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DECLASSIFIED UNDER AUTHORITY OF THE INTERAGENCY SECURITY CLASSIFICATION APPEALS PANEL EO 13526 SECTION 53(b)(3)

ISCAP APPEAL NO 2006-033 document no 1 DECLASSIFICATION DATE December 02 2016

Technical Report 422

PROJECT COMBO REVIEW AND RECOMMENDATIONS (U)

WC Cummings RL Seeley PO Thompson RA Johnson

July 1980

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NAVAL OCEAN SYSTEMS CENTERSAN DIEGO CA 92152

AN ACTIVITY OF THE NAVAL MATERIAL COMMAND

SL GUILLE CAPT USN HL BLOOD Cammampndar Techniciil Di1anor

ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION iU)

ltUl This Vork Vas plrforn1ld undlr sponsorship of Naval S1bulla Systlnts (0111n11111LI and N1val Electron ii SystL111s Co1nn1anltl

ltUl IVl acknowkdgl llw asislancl of J F Fish and ll S Galls orNOSC lhroughshyoul Projlcl COM BO IVl arc grnlclul Or lhc help of M E Dahlhcim A Dihclka D Ferrin J D Finch M Igt Flaska S J Kcrn1ison LT M Markh USN D E Marsh J L S1bullwa~1 and E Wrench al NOSC ror lhc supporl offl( lloffmon ond C ll Smilh al NAVSEA ind M L Parker Jr nlll L Smieion 11 NAVELlX and for lheassislm1ce or II B Slone in 01 987 and CDR D R Moyer USN CDR C B Lowe USN oml LCDR A J llic11lcr USN al NMAT 01

CUJ J F Fish and (i A Tttrlon Vlfl th tcchnkmiddotul rcvicwirs W Frillll assisted vilh lclmiddothniiitl cditin~ nnd linal nbullporl orgunization

llclcoscd lgty Under Uuthoriry or JM STALLARD l kml HO PORTER llcid BioacmiddotoustilS ~ Uionk-s lgtivision ~iosiltbullnccs Dcp01rt1ncn1

sceRET CIhis igtagemiddotii imclcmmiddotiffwi

-middot SECRE~i(1hJa page fsE9NF19EPITUb ECuoITV CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE ~en Dbullrbull Enlbullrbulld)

0J REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE

middotJ2middot_ GOVT ACCESSION NO

141gt-Cotl 31~ shybullbull TIT-g rMd SutllllrbullJ - middot 5 TYPE OF ~~T Iii PERIOD COVERED middot--------middot-middotmiddotmiddot-middot- -- ---middot- - bullmiddot -middot _____tROJECT_co~~ _REVIEW AND RECOMMENDAT~ON (~) --1 FinauJui 71 middot- Sep 78gt I

middot-- ~- ~-- GORG-AEPO~T NUWDER

1 AUTHOCbullJ fl CONJlMl-OA G5ilUT NUMBER(bull)

(o- c 1- i_ WC CUMMINGS RL SEELEY PQ TliOMPSON RA JOHNSON middotmiddot- - Ir -middot 1 1 1 t PEAFOflMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADOREtJ

READ INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE COMPLETING FORM

J RECJPIENTSbullCATALOG NUMBER

I bull i

Naval Ocean Systems Center Hawaii Laboraory PO Box997 KailuaHawau96734

1- 10 =~~RaaJ=ALKE~EN ~JE~C~T~JT~A~Sf-~-1 --621lJllmiddot 21221 SF212811171_ i

XF21222791 bullbull -- bull

12 REPORT DATE11 COtifTAOLLltifG OFFICE AME AND ADDRESS --- shy

Naval Sea Systems Command (NSEA 63R33) I j C July 1980 Department of the Navy --- middot tJ NUM9poundA OF PAGES

Washin~on D C 20362 44 16 MONITORING AGENCY NAME a ADDAESS(ll dlllbulltenllra111 Claquo11rolllnl 011ebullJ 1 SECURITY CLASS (of lhlbull lbullPOlf)

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17 DISTRIBUTION ST AT EMENT (ol lhbull dbullltbullcl 911lbullNd In Blocll 20 II dlllbull1et1f trct1I Repolf)

II S~PPLEMENTARV NOTES

11 KEV WOADS (Conllnwe on reeree elde II necebullbullU7 bulld ldattllf by Cllodr nUllfgterJ

Bandwidth Large Whales Pinnipcds Source Levels Bioacoustics Low-Data Rate Signalmiddottomiddotnoi5e Ratio Su~marine Communications Marine Ma1nmals Signal Synthesis Transducers Cover Measure Format Smail Whales Waterfall oisplay IACS - Pilot Whale Sonogram Whistles 20 AbullSTA~T (Con1lnubull anbullbullbullbullbullbull bullIdbull II nbullcbullbullbullart end ldbull111I tlolocbull nuatgtrJ [

(C) Prciect COMBO produced tho elements oh coven communicalions system that conveys coded messages using selected marine nimal sounds in a natural sound environmenl Project progress includes development of a coding tectmiddotique a omputer program for elemental synlhcsis and a recognizerdecoder instrument that is compatible witIi Reel low-datamiddotratecomn1unications equipment The report also discusses propenics of available transducers and charactcrislies of marine animal sounds as possible elemenls of coverl communication systems

7

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FOAMDD I JAN 7J 1473 EDITION DF I NOV IS DISDfls jgtaqmiddotee_iE~EE~9~P~iFlfl~E~N~flAL_________SIN 0102middotLF014-660l

SECURITY CLAUIPICATION OF THIS llAGI (9en DbullIbull Sttter~d)

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NAVAL OCEAN SYSTEMS CENTERSAN DIEGO CA 92152

AN ACTIVITY OF THE NAVAL MATERIAL COMMAND

SL GUILLE CAPT USN HL BLOOD Cammampndar Techniciil Di1anor

ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION iU)

ltUl This Vork Vas plrforn1ld undlr sponsorship of Naval S1bulla Systlnts (0111n11111LI and N1val Electron ii SystL111s Co1nn1anltl

ltUl IVl acknowkdgl llw asislancl of J F Fish and ll S Galls orNOSC lhroughshyoul Projlcl COM BO IVl arc grnlclul Or lhc help of M E Dahlhcim A Dihclka D Ferrin J D Finch M Igt Flaska S J Kcrn1ison LT M Markh USN D E Marsh J L S1bullwa~1 and E Wrench al NOSC ror lhc supporl offl( lloffmon ond C ll Smilh al NAVSEA ind M L Parker Jr nlll L Smieion 11 NAVELlX and for lheassislm1ce or II B Slone in 01 987 and CDR D R Moyer USN CDR C B Lowe USN oml LCDR A J llic11lcr USN al NMAT 01

CUJ J F Fish and (i A Tttrlon Vlfl th tcchnkmiddotul rcvicwirs W Frillll assisted vilh lclmiddothniiitl cditin~ nnd linal nbullporl orgunization

llclcoscd lgty Under Uuthoriry or JM STALLARD l kml HO PORTER llcid BioacmiddotoustilS ~ Uionk-s lgtivision ~iosiltbullnccs Dcp01rt1ncn1

sceRET CIhis igtagemiddotii imclcmmiddotiffwi

-middot SECRE~i(1hJa page fsE9NF19EPITUb ECuoITV CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE ~en Dbullrbull Enlbullrbulld)

0J REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE

middotJ2middot_ GOVT ACCESSION NO

141gt-Cotl 31~ shybullbull TIT-g rMd SutllllrbullJ - middot 5 TYPE OF ~~T Iii PERIOD COVERED middot--------middot-middotmiddotmiddot-middot- -- ---middot- - bullmiddot -middot _____tROJECT_co~~ _REVIEW AND RECOMMENDAT~ON (~) --1 FinauJui 71 middot- Sep 78gt I

middot-- ~- ~-- GORG-AEPO~T NUWDER

1 AUTHOCbullJ fl CONJlMl-OA G5ilUT NUMBER(bull)

(o- c 1- i_ WC CUMMINGS RL SEELEY PQ TliOMPSON RA JOHNSON middotmiddot- - Ir -middot 1 1 1 t PEAFOflMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADOREtJ

READ INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE COMPLETING FORM

J RECJPIENTSbullCATALOG NUMBER

I bull i

Naval Ocean Systems Center Hawaii Laboraory PO Box997 KailuaHawau96734

1- 10 =~~RaaJ=ALKE~EN ~JE~C~T~JT~A~Sf-~-1 --621lJllmiddot 21221 SF212811171_ i

XF21222791 bullbull -- bull

12 REPORT DATE11 COtifTAOLLltifG OFFICE AME AND ADDRESS --- shy

Naval Sea Systems Command (NSEA 63R33) I j C July 1980 Department of the Navy --- middot tJ NUM9poundA OF PAGES

Washin~on D C 20362 44 16 MONITORING AGENCY NAME a ADDAESS(ll dlllbulltenllra111 Claquo11rolllnl 011ebullJ 1 SECURITY CLASS (of lhlbull lbullPOlf)

1i I

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17 DISTRIBUTION ST AT EMENT (ol lhbull dbullltbullcl 911lbullNd In Blocll 20 II dlllbull1et1f trct1I Repolf)

II S~PPLEMENTARV NOTES

11 KEV WOADS (Conllnwe on reeree elde II necebullbullU7 bulld ldattllf by Cllodr nUllfgterJ

Bandwidth Large Whales Pinnipcds Source Levels Bioacoustics Low-Data Rate Signalmiddottomiddotnoi5e Ratio Su~marine Communications Marine Ma1nmals Signal Synthesis Transducers Cover Measure Format Smail Whales Waterfall oisplay IACS - Pilot Whale Sonogram Whistles 20 AbullSTA~T (Con1lnubull anbullbullbullbullbullbull bullIdbull II nbullcbullbullbullart end ldbull111I tlolocbull nuatgtrJ [

(C) Prciect COMBO produced tho elements oh coven communicalions system that conveys coded messages using selected marine nimal sounds in a natural sound environmenl Project progress includes development of a coding tectmiddotique a omputer program for elemental synlhcsis and a recognizerdecoder instrument that is compatible witIi Reel low-datamiddotratecomn1unications equipment The report also discusses propenics of available transducers and charactcrislies of marine animal sounds as possible elemenls of coverl communication systems

7

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FOAMDD I JAN 7J 1473 EDITION DF I NOV IS DISDfls jgtaqmiddotee_iE~EE~9~P~iFlfl~E~N~flAL_________SIN 0102middotLF014-660l

SECURITY CLAUIPICATION OF THIS llAGI (9en DbullIbull Sttter~d)

-37315 I~ middot --middot- ~middotmiddot -middotmiddot middotmiddot-- -- _______ ~----middotbullmiddot- middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot-middot-middot 1

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NAVAL OCEAN SYSTEMS CENTERSAN DIEGO CA 92152

AN ACTIVITY OF THE NAVAL MATERIAL COMMAND

SL GUILLE CAPT USN HL BLOOD Cammampndar Techniciil Di1anor

ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION iU)

ltUl This Vork Vas plrforn1ld undlr sponsorship of Naval S1bulla Systlnts (0111n11111LI and N1val Electron ii SystL111s Co1nn1anltl

ltUl IVl acknowkdgl llw asislancl of J F Fish and ll S Galls orNOSC lhroughshyoul Projlcl COM BO IVl arc grnlclul Or lhc help of M E Dahlhcim A Dihclka D Ferrin J D Finch M Igt Flaska S J Kcrn1ison LT M Markh USN D E Marsh J L S1bullwa~1 and E Wrench al NOSC ror lhc supporl offl( lloffmon ond C ll Smilh al NAVSEA ind M L Parker Jr nlll L Smieion 11 NAVELlX and for lheassislm1ce or II B Slone in 01 987 and CDR D R Moyer USN CDR C B Lowe USN oml LCDR A J llic11lcr USN al NMAT 01

CUJ J F Fish and (i A Tttrlon Vlfl th tcchnkmiddotul rcvicwirs W Frillll assisted vilh lclmiddothniiitl cditin~ nnd linal nbullporl orgunization

llclcoscd lgty Under Uuthoriry or JM STALLARD l kml HO PORTER llcid BioacmiddotoustilS ~ Uionk-s lgtivision ~iosiltbullnccs Dcp01rt1ncn1

sceRET CIhis igtagemiddotii imclcmmiddotiffwi

-middot SECRE~i(1hJa page fsE9NF19EPITUb ECuoITV CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE ~en Dbullrbull Enlbullrbulld)

0J REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE

middotJ2middot_ GOVT ACCESSION NO

141gt-Cotl 31~ shybullbull TIT-g rMd SutllllrbullJ - middot 5 TYPE OF ~~T Iii PERIOD COVERED middot--------middot-middotmiddotmiddot-middot- -- ---middot- - bullmiddot -middot _____tROJECT_co~~ _REVIEW AND RECOMMENDAT~ON (~) --1 FinauJui 71 middot- Sep 78gt I

middot-- ~- ~-- GORG-AEPO~T NUWDER

1 AUTHOCbullJ fl CONJlMl-OA G5ilUT NUMBER(bull)

(o- c 1- i_ WC CUMMINGS RL SEELEY PQ TliOMPSON RA JOHNSON middotmiddot- - Ir -middot 1 1 1 t PEAFOflMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADOREtJ

READ INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE COMPLETING FORM

J RECJPIENTSbullCATALOG NUMBER

I bull i

Naval Ocean Systems Center Hawaii Laboraory PO Box997 KailuaHawau96734

1- 10 =~~RaaJ=ALKE~EN ~JE~C~T~JT~A~Sf-~-1 --621lJllmiddot 21221 SF212811171_ i

XF21222791 bullbull -- bull

12 REPORT DATE11 COtifTAOLLltifG OFFICE AME AND ADDRESS --- shy

Naval Sea Systems Command (NSEA 63R33) I j C July 1980 Department of the Navy --- middot tJ NUM9poundA OF PAGES

Washin~on D C 20362 44 16 MONITORING AGENCY NAME a ADDAESS(ll dlllbulltenllra111 Claquo11rolllnl 011ebullJ 1 SECURITY CLASS (of lhlbull lbullPOlf)

1i I

bullbull~~L

1- 7 middot-- - _

middot -_ j middotmiddot - I bull middot 1 middot DEcc~~o~J~AAPJlJi1~~~f==~======c========~~~JJn~-d~~-cmiddot~-~E~D~~lcElllli1bullilillllf_lt7~J la DISTAIDUTION STATEMENT (ol lhlbull R9PotlJ

17 DISTRIBUTION ST AT EMENT (ol lhbull dbullltbullcl 911lbullNd In Blocll 20 II dlllbull1et1f trct1I Repolf)

II S~PPLEMENTARV NOTES

11 KEV WOADS (Conllnwe on reeree elde II necebullbullU7 bulld ldattllf by Cllodr nUllfgterJ

Bandwidth Large Whales Pinnipcds Source Levels Bioacoustics Low-Data Rate Signalmiddottomiddotnoi5e Ratio Su~marine Communications Marine Ma1nmals Signal Synthesis Transducers Cover Measure Format Smail Whales Waterfall oisplay IACS - Pilot Whale Sonogram Whistles 20 AbullSTA~T (Con1lnubull anbullbullbullbullbullbull bullIdbull II nbullcbullbullbullart end ldbull111I tlolocbull nuatgtrJ [

