts likely to accrue as a result of project

reconstruction and modernization are expected to be occurring mainly on water

front i.e. on marine environment. Thus, as a part of the EIA study, appropriate

emphasis has been given to marine environment.



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As a part of the EIA study, the baseline status has been ascertained for the

following aspects:

• Physiography

• Geology

• Soils

• Meteorology

• Water Resources

• Ambient air quality

• Noise environment

• Landuse pattern

• Marine Water Quality

• Sediments

• Marine Ecology

• Socio-economic Aspects

3.2 PHYSIOGRAPHY

Karaikal region is about 30 km south of Chennai and about 135 km from

Puducherry on the east coast. It is surrounded by Nagapattinam district of

Tamilnadu. Karaikal region comprises of five communities viz. Kottucheheri,

Nedungadu, Tirunallar, Niravai and Tirumalarajanpattinam. The region lies at fag

end of the Cauvery Delta and is irrigated by the canals of CMP. Karaikal region

has an area of 161 sq.km. The physiographic map of the Karaikal region

presents more or less flat straight land and there are no hills or forest. It has

gentle slope towards the Bay of Bengal in the east.

3.3 GEOLOGY

Karaikal is an important statigraphic horizon which indicated the prospects of `oil

shows’. This in turn attracted the attention of the Geological Survey of India (GSI)

between 1959-61 and later on the Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC)

carried out detailed studies for determining the possibility of the exploration of oil.

The Karaikal area is completely covered by a thick layer of alluvium.



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The geological succession of the formations are as follows:

� Recent and sub-recent : Blown sands, alluvium � Pliocene : Karaikal beds � Mio-Pliocene : Cuddalore formations.

The other belt is of Miocene-Pliocene age. During the easterly marine

transgressions, the shallow depression along the Cuddalore-Thanjavur belt

would have been filled with water to form lagoons and backwaters. These

depressions filled with water received sediments comprised of sand, clay and

forest vegetation from the adjoining areas.

The other bed formation is of Recent and Sub-Recent ages i.e. coastal sands,

alluvium soil and laterite. Major portion of the terrain is covered by alluvium of

varying thickness.The minerals met in the Karaikal region includes Brick Clays

(Banks of Arsalar) Kankar, sea shells, Ilmenite, and garnet and oil.

3.4 SOILS

In Karaikal area, coastal alluvium red ferruginous soil and black clayey soils are

the main soil types of this district. Coastal alluvium is found in the coastal tract

and it is more sandy over its eastern part and more clayey over its western part.

The red ferruginous soil occurs over the northern part of the district. It is of two

types, namely marshy and other with carbonate efforescence. The nitrogen,

phosphate and potash levels are low. The main sub-order association of the soil

present in the district is Psamments-Tropepts.

Apart from this as a part of TEFR preparation, detailed soil investigations were

carried out. The soil layers at different depths ranges from silt fine sand, silt fine

to medium coarse sand, silty clay with sand pockets and silty fine sand upto

depth of 20 m was observed. Beyond this that is from depth of 21 m to 30 m



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clayey silty fine sand to silty clay type of soil was observed. The colour of soil

ranges from Brownish to Greyish.

3.5 METEOROLOGY

The project area experiences hot and tropical maritime climate. As it located in

the tropical maritime zone summers are hot and humid, and winters are mild.

There are four distinct seasons namely south-west monsoon (June to

September), north-east monsoon (October-December), winter (January &

February) and summer season (March to May).

The average annual rainfall for the project area is estimated as 1260 mm. About

68% (851 mm) of the rainfall is received under the influence of north-east

monsoons during the months from October to December. The intensity of rainfall

during the south-west monsoon period is less and only 20% of the annual rainfall

received under their influence. November is the rainiest month, accounting for

about a third of the annual.

The temperatures in project area are almost same as that of Puducherry.

December and January are the coolest months of the year with maximum at

about 28oC and minimum at about 23oC. The temperature starts increasing from

February. The average maximum and minimum temperatures observed during

summer season are 43oC and 27oC respectively. Sea-breeze and pre-monsoon

thunder showers reduce the temperature and the diurnal range of temperature is

low. The level of humidity and the pattern of cloudiness and surface winds are

the same as Puducherry. It is almost high throughout the year. It ranges from

85% to 83% in monsoon and 69% to 76% in rest of the year. Although slight

variations in the monthwise occurrence of depressions and storms are

noticeable. Thunder-storms generally occur during April to November. Winds are



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generally light to moderate. Winds are mostly from south to west during

southwest monsoon and southwesterly or westerly in the summer season.

3.6 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY

The ambient air quality was monitored as a part of the EIA study. The ambient

air quality monitoring has been carried out with a frequency of two samples per

week at three locations in August / September, 2010.

The parameters monitored as a part of the study are listed as below:

• PM 10

• PM 2.5

• Sulphur dioxide (SO2)

• Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx). The ambient air quality monitoring stations covered as a part of EIA study are

given in Table-3.1.

TABLE-3.1

Details of ambient air quality monitoring stations

Stations Location

AQ1 Proposed ice plant

AQ2 Auction yard

AQ3 Project Site: Fishing harbor

The findings of the ambient air quality monitoring survey are given in Table-3.2.

The ambient air quality standards are enclosed as Annexure-I.

The results of ambient air quality monitoring observed is given in Table-3.2.

TABLE-3.2 Ambient air quality status (Unit: µg/m3)

S. No Location PM 2.5 PM 10 SO2 NOX

1 Proposed ice plant 29.47 41.24 2.42 BDL

2 Auction yard 27.32 34.65 1.11 BDL

3 Project Site: Fishing harbor 29. 66 38.29 9.23 BDL

NAAQ Standards (24 hr Concentration)

60 100 80 80



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It is observed from Table-3.2 that the average concentration of PM2.5 at various

stations ranged from 27.32 to 29.66 µg/m3 where as PM10 ranged from 34.65 to

41.24 µg/m3 at various locations. The observed values are well within the

prescribed limits of NAAQ standards.

It is observed from Table-3.2 that, the average concentration of SO2 at various

stations in the study area was much below the prescribed limits of 80 µg/m3

specified for industrial, residential, rural and other areas. The highest SO2

concentration of 9.23 µg/m3 was observed at Project site and minimum of 1.11

µg/m3 was observed at auction yard. All the observation of NOx are below

detectable limit.

3.7 NOISE ENVIRONMENT

Baseline noise data has been measured using A weighted sound pressure level

meter. The survey was carried out in calm surroundings. Sound Pressure Level

(SPL) measurement in the outside environment was made using sound pressure

level meter. The ambient noise levels are given in Table-3.3. The ambient noise

standards are enclosed as Annexure-II.

TABLE-3.3

Equivalent noise levels in the study area (Unit : dB(A))

Location Noise level (day time)

Noise level (night time)

Proposed ice plant 32-35 27-36

Auction yard 28-33 26-31

Project Site: Fishing harbor 31-37 28-32

Noise Standards 55 45

It may be seen from the Table-3.3 that the day time noise level ranged from a

minimum of 28 dB(A) to a maximum of 37 dB(A). The night time noise level

ranged from a minimum of 26 dB(A) to a maximum of 36 dB(A). The day and



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night time noise level at various sites were compared with Ambient Noise

Standards (Refer Annexure-II) and were observed to be well below the

permissible limit.

3.8 LANDUSE PATTERN

The Karaikal Fishing Harbour located on the Southern bank of Arasalar River is

under construction and few components such as Quay have been already been

completed. The landuse pattern of the study area, i.e. the area within 10 km

radius of the project site has been studied based on the satellite data for the

study area. The IRS, P6-LISS III digital satellite data has been procured from

National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), Hyderabad for assessing the landuse

pattern of the study area. The raw satellite imagery has been processed in-

house using ERDAS IMAGINE software. The signals of satellite imagery were

verified by performing ground truthing and then final classification of satellite

imagery was done. Based on this classification the landuse pattern of the study

area was obtained. The FCC and the classified imagery of the study area are

enclosed as Figures 3.2 and 3.3 respectively. The landuse pattern of the study

area based on the satellite data is given in Table-3.4.

TABLE-3.4

Landuse pattern of the study area

Landuse category Area (ha) % of the total study area

Vegetation 3109 9.90

Agriculture 7475 23.79

Bushes 1546 4.92

Barren 1605 5.11

Marshy 2622 8.34

Sand/saltpan 344 1.09

Water Bodies 14591 46.44

Settlement 125 0.40

Total 31416 100.00



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It is observed from Table-3.6, that the major landuse of the study area is water

body accounting for about 46.44% of the total study area. The area under

agriculture accounts for about 23.79% of the total study area. The area under

vegetation comprises about 9.90% of the total study area. Settlements account

for about 0.40% of the total study area.

3.9 MARINE WATER QUALITY

The status of marine ecology in the pre-project stage and the likely impacts on

marine ecology due to the construction and operation activities of the proposed

fishing harbour project are the important aspects of EIA study.

Detailed marine ecological survey was conducted by Centre for Oceanography

and Coastal Area Studies, Algappa University to establish the existing status of

the marine water around the proposed project site. The study includes data

collection and analysis of physico-chemical and biological characteristics of

marine water and sediment samples, collection of mangrove samples for

detailed analysis, enquiry with fisheries department and local fishermen. Keeping

in view the proposed location the navigational channel, shallow and deep

regions, point of inflow, outflow and human activities, water and sediment

sampling were done at five locations.

Floats were anchored for identification of sample locations. The surface samples

were collected using a plastic bucket and polyethylene bottle and glass bottle.

Parameters like temperature, pH, total depth, light penetration, dissolved

oxygen, salinity, conductivity and productivity were recorded at site. Samples for

laboratory analysis were transferred to well rinsed and labeled containers. The

bottles were tightly capped and transported in iceboxes. Flow meter was used to

measure the velocity and the quantity of water sampled through plankton net.



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The flow meter was attached with plankton net to know the actual amount of

water passed through the net.

The status of marine ecology before the project and the impacts on marine

ecology due to the construction and operation of the proposed project are the

important aspects of this project. The baseline data on marine ecology has been

collected through a marine ecological survey conducted in the month of August

2009.

The details of the sampling sites are given in Table 3.5.

TABLE-3.5 Details of the sampling locations

Site No. Site Name Coordinates of the site

1 Harbour Construction area Lat N 11 54’38.3’ Long E 079 50’49.7”

2 Backwater Lat N 11 54’29.3” Long E 079 50’50.3”

3 Old Harbour Lat N 54’41.1” Long E 079 50’53.8”

4 Between the Harbour & Open sea

Lat N 11 54’42.9” Long E 079 50’58.1”

5 Open sea Lat N 11 54’49.1” Long E 079 50’18.1”

The sediments (sea bed) samples were also collected from the above referred

sampling stations. The collected samples were analysed for physico-chemical

and biological parameters. The analysis results of various physico-chemical

parameters in water samples are listed in Tables-3.6.

TABLE-3.6

Marine water quality in marine water samples

S. No. Parameters S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

1 Temperature(ºC) 24 23 24 25 25

2 Salinity(ppt) 30 32 30 31 31

3 pH 8.1 8.0 8.0 8.1 8.1

4 Depth(m) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.0

5 Electrical Conductivity(S/cm)

56.3 54.2 54.3 55.3 54.6

6 DO(mg/l) 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.0 4.2



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7 BOD(mg/l) 1.24 1.35 1.37 1.13 1.20

8 Total Phosphorus(µmol/l)

0.78 0.81 0.84 0.80 0.72

9 Nitrates((µmol/l) 1.134 1.085 1.073 1.064 0.160 Source : Primary Data Temperature

The temperature of water samples varies from 23 to 25oC and 24 to 25oC. There

was not much variation in the water temperature. The temperatures are

generally within the accepted optimum range for aquatic organisms.

pH

pH is interdependent with other water quality parameters, such as carbon

dioxide, alkalinity, and hardness. It can be toxic in itself at a certain level, and

also known to influence the toxicity as well of hydrogen sulfide, cyanides, heavy

metals, and ammonia (Klontz, 1993). pH can also affect fish. For most

freshwater species, a pH range between 6.5 - 9.0 is ideal, but most marine

species typically cannot tolerate as wide range pH as freshwater species, thus

the optimum pH is usually between pH 7.5 and 8.5 (Boyd, 1998). Below pH 6.5,

some species experience slow growth (Lloyd, 1992). At lower pH value, the

organism’s ability to maintain its salt balance is affected (Lloyd, 1992) and

reproduction ceases. At approximately pH 4.0 or below and pH 11 or above,

most species die (Lawson, 1995).

The pH value remained alkaline, i.e. 8-8.1 at various stations. pH value also did

not exhibit insignificant variation and was within range prescribed by CPCB (pH

6.5 -9.0) and optimal range for marine fisheries.

Salinity



WAPCOS Limited 3-11

The variation in salinity in surface water samples ranged from 30 to32 ppt. The

salinity levels are observed to be within average range reported in marine

waters.

Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Dissolved oxygen is a measure of the ability of surface waters to support aquatic

life. Dissolved oxygen values observed in the area are an indicator of good

coastal water. DO is needed by fish to respire and perform metabolic activities.

Thus, low levels of DO are often linked to fish kill incidents. On the other hand,

optimum levels can result to good growth. Oxygen is also needed by other

organisms such as bacteria, phytoplankton, and zooplankton. They consume

large amounts of dissolved oxygen as well. Decomposition of organic materials

is the greatest consumer of oxygen in the system. However, most of the

countries have set >5.0 mg/l as the ideal concentration both for marine and

freshwater.

The DO level in water samples ranged from 4.0 to 4.4 mg/l, 4.1 to 4.1 mg/l

respectively. The DO levels indicate the absence of pollution sources in the area.

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

BOD refers to the quantity of Oxygen required by bacteria and other

microorganisms in the biochemical degradation and transformation of organic

matter under aerobic conditions.

The BOD values in water samples ranged from 1.13 to 1.37 and 1.20 to 1.35

mg/l respectively. The BOD values are also again suggesting that the water is

fairly clean.

Total Phosphorus



WAPCOS Limited 3-12

Phosphorus (P) is found in the form of inorganic and organic phosphates (PO4)

in natural waters. Inorganic phosphates include orthophosphate and

polyphosphate while organic forms are those organically-bound phosphates.

Phosphorous is a limiting nutrient needed for the growth of all plants- aquatic

plants and algae alike. However, excess concentrations especially in rivers and

lakes can result to algal blooms. However in marine waters, such possibilities do

not exist. Phosphates are not toxic to people or animals, unless they are present

in very high levels. Digestive problems could occur when phosphates levels are

very high.

The total phosphate in water samples ranged from 0.72 to 0.84 µmol/l. The value

of total phosphorus in various samples was observed to be in the range normally

observed in marine water samples. The value of Total phosphorus shows that

the coastal water is unpolluted, thus, no major adverse impacts on fisheries is

anticipated due to phosphate level observed in marine water in the project areas.

Nitrates

The nitrate concentration also shows wide variation in the samples. It behaves

conservatively. The primary source of nitrogen in seawater is nitrate and it is

thermodynamically most stable form of nitrogen and limiting factor for primary

productivity. The concentration of nitrites in water samples ranged from 0.160 to

1.134 µmol/l and 0.08 to 1.165 µmol/l.

HEAVY METALS IN WATER

The analysis results of heavy metals in marine waters are given in Table-3.7.

TABLE 3.7

Analysis results of Heavy metals in marine water

PARAMETERS S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

Zinc (µg/l) 10.2 11.4 12.3 12.0 11.9



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Cadmium(µg/l) 0.34 0.51 0.29 0.27 0.32

Lead (µg/l) 7.1 8.1 7.6 7.3 7.0

Mercury (ng/l) 11.2 11.3 13.2 12.5 12.2

Zinc

The concentration of Zn in the study areas varied between 10.2 and 12.3µg/l.

The maximum value recorded at Old harbor site and minimum value was

recorded near Harbour construction area. Zinc is not reported to adversely affect

marine organisms, until observed in high concentration, which is not the case in

the present project. Thus, no adverse impacts are anticipated on marine

organisms due to zinc concentration observed in marine waters in the project

area.

Cadmium

Cadmium is one of the most mobile and toxic heavy metals in the marine

environment. Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic metal. The most common sources

are electroplating, nickel plating, smelting, engraving, batteries, sewage sludge,

fertilizers and zinc mines. In fishes, acute toxic exposure results to damage of

the central nervous system and parenchymatous organs. Chronic exposure have

adverse effects on the reproductive organs, maturation, hatchability and larval

development as well as mortality (Svobodova et al., 1993; Lloyd, 1992). Toxic

level is reduced by high concentrations of calcium and carbon dioxide, since

these two elements compete with cadmium for binding sites. Thus, cadmium is

less toxic in hard or marine water. Due to its binding properties, most cadmium

ends up in sediments where its biological availability is limited and thus there is

less toxic. As per USEPA, the permissible limit for marine water fisheries is 9.3

µg/l. The results of cadmium concentration varied from 0.27 to 0.51 µg/l. Thus,



WAPCOS Limited 3-14

no adverse impacts are anticipated on marine organisms due to cadmium

concentration observed in marine waters in the project area.

Lead

Lead (Pb) comes from deposition of exhaust from vehicles in the atmosphere,

batteries, waste from lead ore mines, lead smelters and sewage discharge. Its

toxicity is dependent on pH level, hardness and alkalinity of the water. The toxic

effects on fish is increased at lower pH level, low alkalinity and low solubility in

hard water. Chronic lead toxicity in fish leads to nervous damage which can be

determined by the blackening of the fins (Dojlido and Best, 1993). Acute toxicity,

on the other hand causes gill damage and suffocation (Svobodova et al., 1993).

As per USEPA, the permissible limit for marine water fisheries is 8 µg/l. The

estimated concentrations of lead for surface waters ranged from 7 to 8.1 µg/l.

Thus, no adverse impacts are anticipated on marine organisms due to low lead

concentration observed in marine waters in the project area.

Mercury

Mercury is one of the most toxic heavy metals in the marine environment.

Mercury (Hg) is toxic to both aquatic life and humans. Inorganic form occurs

naturally in rocks and soils. It is being transported to the surface water through

erosion and weathering. However, higher concentrations can be found in areas

near the industries and agriculture. The most common sources are caustic soda,

fossil fuel combustion, paint, pulp and paper, batteries, dental amalgam and

bactericides.

There are many cases of death and diseases which were directly related to

mercury contamination. The most popular is the Minimata disease which

happened in Japan wherein hundreds of people died due to the mercury



WAPCOS Limited 3-15

effluents coming from a vinyl processing plant. Mercury remains in its inorganic

form (which is less toxic) until the environment becomes favorable, i.e. low pH,

low dissolved oxygen, and high organic matter where some of them are

converted into methylmercury (the more toxic organic form). Methylmercury

tends to accumulate in the fish tissue, thus making the fishes unsafe to eat. The

lethal levels on fish range from 1 mg/l for tilapia, to 30 mg/l for guppies and 2

mg/l for crustacean (Cyclops abyssorum) (Mance, 1987).

The results of Hg concentrations varied widely from 11.2 to 13.2 ng/l with mean

concentrations of 12.2 ng/l. The maximum concentration (13.2 ng/l) was

recorded at old harbor area and minimum concentration (11.2 ng/l) was recorded

at Harbour construction area, which are much lower than toxic levels for

fisheries. Also the project site does not have any source of mercury pollution,

hence, adverse impacts due to mercury are not expected.

Observations on marine water characteristics

Redox potential (eH ) and pH are two variables that control the characteristics of

chemicals and heavy metals in water and sediment. As long as the pH remains

around 8 and eH < 150 mV , most of the chemicals and metals will remain

bound to the solid phase without being released into the surrounding water. Only

anoxic conditions reduce the eH below this level and hence if dissolved oxygen

level is normal no leaching of chemicals and heavy metals will occur.

In the present survey sites for marine water pH was 8.0 to 8.1 and dissolved

oxygen was 4.0 – 4.5 mg/l which is ideal for a marine ecosystem. Dissolved

oxygen levels are not reduced to anoxic conditions. Under these circumstances,

there is no possibility of any of the chemicals or metals being leached into the

water. Moreover, sediment samples collected from all the sites were



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uncontaminated. As such no adverse impact due to dredging or dumping on the

chemical characteristics of water or sediment is expected.

3.10 SEDIMENT CHARACTERSTICS

The various physico-chemical characteristics of sediments is given in Tables-3.8

and 3.9.

TABLE – 3.8 Physico-chemical characteristics of sediment


1 pH 8.2 8.1 8.2 8.2 8.1

2 Total Phosphorus (mg/g)

1.63 1.74 1.53 1.24 1.36

3 Total Nitrogen (mg/g)

2.52 1.97 2.08 2.74 2.13

Source : Primary Data

TABLE – 3.9 Texture of Sediment

S. No. Sediment Texture

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

1 Sand (%) 75 80 75 70 70

2 Silt (%) 10 10 15 10 10

3 Clay (%) 15 10 10 20 20 Source : Primary Data

pH

The pH in sediments ranged from 8.1 to 8.2, which is the optimal range for

sustenance of marine organisms. Thus, no adverse impact of pH level is

anticipated.

Total Phosphorus

The total phosphorus concentrations were varied between 1.24 and 1.74 mg/g.

The maximum concentration of phosphorus was recorded at back water and

minimum value recorded between harbor and open sea. Phosphorus is not toxic

to organisms, unless they are present in very high levels. The phosphorus level

are quite low, hence, adverse impacts on marine ecology is not anticipated.

Total Nitrogen



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The total nitrogen concentration ranged between 1.97 and 2.74 mg/g. The

maximum concentration of nitrate was recorded at old harbor area and open sea

and minimum value recorded at harbor construction area. Increase in total

nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and total organic carbon (TOC) in the

clayey substratum and decreases with increasing grain size of the sediment.

Since, sediments are mainly sandy in texture, as sand content ranges from 70 to

80% in various locations, concentration of total nitrogen (TN) and total

phosphorus (TP). Thus, no major adverse impacts are anticipated on this

account.

HEAVY METALS IN SEDIMENT

The concentration of heavy metals in sediments is given in Table-3.10.

TABLE – 3.10

Heavy metals in Sediment samples

PARAMETERS S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

Zinc (µg/g) 16.8 16.9 17.0 16.5 15.9

Cadmium(µg/g) 5.6 5.6 6.0 5.9 5.3

Lead (µg/g) 43 40 39 38 36

Mercury(ng/g) 6.1 6.0 5.9 5.8 5.9

Zinc

Zinc occurs as trace constituent in number of silicate minerals, but it is a major

component in a few economic sulphide mineral deposits. Among the

environmentally important trace metals analyzed, zinc recorded at high

concentrations in the range from 15.9 to 17.0 µg/g with a mean concentration of

16.4 µg/g in the sediments. The maximum concentration was recoded at old

harbour and minimum at open sea.

Zinc is not reported to adversely affect marine fisheries, until observed in high

concentration, which is not the case in the present project. Thus, no adverse



WAPCOS Limited 3-18

impacts are anticipated on marine organisms due to zinc concentration observed

in marine waters in the project area.

Cadmium

Cadmium ranged from 5.3 to 6.0 µg/g with a mean concentration of 5.6 µg/g in

the sediments. The minimum concentration was recorded at open sea and it was

maximum at old harbour. The cadmium level in sediments is not expected to

lead to adverse impacts on marine organisms.

Lead

Lead is a heavy metal that occurs in nature mainly as lead sulphide. The

concentrations of lead varied between 36 and 43 µg/g with a mean concentration

of 39 µg/g is observed in the sediment. The lead level in sediments is not

expected to lead to adverse impacts on marine organisms.

Mercury

Mercury is one of the most toxic heavy metals in the marine environment. The

Hg concentrations in the sediment varied widely from 5.8 ng/g to 6.1 ng/g with

mean concentrations of 5.9 ng/g. The maximum concentration (6.1 ng/g) was

recorded at harbor construction area and minimum concentration (5.8 ng/g) was

recorded between harbor and open sea. The mercury level in sediments is not

expected to lead to adverse impacts on marine organisms.

Observations on sediment characteristics

Physico-chemical characteristics of sediments are mainly dependent on the

characteristics of the overlying water. The interphase between water and

sediment surface provides provision for exchange of these chemical constituents



WAPCOS Limited 3-19

between the two. Another important factor is the possibility of certain heavy

metals or pollutants getting deposited in the sediment surface. These chemicals

may become suspended in water during the dredging process and lead to

temporary contamination of the water column. However, in the present study

sites no such contaminants were noticed at significantly higher levels. The

biomass of macro and meio benthos has got great importance since they

constitute an important source of food for bottom feeding fishes. In the present

study sites, the project impacted area will be very small compared to the open

sea and the effect of any change in the ecological characteristics will be

negligible.

Physico chemical characteristics of the sediment did not show the presence of

any pollutants or high levels of heavy metals harmful to the aquatic fauna.

Nutrient content of the sediment was slightly higher than that of the water.

3.11 MARINE ECOLOGY The primary productivity as observed at various sampling stations for marine

water is given in Table-3.11.

TABLE – 3.11 Primary productivity in marine water

S.NO PRAMETERS SURFACE(mg/m3)

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

1 Respiratory action 1.321 1.514 1.71 1.612 1.568

2 Gross Production 1.016 1.008 1.11 1.101 1.061

3 Net Production 1.415 1.312 1.31 1.313 1.300

4 Chlorophylla (mg/m3) 1.35 1.74 1.82 1.76 1.69

5 Phaeophytin (mg/m3) 1.12 1.14 1.14 1.32 1.31

6 Biomass (mg/1) 0.321 0.345 0.40 0.398 0.390

Primary productivity



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The primary productivity of all the five stations was studied. The maximum net

production 1.415 mg/m3 was recorded at Harbour construction site and minimum

1.300 mg/m3 was at open sea. The values indicate moderate productivity in the

area.