(C) Prciect COMBO produced tho elements oh coven communicalions system that conveys coded messages using selected marine nimal sounds in a natural sound environmenl Project progress includes development of a coding tectmiddotique a omputer program for elemental synlhcsis and a recognizerdecoder instrument that is compatible witIi Reel low-datamiddotratecomn1unications equipment The report also discusses propenics of available transducers and charactcrislies of marine animal sounds as possible elemenls of coverl communication systems

7

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FOAMDD I JAN 7J 1473 EDITION DF I NOV IS DISDfls jgtaqmiddotee_iE~EE~9~P~iFlfl~E~N~flAL_________SIN 0102middotLF014-660l

SECURITY CLAUIPICATION OF THIS llAGI (9en DbullIbull Sttter~d)

-37315 I~ middot --middot- ~middotmiddot -middotmiddot middotmiddot-- -- _______ ~----middotbullmiddot- middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot-middot-middot 1

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-middot SECRE~i(1hJa page fsE9NF19EPITUb ECuoITV CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE ~en Dbullrbull Enlbullrbulld)

0J REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE

middotJ2middot_ GOVT ACCESSION NO

141gt-Cotl 31~ shybullbull TIT-g rMd SutllllrbullJ - middot 5 TYPE OF ~~T Iii PERIOD COVERED middot--------middot-middotmiddotmiddot-middot- -- ---middot- - bullmiddot -middot _____tROJECT_co~~ _REVIEW AND RECOMMENDAT~ON (~) --1 FinauJui 71 middot- Sep 78gt I

middot-- ~- ~-- GORG-AEPO~T NUWDER

1 AUTHOCbullJ fl CONJlMl-OA G5ilUT NUMBER(bull)

(o- c 1- i_ WC CUMMINGS RL SEELEY PQ TliOMPSON RA JOHNSON middotmiddot- - Ir -middot 1 1 1 t PEAFOflMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADOREtJ

READ INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE COMPLETING FORM

J RECJPIENTSbullCATALOG NUMBER

I bull i

Naval Ocean Systems Center Hawaii Laboraory PO Box997 KailuaHawau96734

1- 10 =~~RaaJ=ALKE~EN ~JE~C~T~JT~A~Sf-~-1 --621lJllmiddot 21221 SF212811171_ i

XF21222791 bullbull -- bull

12 REPORT DATE11 COtifTAOLLltifG OFFICE AME AND ADDRESS --- shy

Naval Sea Systems Command (NSEA 63R33) I j C July 1980 Department of the Navy --- middot tJ NUM9poundA OF PAGES

Washin~on D C 20362 44 16 MONITORING AGENCY NAME a ADDAESS(ll dlllbulltenllra111 Claquo11rolllnl 011ebullJ 1 SECURITY CLASS (of lhlbull lbullPOlf)

1i I

bullbull~~L

1- 7 middot-- - _

middot -_ j middotmiddot - I bull middot 1 middot DEcc~~o~J~AAPJlJi1~~~f==~======c========~~~JJn~-d~~-cmiddot~-~E~D~~lcElllli1bullilillllf_lt7~J la DISTAIDUTION STATEMENT (ol lhlbull R9PotlJ

17 DISTRIBUTION ST AT EMENT (ol lhbull dbullltbullcl 911lbullNd In Blocll 20 II dlllbull1et1f trct1I Repolf)

II S~PPLEMENTARV NOTES

11 KEV WOADS (Conllnwe on reeree elde II necebullbullU7 bulld ldattllf by Cllodr nUllfgterJ

Bandwidth Large Whales Pinnipcds Source Levels Bioacoustics Low-Data Rate Signalmiddottomiddotnoi5e Ratio Su~marine Communications Marine Ma1nmals Signal Synthesis Transducers Cover Measure Format Smail Whales Waterfall oisplay IACS - Pilot Whale Sonogram Whistles 20 AbullSTA~T (Con1lnubull anbullbullbullbullbullbull bullIdbull II nbullcbullbullbullart end ldbull111I tlolocbull nuatgtrJ [

(C) Prciect COMBO produced tho elements oh coven communicalions system that conveys coded messages using selected marine nimal sounds in a natural sound environmenl Project progress includes development of a coding tectmiddotique a omputer program for elemental synlhcsis and a recognizerdecoder instrument that is compatible witIi Reel low-datamiddotratecomn1unications equipment The report also discusses propenics of available transducers and charactcrislies of marine animal sounds as possible elemenls of coverl communication systems

7

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FOAMDD I JAN 7J 1473 EDITION DF I NOV IS DISDfls jgtaqmiddotee_iE~EE~9~P~iFlfl~E~N~flAL_________SIN 0102middotLF014-660l

SECURITY CLAUIPICATION OF THIS llAGI (9en DbullIbull Sttter~d)

-37315 I~ middot --middot- ~middotmiddot -middotmiddot middotmiddot-- -- _______ ~----middotbullmiddot- middotmiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot-middot-middot 1

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FOREWORD (U)

middotr e( Project COM BObull uses coded marine animal sounds for a covert ~nderwater bull

communications system with ranges to 50 nmi The Project COMBO concept originated in 1959 at the Navy Electronics laboratory Collecticin and analysis of sounds suitable for ulmiddot timate use in Project COMBO began in 1965 We recorded marine animal sounds 1nearnred sound source levels observed animal behavior and initiated acoustic analyses In IQ70 thc Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) sponsored analysis and duplication of sonogram patterns of marine mammal sounds we had collected and the Naval Ship Systems Command (NA VSHIPS) sponsored the Project COMBO communications applicashytion of the sounds

tsl During Project COMBO we developed a coding fochnique that uses temporal and frequency patterns to c()nvey messages We also developed a recognizerdecoder instrnshyment the COMBO Signal Recognizer(CSR) and produced the improved CSR-II from it We developed methods for computer sound synthesis and investigated communications apshyplications of entire sound sequences Laboratory and sea tests used six d1111onstration n1es~ sages based on coded pilot whale sounds messages wen received correct(middot underwater out to SO nmi

-teuroT The Project COMBO effort was coordinated with the Low Data Ratlt Quick Response Proiram ofmiddottlle llllegrated Acoustic Communications System plan In this report we review Project COMBO and relate the project coneopt to advanced development and neet use We present background information and discuss the Project COMBO plan

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SUMMARY (U)

OBJECTIVE (U)

JR( Develop a covert communications system with a bioacoustical message fom1at using animal sounds as message elements that are recognizable with existing neet signal proshycessing equipment

RESULT~ (U)

1 r9f A coding technique a computer program for elemental sound synthesis and a recognizerdecoder instnnnent that is compatible with nee low-data-rate communicatio~s equipmont were developed

2 efPilot whale sounds were synthesized and coded to convey six demonstrashytion messages Messages were received correctly underwater out to SOnmi

RECOMMENDATIONS (U)

1 wr Coordinate progress and results from Project COMBO into the Integrated Acoustic Communication System Plan especially the Low Data RateQuick Response Program

2 ce Develop techniques and equipment to synthesize large whale sounds and small whallt screams and to process wideband clicks and frequency-swept signals

3 QJ Modify the COMBO signal rccegtbuller system to utilize more message frequenshycies Increase the CSR processing bit rate to 00 bitssec Use automatic gain control and a wider filter pass band on the receiver system Ada1gtt parallel codingdecoding to the CSR update the input pacrn every 50 msec middot

4 middot(JZj Pcrfonn an error anilysis on the triplcrredundant 111essage for1nat

S J9r Develop and inaintain a reference middotcollection of recorded marine animal sounds Collect information on th~ distribution and habits ofbioacoustic source animals

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CONTENTS (U)

INTRODUCTION pago 7

llACKGIWUNll bull 8

CONCElT bull 8 AUTllENTICITY H UTILITY bull H

lRocR1ss x

llARIJVAIUCONFIGURATION H SIGNALmiddotSElURITY IJ ENVIRONMENTAL FMTDRS 10 SYSTEM cm1PONENTS 10

SIGNALS ICl

lARltUVllALES 11 SMALi WllALlS 1l PINNIPlIJS 15

SICNAL llllECTION lb

OPlRATllC l+ATllRlS 11gt Sb TlSTS ll lffOMMENlgtATIONS FOR DlVlLOlMENT 15

SICNAI SYI llllSIS 15

ANALYSIS OF MARINE MAMMAL SOUNDS 15 TlCllNIC)lll OF COMPUTlR SYNTIJESIS 11gt

flirinL Ma1111nal middotmiddotsll~nns 6

TlANSDUCll(S l I

llAOltROlJNll ll FLElmiddotI PIWJlCTORS l 1 OTIJER lIWJlCTORS 32 LOVmiddotlIUQUE~CY ll()JEnORS 11 FLFET IUCEIVJNG TRANSDUCll(S 37

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DEPLOYMENT SlCURITY 37

TRANSDUCERS bull17 SOURCE LEVELS 37SIGNAL SYNTllfSlS bull 39 SIGNAL OCCURRENCE 40

FLEET IMPACT 40

REFERlNCES 41

RELATEll llOCUMENTS 44

ILLUSTRATIONS (U)

I COMllO system concc111 page 7

Snnogrmns of sound with COMBO applications (2

3 COMllO Signal RcLltlgnizcr CSRmiddotl l clcmcnls and configuration 16

4 Snnopnun of1111ur1l pilot Vhdc soundsused inmiddotProjct-t COMBO 17

5 Kcccivwd lcvbullI ofCOMUO signals 111eoasurccI in CSR-1 tests bull 22

middot Tilnc-frcqucncy ltJllrfall JllOI or a sin1uhtlcd killL~r whalt sound 7

7 Tin1cmiddotfrl)llllllj Vatcrfill 11lut or a natural killer Yhalc sound 8

H VallbullrlJll display of Lo1np1111middotr-syntl11middotsizcd pilot Y)Hilc sinusoidal whistles bullbull 9

middot Expa_ndcd VJll1 rl1ll llis11l1y or the n1iddll1 Sl_I or cu1nplltlr-synthcsizccl whistles 30

10 Snnoirunts ofhh1L Yhak sounds rcmiddotrLLtgtnlcd dirCLlly front the plt1yhack t1pw rclunlcr bull J4

11 ihbullrfall displ1ys of killLr Yhoilc spLllrt1 bull 3S

I R~spunsibull of IIX-I 81 11rojlllor in scriLs with 1 I I 0-tomiddotOO Ilz hand rejccliOn filler bullbullllgt middot

~

I J

4

SECRET

ii

middot

SECRET

TABLES ltLil

I Signal-tu-noisebull r~liusmiddotltdBJ lrorn Proj1l COllmiddotJU() 1n1ns1niltision lest~ Sc-p1cn1bcr llJ73 ll

Si1-nal-to-11oisc sununary April 1gt75 ~-

t Rccivd ~i~noil-to-nois ralins1li in dB ~4

4 Fleet sonars consillcrcll ror tOfmiddotlliOmiddotlikc ipplkations J3

5 Non-lkot projolttors rnnsidored forCOMJlO-liko 01gtplk11ions 11

h Low-lr1bullqucn1middoty proj1bullLtoni survlycd fur possihkmiddot (0~1li0-lik1bull 1pplhiti11ns 38

7 Flllt fllCivlrs sui11hlL for possil~lc CCgtMBO-likc appli1middotamp1titgtn~ JltJ

56

SECRET

middot-

EllgtiS

13Al3031 oawoo

l n I NOJJJnOOlllNI

llllJgtOJd Jris1J u 110(ibull r lmiddotmiddotftu(r 1u1u1t10111p 11ur IJ()flC)1 ~gt1 Ju1~-11101 YI JO p bull pn1 fillSll 111l)S~~ SllOJlllllltlllllOl 111rJlIJHll1 l spuno Jl)tJil)lllll J11ltiJlolj-IJlllI

pt111r p11111 1111u11r1d 1110 1r p11rJi11iif iJr p1pn 1111 111pru1 1bullpur pu1 -puno middot-pnillll lllllllll 111110 s1uiuot111101 111111lllOJtf 1101111upi 1Jr IJ1loil 111110111 pur -puntgtlt iupll1 middot1 I I 11

JlJll~ flJllJlU 1r111trr 1r1n1r11 uo 1gtiSr1 SUOJllln1t1u10J JlllllUllOJAlll lIUlS JIJlJl(lllll

i1r ~ll sitlrss1111 ilSnr1ilq 1ur1n1uns 1u1ui p1uJOJll 11111il u0Jl111oip 11unn1uo1 middotlJI p11nu- -11111ur11i ~JOgt J1foJd 1q UOJJtld 1 JlltJ Of 10 JJrd sv middot1uutp Jllllo101q 11no1 110 11111

middot1tuiqJ~ pi~middotmiddotP 11n1d 1ruli JlbullUIUipJ ilUpo1iiJJmiddotll01J01SP1 middotpunns (lltlllll it1p1111 Pmiddot I p11Js1111u bull11UolS 1po1p 1111ip middot1i1ftutf OJ ptltlllUI j1ido11p middotsinbJllll111 iill pur pur

S1JUIJ11u U 1q u1J JlilfOlcl J11ndtuo1 Ill 1n1110 middotr-1 PlJI middotsun11poif11 lllillt1~lo11A1p

G3d013A3G 38 Ol l331J 3Hl NI

3JllSS3WllfWlO~

C3ZIS3HlNAS SCNnos 111WJNll

SUOJr1JU11tlltllll) 1ISlOlV pllCJ~IJUf i111 u111s(s 01 ~i1r11J OHJl()) 111ftuc1 )81 11 llCllJ isuodsiI middoti1rI A011111111J11t1i middot1~ 1it11JlloIJJ u111So11jIJnO r1uc1 u111 (SgtVP

(lJ llCJ1i1riUlltt11t1001 SIPAoJd lcllO s1upru1qns JOJ tn11slts r 111fltlJd llI 1iu11111J) iq (1nu S)degllllSSlllll q1ns LIOJJlIO( Jlljl TIU(rlIJ llltHIJbull lillllJ UILI OS I~ UI till siif11sSltU llCl1

tin~ ~lCUpJooi OJ JO JJOISi Ilupnp fIJJ 101 Jo pUiJJI UOJl=JJlfIPI ll middotsuo)llllJ lllJISl lIUJlllllJl1S SIJ JlJJ JJIAUI r sipCUd 1ui1s~s Imiddot J11 IOJ IUUI JO 11( llJJ middot uotl us1r Ill IJU

OJ JOJd middotlljrUhllS J1q10 01 Jgtlll llll1 llJJlllr OJ spllJ Ul 111llU diis 1i11uo~ llllilll~J 11111os ()Ull())1111 ~ii_rtu SJHllltlS JIJl~ltJJlgtllll llUlttlHI JO iin middotun~11~i~t11lllllll1lmiddot11~UO~JUlltt11

llltlllllllllllllU 01 lHlllllOlrO JJi(1i 1 middots~SlI 11ltr1 middot1middotmiddot111IJ

J ~~-~ ~ ~- l bull 1bull _ltbullj_w ~-f~I

middot~~

~ ~I L

lJHOJS ~ ~i ~ti ~I r

1~ ~ T I t

1VllJ1poundtl_IPJOJ) f

wa1s~s middot1diuu1 OUWOJ middot1 tJO~I (nJ

~

J

~ middot

) ) tL

l

---shy~~

~

bull

middot~

~j )o I~~

~~

~

Igt~ lt ~ ~

~~ f~

imiddot1

_________middot-middotmiddot _____ ~-~-----middotmiddotmiddot

middotmiddot~l~~~~~~i~~bullmiddotmiddot

SECRET

FOREWORD (U)

middotr e( Project COM BObull uses coded marine animal sounds for a covert ~nderwater bull

communications system with ranges to 50 nmi The Project COMBO concept originated in 1959 at the Navy Electronics laboratory Collecticin and analysis of sounds suitable for ulmiddot timate use in Project COMBO began in 1965 We recorded marine animal sounds 1nearnred sound source levels observed animal behavior and initiated acoustic analyses In IQ70 thc Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) sponsored analysis and duplication of sonogram patterns of marine mammal sounds we had collected and the Naval Ship Systems Command (NA VSHIPS) sponsored the Project COMBO communications applicashytion of the sounds

tsl During Project COMBO we developed a coding fochnique that uses temporal and frequency patterns to c()nvey messages We also developed a recognizerdecoder instrnshyment the COMBO Signal Recognizer(CSR) and produced the improved CSR-II from it We developed methods for computer sound synthesis and investigated communications apshyplications of entire sound sequences Laboratory and sea tests used six d1111onstration n1es~ sages based on coded pilot whale sounds messages wen received correct(middot underwater out to SO nmi

-teuroT The Project COMBO effort was coordinated with the Low Data Ratlt Quick Response Proiram ofmiddottlle llllegrated Acoustic Communications System plan In this report we review Project COMBO and relate the project coneopt to advanced development and neet use We present background information and discuss the Project COMBO plan

bull(U) rOMBO is an acrony111

Aocess1ou lcn-

NTIS G~l illDC rAB Unannounced Justificatio~-

Bv Distrihuti olL

Availa-bili tmiddot1 Codas

Avail aud01middot Dist

q -r SECRET

-middot _ _bullbullbullbull Ir -middotmiddotmiddot-gt

-SECRET

SUMMARY (U)

OBJECTIVE (U)

JR( Develop a covert communications system with a bioacoustical message fom1at using animal sounds as message elements that are recognizable with existing neet signal proshycessing equipment

RESULT~ (U)

1 r9f A coding technique a computer program for elemental sound synthesis and a recognizerdecoder instnnnent that is compatible with nee low-data-rate communicatio~s equipmont were developed

2 efPilot whale sounds were synthesized and coded to convey six demonstrashytion messages Messages were received correctly underwater out to SOnmi

RECOMMENDATIONS (U)

1 wr Coordinate progress and results from Project COMBO into the Integrated Acoustic Communication System Plan especially the Low Data RateQuick Response Program

2 ce Develop techniques and equipment to synthesize large whale sounds and small whallt screams and to process wideband clicks and frequency-swept signals

3 QJ Modify the COMBO signal rccegtbuller system to utilize more message frequenshycies Increase the CSR processing bit rate to 00 bitssec Use automatic gain control and a wider filter pass band on the receiver system Ada1gtt parallel codingdecoding to the CSR update the input pacrn every 50 msec middot

4 middot(JZj Pcrfonn an error anilysis on the triplcrredundant 111essage for1nat

S J9r Develop and inaintain a reference middotcollection of recorded marine animal sounds Collect information on th~ distribution and habits ofbioacoustic source animals

(

r 2

SECRET

i

i-middotmiddot - - bull_- ll

middot~

~

~- ~

I

SECREI

CONTENTS (U)

INTRODUCTION pago 7

llACKGIWUNll bull 8

CONCElT bull 8 AUTllENTICITY H UTILITY bull H

lRocR1ss x

llARIJVAIUCONFIGURATION H SIGNALmiddotSElURITY IJ ENVIRONMENTAL FMTDRS 10 SYSTEM cm1PONENTS 10

SIGNALS ICl

lARltUVllALES 11 SMALi WllALlS 1l PINNIPlIJS 15

SICNAL llllECTION lb

OPlRATllC l+ATllRlS 11gt Sb TlSTS ll lffOMMENlgtATIONS FOR DlVlLOlMENT 15

SICNAI SYI llllSIS 15

ANALYSIS OF MARINE MAMMAL SOUNDS 15 TlCllNIC)lll OF COMPUTlR SYNTIJESIS 11gt

flirinL Ma1111nal middotmiddotsll~nns 6

TlANSDUCll(S l I

llAOltROlJNll ll FLElmiddotI PIWJlCTORS l 1 OTIJER lIWJlCTORS 32 LOVmiddotlIUQUE~CY ll()JEnORS 11 FLFET IUCEIVJNG TRANSDUCll(S 37

3

middot

l middotbull gt)shy

SECRET

~ -middot-middot-middot~

middoti

-

~-

tobull I

fi ~- SEGREr

DEPLOYMENT SlCURITY 37

TRANSDUCERS bull17 SOURCE LEVELS 37SIGNAL SYNTllfSlS bull 39 SIGNAL OCCURRENCE 40

FLEET IMPACT 40

REFERlNCES 41

RELATEll llOCUMENTS 44

ILLUSTRATIONS (U)

I COMllO system concc111 page 7

Snnogrmns of sound with COMBO applications (2

3 COMllO Signal RcLltlgnizcr CSRmiddotl l clcmcnls and configuration 16

4 Snnopnun of1111ur1l pilot Vhdc soundsused inmiddotProjct-t COMBO 17

5 Kcccivwd lcvbullI ofCOMUO signals 111eoasurccI in CSR-1 tests bull 22

middot Tilnc-frcqucncy ltJllrfall JllOI or a sin1uhtlcd killL~r whalt sound 7

7 Tin1cmiddotfrl)llllllj Vatcrfill 11lut or a natural killer Yhalc sound 8

H VallbullrlJll display of Lo1np1111middotr-syntl11middotsizcd pilot Y)Hilc sinusoidal whistles bullbull 9

middot Expa_ndcd VJll1 rl1ll llis11l1y or the n1iddll1 Sl_I or cu1nplltlr-synthcsizccl whistles 30

10 Snnoirunts ofhh1L Yhak sounds rcmiddotrLLtgtnlcd dirCLlly front the plt1yhack t1pw rclunlcr bull J4

11 ihbullrfall displ1ys of killLr Yhoilc spLllrt1 bull 3S

I R~spunsibull of IIX-I 81 11rojlllor in scriLs with 1 I I 0-tomiddotOO Ilz hand rejccliOn filler bullbullllgt middot

~

I J

4

SECRET

ii

middot

SECRET

TABLES ltLil

I Signal-tu-noisebull r~liusmiddotltdBJ lrorn Proj1l COllmiddotJU() 1n1ns1niltision lest~ Sc-p1cn1bcr llJ73 ll

Si1-nal-to-11oisc sununary April 1gt75 ~-

t Rccivd ~i~noil-to-nois ralins1li in dB ~4

4 Fleet sonars consillcrcll ror tOfmiddotlliOmiddotlikc ipplkations J3

5 Non-lkot projolttors rnnsidored forCOMJlO-liko 01gtplk11ions 11

h Low-lr1bullqucn1middoty proj1bullLtoni survlycd fur possihkmiddot (0~1li0-lik1bull 1pplhiti11ns 38

7 Flllt fllCivlrs sui11hlL for possil~lc CCgtMBO-likc appli1middotamp1titgtn~ JltJ

56

SECRET

middot-

EllgtiS

13Al3031 oawoo

l n I NOJJJnOOlllNI

llllJgtOJd Jris1J u 110(ibull r lmiddotmiddotftu(r 1u1u1t10111p 11ur IJ()flC)1 ~gt1 Ju1~-11101 YI JO p bull pn1 fillSll 111l)S~~ SllOJlllllltlllllOl 111rJlIJHll1 l spuno Jl)tJil)lllll J11ltiJlolj-IJlllI

pt111r p11111 1111u11r1d 1110 1r p11rJi11iif iJr p1pn 1111 111pru1 1bullpur pu1 -puno middot-pnillll lllllllll 111110 s1uiuot111101 111111lllOJtf 1101111upi 1Jr IJ1loil 111110111 pur -puntgtlt iupll1 middot1 I I 11

JlJll~ flJllJlU 1r111trr 1r1n1r11 uo 1gtiSr1 SUOJllln1t1u10J JlllllUllOJAlll lIUlS JIJlJl(lllll

i1r ~ll sitlrss1111 ilSnr1ilq 1ur1n1uns 1u1ui p1uJOJll 11111il u0Jl111oip 11unn1uo1 middotlJI p11nu- -11111ur11i ~JOgt J1foJd 1q UOJJtld 1 JlltJ Of 10 JJrd sv middot1uutp Jllllo101q 11no1 110 11111

middot1tuiqJ~ pi~middotmiddotP 11n1d 1ruli JlbullUIUipJ ilUpo1iiJJmiddotll01J01SP1 middotpunns (lltlllll it1p1111 Pmiddot I p11Js1111u bull11UolS 1po1p 1111ip middot1i1ftutf OJ ptltlllUI j1ido11p middotsinbJllll111 iill pur pur

S1JUIJ11u U 1q u1J JlilfOlcl J11ndtuo1 Ill 1n1110 middotr-1 PlJI middotsun11poif11 lllillt1~lo11A1p

G3d013A3G 38 Ol l331J 3Hl NI

3JllSS3WllfWlO~

C3ZIS3HlNAS SCNnos 111WJNll

SUOJr1JU11tlltllll) 1ISlOlV pllCJ~IJUf i111 u111s(s 01 ~i1r11J OHJl()) 111ftuc1 )81 11 llCllJ isuodsiI middoti1rI A011111111J11t1i middot1~ 1it11JlloIJJ u111So11jIJnO r1uc1 u111 (SgtVP

(lJ llCJ1i1riUlltt11t1001 SIPAoJd lcllO s1upru1qns JOJ tn11slts r 111fltlJd llI 1iu11111J) iq (1nu S)degllllSSlllll q1ns LIOJJlIO( Jlljl TIU(rlIJ llltHIJbull lillllJ UILI OS I~ UI till siif11sSltU llCl1

tin~ ~lCUpJooi OJ JO JJOISi Ilupnp fIJJ 101 Jo pUiJJI UOJl=JJlfIPI ll middotsuo)llllJ lllJISl lIUJlllllJl1S SIJ JlJJ JJIAUI r sipCUd 1ui1s~s Imiddot J11 IOJ IUUI JO 11( llJJ middot uotl us1r Ill IJU

OJ JOJd middotlljrUhllS J1q10 01 Jgtlll llll1 llJJlllr OJ spllJ Ul 111llU diis 1i11uo~ llllilll~J 11111os ()Ull())1111 ~ii_rtu SJHllltlS JIJl~ltJJlgtllll llUlttlHI JO iin middotun~11~i~t11lllllll1lmiddot11~UO~JUlltt11

llltlllllllllllllU 01 lHlllllOlrO JJi(1i 1 middots~SlI 11ltr1 middot1middotmiddot111IJ

J ~~-~ ~ ~- l bull 1bull _ltbullj_w ~-f~I

middot~~

~ ~I L

lJHOJS ~ ~i ~ti ~I r

1~ ~ T I t

1VllJ1poundtl_IPJOJ) f

wa1s~s middot1diuu1 OUWOJ middot1 tJO~I (nJ

~

J

~ middot

) ) tL

l

---shy~~

~

bull

middot~

~j )o I~~

~~

~

Igt~ lt ~ ~

~~ f~

imiddot1

_________middot-middotmiddot _____ ~-~-----middotmiddotmiddot

middotmiddot~l~~~~~~i~~bullmiddotmiddot

-SECRET

SUMMARY (U)

OBJECTIVE (U)

JR( Develop a covert communications system with a bioacoustical message fom1at using animal sounds as message elements that are recognizable with existing neet signal proshycessing equipment

RESULT~ (U)

1 r9f A coding technique a computer program for elemental sound synthesis and a recognizerdecoder instnnnent that is compatible with nee low-data-rate communicatio~s equipmont were developed

2 efPilot whale sounds were synthesized and coded to convey six demonstrashytion messages Messages were received correctly underwater out to SOnmi

RECOMMENDATIONS (U)

1 wr Coordinate progress and results from Project COMBO into the Integrated Acoustic Communication System Plan especially the Low Data RateQuick Response Program

2 ce Develop techniques and equipment to synthesize large whale sounds and small whallt screams and to process wideband clicks and frequency-swept signals

3 QJ Modify the COMBO signal rccegtbuller system to utilize more message frequenshycies Increase the CSR processing bit rate to 00 bitssec Use automatic gain control and a wider filter pass band on the receiver system Ada1gtt parallel codingdecoding to the CSR update the input pacrn every 50 msec middot

4 middot(JZj Pcrfonn an error anilysis on the triplcrredundant 111essage for1nat

S J9r Develop and inaintain a reference middotcollection of recorded marine animal sounds Collect information on th~ distribution and habits ofbioacoustic source animals

(

r 2

SECRET

i

i-middotmiddot - - bull_- ll

middot~

~

~- ~

I

SECREI

CONTENTS (U)

INTRODUCTION pago 7

llACKGIWUNll bull 8

CONCElT bull 8 AUTllENTICITY H UTILITY bull H

lRocR1ss x

llARIJVAIUCONFIGURATION H SIGNALmiddotSElURITY IJ ENVIRONMENTAL FMTDRS 10 SYSTEM cm1PONENTS 10

SIGNALS ICl

lARltUVllALES 11 SMALi WllALlS 1l PINNIPlIJS 15

SICNAL llllECTION lb

OPlRATllC l+ATllRlS 11gt Sb TlSTS ll lffOMMENlgtATIONS FOR DlVlLOlMENT 15

SICNAI SYI llllSIS 15

ANALYSIS OF MARINE MAMMAL SOUNDS 15 TlCllNIC)lll OF COMPUTlR SYNTIJESIS 11gt

flirinL Ma1111nal middotmiddotsll~nns 6

TlANSDUCll(S l I

llAOltROlJNll ll FLElmiddotI PIWJlCTORS l 1 OTIJER lIWJlCTORS 32 LOVmiddotlIUQUE~CY ll()JEnORS 11 FLFET IUCEIVJNG TRANSDUCll(S 37