Chlorophyll a

Chlorophyll’a content of all the five stations was analyzed and it varied between

1.35 and 1.82 mg/m3. The maximum was recorded (1.82 mg/m3) at old harbor

area and minimum (1.35 mg/m3) at harbor construction area respectively. The

values indicate moderate productivity in the area.

Phaeo-phytin

Phaeo-phytin content also analyzed and it was recorded as minimum (1.12

mg/m3) at harbor construction area and maximum (1.32 mg/m3) at harbor and

open sea. The values indicate moderate productivity in the area.

Total Biomass

The minimum total biomass 0.321 mg/l was recorded at harbour construction

area and maximum total biomass of 0.40 mg/l at old harbor area. The values

indicate moderate productivity in the area.

Phytoplanktons

The phytoplankton population at all the five stations were analyzed and the

results are enclosed as Annexure-III. The total phytoplankton populations of the

five stations were identified. The phytoplankton density varied from 1735 Nos./l

to 6675 Nos./l. The minimum was recorded at back water and maximum was at

harbor construction area. The presence of various phytoplankton species

indicate that the site is free of pollution.

Zooplanktons



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The zooplankton population was analyzed at five stations and two results are

enclosed as Annexure-IV. The zooplankton populations of all the five stations

were analyzed. The minimum population 435 Nos./l was recorded at harbor

construction site. The maximum zooplankton population 3875 Nos./l was

recorded at open sea. Of these, Tellins crass sp were predominantly observed

at all the stations, except station 3 (old harbor site).

Macrobenthos

The numerical abundance of macrobenthos in all the five sampling sites were

studied and the results are summarized in Annexure-V. The minimum of 3

no/m2 was recorded at open sea and maximum of 53 no/m2 was recorded at

harbor construction site. The Crassostrea madrasensis and Cerithiacea

cingulata sp. were most dominant macrobenthos in the region of harbour

construction site.

Meio-benthos

The abundance of meiobenthos in all the five sampling sites studied and the

results are summarized in Annexure-VI. The minimum meiofauna (16 no/10cm2)

was identified between harbour and open sea and maximum(69 no/10cm2) at

open sea. Meiobenthos community of the five sampling sites were most

dominated by Nematodes, Textularia sagittula, Turbellarians sp.

Observations on marine ecology

Marine ecological parameters mentioned above will have a profound influence

on the productivity of the area. Concentration of nutrients and trace metals in

water determine the primary productivity, chlorophyll content , zooplankton

diversity and fish production in the sea. Any drastic variation in these factors may



WAPCOS Limited 3-22

directly and indirectly result in fluctuations in fish production. These fluctuations

are dependent on the extent of variations and area covered. In the present

context the area which will be affected is very small and hence fluctuations

expected are also expected to be minor.

The high chlorophyll content, increased primary productivity, high plankton

biomass and ideal environmental conditions of the surrounding areas have

resulted in the high diversity of fish fauna. Since diversity and abundance of

phytoplankton and zooplankton in all the study sites are comparatively high, the

presence and abundance plankton feeding fishes (both phytoplankton feeders

and zooplankton) are also high. Similarly demersal fishes and other bottom

feeding pelagic species are also found in the areas.

3.12 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS

There are 10 marine fishing villages in the Karaikal region. The names of the

marine fishing villages and the number of families in each village are given in

Table-3.12.

TABLE-3.12 Details of marine fishing villages in Karaikal region

S. No. Name No. of families

1. Karaikalmedu 782

2. Kilinjalmedu 646

3. Keezhakasakudy 254

4. Kottucherrymedu 220

5. Akkampettai 117

6. Kalikuppam 176

7. Mandapathur 113

8. Karikalacherry 345

9. North vanjure 206

10. Pattinacherry 449

Total 3,308 Source: Department of Fisheries & Fishermen Welfare, Puducherry



WAPCOS Limited 3-23

In Karaikal region, there are 1031 full time fishermen, 780 part time fishermen

and the fishermen involved in allied activities are 718. The number of repairing

boats is 33, 112 in processing of fish, 14 in fish and prawn seed collection and

232 in other related activities.

Mandapathur

In this village, there is no proper fish auctioning hall to auction the fish catch and

the fish is being auctioned in the beach itself. The buyers transport these fishes

to Karaikal fish market and nearby areas in Tamil Nadu for sale. M/s. Nila

Seafood and M/s.King Fisheries procure fish from this village whenever there is

good landings. The number of families and various types of fishing fleets

operated in Mandapathur Village is given in Table-3.13.

TABLE- 3.13 Fishing details of Mandapathur village

S. No.

Description

As per the Marine

Fishermen Census 2000

As per the Registration Data

of Dept. of Fisheries, Govt. of Puducherry 2009

1. No. of families 73 113 Crafts

a. Mech. Boat 15 1 b. Traditional Boat

29 (Wooden = 25 FRP = 04)

12 (Wooden =0

FRP = 12) Total 44 13

Kalikuppam


the fish is being auctioned in the beach itself. There is one fish drying platform in

the village. The number of families and the fishing fleets in Kalikuppam Village is

given in Table-3.14.

TABLE-3.14 Fishing details of Kalikuppam village



WAPCOS Limited 3-24

S. No.

Description

As per the Marine




1. No. of families 165 176

Crafts

a. Mech. Boat - 3

b. Traditional Boat

47 (Wooden = 47 FRP = 0)

39 (Wooden =0

FRP = 39)

Total 47 42

Akkampettai


the fish is being auctioned in the beach itself. The buyer includes local vendors

and cycle vendors. Sometime the catches are taken to Kilinjalmedu and

Karaikalmedu for sale. The number of families and the fishing fleets in

Akkampettai Village is given in Table-3.15.

TABLE-3.15 Fishing details of Akkampettai village

Sl. No.

Description

As per the Marine





a. Mech. Boat - - b. Traditional Boat

47 (Wooden = 47 FRP = 0)

25 (Wooden =0

FRP = 25) Total 47 25

Kottucherrymedu

In this village also there is no proper fish auctioning hall to auction the fish catch

and the fish is being auctioned in the beach itself. The number of families and

the fishing fleets in Kottucherrymedu Village is given in Table-3.16. The village

has one fish dying platform.

TABLE-3.16 Fishing details of village Kottucherrymedu



WAPCOS Limited 3-25

S. No.

Description

As per the Marine






62 (Wooden = 62 FRP = 0)

21 (Wooden =0

FRP = 21) Total 192 34

Keezhakasakudymedu

The fishermen in this village carry ice boxes in their crafts for preserving the fish

in the ice. The fish catches are auctioned in the beach. The number of families

and the fishing fleets in Keezhakasakudymedu village is given in Table-3.17. The

village has one fish drying platform.

TABLE-3.17 Fishing details of village Keezhakasakudymedu

S. No.

Description

As per the Marine






168 (Wooden = 156 FRP = 12)

55 (Wooden =21

FRP = 34)

Total 268 61

Kilinjalmedu

In Kilinjalmedu fishing village, there are 646 families. As per the data on

registration of fishing craft in Kilinjalmedu (as on 11.06.2009 of the Department

of Fisheries) there are 53 wooden mechanized boats and 8 steel mechanized

boats. This village has the maximum number of mechanized boats, out of 104

wooden mechanized boats in Karaikal region in 10 fishing villages, in

Kilinjalmedu alone there are 53 wooden mechanized fishing boats. Similarly, out

of 19 steel mechanized boats in the entire Karaikal region, in Kilinjalmedu alone



WAPCOS Limited 3-26

there are 8 steel mechanized boats. Since there is no berthing facilities near this

village majority of the boats migrate to the Pudukottai district in Tamil Nadu and

carryout fishing operation. Some of the mechanized boats are anchored in the

sea and catches are brought to the shore in FRP catamarams fitted with

outboard motors. There are 50 FRP catamarams and 14 wooden catamarams

fitted with outboard engine.

In Kilinjalmedu in the morning hours, there is heavy crowd of people in the

landing centre where the catches from the mechanized boats are brought to this

shore. The fish are handled in the most unhygienic manner and this landing

centre lacks all the basic facilities, which are required in a fish landings centre.

The trawl by catch are sun dried and sold to fish meal plants in Namakkal of

Tamil Nadu for preparation of poultry feed. The number of families and the

fishing fleets in Kilinjalmedu Village is given in Table-3.18.

TABLE-3.18 Fishing details of village Kilinjalmedu

S. No.

Description

As per the Marine






280 (Wooden = 266 FRP = 14)

64 (Wooden =14

FRP = 50) Total 375 125

Karaikalmedu

In Karaikalmedu, some of the facilities have been created by South Indian

Federation of Fishermen Societies (SIFFS). A centre for boat building and

servicing of OBM has been constructed at Singaravelar Salai. Adjacent to this

an ice plant of 10 ton capacity has also being constructed by SIFFS. In the

fishing village, a model fish auction hall has been constructed. This village is



WAPCOS Limited 3-27

known for landings of tuna and billfishes. To handle the landings of tuna the

auction hall has been constructed in the landing centre itself. The facilities,

which are present in this auction hall, consist of a material receiving hall with

three numbers of tanks and cement table with marble top for receiving tuna and

cleaning the fish in the tanks and then there is an auction hall with four tables to

display the tuna for auction. The tuna is weighed and packed and loaded in

trucks for transport. This model auction hall has facilities such as motor for

pumping water, overhead tank, hose pipes, three rooms in the auction hall that

are utilized for cleaning and storing the crates. There is also a large insulated

box to preserve tuna in ice in 500 litre capacity. SIFFS have done a good job

and unfortunately, the maintenance is poor. The number of families and the

fishing fleets in Karaikalmedu Village is given in Table-3.19.

TABLE-3.19

Fishing details of village Karaikalmedu

S. No.

Description

As per the Marine





Crafts

a. Mech. Boat 70 22

b. Traditional Boat

289 (Wooden = 274 FRP = 15)

175 (Wooden =23

FRP = 152)

Total 359 197

Karukalacherry

The number of families and the fishing fleets in Karukalcherry Village is given in

Table-3.20.

TABLE-3.20 Fishing details of village Karukalacherry

S. No.

Description As per the

Marine Fishermen


of Dept. of Fisheries,



WAPCOS Limited 3-28

Census 2000 Govt. of Puducherry 2009


Crafts

a. Mech. Boat 2 -

b. Traditional Boat

103

(Wooden = 95

FRP = 08)

27

(Wooden =03

FRP = 24)

Total 105 27

Pattinacherry /T. R. pattinam

Pattinachcherry is a procurement centre with facilities for holding live lobsters

live crabs and this centre procures shrimps and cephalopods for export. The

number of families and the fishing fleets in Pattinacherry/T. R. pattinam Village is

given in Table-3.21.

TABLE-3.21

Fishing details of village Pattinacherry/T.R.Pattinam

Sl. No.

Description

As per the Marine





Crafts

a. Mech. Boat

94 159

b. Traditional Boat

187 (Wooden =183 FRP = 04)

143 (Wooden =42

FRP = 101)

Total 281 302

North Vanjure

The number of families and the fishing fleets in North vanjure Village is given in

Table-3.22.



WAPCOS Limited 3-29

TABLE-3.22 Fishing details of village North Vanjure

S. No.

Description

As per the Marine





Crafts

a. Mech. Boat 04 01

b. Traditional Boat

71 (Wooden =62 FRP = 09)

12 (Wooden =0

FRP = 12)

Total 75 13

3.13 SUMMARY OF BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS

The Baseline Environmental Status of the proposed project area reveals the

following;

• The ambient air quality and noise levels are well within the

prescribed National standards in and around project area.

• The marine water quality and sediment analysis indicates that

there is no coastal pollution in the project area

• No rare, endangered or threatened species of terrestrial or aquatic

Flora or Fauna is reported in and around project area

• The marine ecological survey of the project area indicates that the

area has moderate productivity.


WAPCOS Limited 4-1

CHAPTER-4

ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS

4.1 INTRODUCTION

Based on the project details and the baseline environmental status, potential impacts

that are expected to accrue as a result of the proposed project have been identified.

The Environmental Impact Assessments for quite a few disciplines are subjective in

nature and cannot be quantified. Wherever possible, the impacts have been

quantified. However, for intangible impacts, a qualitative assessment has been done.

This Chapter deals with anticipated positive as well as negative impacts due to the

construction and operation of the proposed reconstruction and modernization of

Karaikal fishing harbour.

4.2 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

The evaluation of the impact characteristics and its parameters are more significant

in a project. The impacts are subdivided into two phases viz construction phase and

operation phase.

4.2.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Land Environment

Impacts due to construction activities

Pre-construction activities generally do not cause significant damage to environment.

Preparatory activities like the use of existing access road, construction of storage

sheds, etc. being spread over a large area, would have no further significant impact

once the land is acquired and its existing use changes. Clearing, stripping and

leveling of sites, construction of bunds for protection from flooding, earth filling and

excavation for foundations, will lead to some disturbance to the habitat. The level of


WAPCOS Limited 4-2

construction activities in the proposed project is not of such level and nature, to

cause any significant adverse impact on this account.