3

middot

l middotbull gt)shy

SECRET

~ -middot-middot-middot~

middoti

-

~-

tobull I

fi ~- SEGREr

DEPLOYMENT SlCURITY 37

TRANSDUCERS bull17 SOURCE LEVELS 37SIGNAL SYNTllfSlS bull 39 SIGNAL OCCURRENCE 40

FLEET IMPACT 40

REFERlNCES 41

RELATEll llOCUMENTS 44

ILLUSTRATIONS (U)

I COMllO system concc111 page 7

Snnogrmns of sound with COMBO applications (2

3 COMllO Signal RcLltlgnizcr CSRmiddotl l clcmcnls and configuration 16

4 Snnopnun of1111ur1l pilot Vhdc soundsused inmiddotProjct-t COMBO 17

5 Kcccivwd lcvbullI ofCOMUO signals 111eoasurccI in CSR-1 tests bull 22

middot Tilnc-frcqucncy ltJllrfall JllOI or a sin1uhtlcd killL~r whalt sound 7

7 Tin1cmiddotfrl)llllllj Vatcrfill 11lut or a natural killer Yhalc sound 8

H VallbullrlJll display of Lo1np1111middotr-syntl11middotsizcd pilot Y)Hilc sinusoidal whistles bullbull 9

middot Expa_ndcd VJll1 rl1ll llis11l1y or the n1iddll1 Sl_I or cu1nplltlr-synthcsizccl whistles 30

10 Snnoirunts ofhh1L Yhak sounds rcmiddotrLLtgtnlcd dirCLlly front the plt1yhack t1pw rclunlcr bull J4

11 ihbullrfall displ1ys of killLr Yhoilc spLllrt1 bull 3S

I R~spunsibull of IIX-I 81 11rojlllor in scriLs with 1 I I 0-tomiddotOO Ilz hand rejccliOn filler bullbullllgt middot

~

I J

4

SECRET

ii

middot

SECRET

TABLES ltLil

I Signal-tu-noisebull r~liusmiddotltdBJ lrorn Proj1l COllmiddotJU() 1n1ns1niltision lest~ Sc-p1cn1bcr llJ73 ll

Si1-nal-to-11oisc sununary April 1gt75 ~-

t Rccivd ~i~noil-to-nois ralins1li in dB ~4

4 Fleet sonars consillcrcll ror tOfmiddotlliOmiddotlikc ipplkations J3

5 Non-lkot projolttors rnnsidored forCOMJlO-liko 01gtplk11ions 11

h Low-lr1bullqucn1middoty proj1bullLtoni survlycd fur possihkmiddot (0~1li0-lik1bull 1pplhiti11ns 38

7 Flllt fllCivlrs sui11hlL for possil~lc CCgtMBO-likc appli1middotamp1titgtn~ JltJ

56

SECRET

middot-

EllgtiS

13Al3031 oawoo

l n I NOJJJnOOlllNI

llllJgtOJd Jris1J u 110(ibull r lmiddotmiddotftu(r 1u1u1t10111p 11ur IJ()flC)1 ~gt1 Ju1~-11101 YI JO p bull pn1 fillSll 111l)S~~ SllOJlllllltlllllOl 111rJlIJHll1 l spuno Jl)tJil)lllll J11ltiJlolj-IJlllI

pt111r p11111 1111u11r1d 1110 1r p11rJi11iif iJr p1pn 1111 111pru1 1bullpur pu1 -puno middot-pnillll lllllllll 111110 s1uiuot111101 111111lllOJtf 1101111upi 1Jr IJ1loil 111110111 pur -puntgtlt iupll1 middot1 I I 11

JlJll~ flJllJlU 1r111trr 1r1n1r11 uo 1gtiSr1 SUOJllln1t1u10J JlllllUllOJAlll lIUlS JIJlJl(lllll

i1r ~ll sitlrss1111 ilSnr1ilq 1ur1n1uns 1u1ui p1uJOJll 11111il u0Jl111oip 11unn1uo1 middotlJI p11nu- -11111ur11i ~JOgt J1foJd 1q UOJJtld 1 JlltJ Of 10 JJrd sv middot1uutp Jllllo101q 11no1 110 11111

middot1tuiqJ~ pi~middotmiddotP 11n1d 1ruli JlbullUIUipJ ilUpo1iiJJmiddotll01J01SP1 middotpunns (lltlllll it1p1111 Pmiddot I p11Js1111u bull11UolS 1po1p 1111ip middot1i1ftutf OJ ptltlllUI j1ido11p middotsinbJllll111 iill pur pur

S1JUIJ11u U 1q u1J JlilfOlcl J11ndtuo1 Ill 1n1110 middotr-1 PlJI middotsun11poif11 lllillt1~lo11A1p

G3d013A3G 38 Ol l331J 3Hl NI

3JllSS3WllfWlO~

C3ZIS3HlNAS SCNnos 111WJNll

SUOJr1JU11tlltllll) 1ISlOlV pllCJ~IJUf i111 u111s(s 01 ~i1r11J OHJl()) 111ftuc1 )81 11 llCllJ isuodsiI middoti1rI A011111111J11t1i middot1~ 1it11JlloIJJ u111So11jIJnO r1uc1 u111 (SgtVP

(lJ llCJ1i1riUlltt11t1001 SIPAoJd lcllO s1upru1qns JOJ tn11slts r 111fltlJd llI 1iu11111J) iq (1nu S)degllllSSlllll q1ns LIOJJlIO( Jlljl TIU(rlIJ llltHIJbull lillllJ UILI OS I~ UI till siif11sSltU llCl1

tin~ ~lCUpJooi OJ JO JJOISi Ilupnp fIJJ 101 Jo pUiJJI UOJl=JJlfIPI ll middotsuo)llllJ lllJISl lIUJlllllJl1S SIJ JlJJ JJIAUI r sipCUd 1ui1s~s Imiddot J11 IOJ IUUI JO 11( llJJ middot uotl us1r Ill IJU

OJ JOJd middotlljrUhllS J1q10 01 Jgtlll llll1 llJJlllr OJ spllJ Ul 111llU diis 1i11uo~ llllilll~J 11111os ()Ull())1111 ~ii_rtu SJHllltlS JIJl~ltJJlgtllll llUlttlHI JO iin middotun~11~i~t11lllllll1lmiddot11~UO~JUlltt11

llltlllllllllllllU 01 lHlllllOlrO JJi(1i 1 middots~SlI 11ltr1 middot1middotmiddot111IJ

J ~~-~ ~ ~- l bull 1bull _ltbullj_w ~-f~I

middot~~

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lJHOJS ~ ~i ~ti ~I r

1~ ~ T I t

1VllJ1poundtl_IPJOJ) f

wa1s~s middot1diuu1 OUWOJ middot1 tJO~I (nJ

~

J

~ middot

) ) tL

l

---shy~~

~

bull

middot~

~j )o I~~

~~

~

Igt~ lt ~ ~

~~ f~

imiddot1

_________middot-middotmiddot _____ ~-~-----middotmiddotmiddot

middotmiddot~l~~~~~~i~~bullmiddotmiddot

i

i-middotmiddot - - bull_- ll

middot~

~

~- ~

I

SECREI

CONTENTS (U)

INTRODUCTION pago 7

llACKGIWUNll bull 8

CONCElT bull 8 AUTllENTICITY H UTILITY bull H

lRocR1ss x

llARIJVAIUCONFIGURATION H SIGNALmiddotSElURITY IJ ENVIRONMENTAL FMTDRS 10 SYSTEM cm1PONENTS 10

SIGNALS ICl

lARltUVllALES 11 SMALi WllALlS 1l PINNIPlIJS 15

SICNAL llllECTION lb

OPlRATllC l+ATllRlS 11gt Sb TlSTS ll lffOMMENlgtATIONS FOR DlVlLOlMENT 15

SICNAI SYI llllSIS 15

ANALYSIS OF MARINE MAMMAL SOUNDS 15 TlCllNIC)lll OF COMPUTlR SYNTIJESIS 11gt

flirinL Ma1111nal middotmiddotsll~nns 6

TlANSDUCll(S l I

llAOltROlJNll ll FLElmiddotI PIWJlCTORS l 1 OTIJER lIWJlCTORS 32 LOVmiddotlIUQUE~CY ll()JEnORS 11 FLFET IUCEIVJNG TRANSDUCll(S 37

3

middot

l middotbull gt)shy

SECRET

~ -middot-middot-middot~

middoti

-

~-

tobull I

fi ~- SEGREr

DEPLOYMENT SlCURITY 37

TRANSDUCERS bull17 SOURCE LEVELS 37SIGNAL SYNTllfSlS bull 39 SIGNAL OCCURRENCE 40

FLEET IMPACT 40

REFERlNCES 41

RELATEll llOCUMENTS 44

ILLUSTRATIONS (U)

I COMllO system concc111 page 7

Snnogrmns of sound with COMBO applications (2

3 COMllO Signal RcLltlgnizcr CSRmiddotl l clcmcnls and configuration 16

4 Snnopnun of1111ur1l pilot Vhdc soundsused inmiddotProjct-t COMBO 17

5 Kcccivwd lcvbullI ofCOMUO signals 111eoasurccI in CSR-1 tests bull 22

middot Tilnc-frcqucncy ltJllrfall JllOI or a sin1uhtlcd killL~r whalt sound 7

7 Tin1cmiddotfrl)llllllj Vatcrfill 11lut or a natural killer Yhalc sound 8

H VallbullrlJll display of Lo1np1111middotr-syntl11middotsizcd pilot Y)Hilc sinusoidal whistles bullbull 9

middot Expa_ndcd VJll1 rl1ll llis11l1y or the n1iddll1 Sl_I or cu1nplltlr-synthcsizccl whistles 30

10 Snnoirunts ofhh1L Yhak sounds rcmiddotrLLtgtnlcd dirCLlly front the plt1yhack t1pw rclunlcr bull J4

11 ihbullrfall displ1ys of killLr Yhoilc spLllrt1 bull 3S

I R~spunsibull of IIX-I 81 11rojlllor in scriLs with 1 I I 0-tomiddotOO Ilz hand rejccliOn filler bullbullllgt middot

~

I J

4

SECRET

ii

middot

SECRET

TABLES ltLil

I Signal-tu-noisebull r~liusmiddotltdBJ lrorn Proj1l COllmiddotJU() 1n1ns1niltision lest~ Sc-p1cn1bcr llJ73 ll

Si1-nal-to-11oisc sununary April 1gt75 ~-

t Rccivd ~i~noil-to-nois ralins1li in dB ~4

4 Fleet sonars consillcrcll ror tOfmiddotlliOmiddotlikc ipplkations J3

5 Non-lkot projolttors rnnsidored forCOMJlO-liko 01gtplk11ions 11

h Low-lr1bullqucn1middoty proj1bullLtoni survlycd fur possihkmiddot (0~1li0-lik1bull 1pplhiti11ns 38

7 Flllt fllCivlrs sui11hlL for possil~lc CCgtMBO-likc appli1middotamp1titgtn~ JltJ

56

SECRET

middot-

EllgtiS

13Al3031 oawoo

l n I NOJJJnOOlllNI

llllJgtOJd Jris1J u 110(ibull r lmiddotmiddotftu(r 1u1u1t10111p 11ur IJ()flC)1 ~gt1 Ju1~-11101 YI JO p bull pn1 fillSll 111l)S~~ SllOJlllllltlllllOl 111rJlIJHll1 l spuno Jl)tJil)lllll J11ltiJlolj-IJlllI

pt111r p11111 1111u11r1d 1110 1r p11rJi11iif iJr p1pn 1111 111pru1 1bullpur pu1 -puno middot-pnillll lllllllll 111110 s1uiuot111101 111111lllOJtf 1101111upi 1Jr IJ1loil 111110111 pur -puntgtlt iupll1 middot1 I I 11

JlJll~ flJllJlU 1r111trr 1r1n1r11 uo 1gtiSr1 SUOJllln1t1u10J JlllllUllOJAlll lIUlS JIJlJl(lllll

i1r ~ll sitlrss1111 ilSnr1ilq 1ur1n1uns 1u1ui p1uJOJll 11111il u0Jl111oip 11unn1uo1 middotlJI p11nu- -11111ur11i ~JOgt J1foJd 1q UOJJtld 1 JlltJ Of 10 JJrd sv middot1uutp Jllllo101q 11no1 110 11111

middot1tuiqJ~ pi~middotmiddotP 11n1d 1ruli JlbullUIUipJ ilUpo1iiJJmiddotll01J01SP1 middotpunns (lltlllll it1p1111 Pmiddot I p11Js1111u bull11UolS 1po1p 1111ip middot1i1ftutf OJ ptltlllUI j1ido11p middotsinbJllll111 iill pur pur

S1JUIJ11u U 1q u1J JlilfOlcl J11ndtuo1 Ill 1n1110 middotr-1 PlJI middotsun11poif11 lllillt1~lo11A1p

G3d013A3G 38 Ol l331J 3Hl NI

3JllSS3WllfWlO~

C3ZIS3HlNAS SCNnos 111WJNll

SUOJr1JU11tlltllll) 1ISlOlV pllCJ~IJUf i111 u111s(s 01 ~i1r11J OHJl()) 111ftuc1 )81 11 llCllJ isuodsiI middoti1rI A011111111J11t1i middot1~ 1it11JlloIJJ u111So11jIJnO r1uc1 u111 (SgtVP

(lJ llCJ1i1riUlltt11t1001 SIPAoJd lcllO s1upru1qns JOJ tn11slts r 111fltlJd llI 1iu11111J) iq (1nu S)degllllSSlllll q1ns LIOJJlIO( Jlljl TIU(rlIJ llltHIJbull lillllJ UILI OS I~ UI till siif11sSltU llCl1

tin~ ~lCUpJooi OJ JO JJOISi Ilupnp fIJJ 101 Jo pUiJJI UOJl=JJlfIPI ll middotsuo)llllJ lllJISl lIUJlllllJl1S SIJ JlJJ JJIAUI r sipCUd 1ui1s~s Imiddot J11 IOJ IUUI JO 11( llJJ middot uotl us1r Ill IJU

OJ JOJd middotlljrUhllS J1q10 01 Jgtlll llll1 llJJlllr OJ spllJ Ul 111llU diis 1i11uo~ llllilll~J 11111os ()Ull())1111 ~ii_rtu SJHllltlS JIJl~ltJJlgtllll llUlttlHI JO iin middotun~11~i~t11lllllll1lmiddot11~UO~JUlltt11

llltlllllllllllllU 01 lHlllllOlrO JJi(1i 1 middots~SlI 11ltr1 middot1middotmiddot111IJ

J ~~-~ ~ ~- l bull 1bull _ltbullj_w ~-f~I

middot~~

~ ~I L

lJHOJS ~ ~i ~ti ~I r

1~ ~ T I t

1VllJ1poundtl_IPJOJ) f

wa1s~s middot1diuu1 OUWOJ middot1 tJO~I (nJ

~

J

~ middot

) ) tL

l

---shy~~

~

bull

middot~

~j )o I~~

~~

~

Igt~ lt ~ ~

~~ f~

imiddot1

_________middot-middotmiddot _____ ~-~-----middotmiddotmiddot

middotmiddot~l~~~~~~i~~bullmiddotmiddot

~ -middot-middot-middot~

middoti

-

~-

tobull I

fi ~- SEGREr

DEPLOYMENT SlCURITY 37

TRANSDUCERS bull17 SOURCE LEVELS 37SIGNAL SYNTllfSlS bull 39 SIGNAL OCCURRENCE 40

FLEET IMPACT 40

REFERlNCES 41

RELATEll llOCUMENTS 44

ILLUSTRATIONS (U)

I COMllO system concc111 page 7

Snnogrmns of sound with COMBO applications (2

3 COMllO Signal RcLltlgnizcr CSRmiddotl l clcmcnls and configuration 16

4 Snnopnun of1111ur1l pilot Vhdc soundsused inmiddotProjct-t COMBO 17

5 Kcccivwd lcvbullI ofCOMUO signals 111eoasurccI in CSR-1 tests bull 22

middot Tilnc-frcqucncy ltJllrfall JllOI or a sin1uhtlcd killL~r whalt sound 7

7 Tin1cmiddotfrl)llllllj Vatcrfill 11lut or a natural killer Yhalc sound 8

H VallbullrlJll display of Lo1np1111middotr-syntl11middotsizcd pilot Y)Hilc sinusoidal whistles bullbull 9

middot Expa_ndcd VJll1 rl1ll llis11l1y or the n1iddll1 Sl_I or cu1nplltlr-synthcsizccl whistles 30

10 Snnoirunts ofhh1L Yhak sounds rcmiddotrLLtgtnlcd dirCLlly front the plt1yhack t1pw rclunlcr bull J4

11 ihbullrfall displ1ys of killLr Yhoilc spLllrt1 bull 3S

I R~spunsibull of IIX-I 81 11rojlllor in scriLs with 1 I I 0-tomiddotOO Ilz hand rejccliOn filler bullbullllgt middot

~

I J

4

SECRET

ii

middot

SECRET

TABLES ltLil

I Signal-tu-noisebull r~liusmiddotltdBJ lrorn Proj1l COllmiddotJU() 1n1ns1niltision lest~ Sc-p1cn1bcr llJ73 ll

Si1-nal-to-11oisc sununary April 1gt75 ~-

t Rccivd ~i~noil-to-nois ralins1li in dB ~4

4 Fleet sonars consillcrcll ror tOfmiddotlliOmiddotlikc ipplkations J3

5 Non-lkot projolttors rnnsidored forCOMJlO-liko 01gtplk11ions 11

h Low-lr1bullqucn1middoty proj1bullLtoni survlycd fur possihkmiddot (0~1li0-lik1bull 1pplhiti11ns 38

7 Flllt fllCivlrs sui11hlL for possil~lc CCgtMBO-likc appli1middotamp1titgtn~ JltJ

56

SECRET

middot-

EllgtiS

13Al3031 oawoo

l n I NOJJJnOOlllNI

llllJgtOJd Jris1J u 110(ibull r lmiddotmiddotftu(r 1u1u1t10111p 11ur IJ()flC)1 ~gt1 Ju1~-11101 YI JO p bull pn1 fillSll 111l)S~~ SllOJlllllltlllllOl 111rJlIJHll1 l spuno Jl)tJil)lllll J11ltiJlolj-IJlllI

pt111r p11111 1111u11r1d 1110 1r p11rJi11iif iJr p1pn 1111 111pru1 1bullpur pu1 -puno middot-pnillll lllllllll 111110 s1uiuot111101 111111lllOJtf 1101111upi 1Jr IJ1loil 111110111 pur -puntgtlt iupll1 middot1 I I 11

JlJll~ flJllJlU 1r111trr 1r1n1r11 uo 1gtiSr1 SUOJllln1t1u10J JlllllUllOJAlll lIUlS JIJlJl(lllll

i1r ~ll sitlrss1111 ilSnr1ilq 1ur1n1uns 1u1ui p1uJOJll 11111il u0Jl111oip 11unn1uo1 middotlJI p11nu- -11111ur11i ~JOgt J1foJd 1q UOJJtld 1 JlltJ Of 10 JJrd sv middot1uutp Jllllo101q 11no1 110 11111

middot1tuiqJ~ pi~middotmiddotP 11n1d 1ruli JlbullUIUipJ ilUpo1iiJJmiddotll01J01SP1 middotpunns (lltlllll it1p1111 Pmiddot I p11Js1111u bull11UolS 1po1p 1111ip middot1i1ftutf OJ ptltlllUI j1ido11p middotsinbJllll111 iill pur pur

S1JUIJ11u U 1q u1J JlilfOlcl J11ndtuo1 Ill 1n1110 middotr-1 PlJI middotsun11poif11 lllillt1~lo11A1p

G3d013A3G 38 Ol l331J 3Hl NI

3JllSS3WllfWlO~

C3ZIS3HlNAS SCNnos 111WJNll

SUOJr1JU11tlltllll) 1ISlOlV pllCJ~IJUf i111 u111s(s 01 ~i1r11J OHJl()) 111ftuc1 )81 11 llCllJ isuodsiI middoti1rI A011111111J11t1i middot1~ 1it11JlloIJJ u111So11jIJnO r1uc1 u111 (SgtVP

(lJ llCJ1i1riUlltt11t1001 SIPAoJd lcllO s1upru1qns JOJ tn11slts r 111fltlJd llI 1iu11111J) iq (1nu S)degllllSSlllll q1ns LIOJJlIO( Jlljl TIU(rlIJ llltHIJbull lillllJ UILI OS I~ UI till siif11sSltU llCl1

tin~ ~lCUpJooi OJ JO JJOISi Ilupnp fIJJ 101 Jo pUiJJI UOJl=JJlfIPI ll middotsuo)llllJ lllJISl lIUJlllllJl1S SIJ JlJJ JJIAUI r sipCUd 1ui1s~s Imiddot J11 IOJ IUUI JO 11( llJJ middot uotl us1r Ill IJU

OJ JOJd middotlljrUhllS J1q10 01 Jgtlll llll1 llJJlllr OJ spllJ Ul 111llU diis 1i11uo~ llllilll~J 11111os ()Ull())1111 ~ii_rtu SJHllltlS JIJl~ltJJlgtllll llUlttlHI JO iin middotun~11~i~t11lllllll1lmiddot11~UO~JUlltt11

llltlllllllllllllU 01 lHlllllOlrO JJi(1i 1 middots~SlI 11ltr1 middot1middotmiddot111IJ

J ~~-~ ~ ~- l bull 1bull _ltbullj_w ~-f~I

middot~~

~ ~I L

lJHOJS ~ ~i ~ti ~I r

1~ ~ T I t

1VllJ1poundtl_IPJOJ) f

wa1s~s middot1diuu1 OUWOJ middot1 tJO~I (nJ

~

J

~ middot

) ) tL

l

---shy~~

~

bull

middot~

~j )o I~~

~~

~

Igt~ lt ~ ~

~~ f~

imiddot1

_________middot-middotmiddot _____ ~-~-----middotmiddotmiddot

middotmiddot~l~~~~~~i~~bullmiddotmiddot

ii

middot

SECRET

TABLES ltLil

I Signal-tu-noisebull r~liusmiddotltdBJ lrorn Proj1l COllmiddotJU() 1n1ns1niltision lest~ Sc-p1cn1bcr llJ73 ll

Si1-nal-to-11oisc sununary April 1gt75 ~-

t Rccivd ~i~noil-to-nois ralins1li in dB ~4

4 Fleet sonars consillcrcll ror tOfmiddotlliOmiddotlikc ipplkations J3

5 Non-lkot projolttors rnnsidored forCOMJlO-liko 01gtplk11ions 11

h Low-lr1bullqucn1middoty proj1bullLtoni survlycd fur possihkmiddot (0~1li0-lik1bull 1pplhiti11ns 38

7 Flllt fllCivlrs sui11hlL for possil~lc CCgtMBO-likc appli1middotamp1titgtn~ JltJ

56

SECRET

middot-

EllgtiS

13Al3031 oawoo

l n I NOJJJnOOlllNI

llllJgtOJd Jris1J u 110(ibull r lmiddotmiddotftu(r 1u1u1t10111p 11ur IJ()flC)1 ~gt1 Ju1~-11101 YI JO p bull pn1 fillSll 111l)S~~ SllOJlllllltlllllOl 111rJlIJHll1 l spuno Jl)tJil)lllll J11ltiJlolj-IJlllI

pt111r p11111 1111u11r1d 1110 1r p11rJi11iif iJr p1pn 1111 111pru1 1bullpur pu1 -puno middot-pnillll lllllllll 111110 s1uiuot111101 111111lllOJtf 1101111upi 1Jr IJ1loil 111110111 pur -puntgtlt iupll1 middot1 I I 11

JlJll~ flJllJlU 1r111trr 1r1n1r11 uo 1gtiSr1 SUOJllln1t1u10J JlllllUllOJAlll lIUlS JIJlJl(lllll

i1r ~ll sitlrss1111 ilSnr1ilq 1ur1n1uns 1u1ui p1uJOJll 11111il u0Jl111oip 11unn1uo1 middotlJI p11nu- -11111ur11i ~JOgt J1foJd 1q UOJJtld 1 JlltJ Of 10 JJrd sv middot1uutp Jllllo101q 11no1 110 11111

middot1tuiqJ~ pi~middotmiddotP 11n1d 1ruli JlbullUIUipJ ilUpo1iiJJmiddotll01J01SP1 middotpunns (lltlllll it1p1111 Pmiddot I p11Js1111u bull11UolS 1po1p 1111ip middot1i1ftutf OJ ptltlllUI j1ido11p middotsinbJllll111 iill pur pur

S1JUIJ11u U 1q u1J JlilfOlcl J11ndtuo1 Ill 1n1110 middotr-1 PlJI middotsun11poif11 lllillt1~lo11A1p

G3d013A3G 38 Ol l331J 3Hl NI

3JllSS3WllfWlO~

C3ZIS3HlNAS SCNnos 111WJNll

SUOJr1JU11tlltllll) 1ISlOlV pllCJ~IJUf i111 u111s(s 01 ~i1r11J OHJl()) 111ftuc1 )81 11 llCllJ isuodsiI middoti1rI A011111111J11t1i middot1~ 1it11JlloIJJ u111So11jIJnO r1uc1 u111 (SgtVP

(lJ llCJ1i1riUlltt11t1001 SIPAoJd lcllO s1upru1qns JOJ tn11slts r 111fltlJd llI 1iu11111J) iq (1nu S)degllllSSlllll q1ns LIOJJlIO( Jlljl TIU(rlIJ llltHIJbull lillllJ UILI OS I~ UI till siif11sSltU llCl1

tin~ ~lCUpJooi OJ JO JJOISi Ilupnp fIJJ 101 Jo pUiJJI UOJl=JJlfIPI ll middotsuo)llllJ lllJISl lIUJlllllJl1S SIJ JlJJ JJIAUI r sipCUd 1ui1s~s Imiddot J11 IOJ IUUI JO 11( llJJ middot uotl us1r Ill IJU

OJ JOJd middotlljrUhllS J1q10 01 Jgtlll llll1 llJJlllr OJ spllJ Ul 111llU diis 1i11uo~ llllilll~J 11111os ()Ull())1111 ~ii_rtu SJHllltlS JIJl~ltJJlgtllll llUlttlHI JO iin middotun~11~i~t11lllllll1lmiddot11~UO~JUlltt11

llltlllllllllllllU 01 lHlllllOlrO JJi(1i 1 middots~SlI 11ltr1 middot1middotmiddot111IJ

J ~~-~ ~ ~- l bull 1bull _ltbullj_w ~-f~I

middot~~

~ ~I L

lJHOJS ~ ~i ~ti ~I r

1~ ~ T I t

1VllJ1poundtl_IPJOJ) f

wa1s~s middot1diuu1 OUWOJ middot1 tJO~I (nJ

~

J

~ middot

) ) tL

l

---shy~~

~

bull

middot~

~j )o I~~

~~

~

Igt~ lt ~ ~

~~ f~

imiddot1

_________middot-middotmiddot _____ ~-~-----middotmiddotmiddot

middotmiddot~l~~~~~~i~~bullmiddotmiddot

middot-

EllgtiS

13Al3031 oawoo

l n I NOJJJnOOlllNI

llllJgtOJd Jris1J u 110(ibull r lmiddotmiddotftu(r 1u1u1t10111p 11ur IJ()flC)1 ~gt1 Ju1~-11101 YI JO p bull pn1 fillSll 111l)S~~ SllOJlllllltlllllOl 111rJlIJHll1 l spuno Jl)tJil)lllll J11ltiJlolj-IJlllI

pt111r p11111 1111u11r1d 1110 1r p11rJi11iif iJr p1pn 1111 111pru1 1bullpur pu1 -puno middot-pnillll lllllllll 111110 s1uiuot111101 111111lllOJtf 1101111upi 1Jr IJ1loil 111110111 pur -puntgtlt iupll1 middot1 I I 11

JlJll~ flJllJlU 1r111trr 1r1n1r11 uo 1gtiSr1 SUOJllln1t1u10J JlllllUllOJAlll lIUlS JIJlJl(lllll

i1r ~ll sitlrss1111 ilSnr1ilq 1ur1n1uns 1u1ui p1uJOJll 11111il u0Jl111oip 11unn1uo1 middotlJI p11nu- -11111ur11i ~JOgt J1foJd 1q UOJJtld 1 JlltJ Of 10 JJrd sv middot1uutp Jllllo101q 11no1 110 11111

middot1tuiqJ~ pi~middotmiddotP 11n1d 1ruli JlbullUIUipJ ilUpo1iiJJmiddotll01J01SP1 middotpunns (lltlllll it1p1111 Pmiddot I p11Js1111u bull11UolS 1po1p 1111ip middot1i1ftutf OJ ptltlllUI j1ido11p middotsinbJllll111 iill pur pur

S1JUIJ11u U 1q u1J JlilfOlcl J11ndtuo1 Ill 1n1110 middotr-1 PlJI middotsun11poif11 lllillt1~lo11A1p

G3d013A3G 38 Ol l331J 3Hl NI

3JllSS3WllfWlO~

C3ZIS3HlNAS SCNnos 111WJNll

SUOJr1JU11tlltllll) 1ISlOlV pllCJ~IJUf i111 u111s(s 01 ~i1r11J OHJl()) 111ftuc1 )81 11 llCllJ isuodsiI middoti1rI A011111111J11t1i middot1~ 1it11JlloIJJ u111So11jIJnO r1uc1 u111 (SgtVP