The natural drainage in the area is such that the entire water would outfall in the

marine water. This could lead to marginal increase in turbidity levels. However,

based on experience in similar projects, this impact is not expected to be significant.

Water Environment

Impacts due to effluents from labour camps The average and peak labour strength likely to be deployed at the proposed fishing

harbour will be about 100 and 200 respectively. Most of the labour force will come

from other nearby villages. The labour force engaged by the contractor could come

from outside areas. A part of the labour population would stay in area. The balance

are likely to stay in labour camps close to the project site during construction phase.

It is assumed that about 50% i.e. 100 labourers will stay at the site. About 100 labour

would stay at the construction site, only during working hours. The water requirement

for such labour shall be 4.5 m3/day @ 45 lpcd. Thus, total water requirement works

out to (25.6 + 4.5) about 30 m3/day.

The sewage generated is normally taken as 80% of the total water requirement i.e.

(0.8 x 30) 24 m3/day. The domestic water normally contains high BOD, which needs

proper treatment and disposal, otherwise, it can have an adverse impact on the DO

levels of the receiving body.

BOD is the major pollutant in untreated sewage. Normally untreated sewage would

find its way to natural drainage system which ultimately confluences into the sea.

However, these natural drains are seasonal in nature and are likely to remain dry in

the non-monsoon months. During this period, the flow of untreated sewage from the

labour colonies in these drains can lead to development of anaerobic conditions, with


WAPCOS Limited 4-3

associated water quality problems. However, in the present case it must be

mentioned that the total quantity of sewage (24 m3/day or 0.28 cumecs) generated

by the labour during construction phase is quite small and is not expected to cause

any adverse impact on the marine water quality. However, it is proposed to treat the

sewage from labour camps before disposal. The details are outlined as a part of

Environmental Management Plan (EMP) in Chapter-5 of this report.

Noise Environment

The major sources of noise during construction phase are due to operation of

various construction equipment. The noise levels generated by various construction

equipments various between 70-90 dB (A). Based on the noise modelling, it has

been observed that at a distance of 100 m and 200 m from the construction site, the

increase in noise levels will be about 10 dB(A) and 15 dB(A) respectively. The

nearest residential areas are more than 500 m away from the proposed fishing

harbour. Thus, no adverse impacts are anticipated on noise levels due to the

proposed project.

Air Environment

Impacts due to fugitive emissions

The major pollutant in the construction phase is SPM being air-borne due to various

construction activities. The vehicular movement generates pollutants such as NOx,

CO and HC. But, the vehicular pollution is not expected to lead to any major impacts.

The soils in the project area are sandy in texture, and are likely to generate dust as a

result of vehicular movement. However, the fugitive emissions generated due to

vehicular movement are not expected to travel beyond a distance of 200 to 300 m.

The impact on air environment during construction phase is not expected to be

significant, since, there are habitation in the vicinity of the site.


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Impacts due to construction equipment

The combustion of diesel in various construction equipment could be one of the

possible sources of incremental air pollution during the construction phase.

The major pollutant likely to be emitted due to construction of diesel in various

construction equipment shall be SO2. The short-term increase in SO2 concentration

has been predicted using Gaussian plume dispersion model. It has been observed

from the modeling that the maximum short-term increase in SO2 is observed as

0.00119 µg/m3, which is at a distance of 200 m from the emission source. The

incremental concentration is quite low and does not require any specific control

measure. Thus, the operation of construction equipment is not expected to have any

major impact on the ambient air quality as a result of the project.

Impacts on ambient air quality due to transport of construction material

The transporting of construction material will lead to increase in vehicular traffic.

Gaseous emissions from vehicles in addition to fugitive dust generation during

construction phase impact the air quality. The increase in vehicular traffic is expected

to be 10 trucks per day. Guassian line source model was used to predict the ground

level concentrations at different distances for the vehicular emission during

transportation of the construction materials.

The Guassian line source model equation is as follows:

C(x) = 2Q/L / ((2π)1/2uσZ)

where, • C is the concentration of the pollutant in g / m3

• Q is the emission rate of pollutant in g/s

• σZ is the vertical Gaussian dispersion coefficient in m. σZ = 22.8 X0.678- 1.3 where X is the distance downwind in metres.

• u is the wind velocity in the downwind direction in m/s

• L is the length of the line source in m

• Z is the vertical distance above ground.


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The automobile emissions were estimated as follows

• HC – 500 g/day/heavy vehicle

• CO - 3000 g/day/heavy vehicle

• SO2 / NOx - 300 g/day/heavy vehicle

The wind speed was taken as 1m/s to represent the most conservative condition.

Based on the results of ambient air quality modeling, increase in concentrations of

CO, SO2/NOx and HC are expected to be negligible. Thus, no adverse impacts are

anticipated on this account.

Ecology

Impacts on terrestrial flora

The direct impact of construction activity for any project is generally limited in the

vicinity of the construction sites only. The construction sites include berthing, storage

and infrastructure facilities.

There is no forest with tree cover in the vicinity of the project site. The study area has

no major forest cover. Hence, no significant impacts are envisaged on terrestrial flora

as a result of the proposed project.

Socio Economic Environment

In the construction stage the peak labour force, skilled and unskilled labourers, is

estimated at about 200. About 100 labour population are likely to come from nearby

sites. The balance, i.e. 100 labour and their family members are likely to stay near

construction sites. Thus, it is necessary to develop adequate infrastructure facilities,

so that the requirements of the immigrating labour population are met.


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4.2.2 OPERATION PHASE

Generation of solid waste

The predicted total Municipal Solid Waste (including Fish Waste) is expected to be

about 3.0 tons/day. Solid waste comprises all bulky rubbish, old pieces of rope and

netting, broken fish boxes etc. A typical collection point made of locally available

stone and concrete (the size of the waste centre depends on local requirements)

shall be constructed.

Metal items shall be collected and sold to scrap dealers. Tyres can be turned into

fenders and timber fish boxes can be sold as fuel wood. Styrofoam boxes should be

avoided because they break up easily and cannot be recycled safely .

Fish should be cleaned and gutted on the journey back to the landing centre. Offal

should never be dumped inside the fishing harbour basin or discarded in corners

within the fishing harbour area because, besides giving off offensive smells, it also

poses a health hazard by attracting pests. Plastic 100-litre drums with airtight lids

should be bought and used to collect offal from fish markets or moored boats. The

details of solid waste management is given in Environmental Management Plan in

chapter -5 of this report.

Water Environment

In Karaikal, the development of fishing harbour is in progress. For some of the items,

the constructions are on-going and constructions for few components are yet to be

commenced. At present, 123 nos. of boats are being operated in Karaikal.

Considering 5 nos. of fishermen per boat, around 625 fishermen will be using the

harbour and around 200 outsider may use the harbour.


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Considering 2 litres of water is required for washing 1 kg of fish and 75% of fishes

are being handled at the harbour. (75% of 15 tonne) 11.25 tonne. The total quantity

of water required (2 x 11.25 x 1000) 22500 is about 25000 litres.

In Karaikal Fishing harbour, it is proposed to have 6 Tonne capacity fish processing

unit. Considering 6 litres of water is required per kg of fish. The total quantity of

sullage that is expected to be generated from fish processing unit is (6 x 1000 x 6)

36000 litres. The total sullage generated from fishing harbour (25000 + 36000)

61000 litres or Say, 75,000 litres. The sewage from in the fisheries harbour shall be

treated in a pre-fabricated Sewage Treatment Plant.The details are given in Chapter

-5 Environmental Management Plan of the report.

Noise Environment

The major source of noise in the operation phase in the fishing harbour area could

be the increased vehicular movement to transfer fish from the landing centre to fish

market, etc. Within a distance of 50 m some adverse impact on ambient noise level

is anticipated leading to adverse impacts on the population residing in the affected

stretch. Beyond the distance of 50 m the increase in ambient noise level will be too

insignificant to create any adverse impact. Hence, it is anticipated that there will not

be significant increase in the noise levels in the operation phase of the proposed

fishing harbour project.

Air Environment

During operation stage apart from emissions generated due to vehicular movement,

no other sources of air pollution are anticipated. The major source of air pollution in

the post-project phase is the vehicular movement for transportation of fish catch to

different destinations of markets. On an average about 10 to 20 trucks per day will


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move in the area. The pollution levels due to those are not expected to be significant

to cause significant adverse impact on ambient air quality.

Socio Economic Environment

The following components are proposed under the reconstruction and modernization

of Karaikal Fishing Harbour:

� Boat making and Repair Yard � Slip way � Cradle system � Fish Processing Unit � Ice Plant

Thus, the project would have a significant positive impact on the overall economy of

the area.

Due to the proposed fishing harbour and preservation of fish due to early processing

facilities will increase the fisheries of the region. Additional employment from net

making, boat repairs and other non conventional labour shall result in livelihood to

the community.

In the proposed project, wastewater treatment and solid waste collection and

disposal systems to acceptable environmental standards shall be maintained with

adequate measures for maintenance and operation throughout the project period.

Hence this project will result in net benefits to the region.

4.3 SUMMARY OF PREDICTION OF IMPACTS

The summary of impacts is given in Table-4.1.

TABLE-4.1

SUMMARY OF PREDICTION OF IMPACTS

Issues considered for

prediction


Air Quality Impacts

• Vehicular emission during • The increase in the Low in the long term and with


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prediction


transportation of

construction materials

concentration of NOX, CO and

HC at a distance of 500m is

negligible and the overall

concentration conform to

NAAQS

• The impacts are short term,

temporary and shall cease to

exist after construction is

complete.

suitable EMP like covering trucks

with tarpaulin sheets, regulation

of vehicle speeds and regular

emission checks

• Vessel emission • Increase in concentration within

the fishing harbour, but will

return to background levels as

the vessels are of low capacity

Low

Shoreline changes

• Construction activities • Negligible littoral drift calculated,

thereby resulting in negligible

accretion / erosion

• Low

Land / Aesthetics

• Disposal of solid wastes

from canteen, fish meal,

rotten fish, ship wastes,

vessel repair wastes inland

inside the fishing harbour

• Increased organic, toxic and

heavy metal loads from runoff

• Odour and pests infection

• Low, when appropriate

management measures are

implemented.

Water Quality / Ecological Impacts

• Wharf construction • Increased turbidity from boulder

laying

• Smothering of benthic

flora/fauna

• The impacts are short-term and

cease after construction is

complete.

• Provide nurseries and breeding

grounds after construction is

complete

• Medium during construction

phase

• Beneficial in the long term

after construction ceases

• Fishing operations,

wastewater disposal, boat

repairs

• Increased pathogen, organic

loads leading to DO depletion,

Eutrophication resulting in fish

• High (-ve)

• Low when integrated with

Environmental and Fishing


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prediction


kills, decomposition and

infection

• Toxics and hazardous wastes

may lead to bioaccumulation

and bio magnification especially

in juveniles

harbor management plans

and non-fisheries impacts

(from municipal sewage) are

regulated;

• Discharge of oil sewage

and waste water from

vessels

• Increased organic loads, oil and

grease inside the breakwater

with insufficient mixing

• Low when onshore facilities

for reception of oily wastes,

slop and wastewater are

provided. Adherence to EMP

items shall be ensured by the

Dept. of Fisheries.

Socio Economics

Livelihood and employment • The region is a fishing village

with no other means of

livelihood. Increased

employment opportunities to

locals from fisheries associated

activities like net mending, boat

repairs, markets, exports etc.,

• High (Positive)

Risk

Fuelling Operations • Impacts from Worst Case

Scenario are limited to the

fishing harbour. However,

considering the generally

crowded nature of fishing

harbour it is required to provide

fire hydrants in the vicinity of

berthing locations

• Adequate care needs to be

taken for protection of the fuel

pipelines

• Low significance under

normal operating conditions

• Consequences limited to

fishing harbour only, during

abnormal conditions as low

quantities of fuel shall be

handled.

• Adequate Fire hydrants and

first aid facilities shall be

provided within the fishing

harbour

• Marine Environment

Construction activities

• Impact on Marine water quality

and marine ecology

• Low significance under

normal operating conditions

• Net Impacts • Low (-ve) significance for

short term


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prediction


• Net Benefits • High (+ve) significance for

long term


WAPCOS Limited 5-1

CHAPTER-5

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

5.1 GENERAL

The Environmental Management Plan proposes to integrate the baseline conditions,

impacts likely to occur, and the supportive and assimilative capacity of the system. The

most reliable way to achieve the above objective is to incorporate the management plan

into the overall planning and implementation of the project. The Environmental

Management Plan (EMP) for the proposed fisheries harbour is classified into the

following categories:

• Land Environment

• Water Environment

• Air Environment

• Control of Noise

• Greenbelt Development

• Socio-Economic Environment 5.2 SUGGESTIVE MEASURES (EMP) DURING PRE CONSTRUCTION

PHASE

5.2.1 Site Clearance

The Project site comes under the Government’s land and the government sanctioned

for the proposed development to Fisheries Department. The proposed site does not

involve any demolition or clearance activities and it does not involve in any

displacement of general public.