(lJ llCJ1i1riUlltt11t1001 SIPAoJd lcllO s1upru1qns JOJ tn11slts r 111fltlJd llI 1iu11111J) iq (1nu S)degllllSSlllll q1ns LIOJJlIO( Jlljl TIU(rlIJ llltHIJbull lillllJ UILI OS I~ UI till siif11sSltU llCl1

tin~ ~lCUpJooi OJ JO JJOISi Ilupnp fIJJ 101 Jo pUiJJI UOJl=JJlfIPI ll middotsuo)llllJ lllJISl lIUJlllllJl1S SIJ JlJJ JJIAUI r sipCUd 1ui1s~s Imiddot J11 IOJ IUUI JO 11( llJJ middot uotl us1r Ill IJU

OJ JOJd middotlljrUhllS J1q10 01 Jgtlll llll1 llJJlllr OJ spllJ Ul 111llU diis 1i11uo~ llllilll~J 11111os ()Ull())1111 ~ii_rtu SJHllltlS JIJl~ltJJlgtllll llUlttlHI JO iin middotun~11~i~t11lllllll1lmiddot11~UO~JUlltt11

llltlllllllllllllU 01 lHlllllOlrO JJi(1i 1 middots~SlI 11ltr1 middot1middotmiddot111IJ

J ~~-~ ~ ~- l bull 1bull _ltbullj_w ~-f~I

middot~~

~ ~I L

lJHOJS ~ ~i ~ti ~I r

1~ ~ T I t

1VllJ1poundtl_IPJOJ) f

wa1s~s middot1diuu1 OUWOJ middot1 tJO~I (nJ

~

J

~ middot

) ) tL

l

---shy~~

~

bull

middot~

~j )o I~~

~~

~

Igt~ lt ~ ~

~~ f~

imiddot1

_________middot-middotmiddot _____ ~-~-----middotmiddotmiddot

middotmiddot~l~~~~~~i~~bullmiddotmiddot

-bullmiddot

1

middot

bull

SEORET

BACKGROUND IU)

CONCEPT (U)

JM Thl prnjcLmiddotlltI ohjCLlic b to dLbullllo11 a LOLrl cmiddot0111n1unil11io11s systcmiddot111 Vilh a hiui-middotnusticmiddot n1lk1gcbull forini1 using 1ni111al ~oundlt- otltI 111erilL cmiddoth1nc11is ilisigcbulls can hc rc~cmiddotcbullii11 Vilh cxiltiolinl ~ignil proecs~ng cmiddotquip1ncmiddot111 in thl llllI The ~yslc111 Viii confou1u1 middot inllrcmiddotcbullp1oni hy prcbullscbullntinv an cvcrvhchninl ltlik of 111ilyling all n1_arinC 11i111111111 Ountls cmiddotncou11hnbulld in order to iccbullntildegy pltllaquoltlilllc 1ncltlst1gi ih1ncnlltI

AUTHENTICITY (U)

~Fidelity or (filllrilllil hd riOUJld~dcpcntlltI 011 riilnal-to-noilL rilio t111lJ lranooilliltooiUn

h111thvidlh Stundo rcmiddot1ordcrJ lor c0111nu1nicmiddot11tit111 1pplil11ion na1t havemiddot u high si~nil-to-1101cmiddot ritin ur undLrO subSLmiddotc1ucn1 noisL rcn10d middotrrans111it1cn nu11 n11in1ain Uf1iikbulln1 h111chvidth lo pmiddotntrvc till sounds nutun1l qLlliliclto

1lJ1 ln1provcd lidclity fuitor rlsult fro1n helter rccurdi11g 1cchnk1t1LS~i1111gtruvcd ltoishy1111 proLllin~ uul lllhLsis and ulvanLmiddotcd lntnsdulir dcvclopn1c11t

Jk=( The tran1nisltoio11 tc1nporal ind JLOgr1phiimiddot con~istcnLmiddoty dcplbullnds on cJc1aiccJ middot k111bulllili)tL uf d iI rihul ion ind hahitll or hinaiot~lii Ollflr unhnals

UTILITY (U)

JX( Till (()~1llO L0 01111nuniimiddot11inn sylllc1n utilitclto fllLivint and prolmiddottsltoing clt1ui1Hncn1 llLh u the VltJC-5 1lrctllly in llcct llC -iystc1n in1plcn1cntation require- 111c~~U1l rc1middotognishytn11 c11uip1ncnt tn1nsdt1Lmiddotcr optil11iz1tion and sil_nill 1111middotration Lapahilily lapc rctonling~ 01 r1bull1J 1i1nc ltig11lt1J-synthcsizing 1middot0111putcrs 1middotan gcncn111bull lh1bull ltoignals

PROGRESS (U)

u) The 1middotonfi~urition ur lhc Projc1middott ((Jf1 HCJ ClJllipn1c111 i~ dCSLrih1bulld in lhh gtlltiOu

J8f The wowfonn sembullra1ltgt1 is i 111agne1 ir I ape recorder lhol pliy casrnc conwinshyin) code analog rcconlinlS of pilot Vhalc phonations i11 nalural chortlC

CU I A oipcLmiddotially-ltlcsignccJ I-kW an1plilicr cJrivcs richctahlc-i1npLdanic tran-IULCP al 11ll p11wcr in ihlt ircquency band from 20 111 to I0 kl il

l-s-t ALl)l1Sli1middot our1middotc illLlullcd a frcc-lloodcd 1middotylindrilil tranltocJuccr 10 rcprodUll pilol hill ~nund Cri1itmiddot11l Lmiddoth1r1Llcriltotkmiddoti of lhc lrill1Sdu1cr Vcrchroadhand rc~pon~c liieh

8

SECRET

HARDWARE CONFIGURATION (U)

middotbull

--------middotmiddot-shymiddot-shy--shyI ~ 1

~ middotbull ~l

I

1l

ri -~ ffmiddot ~middot I ~~ ~- gtImiddot middotr

-~ bullbull -~

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~1 -~ ~middot

il ~t J ~i il middot~

~ l

if middot J t middot11~

~11middot l)l f ~-middot ~middot

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1

~middot 11~ ~-r~middot

~ middot middotshy

r-smiddotmiddot (

h -~~ ~- middotmiddotmiddotbull

i3H33S

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Js1u1in Pmiddotlltus111u1 ps1i1ll 1du1J 1011i11111utuoi middot11aod 111011111a

middotJllJ11111 p1101 1r11111n1 i1Ull I l iiU(middot=11Jtfs t1uinh1JJ sUflltllI ifu1pn ~Sl middotllI JHt OJ pisn UOJltolllllrJ 1 111rpu11 plJ-IJtl Pll11Ultt JlUIJ 111 JO IUOIJl 1 llll 1 SJHllii lll 1 II J I middot

-Q(i I II 1uiJ~JlP middotmiddotllll ll sinq11IJ1fl p111itliJ r iif1~r1u1 -ilui1i1Jllll i111uIJlO sA1 v lllClJJ JUlJgtJJP bullqs ittllp n gtPmiddotud p111 il~Ull1Jilli111S1rHUlgtf bullrir~ltll llJJ JlllUi1shy llh1i1t1

iillJUl1111 Pmiddotllii~middot Illmiddot 1~Sllll

itrJ Jlt18011I 1111iTJS PmiddotllPlHll 1111 S JoiJIJIJ1 Jl-ISgt ()UJ-()) iofr~Sllll middotII tt ltiJ11rtu111 put middotilof ift11 iol-JOJJ middot11011uc111r p1cn1sJ1111igt-Jnnit10 uc sr1111-ISgt

lIJlll middotllj) JO Ola) 01 lll tiUJSSIUI Jl1J 1u1ioii1 111 f[lJlIU01111 SIJllS Jt1i111IUISU 1111 SJllS1) 0 1$ )SJU llOplllJ JOJ Hll Sl~lilS iIUSlllmiddotJOJ iUll01lt OJI jlU~pt lll ll SJCUfS 11-JS) lll

-JJrnh i1dllllll S1llifUl11 11ltUllJJill middot1rJllll llllJl middotlJmiddotlld 1 lllllra 1111 l111IJ~llll() 1ru~JS -llUlritll~lllJ I IUlUJ iii1sS~lll ollI illlJIXi plll SlillSSlltl iiUj11lUtl irUifS iill middotIll

middot111it1 plJlllJ 1111 iio11uy ltlll SJ 11a1ii)S IJ-fSgt middotII u11l1du siii11101a lll ti pu1q jiff llll 011 (111 (rUI ifllJlOlll~iilljloiui i1r1 i11u1u)i illlll 1111r UllJIJJllillr iiUJSill(lJtliJd JUlltoUdu

p111tJ11rOJl) IJlj10111UUlll iu1lq1s n1qpo11p iiU)SSlIOJlllJd 1nuo1 01 pn111in1 lbullHllllr 1q1 lUJ1id 1~ p11p1111s SISl 11-IS) ollJ 1JJ1J111JISlll01UJIHj 11ip 1n11 sd=S PthJ illJla spunos 1

Ollfl 111 1u1ut1Jnh i111 c11 p111iJ s1ui1111u1ll ifll~iiuJd -)0 ptn roi-llOHNV l) IHl iiuouiIOJ) 1ui1sAs 11~i unu1111oi 1cJll Dll (Jl l

(nl AJnlOJ3S 1VN~IS

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OISJOll fl)rtls lllJOlllllmiddotllO~ llJJOJOl1lla puiiS r ~JllIJP pisn 1011111I II suopnqJJgtiJp SI iq pm 11j111nu Sllll 1111 iqr p111u1a igtun~1r11u11unuoi ~tu1sip sp1111ns 11111iu1 lllM p11iifoJll PlbullU

nos sI s11u pt nuJii=1irq 10 iitrin hls 1it1iit11a1l-Jl in h un 1 in hiJ 11uun1 i1ngti ltfI middotssi111Ji10iiq spunos 111 middotC)H~lO) ll110h in1it1is middot1111 middot1u1nh Ill up1u1n1 tq 11un11u 01 sipoi

middot11itJigtilJ 1uis

lj J1J llfJr 11iuss1 uri ti IM ii1ssi1u i1 tliSnd XS si PmiddotllJd t111d i11L C)U 1-llCl) J5t middot111~1d iq1111J lUlI 11111 lflJStHI S bullbullbullllJ middotlll JO middotIHgtl Ur 1r pTilur1rI lq t11I iiUUr1111

Iv

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middot1middot tU iiu n 1S middot1 1~u1J1_1IJ lllUl I lllJI S11 (~1 lliJl I p11~111011 L ftfq l omiddoto

rr11- 1o(d 110po) middot1i1 1ii iinJJl1J1 piqsllJlImiddot iJ ii1101 11111 Q) 01 sp111111i) dn 4tIll 11 ltJrll IJ ()Qi lll tlll lill 11 r~1i 1Jlra 11l1Hll 01-~middotmiddott llll II sp1HlllS fo1d -cud I HP z11-rmiddotcrt

11 1 u 111111111 JIJ 1111 middot111 tgt rJJtlS J1i11 1110JJ )J1JJ u igt111t11p JIA i1J puu Jn J1lf I middotifmiddotmiddot middotp~XJltl

uI il~inps111~Jl ip 1111rJrd 1 111iiJ pun OtS 111n11s middotI- 1SllOligtu1 11ttlip bull 1p1~tl Jnd lJiliIbull r Jl)lJlpt1n fCrN i111 UUJJJ JllllOJld lflmiddot llOJU1lliooI II lIS Jr Jllll IOOd 1-11 U fliISU os1r

middotJIJlli) SUlIJgtS

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middot~~ ~ -lt r ~ rlJ --~middot

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shy

--------middotmiddot-shymiddot-shy--shyI ~ 1

~ middotbull ~l

I

1l

ri -~ ffmiddot ~middot I ~~ ~- gtImiddot middotr

-~ bullbull -~

middot-middotmiddot-----===-eE - ~-m~~~~~i~1-middotrt~~middot1t1mSffmiddot1~Fli1middotmiddot~middotmiddotnlmiddot1 ~1middotmiddot ~91~~~f~-~Pn~middot

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r-smiddotmiddot (

h -~~ ~- middotmiddotmiddotbull

i3H33S

middotOllU (JllUI JO SlllOt(dtUptJ (lbullllJl)ll1 )1IJlIUIU-lilJi IJt SJOSUlS lJS1lOIV _1rlshyituoqJI J(1 ilrJJrbull 111pui1x111 Jlmiddotmiddotu1J1i1tr111f111ipJnJtl sionq 1111- PmiddottrPOI~ middot011q

Js1u1in Pmiddotlltus111u1 ps1i1ll 1du1J 1011i11111utuoi middot11aod 111011111a

middotJllJ11111 p1101 1r11111n1 i1Ull I l iiU(middot=11Jtfs t1uinh1JJ sUflltllI ifu1pn ~Sl middotllI JHt OJ pisn UOJltolllllrJ 1 111rpu11 plJ-IJtl Pll11Ultt JlUIJ 111 JO IUOIJl 1 llll 1 SJHllii lll 1 II J I middot

-Q(i I II 1uiJ~JlP middotmiddotllll ll sinq11IJ1fl p111itliJ r iif1~r1u1 -ilui1i1Jllll i111uIJlO sA1 v lllClJJ JUlJgtJJP bullqs ittllp n gtPmiddotud p111 il~Ull1Jilli111S1rHUlgtf bullrir~ltll llJJ JlllUi1shy llh1i1t1

iillJUl1111 Pmiddotllii~middot Illmiddot 1~Sllll

itrJ Jlt18011I 1111iTJS PmiddotllPlHll 1111 S JoiJIJIJ1 Jl-ISgt ()UJ-()) iofr~Sllll middotII tt ltiJ11rtu111 put middotilof ift11 iol-JOJJ middot11011uc111r p1cn1sJ1111igt-Jnnit10 uc sr1111-ISgt

lIJlll middotllj) JO Ola) 01 lll tiUJSSIUI Jl1J 1u1ioii1 111 f[lJlIU01111 SIJllS Jt1i111IUISU 1111 SJllS1) 0 1$ )SJU llOplllJ JOJ Hll Sl~lilS iIUSlllmiddotJOJ iUll01lt OJI jlU~pt lll ll SJCUfS 11-JS) lll

-JJrnh i1dllllll S1llifUl11 11ltUllJJill middot1rJllll llllJl middotlJmiddotlld 1 lllllra 1111 l111IJ~llll() 1ru~JS -llUlritll~lllJ I IUlUJ iii1sS~lll ollI illlJIXi plll SlillSSlltl iiUj11lUtl irUifS iill middotIll

middot111it1 plJlllJ 1111 iio11uy ltlll SJ 11a1ii)S IJ-fSgt middotII u11l1du siii11101a lll ti pu1q jiff llll 011 (111 (rUI ifllJlOlll~iilljloiui i1r1 i11u1u)i illlll 1111r UllJIJJllillr iiUJSill(lJtliJd JUlltoUdu

p111tJ11rOJl) IJlj10111UUlll iu1lq1s n1qpo11p iiU)SSlIOJlllJd 1nuo1 01 pn111in1 lbullHllllr 1q1 lUJ1id 1~ p11p1111s SISl 11-IS) ollJ 1JJ1J111JISlll01UJIHj 11ip 1n11 sd=S PthJ illJla spunos 1