5.2.2 Tree cutting:

The site is a vacant land and free from trees, however as a part of greenbelt

development, adequate numbers of trees shall be planted within the site. An area of


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about 2 ha is proposed to covered under greenbelt development. About 1000 Nos. of

trees @ 500 trees per ha shall be planted by the contractor in the designated areas.

5.2.3 Joint Field Verification

Detailed Environmental Management Plan has been prepared for mitigating the impacts

caused by the development. This shall be implemented by the contractor. The

monitoring and verification of the same shall be done by the dedicated environmental

supervisor/engineer of the Fisheries Department.

5.3 SUGGESTIVE MEASURES (EMP) DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE

The environmental impacts of the construction phase would basically be transient in

nature and are expected to wear out gradually on completion of the construction

programme. After completion of the construction programme, impacts of the operation

stage would overlap the impacts generated during the construction phase. The impacts

during construction phase would not be severe as no large scale construction activities

would take place. To restrict the assessed impacts within tolerable limits the following

mitigation measures are suggested.

5.3.1 Surface Water Quality

The following measures are recommended:

• The impact on coastal environment during construction phase would be

mainly from the activities in the inter-tidal phase due to construction of

fishing harbour. The impact on coastal marine ecology during the

construction phase would be largely confined within the construction period

itself. An important factor in minimizing adverse impacts would be optimizing

the construction period and avoidance of activities beyond the specified

area of implementation. Hence, as a part of the management strategy


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various activities should be well coordinated and optimized to avoid time

and cost over-run.

• Spillage of fuel / engine oil and lubricants from the construction site are a

source of organic pollution which impacts marine life, particularly benthos.

This shall be prevented by suitable precautions and also by providing

necessary mechanisms to trap the spillage.

• Temporary colonies of the construction workers should be established

sufficiently away from the HTL and adequate sanitation facilities shall be

provided to prevent degrading the environmental quality of the area.

• The construction activities will be carried out in the confined manner to

reduce the impacts on marine environment.

• The construction waste including the debris shall be disposed safely in the

designated areas and in no case shall be disposed in the marine

environment.

5.3.2 Ambient Air Quality

• Dust will be generated with the movement of vehicles and handling of

construction materials. Water sprinkling shall be done at least thrice a day

at the construction sites, haul roads and other access roads of the project

area. Measures such as covering the trucks while transporting the

construction material shall be initiated to control fugitive dust as also to

control the re-suspension of particulate matters from the excavated

materials.

• Smoke emission from vehicles and other mechanical devices like D.G set,

etc, which may be used during construction, should be controlled with

suitable mitigation measures and all vehicles/ equipment deployed in the

project shall have valid emission control certification from respective

authorities..

• All the staff involved in construction shall be provided with suitable

Personnel Protective Equipment (PPEs) such as dust masks, ear plugs,

gum boots, gloves, etc.


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• Idling of delivery trucks or other equipment should be avoided during loading

and unloading of construction material.

• All construction vehicles should comply with emission standards of CPCB

and be maintained properly.

• Use of Ready-mix concrete wherever possible shall be explored. In

the case of use of Concrete Mixer, Concrete Mixer should be mounted on

shelter with top and slides closed.

5.3.3 Noise Quality

• Measures for minimizing noise generated from vehicles and other

mechanical devices should be adopted which may include damping,

absorption, dissipation and deflection methods. Depending on the noise

levels, measures such as construction of sound enclosures, deployment of

mufflers, mounting noise sources on isolators and use of materials with

damping properties, shall be deployed during construction.

• DG sets should be installed with acoustic enclosures and silencers so as to

reduce noise up to the standard level as far as possible.

• Ear protective devices should be used by the construction workers where

they are exposed to steady noise levels above 85 dB (A).

5.3.4 Land Environment

• Construction of fishing harbour should be carried out as per applicable

regulations such as local planning requirements, fishery sector guide lines,

coastal zone regulations and other environment regulations of Government

of India and The World Bank.

• Planning and design should be as per earthquake resistant design and

construction guidelines / practices laid down by the Bureau of Indian

Standards [IS:1893 (Part –1) : 2002] and approved by the competent

authorities. No deviation from the approved implementation plan, layout and

design specifications should be made.

• Hazardous materials like diesel, LPG and paints, etc., required during

various stages of construction should be stored as per the explosives act of


WAPCOS Limited 5-5

GoI and necessary permissions / authorizations shall be secured prior to the

deployment of such material.

• To minimize soil erosion land clearing activities should be kept to as

minimum as possible.

5.3.5 Marine Environment

• Sea water quality is indicative of impacts on marine ecology and should be

assessed.

• Suitable fence shall be erected for near water construction areas to

minimise rock fall into the marine environment;

• Construction activities to be scheduled and planned to minimise impacts on

fishermen and marine ecology;

• Total Suspended Solids (TSS) in sea water to be monitored at various

locations in and around the construction work areas in order to assess the

sediment transport and the resultant impacts;

• Disposal of sewage from the construction work area in to sea, shall be

prevented with suitable wastewater treatment measures

• Strict management of the aquatic environment should be followed during the

construction phase through waste control, use of minimum disturbance

techniques during construction for ensuring minimal changes to the aquatic

environment.

• After completion of the construction activities adequate clean-up of the area

including the inter-tidal area should be undertaken and all discharged

materials should be removed from the site. The sub-tidal, inter-tidal, and

supra-tidal areas should be restored to their original contours and the

aesthetic quality of the surroundings should be restored.

• Green belt shall be developed in the fishing harbour by planting of trees

along the entrance gate, road side, net mending shed etc.


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5.3.6 Waste Water Management

The total sullage generated from the Karaikal Fishing harbour shall be about 75,000

litres/day.A pre-fabricated Sewage treatment plant is planned for installation at Karaikal

Fishing harbour. The details of Sullage generated from Karaikal Fishing Harbour are

given in Table-5.1

TABLE-5.1

DETAILS OF SULLAGE GENERATED FROM KARAIKAL FISHING HARBOUR

S. No.

Component Quantity (lpd)

1 Auction Hall (Under Construction) 240

2 Boat making and repair yard 2400

3 Modernization of slipway 800

4 Fish processing unit 36000

5 Ice Plant/Washing of fish 25000 Total waste water generated in the

fishing harbour from the proposed components.

64,440 lpd Say, 75000 lpd

The characteristics of raw sullage is given in Table –5.2

TABLE-5.2 LIKELY PARAMETERS OF RAW SULLAGE (BEFORE TREATMENT)

S. No. Parameter Unit Value

1 Fluoride mg/l 1.5

2 BOD mg/l 200-250

3 COD mg/l 400

4 Suspended Solids mg/l 200-250

5 TKN (Total Kjendhal Nitrogen)

mg/l 30

6 PH - 7.5-8

7 TDS mg/l 500

8 Oil and Grease mg/l 20

The sullage generated from the existing two auction halls (under construction), Fish

processing unit, Ice plant and Boat making and repair yard will be collected in the

manholes at the respective location and finally let into the Effluent Treatment Plant for


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treatment. After treatment, the final treated water will be used for gardening, agriculture

and toilet-flushing purposes.

DESIGN BASIS

The Effluent Treatment Plant shall be designed to treat the raw effluent in a single stage

fully automatic C-Tech Plant based on Cyclic Activated Sludge Technology.

A. RAW EFFLUENT CHARACTERISTICS

S. No.

PARAMETER UNIT VALUE

1 Average Flow MLD

m 3/day m3/hr

1 1000 41.67

2 Peak Factor 3.0

3 Peak Flow m 3/hr 125.00

4 BOD mg/l 200 - 250

5 COD mg/l 400

6 Total Suspended Solids mg/l 200 - 250

7 TKN mg/l 30

8 TDS mg/l 500

9 Oil and Grease mg/l 20

10 pH - 7.5 - 8.0

B. TREATED EFFLUENT CHARACTERISTICS The plant shall be designed to produce the following outputs for which a performance

guarantee shall be provided. During commissioning trail for the plant these parameters

will be checked and validated.

S. No.

PARAMETER UNIT VALUE

1 pH 7.5 – 8.0

2 BOD mg/l < 10

3 COD mg/l < 100

4 Total Suspended Solids mg/l < 10

C. FULLY DIGESTED SLUDGE GENERATED FROM ETP:

Quantity (Dry Weight Basis) : 145 Kg/day

Consistency: 20 %


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ADVANTAGES OF C TECH PROCESS

C Tech is the most advanced Cyclic Effluent Treatment Technology in the World.

The technology is based on Activated Sludge Process adapted to Sequential Batch

Reactor Technology.

This technology was developed in the USA in the 80’s and has been adopted worldwide

since 1990’s. There are more than 200 installations worldwide based on this

technology.

Salient Features of this technology are described in the following paragraphs.

Excellent Quality of Treated Effluent

The outlet characteristics obtained out of C Tech as compared to other technologies

are:

PARAMETER C TECH CONVENTIONAL

BOD < 10 < 30

COD < 100 < 250

TSS < 10 < 30

The treated Effluent out of C Tech is several times better than any conventional

treatment. The C Tech plant has an inbuilt mechanism for Nitrification, De-nitrification

and Biological Phosphorous Removal to degrade nutrients like Total Nitrogen (TN) and

Phosphorous (TP). In case the treated Effluent is discharged into a lake body, it is

critical to have TN < 5 ppm and TP < 1 ppm, as otherwise these nutrients lead to

massive algae / other aquatic plants growth which leads to depletion of the dissolved

oxygen in the lake and subsequent cause extensive damage to the marine ecology.


WAPCOS Limited 5-9

The C Tech process ensures removal of all nutrients to acceptable levels in the single

stage biological process.

50% reduction in Power Consumption

C Tech uses 50% less power to get 6 times better outlet characteristics. Hence the

plant has a payback period.

50% reduction in Land Requirements

The main problem in Cities is the availability of Land. C Tech uses 50% less land area

compared with other conventional technologies, thus saving huge amounts on purchase

of land

Variable Design

The complete system is capable to handle variable flow and load conditions. The

system is self-adjusting in nature and automatically adjusts to the new feed conditions

by changing cycle times, aeration intensity etc. Each batch of Effluent is analyzed wrt

bio degradability and optimum treatment is automatically given to ensure minimum

utilization of power and energy.

Fully Automatic, Computerized, Internet Controlled

C Tech is fully automatic, computer controlled. This does not require any operator

attention. The plant can be operated from anywhere in the world through Internet. This

results in huge savings on manpower and operating costs.

Excellent Material of Construction

C Tech uses all underwater metal parts in SS and non-metallic parts in imported PVC.

The diffusers are in EPDM and all Pumps, Instruments etc. are from the best

manufacturers worldwide. This result in a plant life 6 times better than conventional


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plants and very little maintenance costs.

Proved World Wide

C Tech has installations in almost all countries in the world, Including, USA, UK,

Germany, France, Austria, China, Russia, Australia, Thailand, Malaysia and most

importantly India.

Capital and Operating Cost

C Tech requires the lowest investment and operating costs as compared to any other

technology, when compared on a like to like basis, with respect to outlet parameters,

MOC, Land required and Power consumed.

PROCESS CHEMISTRY

The following steps indicate the process chemistry within the C TECH Basin,

1. Nitrification (aerobic)

NH3-N + O2 + Nitrosomonas = NO2 + O2 + Nitrobacter = NO3

2. De nitrification (anoxic)

NO3 + organic substrate + Heterotrophic = N2 + CO2 + H2O + New cells

3. Phosphorous removal (anoxic/anaerobic/aerobic)

VFA (organics) +Acinetobactor = release O-P

O-P + Bacteria + O2= new cells + cell maintenance

Co-Nitrification/ Denitrification

In the C Tech basin, excess oxygen is provided to oxidise ammonical nitrogen into

nitrates. This is an aerobic process. The biological process is regulated in such a way

that the biofloc profile allows for nitrification at the peripheral sections and denitrification

at the inner parts of the flocs.


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Ammonical nitrogen (NH4-N) is converted into nitrates (NO3-N) during the aeration

process. Aeration is then stopped to allow for settling of the biomass. During this time,

anoxic conditions set in which allow for denitrifnication of the nitrates (NO3N) into

nitrogen (N2) and carbondioxide (CO2) gas. Also at the start of each cycle, part of the

settled biomass is recycled into the selector zone using the RAS pumps, where in raw

effluent is also fed. The raw effluent acts as a substrate for the denitrification bacteria

and under the influence of, anoxic conditions denitrification occurs. Elemental oxygen is

released during this phase. This process of co Nitrification and Denitrifictaion result in

complete removal of Nitrogen from the effluent.