Ollfl 111 1u1ut1Jnh i111 c11 p111iJ s1ui1111u1ll ifll~iiuJd -)0 ptn roi-llOHNV l) IHl iiuouiIOJ) 1ui1sAs 11~i unu1111oi 1cJll Dll (Jl l

(nl AJnlOJ3S 1VN~IS

~middotunhu CUil~()) Smiddoti1puk Jllllthllni IUJltflli UOJlllllHUU10I Ill isn JJlO) Ig1 JO ll Ill lflmiddot plllllll (lt1J1tISll IJr IJllllU pipJUllJ s1111if1 JtlllUImiddot IUJJC~I middots1it1tOS 11u1Jlll

OISJOll fl)rtls lllJOlllllmiddotllO~ llJJOJOl1lla puiiS r ~JllIJP pisn 1011111I II suopnqJJgtiJp SI iq pm 11j111nu Sllll 1111 iqr p111u1a igtun~1r11u11unuoi ~tu1sip sp1111ns 11111iu1 lllM p11iifoJll PlbullU

nos sI s11u pt nuJii=1irq 10 iitrin hls 1it1iit11a1l-Jl in h un 1 in hiJ 11uun1 i1ngti ltfI middotssi111Ji10iiq spunos 111 middotC)H~lO) ll110h in1it1is middot1111 middot1u1nh Ill up1u1n1 tq 11un11u 01 sipoi

middot11itJigtilJ 1uis

lj J1J llfJr 11iuss1 uri ti IM ii1ssi1u i1 tliSnd XS si PmiddotllJd t111d i11L C)U 1-llCl) J5t middot111~1d iq1111J lUlI 11111 lflJStHI S bullbullbullllJ middotlll JO middotIHgtl Ur 1r pTilur1rI lq t11I iiUUr1111

Iv

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middot1middot tU iiu n 1S middot1 1~u1J1_1IJ lllUl I lllJI S11 (~1 lliJl I p11~111011 L ftfq l omiddoto

rr11- 1o(d 110po) middot1i1 1ii iinJJl1J1 piqsllJlImiddot iJ ii1101 11111 Q) 01 sp111111i) dn 4tIll 11 ltJrll IJ ()Qi lll tlll lill 11 r~1i 1Jlra 11l1Hll 01-~middotmiddott llll II sp1HlllS fo1d -cud I HP z11-rmiddotcrt

11 1 u 111111111 JIJ 1111 middot111 tgt rJJtlS J1i11 1110JJ )J1JJ u igt111t11p JIA i1J puu Jn J1lf I middotifmiddotmiddot middotp~XJltl

uI il~inps111~Jl ip 1111rJrd 1 111iiJ pun OtS 111n11s middotI- 1SllOligtu1 11ttlip bull 1p1~tl Jnd lJiliIbull r Jl)lJlpt1n fCrN i111 UUJJJ JllllOJld lflmiddot llOJU1lliooI II lIS Jr Jllll IOOd 1-11 U fliISU os1r

middotJIJlli) SUlIJgtS

3Hgt3S 6

middot~~ ~ -lt r ~ rlJ --~middot

~ ~~

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~-~ I~ lt p

-~middot

~ ~bullbull~middot~middotmiddotrmiddot _ middotmiddot~i bull -~middotmiddot middot-middotraquo middott~~middotmiddotmiddot~ ~ middotmiddot~amp~~~k~~~~~- ~~middot-lt- =s~ ~middot middotmiddotmiddot~~timiddotmiddotmiddotmiddot t~e~middotY-5middotmiddot)tz~Nmiddot middot bullbull--middotbull I

shy

~ middot

~~

middot SECRET

(81 Trunsdurers and in1plific-rs usclI in lhl (0~180 scllcn1e nu1sl h1middot CJlnp1tible ith lle1bull1 equipn1rnt Ve urviyed trunsduLers in Ile~middot~ us1bull ind other lovmiddotfnljUellY lransshydul1rs rhit iould he us1bulld in the C0~1BO iYShlll trcfc-renlc 8 9) Vith n1inor 1nodiliia1ions JlCcl transdu1middoters lti~ n1irginally alieptable for COMBO lrt1ns1nission~ in 1middoter1ain fnquenly h1nds For exanple the UQ(- transdulcr is the best JletI tr-Jnsltlucer for pilot Vh1Jc iOunds The llc-l lransdllCrs ~urvcyed h~1vc lhnitcd lovmiddotrrcqucn1middoty itpahility The cxte1ltled hlmiddotfnbulll[UClllY r~sponse of the olhcr tn1nsllu1middotcrs surveyed Vould 1bullnablc tranM11issi1ln of nuire Jiverse signils over gre-1cr rang1-s

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS (UJ

~ Cobull1bullrtn1middots or COMBCl 1middot011111n111iei1ion thp1bull11Us upon sign1l lidelily ind the 111turafneslrl u tlH itlli1111I sou11d~ ll1cbull Mlllnds physi1middot1J cmiddothira1middott1middotristimiddots SU1bullll is sourcmiddotc lcvlI 1nJ ton1I 1middot011111011lls 111ust h1bull proper Preflrnd sounds ti fro1n 1nurinc 111i1111nals such as pilot vhtllsor kilkbullr Vhailbulls Vilh i 1middotusn1opolita11 Olcllrllllcc lhcbull sounltls 1nus1 be USldmiddotin 111 appropri111middot conl1bullx1 For in-iollt1111c 111ating signals trans1nittcbulld in a non-111ating gt~ason cnuJrJ arouse tl1e suspiLmiddotion u a knltnvlcbulldco1hll 1nu11i1ur 1h1bull sounds frorn u single spclics nn1y ilry n~gion1lly Thus V1bullll-knoll diafclts should 1101 lh uscbulld oul of cmiddoton1ext lhcscbull S1cmiddot11lalions JlllSU1nc 1 knnwlcd~cmiddot01hlc intcrc1bullplor middot

poundYr The C0~1BCgt 11Jan rll)U1r1middots nalur11 sounds to provide ii lovcr for 011111111nilmiddotamiddot tiun SiIHllS In Sllllll ar1bulltis 1lrl1in spllils or Vhafcs havC helOIUC scmiddotarcc through OYrharv~stshying hul 1middotu11s~1middot1tion 1111bull1s11rcbulls J1iv1bull ulloVld othcr po11ulutions to incre~1sc 1or cxun111tc tl1c inuti1trn right Vhak is 111bullirly lXli111bullt but the griy wh1I~ 11opul1tion is increasing Pdpulation siz1bull is 1HgtI ncbullccssarily Jirc1middottly relat1bulld to a1middotousti1 JlnSl111e For exa1nplc lhc hun1phack Vhakbull popuh11 ion is snu1JI hut the sp1bullcmiddotils iS pirticularly sonifcrouI Si1niluly tht killer Yhalc C()rCi1111s orltmiddott1) is frequ1bullnlfy h1middot~1rd cbullven 1ho11gh its populiition is dcpletcd Thus the use of

middotmiddot (()fmiddot1 llO sounds in tl11bull Otlan requirls r1bulllativ1middotly 11bullv wli1kbulls and cons1bullrvul ion 1111bullasurcs should guantnllc popullions at lcust 1s lurgcbull as prcscbullnl 0111S

SYSTEM COMPONENTS (UJ ~

middot (UJ middot1middot111bull lolluwi11g scitions 1gtCLs1bullnt six iiS(llLls of lh bull(()~1 BO sys11bull111 Signals Signal

Dlh1middottiun cCSH I Signiil Syn1hesis middotrr111sd111middotlni U1bullploy1ncn1 Slcurity lttnd Flccbullt l111pa1middot1

SIGNALS (U)

jV( Thrc1bull 1i1lcbullgorics uf n1irinl 1n11n111ils 11rodl1lc sounds witl1 JlOttntial (0~1BO ~11111lkution lo1rgl vhalcmiddots s1nall Vhales (middot lulling porpoiscmiddots) anti pinniplds (seals a111J sea lio11J middotn1cbull lis1ed suu11ds ar1bull cmiddot01111uon lt111d c01il1in Iona I on1ponc111s Within the whulmiddot t01lcmiddot lOri1middots illlillliils are diScllSid in Oldlr or 11rohahlc polcn1i1l 3(lJllicuhility lo ll1c (OM B()

l0111111u11iluliun sd1cbull111c rrunt 111us1 to lelttst lik1bullly Pinnipcds ore not so orltlcrlmiddotd hcciusc 111ost 01Lllf in non-ovirlipping g1bullogr1phical areas and 111middotirly 111 urc very vo1middotal

10

SECRET

bullbull

l

middot1

bull

~middot

--~_bull

SECRET

~ Largc VhUILs produLmiddotl loV-frcql1C111~middot sounds Vith high sourrmiddotc levels The lovmiddot fnoqucnLmiddot~ sounds requi1L splcial 1n111stluc1bullrs Tl1c sounds co11ld be uscd in aCOimiddotJBCJ Lon1shynu1ni11cum-~nt1~ viihmiddot an iJM~ltLmiddotl~1tliyenbull lt1middot~middotomJ SO middotmi~( offtrt- sh-rtl-rUbull-an tHlkshyvery noisy conditions Sounds fro111 s1nill VhttJcs und fro1n pin11ij1eltls t1rc higher in frequcn-middoty 1nltl thlrCforl l1sier to reproduce Yith transduclrs ln a (0~1 BO con1n1unilbullt1tions schc111c sounds lru1n snu1ll whall~s and pinnipcds are li1nit~d to rang~s hcIO 50 nrni unllSS sounI Jcvlls an ltet lc1st O dB ovlr nalural The 1nost sui1ibh large vhalc sounds for COi1BO arl fro111 humpbaCk righl and finbuck 111d fro1u pilot killer and hlbullluga 1n1011g the sn1all vhiks lscc figun 1

LARGE WHALES (U)

IUJ middotn1c hun1phaCk vhodc lltmiddot~c1ptcmiddot1u 11or1Jtbullc111gli11tbull produlmiddotes u vlt1riLmiddotly of 1ndLmiddotrshyV11~r L~all-middotmiddot hh~ltHling hovlbull nu1111omiddotmiddotfn1n t 1~riigt) ytill~middot and lobullfrc~1ucnl-y pub(f Fu1HIJshyrnentul components cover frcqthlllies fro111 20 lo ooo J1i ilh han11onics 1s high as 5000 Iii_ ~oPld d_uri11on varkmiddots front 02 Sll to over 5 SLl a11d ~OlfCt~ level _rnay exceed 180 cl B 1 I microPu HiimfgtbRk kakbullWltJlii1lltgt1Tlt Hlt dc~ ftc~ttLftcYttttt~tllatrl

(U) Vhen not 111igratin~ hurn11halmiddotk whilLmiddots oc-cur Loaslally and arl ltlist rihuted in all oceans 1he Yhlles ocLur in lovcr latiludcs durilll winllbullr and spring 111d in higher hllitultlcs inlmiddotluding 11olarmiddotsLUs during sun1111cr In lhe hrlLdinl areas iround Bcrrnuda lhc Vcs1 Indies Il1v1ii and Ncv Zc1k1nd hu1n11lH1lk vlu1kbull sounds arc grouped in lo songs thit isl up to JO 1nin lOntainscllions of flPlliliL sltbullnmiddototypctl phrase~ and nu1y he repLbullatccJ for hours (r~fcrcnce 101

(U) middotrhl righl Vlialeo Julutlaenct glalit1fimiddot proJULLS sounds si1nilir to hu1nphalmiddotk ~vhak souoLs lllOJllS fY11l~middotmiddotmiddot _1_1_nJ h~Jl_QVs Lnt~nnj11JI~~ with puls1bulls bullinti n1~rhur sounds ltrulc~middotnll 11 ) Linc con11lonllllS tlfY beiv~en 50 3nii 1500 Ill Vilh Jur1tiuns fro111 o to al least 4 scLmiddot Most of the encqy in lh~ phonntions OllUrs below 500 l lz Sound source lcmiddotcl is over 180 dl3 rl I microP1 Righi whales arc Viltllbullly distrihutlbulld in s111all 11u111hcrs in ~01s1al Valcrs in lalilucllS pokbullvoird of 25 dcgrLmiddotes Right Yiulies 1nigra1c tu loVLr lllitudes during lhlbull win lcr middot

IUgt Thtbull linhumiddotk wh1lc Jcto(r1Jftbullra pl1ymiddotu11s produlcs pulsLS ual 1noa11s in thLmiddot Ilbullll-C Tru11 1[1 lu l OU Tmiddotllbull bullith lcslt1 ti11i1 ll Ju11nid1 Soiih fi1ihotmiddot wh1i1 sotuul- UfL livmiddot qucncy 1nodul1llmiddotd (nmiddotlcnnccs l ~ IJ J 1i11back whales produ CL pulse I r1ins c-cnlLrLmiddotd al ~()

Hi middotwithmiddot nbullgulir intcr-1ntliCmiddot inlibulltvul middotof a fbullbullmiddot ~middotmiddotl111J (nbull(4l~111~ Id-)middot 1middot111 f0-11 rpul~middoti OllllT in douhlclSmiddotYith in Ira- oinltl inlc~r-douhkl intlrvals ur 10 to 5degSll The pulSl trJillo continuc or 11ol1rs oind lDnstitutc Wll-~n~1w1 interfrcnllS ut SOS US ~tbull1tiunsAnother Imiddot Hitgtttltl Wtrtc frillmiddot ~~~H lt~lhbullrmiddot~middotliMmiddotllrmiddotI~ etmi111ltt1fllftilltiWlt1Hbully J4-Jlz con1ponc111 vnying in knglh up lo 18 seL SnurLc llvcls of linh3k Yhalc sounds rltinllmiddot 111110 180 dB no I microPa 1norcrcncc IJ) middotrhl tinhilk whiLbull oLmiddotLmiddoturs in ~111 Oltans espeshy_middotiully in polar Slls duri11t su1nn1cr 1nonths I

~ Off Chile the hluc whule JJult1e1101n(bullrc111111nmiddotuus pr0duccs J7-scc scqucncc~ dr

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SECRET

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SEGRET

l11c blue whihbull 1110ins tVLra1iLmiddot 188-dB so11r1t J~vcl u1J 1rc ainplitucJLbull-111udublcd u 3lJ and 78slbulli Thi strong~sl Lmiddoton1po1icnts oiiur 1t ~h Ht und olhcrs ixlcntl 10 ahoul ~00 11c Scqu~lll~ typkally rcp~il cYlr) 7 n1in hut the lilinl inlcnil 111J) hL 1s long us J l 111i11