Phosphorous (P) Removal The key to Phosphorous removal is exposure of microorganisms to alternating aerobic

and anaerobic conditions. The alternating condition stresses the microorganism to

uptake higher concentration of dissolved phosphorous, from the effluent thereby

reducing the Phosphorous level in the effluent. Phosphorous is used by the

microorganism for cell maintenance, synthesis, energy transport and is also stored for

future requirements. The treated sewage/effluent from C TECH is fit for low end recycle

purpose like gardening, toilet flushing, cooling tower makeup water etc. In case similar

quality is to be achieved through conventional process, extra tertiary treatment units like

Denitrification tanks, clarifloculators and sand filters are required, which add to the land

requirement, capital as well as operating cost.

TREATMENT METHOD

RECEIVING OF EFFLUENT

Deep gravity outfall sewer shall discharge the raw Effluent into a Receiving Chamber


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from where it shall be taken into downstream Coarse Screens. The function of the

Receiving Chamber is to reduce the incoming velocity.

COARSE SCREENING

Adequate Nos. of Mechanical (working) along with Manual (standby) Coarse Screens

shall be provided upstream of Wet Well for removal of floating and oversized material

coming with the Effluent. The Coarse Screens shall screen out most of the medium &

large floating and oversized material such as plastic rags, debris, weeds, paper, cloth,

rags etc which could clog the waste water pump impellers. The Coarse Screens shall be

inclined Bar Screen of stainless steel flats and shall be of sturdy design to take care of

all sorts of materials envisaged in the gravity sewer. The screenings shall be dropped

on a Conveyor provided above the top of the Screen Channels. The screening material

as collected will drop automatically into a wheelbarrow for its disposal.

RAW EFFLUENT PUMPING STATION

Screened Effluent after Coarse Screening shall enter into Wet Well of the Pumping

Station. The capacity of the Wet Well is such that adequate detention time is available

during average and peak flow conditions. The effective liquid volume shall be provided

below the invert level of the incoming sewer after leaving provision for freeboard. Also

an additional depression shall be provided to ensure adequate submergence of Pumps.

Pumping Station shall have a Room adequate for installing Electrical Panels. Suitable

arrangement shall be provided for lifting of Pumps.

Suitable combination of Submersible Pumps shall be provided to cater the pumping

requirements at average and peak flow conditions. Based on incoming flow conditions,

adequate nos. of Pumps shall start / stop automatically to cater the pumping


WAPCOS Limited 5-13

requirements. The pumped flow from the Pumping Station shall be taken to the

elevated head works, Inlet chamber of the plant from where Effluent will gravitate to

Fine Screen Channels.

FLOW MEASUREMENT

An ultrasonic Flow Measurement Device shall measure the flow in the common

discharge header of pumps. The flow computation shall be through the dedicated

digital display with integrator.

STILLING CHAMBER Raw Effluent shall be taken into a Stilling Chamber from where it shall be taken into

downstream Fine Screens. The function of the Receiving Chamber is to reduce the

incoming velocity.

FINE SCREENING CHANNELS Adequate Nos. of Mechanical along with Manual (standby) Fine Screens shall be

provided upstream of treatment units for fine screening of Effluent. The Fine Screens

shall screen out most of the floating and oversized material more than 6mm size such

as plastic debris, weeds, paper, cloth, rags etc which could foul the downstream

treatment units. The Fine Screens shall be inclined Bar Screen of stainless steel flats.

The screenings shall be dropped on a Conveyor provided above the top of the screen

channel. The screening material as collected will drop automatically into a wheelbarrow

for its disposal.

DE-GRITTING Screened Effluent will gravitate to Grit Separator Tank for removal of grit and small

inorganic particulate matter of specific gravity above 2.65 and particle size above 150


WAPCOS Limited 5-14

microns. The Grit Separator Tank shall be of RCC construction complete with

mechanical internals and square in size. The grit separated shall be properly collected

and be transferred for disposal. The de-gritted Effluent shall flow through open

channels from the Grit Separators and confluence into a single channel of suitable

width.

SBR/CYCLIC ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS

Primary treated Effluent shall be fed into the Cyclic Activated Sludge Process/SBR

Process Basins for biological treatment to remove BOD, COD and Suspended Solids. C

Tech is a CYCLIC ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT process. It provides highest

treatment efficiency possible in a single step biological process. The C Tech System is

operated in a batch reactor mode. This eliminates all the inefficiencies of the continuous

processes. A batch reactor is a perfect reactor, which ensures 100% treatment. Two

modules are provided to ensure continuous treatment. The complete process takes

place in a single reactor, within which all biological treatment steps take place

sequentially. No additional settling unit, Secondary Clarifier is required. The complete

biological operation is divided into cycles. Each cycle is of 3 – 5 hrs duration, during

which all treatment steps take place.

Explanation of Cyclic Operation:

A basic cycle comprises:

• Fill-Aeration (F/A)

• Settling (S)

• Decanting (D)

These phases in a sequence constitute a cycle, which is then repeated.


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A Typical Cycle During the period of a cycle, the liquid is filled in the C Tech basin up to a set operating

water level.Aeration Blowers are started for aeration of the effluent. After the aeration

cycle, the biomass settlesunder perfect settling conditions. Once settled the supernatant

is removed from the top using a DECANTER. Solids are wasted from the tanks during

the decanting phase.These phases in a sequence constitute a cycle, which is then

repeated.

Fig.5.1: Schematic Drawing of a C-Tech Basin


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CONTROL OF OIL POLLUTION

Oil pollution occurs in harbour basins when leaks from shore facilities for the supply of

diesel fuel to fishing vessels find their way into the harbour water; when vessels pump

out oily bilge water in port; when used engine oil is dumped overboard and when an

accident results in leakage of fuel oil. To mitigate oil pollution, the fishery harbour

incharge shall take necessary action to:

• Provide shore-based reception facilities for oily wastes (bilge water and spent oil)

from vessels

• Minimise leaks while bunkering.

• Assist those responsible for containment and clean-up operations if a major oil

spill occurs in the vicinity.

Oily wastes

Oily wastes discharged to reception facilities are usually mixtures of oil and water and in

some cases, solids. The composition ratio of these solids can differ considerably,

depending on the type of wastes given as below:

Bilge water consists mainly of water contaminated with oil, whereas Waste oil and fuel

residues consist mainly of oil contaminated with water.

The cross section of an artisanal oil separator for bilge water. typical oil-separation and

storage facility for fishing ports is shown in Figure-5.2. The bilge water separation facility

is shown in Figure-5.3.

Figure-5.2: Artisanal oil/water separator


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Figure 5.3: Separated bilge oil collection


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The oil collected by the separators may then be returned to a recycling plant by

authorised collectors. In Visakhapatnam, main port has a fixed installation of 100 m3

capacity to service cargo ships and an 8 m3 mobile tanker to collect oily bilge water from

some 100 fishing vessels ranging from 15 to 25 m in length. The mobile tanker is fitted

with a vacum pump and an oil-resistant hose to span four vessels moored abreast. In

Phuket, a much smaller mobile tanker (1 m3) was used for collecting oily bilge water.

Reception facilities for used engine oil inside harbours are intended as a temporary

storage only, whereas the reception facilities for bilge water need to separate the oil

from the considerably larger volume of water. The oil may then be transferred to the

used oil storage facilities for collection at a later date, and the treated water returned to

the sea. Waste or spent engine oil can be recycled 100% and it is now very common for

refineries to collect used oil from harbours, car repair shops and petrol stations. The

artisnal oil collection system is shown in Figure-5.4. A 5000 litre spent oil tank for a

small fishing port is shown in Figure-5.5.


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Figure 5.4: Artisanal spent oil collection system

Figure 5.5: A 5000 litre spent oil tank for a small fishing port

5.3.7 Control of Oil Spills


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When a oil spill occurs in the vicinity of the fishery harbour, the harbour incharge will

render assistance to the team responsible for combating the spill and for subsequent

clean-up operations. There are four main methods of combating an oil spill:

• mechanical recovery

• dispersant use

• in-situ burning

• allowing the oil to come ashore for clean-up later.

Mechanical containment and recovery of oil is the most desirable option. Booms are

used for containment, and skimmers are used to recover oil from the water surface.

Natural or induced agitation of water causes dispersion of oil into the water column.

Dispersants are mixtures of surfactants in one or more solvents, specifically formulated

to enhance the rate of this natural process and thereby reduce the amount of oil coming

ashore.

In-situ burning has the advantage that it rapidly removes large volumes. But it poses fire

hazards, and has limitations when the thickness of the oil slick is less than 2 mm.

Emulsions bum poorly, if at all.

The last option of letting the oil come ashore is chosen only when the shoreline can be

cleaned relatively easily or has low environmental, social or economic value.

Considering the size of the proposed fisheries harbour mechanical containment in the

form of booms is recommended. Booms prevent the spreading, and facilitate oil

recovery.

There are many kinds of booms. Their structure may differ, but basically they comprise

the following components:

• freeboard to prevent or reduce splashover;


WAPCOS Limited 5-21

• subsurface skirt to prevent or reduce escape of oil under the boom;

• flotation by air or some buoyant material;

• longitudinal tension member (chain or wire) to withstand the effect of winds,

waves and currents.

The following waste water management measures may be followed during construction:

• Suitable drainage facilities including catch pits or sedimentation tanks shall

be provided for collection and treatment of wastewater prior to discharge.

• No water stagnation shall be allowed at the construction site.

• All wastewater discharges from the construction site shall comply with the

requirements of CRZ clearance and all other applicable environmental

regulations.

5.3.8 Solid Waste Management

The solid wastes so generated will contain Solid waste comprising all bulky rubbish, old

pieces of rope and netting, broken fish boxes etc. The total solid waste to be generated

would be of the order of 3 t/day. The solid waste disposal system proposed are as

follows:

Collection

Solid waste comprises of bulky rubbish, old pieces of rope and netting, broken fish

boxes etc. A typical collection point made of locally available stone and concrete (the

size of the waste centre depends on local requirements) shall be constructed.

Recycling

Metal items shall be collected and sold to scrap dealers. Tyres can be turned into

fenders, timber fish boxes can be sold as fuel wood. Styrofoam boxes should be

avoided because they break up easily and cannot be recycled safely ,as they give off

dangerous fumes when burnt.

Offal Collection


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Fish should be cleaned and gutted on the journey back to the landing centre. Offal

should never be dumped inside the fishing harbour basin or discarded in corners within

the fishing harbour area or village because, besides giving off offensive smells, it also

poses a health hazard by attracting pests. Plastic 100-litre drums with airtight lids should

be bought and used to collect offal from fish markets or moored boats.

Process Description: Step 1: MSW along the Fish waste (offal) collected from the Fishing harbour shall

be transferred to a Platform

Step 2: Waste from platform is transferred into the bio-mechanical composting

machine where the waste is shredded and mixed with Saw dust or paper

which acts as absorbent. Bacterial inoculum is also fed into the

composting machine. In a process time of 15 minutes, the waste will be

uniformly shredded and odour mixed with bacteria which can perform a

speedy digest of the organics. Raw compost is drawn as output from the

bio-mechanical composting machine. Batch size of the machine will be

125 Kg minimum. In 12 cycles the entire waste can be digested to form

raw compost.

Step 3: The raw compost is cured for 2 weeks to get a good quality compost

material.

Step 4: The final compost is ready to use for gardening.

Components of the Solid waste treatment system:


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1. One no. of composting machine

2. One shredder

3. Suitable curing system

4. Bagging arrangement.

The cost of the solid waste management system comes to Rs. 18 lakhs

(Inclusive of civil, electrical, mechanical components

A provision of Rs.3.7 million has been earmarked for the solid waste disposal. The

details are given in Table-5.3.

TABLE-5.3 Cost estimates for solid waste management

S. No.

Item Cost (Rs. million)

1. One covered tempo for conveyance of solid waste to the landfill

1.0

2. Manpower cost for 4 persons @ Rs.5000/month for 2 years including 10% escalation/year

0.4

3. Preparation of landfill site including surveying, levelling, excavation, lining, etc.

0.4

4. Cost for solid waste management system 1.8

Total 3.7

5.3.9 Air Environment

Control of Emissions

Minor air quality impacts will be caused by emissions from construction vehicles,

equipment and DG sets, and emissions from transportation traffic. Frequent truck trips

will be required during the construction period for removal of excavated material and

delivery of select concrete and other equipment and materials.

The following measures are recommended to control air pollution:


WAPCOS Limited 5-24

• Contractor will be responsible for maintaining properly functioning construction

equipment to minimize exhaust.

• Construction equipment and vehicles will be turned off when not used for

extended periods of time.

• Unnecessary idling of construction vehicles to be prohibited.

• Effective traffic management to be undertaken to avoid significant delays in and

around the project area.

• Road damage caused by sub-project activities will be promptly attended to with

proper road repair and maintenance work. An amount of Rs. 2.0 million has been

earmarked for this purpose.

Air Pollution control due to DG sets

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has issued emission limits for generators

upto 800 kW. The same are outlined in Table-5.4 which shall be followed.

TABLE-5.4 Emission limits for DG sets prescribed by CPCB

Parameter Emission limits (gm/kwhr)

NOx 9.2

HC 1.3

CO 2.5

PM 0.3

Smoke limit* 0.7

Note : * Light absorption coefficient at full load (m-1)

Control of Pollution due to increased vehicles

The major source of air pollution in the proposed project is the increased vehicular

movement in the project construction and operation phases. The movement of other

vehicles is likely to increase, as the commissioning of the project would lead to

significant development in the area. Thus, as a control measure, vehicles emitting

pollutants above the standards should not be allowed to ply either in the project


WAPCOS Limited 5-25

construction or in the operation phases. Vehicles and construction equipment should be

fitted with internal devices i.e. catalytic converters to reduce CO and HC emissions.

All the roads in the vicinity of the project site and the roads connecting the construction

site should be paved or black topped to minimize the entrainment of fugitive emissions.

If any of the roads stretches cannot be black topped or paved due to some reason or

the other, then adequate arrangements must be made to spray water on such stretches

of the road.

5.3.10 Control of Noise

The contractors will be required to maintain properly functioning equipment and comply

with occupational safety and health standards. The construction equipment will be

required to use available noise suppression devices and properly maintained mufflers.

• vehicles to be equipped with mufflers recommended by the vehicle

manufacturer.

• staging of construction equipment and unnecessary idling of equipment

within noise sensitive areas to be avoided whenever possible.

• use of temporary sound fences or barriers to be evaluated.

• notification will be given to residents within 300 feet (about 90 to 100 m) of

major noise generating activities. The notification will describe the noise

abatement measures that will be implemented.

• monitoring of noise levels will be conducted during the construction phase

of the project. In case of exceeding of pre-determined acceptable noise

levels by the machinery will require the contractor(s) to stop work and

remedy the situation prior to continuing construction.


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The following Noise Standards for DG sets are recommended for the running of DG

sets during the construction:

• The maximum permissible sound pressure level for new diesel generator sets

with rated capacity upto 1000 KVA shall be 75 dB(A) at s distance of 1 m from

the enclosure surface.

• Noise from the DG set should be controlled by providing an acoustic enclosure or

by treating the enclosure acoustically.

• The Acoustic Enclosure should be made of CRCA sheets of appropriate

thickness and structural/ sheet metal base. The walls of the enclosure should be

insulated with fire retardant foam so as to comply with the 75 dB(A) at 1m sound

levels specified by CPCB, Ministry of Environment & Forests.

• The acoustic enclosure/acoustic treatment of the room should be designed for

minimum 25 dB(A) Insertion Loss or for meeting the ambient noise standards,

whichever is on the higher side.

• The DG set should also be provided with proper exhaust muffler to attenuate

noise level by atleast 25 dB(A).

• Efforts will be made to bring down the noise levels due to the DG set, outside its

premises, within the ambient noise requirements by proper siting and control

measures.

A proper routine and preventive maintenance procedure for the DG set should be set

and followed in consultation with the DG set manufacturer which would help prevent

noise levels of the DG set from deteriorating with use.

It is known that continuous exposure to noise levels above 90 dB(A) affects the hearing

of the workers/operators and hence has to be avoided. Other physiological and

psychological effects have also been reported in literature, but the effect on hearing

acuity has been specially stressed. To prevent these effects, it has been recommended

by international specialist organizations that the exposure period of affected persons


WAPCOS Limited 5-27

be limited as specified by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in

Table-5.5.

TABLE-5.5 Maximum Exposure Periods specified by OSHA

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Maximum equivalent continuous Unprotected exposure noise level dB(A) period per day for 8

hrs/day and 5 days/week ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 90 8 95 4 100 2 105 1 110 1/2 115 1/4 120 No exposure permitted at or above this level

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5.4 EMP MEASURES DURING OPERATION PHASE

5.4.1 Marine Water Quality

• Regular monitoring of surface marine water quality shall be carried out for

the parameters viz. temperature, pH, DO, BOD/COD, salinity, turbidity, TSS,

Nitrite-Nitrogen (NO2-N), Nitrate-Nitrogen (NO3-N), Ammonia-Nitrogen

(NH3-N), Phosphate-Phosphorus (PO4-P), Silicate-Silicon (Si04-Si),

Chlorophyll a, oil and grease, heavy metals (viz. iron, lead, zinc, mercury),

total coliform / faecal coli form, etc, and the impacts of the project operations

shall be assessed on water enviornment.

• Adequate safeguard measures should be taken to deal with oil spills by the

fishing boats that may lead to water pollution in and around the area.

• Spillage of oil from various handling areas should be prevented and the

spillage shall be treated with measures such as provision of impervious

bases at all the relevant spaces, oil separators, etc. Shall be provided

before discharge into the environment.


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5.4.2 Sediment Quality

Regular monitoring of sediment quality shall be carried out for the parameters viz

Texture, pH, Sodium, Potassium, Phosphate, Chlorides, Sulphates, Benthic Meio-fauna,

Benthic Macro-fauna etc, and the impacts on project operations shall be assessed on

water environment.

5.4.3 Control of Noise

The operation phase is likely to increase the vehicular traffic in the area, which can lead

to increase in the ambient noise levels mainly along the road alignment. It is proposed to

develop a greenbelt along the road stretches near to the habitation sites. Three rows of

trees will be planted. The details of the same are given in Section 5.4.4..

5.4.4 Greenbelt Development

It is proposed to develop greenbelt around various project appurtenances, which will go

a long way to achieve environmental protection and mitigation of pollution levels in the

area.

Depending upon the topo-climatological conditions and regional ecological status,

selection of the appropriate plant species has been made.

Various criteria adopted for selecting the species for greenbelt development are:

- plant should be fast growing; - preferably perennial and evergreen; - indigenous; - resistant to SPM pollution, and - should maintain the ecological and hydrological balance of the region.

The general consideration involved while developing the greenbelt are:

- Trees growing upto 10 m or above in height with perennial foliage should be planted around the perimeter of the proposed project area.


WAPCOS Limited 5-29

- Trees should also be planted along the road side in such a way that there is dust control.

- Generally fast growing trees should be planted. - Since, the tree trunk area is normally devoid of foliage upto a height of 3 m, it

may be useful to have shrubbery in front of the trees so as to give coverage to this portion.

Taking into consideration the above parameters, the greenbelt development plan has

been evolved for the proposed alternatives to reduce the pollution levels to the

maximum possible extent. The plantation will be at a spacing of 2.5 x 2.5 m. The width

of the greenbelt will be 30 m. About 1,600 trees per hectare will be planted. The

maintenance of the plantation area will also be done by the project proponents. The

cost of plantation per hectare is estimated at Rs.50,000. About 2 ha of land is proposed

to be afforested as a part of Greenbelt Development Plan. The total cost of afforestation

works out to Rs.0.12 million.

The species recommended for greenbelt development are listed in Table-5.6.

TABLE-5.6 Recommended species for greenbelt development

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Common Name Botanical Name --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Neem Azadirachta indica Mango Mangifera indica Salvadora Salvadora persica Bangan Ficus bengalensis Cassia Cassia siamea Terminalia Terminalia catappa Karaunda Corissa carandas --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5.4.5 Summary of Environmental Monitoring During Operation Phase The summary of Environmental Monitoring during operation phase is given in

Table – 5.7.


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TABLE – 5.7 Details of Environmental Monitoring Cost during Operation Phase

S. No.



Location

1. Marine water




3 sites

Biological parameters

Light penetration, Chlorophyll, Primary Productivity, Phytoplanktons, Zooplanktons

Once a year

3 sites

2. Sediments




3 sites


Benthic Meio-fauna, Benthic Macro-fauna

Once in a year 3 sites

3. Greenbelt Develoment

Growth of various species, need for any additional inputs in the form of agro-chemicals, irrigation, protection etc.


Greenbelt sites

The cost required for implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programme during

operation phase shall be Rs. 0.75 million/year. The details are given in

Table – 5.8.


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5.4. COST ESTIMATE

The cost estimates for implementing EMP shall be Rs.27.0 million. The details are given

in Table-5.8.

TABLE-5.8 Summary of cost estimate for implementing Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

S. No.

Parameter Cost (Rs. million)

1. Solid Waste Management 3.70

2. Waste Water Treatment 20.00

2. Sanitary facilities at labour camps 0.80

3. Treatment of effluent from workshops 0.50

4. Greenbelt development 0.12

5. Purchase of noise meter 0.05

6. Implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programme during construction phase

1.60


The cost required for implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programe during

construction phase is Rs.1.60 million. The cost required for implementation of

Environmental Monitoring Programe during operation phase is Rs.0.75 million/year

5.5 SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

The summary of Environmental Management Plan is given in Table – 5.9

TABLE - 5.9

Summary of Environmental Management Plan

S. No.

Issues / Impacts

Mitigation Measures Responsibility

Pre-construction Stage

1 Clearances and Approvals

(i) Secure regulatory clearances such as CRZ Clearance of CRZ rules , GoI

Fisheries Department


WAPCOS Limited 5-32

S. No.

Issues / Impacts


(ii) Obtain planning permissions from relevant local planning authority and the local administration (iii) Ensure transfer of land from revenue authorities for approach road and dumping site of the project

2 Site clearance Site clearance shall be carried out to in such a way that the clearance and grubbing waste is disposed immediately in the designated dumping site identified for the project. In no case the waste material shall not be disposed in the sea or river or any other sensitive environment components.

Contractor

During Construction Stage

1 Infrastructure provisions at construction camps

The Contractor during the progress of work will provide, erect and maintain necessary living accommodation and ancillary facilities for labour as per the requirements of applicable labour regulations of Government of India. All the work sites and camp sites shall also be provided with basic sanitation and infrastructure as per the requirements of Building and other Construction Workers (regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996.

Contractor

2 Transportation of construction materials

The contractor should bring construction material only from approved quarries. Heavy vehicles shall be covered with Tarpaulin sheets to minimize fugitive dust during transportation

Contractor

3 Ambient Air quality

All the vehicles must have valid PUC certificates at all the time during construction phase of the project, Water sprinkling shall be done to suppress the dust emissions from the site. All the DG sets used for construction shall have valid consents from TNPCB and shall have built-in stacks to reduce the air emission impacts.

Contractor


WAPCOS Limited 5-33

S. No.

Issues / Impacts


4 Noise The construction materials shall be properly maintained and barricades shall be provided around the site for reducing the noise levels. All the workers will be provided with personal protective equipment including ear plugs and other necessary provisions by the contractor.

Contractor

5 Water The quality of water (marine, river and wastewater discharged from the camps) shall be analysed once in three months during construction, for its compliance to the disposal standards of pollution control authority.

Contractor


First aid kits and emergency treatment facilities shall be provided by the contractor at the work sites, camp sites and all other ancillary facilities.

Contractor

7 Greenbelt development

Green belt with adequate number of trees shall be developed and shall be maintained to ensure at 80% survival rate.

Contractor and Fisheries Department

8 Marine Environment

• To assess the impacts on marine environment marine water and benthal samples shall be analysed on a quarterly basis during construction phase and necessary mitigation measures shall be implemented, as directed by the engineer in charge

• Total Suspended Solids (TSS) in sea water to be monitored at various locations in and around the construction work areas in order to assess the sediment transport and the resultant impacts

Contractor

Operation Stage

1 Monitoring Operational Performance

The PIU and Fishing harbour management shall monitor the operational performance of the various mitigation measures implemented in the project. This shall include overall hygiene practices of the



WAPCOS Limited 5-34

S. No.

Issues / Impacts


Fishing harbour, performance of wastewater treatment plant, impacts due to material dump site, survival rate of trees, quality of river water, marine water and sediment quality

2 Water & Waste water

Surface water, ground water, marine water and treated / untreated wastewater quality shall be analysed by on a quarterly basis


3. Air Environment Ambient air quality and DG stack monitoring shall be done once in a quarter. Water sprinkling for dust suppression and Greenbelt development shall be carried out in the premises. Proper maintenance of boats shall be ensured to reduce the emissions.


4. Noise DG sets with acoustic enclosures shall be deployed.


5. Solid Waste Solid waste from the site should be source segregated and collected into biodegradable & non-biodegradable waste. The biodegradable waste will be treated in organic waste converter (OWC) and used as manure, whereas the non biodegradable waste shall be sent to authorised recyclers.



First aid kits and emergency treatment facilities shall be maintained by the Fishing harbour operating agency. Adequate fire extinguishers shall be provided in the premises with clear fire exit signals and sign boards are displayed for evacuation.



WAPCOS Limited 6-1

CHAPTER-6

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME

6.1 THE NEED

Monitoring is an essential component for sustainability of any developmental project.

It is an integral part of any environmental assessment process. Any development

project introduces complex inter-relationships in the project area between people,

various natural resources, biota and the many developing forces. Thus, a new

environment is created. It is very difficult to predict with complete certainty the exact

post-project environmental scenario. Hence, monitoring of critical parameters is

essential in the post-project phase.

Monitoring of environmental indicators signal potential problems and facilitate timely

prompt implementation of effective remedial measures. It will also allow for validation

ofthe assumptions and assessments made in the present study.

Monitoring becomes essential to ensure that the mitigation measures planned for

environmental protection function effectively during the entire period of project

operation. The data so generated also serves as a data bank for prediction of post-

project scenarios in similar projects.

6.2 AREAS OF CONCERN

From the monitoring point of view, the important parameters are resettlement and

rehabilitation of project-affected persons, marine water quality, ambient air quality,

noise, etc. An attempt is made to establish early warning system which indicate the

stress on the environment. Suggested monitoring parameters and programmes are

described in the subsequent sections.


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6.3 MARINE WATER & SEDIMENT QUALITY

Construction phase

The chemical characteristics of marine water quality should be monitored once in

three months and biological parameters once a year during project construction

phase, close to the major construction sites. Both surface and bottom waters should

be sampled and analysed. The parameters to be monitored are as follows:

Marine Water


- pH - Salinity - Conductivity - TDS - Turbidity - D.O. - BOD - Phosphates - Nitrates - Sulphates - Chlorides


- Light penetration - Chlorophyll - Primary Productivity - Phytoplanktons (No. of species and their density) - Zooplanktons (No. of species and their density)

Sediments

Physio-chemical parameters

- Texture - pH

- Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen - COD

- Sodium - Potassium - Phosphates - Chlorides - Sulphates


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Biological Parameters

- Benthic Meio-fauna - Benthic Macro-fauna

The marine water and sediment sampling and analysis be conducted by an external

agency. A provision of Rs.0.6 million/year has been earmarked for this purpose.

Assuming construction phase is to last for 2 years and considering as escalation of

10%, an amount of Rs. 1.26 million can be earmarked.

Operation Phase

The chemical characteristics of marine water quality should be monitored once in

three months and biological parameters once a year during project operation phase.

Both surface and bottom waters should be sampled and analysed. The parameters

to be monitored are as follows:

Marine Water


- pH - Salinity - Conductivity - TDS - Turbidity - D.O. - BOD - Phosphates - Nitrates - Sulphates - Chlorides


- Light penetration - Chlorophyll - Primary Productivity - Phytoplanktons (No. of species and their density) - Zooplanktons (No. of species and their density)


WAPCOS Limited 6-4

Sediments

Physio-chemical parameters

- Texture - pH

- Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen - COD

- Sodium - Potassium - Phosphates - Chlorides - Sulphates

Biological Parameters

- Benthic Meio-fauna - Benthic Macro-fauna

The marine water and sediment sampling and analysis be conducted by an external

agency. A provision of Rs.0.6 million/year has been earmarked for this purpose.

6.4 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY

Construction Phase

Ambient air quality monitoring is recommended to be monitored at three stations

close to the construction sites. The monitoring can be conducted for three seasons.

For each season monitoring can be conducted twice a week for 4 consecutive

weeks. The parameters to be monitored are SPM, RPM, SO2 and NOx. An amount

of Rs. 0.144 million/year would be required. Considering, construction phase of two

years and escalation of 10%, an amount of Rs. 0.302 million/year can be earmarked

for this purpose. The ambient air quality monitoring during project operation phase

can be conducted by an agency approved by Puduchery Pollution Control

Committee.


WAPCOS Limited 6-5

Operation phase

The ambient air quality monitoring will have to be conducted at three locations. Air

quality could be monitored for three seasons in a year. High volume samplers can be

used for this purpose. The frequency of monitoring shall be twice a week for 24

hours for four consecutive weeks. The parameters to be monitored are SPM, RPM,

SO2 and NOx. The ambient air quality monitoring during project operation phase can

be conducted by an agency approved by Puduchery Pollution Control Committee. An

amount of Rs. 0.15 million/year can be earmarked for this purpose.

6.5 NOISE

Personnel involved in work areas, where high noise levels are likely to be observed

during project construction and operation phases. For such in-plant personnel,

audiometric examination should be arranged at least once a year.

The noise level monitoring during construction and operation phases will be carried

out by the project staff and a noise meter can be purchased. An amount of Rs.0.05

million has been earmarked for this purpose.

Neighbourhood (upto radius of 1 km)

It is recommended that during project operation phase, monitoring of sensitive areas

like schools and medicare centres be conducted within a distance of 1 km radius of

the jetty to ascertain noise levels at receptors, taking note of any excessive build-up

in any particular direction.

6.6 GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT

Sites of greenbelt development should be monitored once in every month during

project operation phase to study the growth of various species and to identify the


WAPCOS Limited 6-6

needs if any, such as for irrigation, fertilizer dosing, pesticides, etc. The monitoring

can be conducted by project staff.

6.7 SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME

The summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme for implementation during

project construction and operation phases is given in Tables-6.1 and 6.2

respectively.

TABLE-6.1 Summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme for implementation during

project construction phase S. No.



Location

1. Marine water




4 sites (site, u/s site, d/s site and waste water from camp site



4 sites (site, u/s site, d/s site) and drinking water from camp site

2. Sediments



Once in quarter.

3 sites


Once in quarter. 3 sites

3. Ambient air quality SPM, RPM, SO2 and NOx

- Summer, Post-monsoon and Winter seasons.

- Twice a week for four consecutive weeks per season.

Close to construction site(s)


During peak construction activities

Construction Site(s)


WAPCOS Limited 6-7

TABLE-6.2

Summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme for implementation during

project operation phase

S. No.



Location

1. Marine water




3 to 4 sites


Light penetration, Chlorophyll, Primary Productivity, Phytoplanktons, Zooplanktons

Once a year

3 to 4 sites

2. Sediments




3 to 4 sites


Benthic Meio-fauna, Benthic Macro-fauna

Once in a year 3 to 4 sites

3. Ambient air quality SPM, RPM, SO2 & NOx

- Summer, Post-monsoon & Winter seasons.

- Twice a week

for four consecutive weeks per season.

Villages


Once per month Project area and sites within 1 km of the project area

5. Greenbelt Development

Rate of survival and growth of various species

Once per month Various plantation sites.


WAPCOS Limited 6-8

6.8 COST ESTIMATES The cost required for implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programe during

construction phase is Rs.1.60 million. The details are given in Table-6.3.

TABLE-6.3 Summary of cost estimates required for implementation during

project construction phase

S. No. Parameter Cost (Rs. million)

1. Marine Ecology 1.26

2. Ambient air quality 0.302


The cost required for implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programe during

operation phase is Rs.0.75 million/year. The details are given in Table-6.4.

TABLE-6.4

Summary of cost estimate for implementing Environmental Monitoring

Programme during operation phase

S. No. Parameter Cost (Rs. million/year)

1. Marine water quality 0.60

2. Ambient air quality monitoring 0.15

Total 0.75

ANNEXURE-I

National Ambient Air quality Standards (NAAQS)

S. No.

POLLUTANTS Time Weighted Average

Concentration of Ambient Air

Industrial, Residential Rural and other area

Ecologically Sensitive

area (notified by

Central Government)

Method of Measurement

1 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) , µg/m3

Annual* 24 hours **

50

80

20

80

-Improved west and Gacke

-Ultraviolet fluorescence

2 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) , µg/m3

Annual*

24 hours **

40

80

30

80

- Modified Jacab & Hochheister (Na-Arsentire) -Chemiluminescene

3 Particulate Matter (Size less than 10, µm) or PM10 , µg/m3

Annual*

24 hours **

60

100

60

100

-Gravimetric -TOEM -Beta attenuation

4 Particulate Matter (Size less than 2.5 , µm) or PM2.5, µg/m3

Annual*

24 hours **

40

60

40

60

-Gravimetric -TOEM -Beta attenuation

5 Ozone (O3), µg/m3

8 hours** 1 hour **

100

180

100

180

-UV photometric -Chemiluminescene -Chemial Method

6 Lead (Pb), µg/m3

Annual* 24 hours **

0.50

1.0

0.50

1.0

-AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper. - ED-XRF using Teflon filter.

7 Carbon Monoxide (CO) , µg/m3

8 hours** 1 hour **

02

04

02

04

-Non disbersive infrared spectroscopy

8 Ammonia Annual* 100 100 -

S. No.

POLLUTANTS Time Weighted Average

Concentration of Ambient Air

Industrial, Residential Rural and other area

Ecologically Sensitive

area (notified by

Central Government)

Method of Measurement

(NH3), µg/m3 24 hours **

400

400

Chemiluminescene -Indophenol blue method

9 Benzene (C6H6), µg/m3

Annual* 05 05 -Gas chromatography based continuous analyser. -Adsorption and Desorption followed by GC analysis.

10 Benzo (a) Pyrene(BaP)- particulate phase only, ng/m3

Annual* 01 01 -Solvent extraction followed by HPLC/GC analysis

11 Arsenic (As), ng/m3

Annual* 06 06 -AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper

12 Nickel (Ni), ng/m3

Annual* 20 20 -AAS/ICP method after sampling on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter paper

* Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurement in a year at a particular site taken twice a week 24 hourly at a uniform intervals. ** 24 hourly or 08 hourly or 01 hourly monitored values, as applicable, shall be complied with 98% of the time in a year. 2% of the time, they may exceeded the limits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring.

ANNEXURE-II

Ambient Noise Standards ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Area Category Limits in dB(A)Leq Code of Area --------------------------------------------- Day time Night time ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ A. Industrial Area 75 70 B. Commercial Area 65 55 C. Residential Area 55 45 D. Silence Zone 50 40 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Note : 1. Day time 6 A.M. and 9 P.M.

2. Night time is 9 P.M. and 6 A.M. 3. Silence zone is defined as areas upto 100 meters around such

premises as hospitals, educational institutions and courts. The silence zones are to be declared by competent authority. Use of vehicular horns, loudspeakers and bursting of crackers shall be banned in these zones.

4. Environment (Protection) Third Amendment Rules, 2000 Gazette notification, Government of India, date 14.2.2000.

ANNEXURE-III

ABUNDANCE OF PHYTOPLANKTON DENSITY (cells/litre)

S.NO SPECIES S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

1 Coscinodiscus marginatus

700 675 600 1060 800

2 Bacteriastrum cosmasum

- - - 400 350

3 Basillaria paradoxa

650 275 610 - 600

4 Chaetocerous decipieus

700 - - 275 -

5 Coscinodiscus excentricus

650 - 740 - -

6 Coscinodiscus diversus

- - - - 250

7 Navicula salinarum

750 - - 400 -

8 Coscinodiscus centralis

- 360 - - 400

9 Ditylum brightwelli

650 - - - -

10 Nitchia serchia

550 - - - -

11 Nitchia acuta - - 275 - 600

12 Pleurosigma angulatum

600 - - - -

13 Rhizosolenia alata

550 - - 275 -

14 Skeletonima costatum

650 - - - 475

15 Thalassiothrix longissima

- 275 300 - -

16 Ceratium tripos

- - 400 - 500

17 Ceratium breve

125 - - 300 600

18 Chaetocerous affinis

100 150 125 - -

Total 6675 1735 3050 2710 4575

ANNEXURE-IV

ABUNDANCE OF ZOOPLANKTON DENSITY (No/litre)

S.NO SPECIES S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

1 Tellina crassa

150 425 - 100 750

2 Centropagus typicas

- - 550 - -

3 Modiolus mochiolus mochiolus-

125 - - 425 600

4 Leptomysis gracilis

- 275 430 - 425

5 Fish larvae 160 - - 100 -

6 Siriella armata

- - 300 - 300

7 Candacia armata

- 250 - 400 -

8 Lucifer protozoea

- - 150 - -

9 Potellid nauplius

- - - - 450

10 Paramysis srenosa

- 550 - 350 -

11 Sagitta enflata

- - - - 600

12 Heteropod - - - 345 -

13 Temora longicornis

- - - - 750

Total 435 1500 1430 1720 3875

ANNEXURE-V BENTHOS MACRO FAUNA (No/m2)

S.NO SPECIES/GROUP S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

1 Crassostrea madrasensis

10 3 - - -

2 Murex trapa 4 - 3 5 2

3 Chicrous ramosus 2 - 1 1 -

4 Chicoreous vigineus

3 2 2 - 1

5 Anadora granosa 1 1 3 - -

Arca granosa 4 2 2 - -

6 Turritella terebra 2 1 1 - -

7 Nerita sp 1 2 4 - -

8 Turbo intercostalis 1 1 5 - -

9 Cerithiacea cingulata

25 10 20 - -

Total 68 29 26 16 69

ANNEXURE-VI BENTHOS MEIO FAUNA (No/10cm2)

S.NO SPECIES/GROUPS S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

1 Nematodes 25 10 14 13 10

2 Textularia sagittula 15 5 5 - 20

3 Turbellarians 10 5 - - 15

4 Globigerina bulloides

5 - 3 2 5

5 Orbulina universa - 6 - - -

6 Lagene larvis 4 - 4 1 9

7 Textularia stricta 9 3 - - 10

Total 53 22 41 6 3

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