(rlflr~nic 151 In thl lis1crn Nonh PidfiLmiddot hh1l hale~ protUlI sin1ilar 1n1)111lt (if 1wu t~1wmiddot- with tht n1ost cnrgy near O Hi Blu1- whalcs u1bullLmiddotur 111 all oii1ns They 1middot01hlntra1L 11 hig11 h1ti1ultlcs during su111n1er 111onths ind off (1lifon1 ii in 111tun111 1111 long ~0-111 phu1111 ion JI VCllmiddotknown JI SOSUS stitiltHls fro111 southcrn C1lifur11ia lo llll BLmiddotring S1i (flJdegLrlnbulll I ~1

fefThc sp~m1 wh1lc lllHtr 1middot1uoc111 pruJu middotLmiddot~ Irain~ oJ hort dkk Al -Ii) r~middotmiddot p1tition r-Jhs lhl spcrn1 YiuIll dhk trains irl LtlllcJ 11rp1bullnhr lish sot111Ji hr N1) 1Hiirmiddot 1111middotn Jhi diLmiddotks hltiVL ii SClllrLl ILll as hilh 1s 175 ltlH ind 10l lnlI)) hltw~middotln ~Ulland 10000 llz Th~middot llkk ripllition rJIL r11111I fro111 I 10 JOO Jllr-1bull1imiddotonll Shurt dkk t1ai1h 1111~ hll dislillll rh)1lhn1k 1gt1111middotrns and 111lt1y b1ibull r1middotpitlllLI lllf10 rCl1CS lh 171 Spcnn hailbull inmiddot usually rollllll in ~roups lhat proltlut1bull llilks in dlllfUS IIllbull ~pcr111 whatbull is di-trihut~middotli in all ~11lJl1S LSjllLiJlly in lrnpkmiddot1I and suh-tropic-011Wltilcr~11ar lhl A1orls P ru thL cdapil~U 111J off (intnil C11ifnrni1 BtltlllSl of 1111bullir 11liiq11i1y high suunl Jbullll mu ~middot011u11u11 111middotlu1 flllLl spLbullr111 YllllL sn111ul~ ar1imiddot f1111ilh1r ltl sn111r1111ibull11 nfall 11Hio1111ititbulls 111d unbull ixLmiddotliknI sounds for C()l18() argtpliLalilln

~ middotrhl ilhk slnlLllll llf IJl1rn1 whali SiJJHtls is in0111pitihlc ii Ii pr~middot1middot111 ( C )) Blt gt

lllllhuds of narrow frLbullqui111ibull) hanll prc11imiddotls-i11g anlf middotLmiddotuding and rct1uir1I intlmiddotad widll1anLI thrcbullshold d1bullllclinn 111d si1nplc t1bull111porul cotlinl p11tcrlli Nclrlh1middotlcs- ltPLrlh wl1all ound arl iUL1l for hiololiiS co1111nu11il11io11 1ppliLmiddotatiun

SMALL WHALES (U)

Ji( middotrhl pilot wh1hbull cubilaquotJlwla 111tbullu1bull11lJ c sclt1nnuJ11i and c 1111umiddotr11r1r11rmiddoti1

proll111middot1middots i virilty of sounds h1Lmiddotludi11g dilks whisllcs lltJt11imiddotab warhllmiddotmiddot and ~111111- lrLhmiddot1 LlllLS 18 JIJ ind ~01 501111bull pilot hallbull whisllrs ir~middot punmiddot-1011 inti llll11bullr 11rlmiddot ridt in h11shyl1HH1kmiddots A whis11lbull 1nay l111ain ill ii singlebull rllJllllLY for up to 1 s1middottcgt11li or Vl~P 1middot1 bull 1d kl lz in lh1bull -ulll 1i1111middot VhistlLbull anJ sq111middotal lllirgy is distrihu1~middotd Jro111 SOO I11 to 15 ~ 111 11 1

sourll kbullvlI ol al llmiddot~1st 175 dli lurgl propnrtiun or whbtk- and ~qulil a1 bd1 - 11 EXtlPl rur polar SltlS 11io1 Vll1ls l)t1middotur in 1lT) hHt hotly of 111arin1ibull Y~llLr lgti)ol nh1hmiddotso~nds 1rlmiddot sui1d1li for (OftUCgt trans111issiuni of ~S 10 SO 11111i

( lJ) ln th 1lt1stcrn North PilLi lit killl wh1Jis Ortmiddoti1111 orn1 bull middot111il nin111i11h11ul Lmiddotli~ J

or 10 to JS llSll duriltion (rlfLmiddotnbulln1middotlmiddot ~I I Th1imiddot ru111h1111tbullnl1l 1St)ilillll 1lkk fnlJllLlll) j 111thl ~50- to 500-Jlz n11ll Thl llkmiddotks OcLllrin sllnn hu1~ts of 10 tn IS or in 11111l11 lu11J~middot1

hith-nmiddotpllilinn-rt1h n1uluus srla1ns Sircun~ Ut1illr in two p11rbbull Hi1middot at a tp1middot111inn r1hmiddot ihnul 0S kl It 11111 thl nthlTill 11hou1 ~ kll1 llcith -1middot1i111 lllllI-gt htvl 111auy h1H1110111Lmiddot ln A1111r1middot1i1ibull walLrI kiillr wh1IL cn1it ililmiddotk lr1ins -im ilir 10 IhoL of 1111r1 h~middotrn iuinwJ 11middotimiddot1 1bullntl JJl Ant1rctk kilkmiddotr Vhalls du no pnHhlLL lhlmiddot st1bullnmiddotlil~ 111l illl1111i middotharltillLmiddotrilllmiddot 1

thcbullir northcrn Lmiddotuunllfl)bulllfls KillLmiddotr whalLmiddot-i otmiddotlmiddotur worlllYilltbull lSJllli1lly 1lbull1r llllt 11 h1Jlimiddot1 lamp1ti11ulls mtlf in pulir regions

Imiddot

SE6RET

middotbullmiddotmiddotmiddot middott Udid~~~-~~l iJttbull111i-gt1~middot11ii-middot~~olbull i~ middotz ~ middot

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SEGRET

l11c blue whihbull 1110ins tVLra1iLmiddot 188-dB so11r1t J~vcl u1J 1rc ainplitucJLbull-111udublcd u 3lJ and 78slbulli Thi strong~sl Lmiddoton1po1icnts oiiur 1t ~h Ht und olhcrs ixlcntl 10 ahoul ~00 11c Scqu~lll~ typkally rcp~il cYlr) 7 n1in hut the lilinl inlcnil 111J) hL 1s long us J l 111i11

(rlflr~nic 151 In thl lis1crn Nonh PidfiLmiddot hh1l hale~ protUlI sin1ilar 1n1)111lt (if 1wu t~1wmiddot- with tht n1ost cnrgy near O Hi Blu1- whalcs u1bullLmiddotur 111 all oii1ns They 1middot01hlntra1L 11 hig11 h1ti1ultlcs during su111n1er 111onths ind off (1lifon1 ii in 111tun111 1111 long ~0-111 phu1111 ion JI VCllmiddotknown JI SOSUS stitiltHls fro111 southcrn C1lifur11ia lo llll BLmiddotring S1i (flJdegLrlnbulll I ~1

fefThc sp~m1 wh1lc lllHtr 1middot1uoc111 pruJu middotLmiddot~ Irain~ oJ hort dkk Al -Ii) r~middotmiddot p1tition r-Jhs lhl spcrn1 YiuIll dhk trains irl LtlllcJ 11rp1bullnhr lish sot111Ji hr N1) 1Hiirmiddot 1111middotn Jhi diLmiddotks hltiVL ii SClllrLl ILll as hilh 1s 175 ltlH ind 10l lnlI)) hltw~middotln ~Ulland 10000 llz Th~middot llkk ripllition rJIL r11111I fro111 I 10 JOO Jllr-1bull1imiddotonll Shurt dkk t1ai1h 1111~ hll dislillll rh)1lhn1k 1gt1111middotrns and 111lt1y b1ibull r1middotpitlllLI lllf10 rCl1CS lh 171 Spcnn hailbull inmiddot usually rollllll in ~roups lhat proltlut1bull llilks in dlllfUS IIllbull ~pcr111 whatbull is di-trihut~middotli in all ~11lJl1S LSjllLiJlly in lrnpkmiddot1I and suh-tropic-011Wltilcr~11ar lhl A1orls P ru thL cdapil~U 111J off (intnil C11ifnrni1 BtltlllSl of 1111bullir 11liiq11i1y high suunl Jbullll mu ~middot011u11u11 111middotlu1 flllLl spLbullr111 YllllL sn111ul~ ar1imiddot f1111ilh1r ltl sn111r1111ibull11 nfall 11Hio1111ititbulls 111d unbull ixLmiddotliknI sounds for C()l18() argtpliLalilln

~ middotrhl ilhk slnlLllll llf IJl1rn1 whali SiJJHtls is in0111pitihlc ii Ii pr~middot1middot111 ( C )) Blt gt

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SMALL WHALES (U)

Ji( middotrhl pilot wh1hbull cubilaquotJlwla 111tbullu1bull11lJ c sclt1nnuJ11i and c 1111umiddotr11r1r11rmiddoti1

proll111middot1middots i virilty of sounds h1Lmiddotludi11g dilks whisllcs lltJt11imiddotab warhllmiddotmiddot and ~111111- lrLhmiddot1 LlllLS 18 JIJ ind ~01 501111bull pilot hallbull whisllrs ir~middot punmiddot-1011 inti llll11bullr 11rlmiddot ridt in h11shyl1HH1kmiddots A whis11lbull 1nay l111ain ill ii singlebull rllJllllLY for up to 1 s1middottcgt11li or Vl~P 1middot1 bull 1d kl lz in lh1bull -ulll 1i1111middot VhistlLbull anJ sq111middotal lllirgy is distrihu1~middotd Jro111 SOO I11 to 15 ~ 111 11 1

sourll kbullvlI ol al llmiddot~1st 175 dli lurgl propnrtiun or whbtk- and ~qulil a1 bd1 - 11 EXtlPl rur polar SltlS 11io1 Vll1ls l)t1middotur in 1lT) hHt hotly of 111arin1ibull Y~llLr lgti)ol nh1hmiddotso~nds 1rlmiddot sui1d1li for (OftUCgt trans111issiuni of ~S 10 SO 11111i

( lJ) ln th 1lt1stcrn North PilLi lit killl wh1Jis Ortmiddoti1111 orn1 bull middot111il nin111i11h11ul Lmiddotli~ J

or 10 to JS llSll duriltion (rlfLmiddotnbulln1middotlmiddot ~I I Th1imiddot ru111h1111tbullnl1l 1St)ilillll 1lkk fnlJllLlll) j 111thl ~50- to 500-Jlz n11ll Thl llkmiddotks OcLllrin sllnn hu1~ts of 10 tn IS or in 11111l11 lu11J~middot1

hith-nmiddotpllilinn-rt1h n1uluus srla1ns Sircun~ Ut1illr in two p11rbbull Hi1middot at a tp1middot111inn r1hmiddot ihnul 0S kl It 11111 thl nthlTill 11hou1 ~ kll1 llcith -1middot1i111 lllllI-gt htvl 111auy h1H1110111Lmiddot ln A1111r1middot1i1ibull walLrI kiillr wh1IL cn1it ililmiddotk lr1ins -im ilir 10 IhoL of 1111r1 h~middotrn iuinwJ 11middotimiddot1 1bullntl JJl Ant1rctk kilkmiddotr Vhalls du no pnHhlLL lhlmiddot st1bullnmiddotlil~ 111l illl1111i middotharltillLmiddotrilllmiddot 1

thcbullir northcrn Lmiddotuunllfl)bulllfls KillLmiddotr whalLmiddot-i otmiddotlmiddotur worlllYilltbull lSJllli1lly 1lbull1r llllt 11 h1Jlimiddot1 lamp1ti11ulls mtlf in pulir regions

Imiddot

SE6RET

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middotii11d~ ir1IJ lni1() ulPllf middot1=1JIUI pu11 ikunmiddot110 s1s0=1 1puu11v lll p bull iq1 U 1n11 fluo1r vmiddot1Umiddotrltl 1rldOJI tui1sri i111 iJ11l10 bullbullbull u111d1op 11111ods pi11ui ll os11middotmiddot111nt1ffnJii 1111irtgtlft

111gtU(lIO~t1~11 SpJllJ U JllllO (1ai1 middotllgtfJllhfU SJSOdJOd p1pJ1i-llllt middotHmiddotlltl (n) JlUJ i~lImiddot S)llllll~ 000~ l1I dn SJlSllM (lUltjllOJtl i1nptgtJd S1StltlJOd f)JPSbullllllbull ltJ-11d JD

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J1t1n1 Ji1gt1oi sJni10 middotii1ds 1gti1r1 SJiJrti tSiurd1r ti spt111s1 UJ J1111111(1tougtiftr pu1 v SUtUHCO Xllllll(lIOUli111 pur lJbullr(1 1nos llll ll SJl111(1 I lllllV lf JJON 1111 JU SJlJI qpun

i si111Js JUiJiJlP 1111 middotsur110 1JllrIV middotspu1n1s l-lltl~P llfHUd hJqrqoJJ 11111oi

plll (1trrqp10l~J S-(lJi Sl111ponl lIJdgtp s1111pd1( bulllSJOtlJod f11lf11P(llS 1llI (nl llJl sr MUJ pu1tJ tll ZfP1 S sn ptn lJPliJL middotQI ti p11uoi1J ui1t1oiltl11ip fJSllA pt11tltinJJ1u

iqJ SJllM J1UJJllM sd1uul ilJ( sJniio 1SOdJUd -[11t(o1(1lllS 111l 11llIJ1IJJ) JO ll ti lHI un~11 middotsu rl10 1uimiddotu1 v 1n11 bullu1 pu 1

11tl p1sn 111 p1no1 l1uampls puUtJllUJJru piup1si1s ituns iinpnJtl siJlHlti 11rnus )~middot J5f middot lJdegiil( lllll Ullfl liilllJ UOllmiddotlllHUlllOI (l((f) 11 ~middot bulltllllh1Jf SPllll()S IllI 01 ssi1 JUJ 1lt11111s

-1iflrrJmiddot1Jot1smiddot10_1 1J1nn IAlIJ ltfiilll spunus i1rlJti lliltf Jl~ifqn_ iJt s1 11ru1s middotuoJrnu111r of middotuigtJtliui1U S11llllll 1lJ1 llllI SJlll AOJ llOlflJUnUllll~ llllJP JO 01 1r

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SECRET

PINNIPEDS (UJ

(U) The Veddlbullll se1l LLJto11_middotcmiddotuJtcbulls nmiddoteddelli ln1its 11urrovb01nd pulss at replI it ion rut es fron1 abov~ I40 Stl to one in SrYt ral stconds ( rcflrcnll 26 J Thi so111uJs middot fnJUllllY rangbull is from 50 to 10000 llz The pulse trains typically gtttrl at I to 2 kllz with a fagtt repetition ratr and rlld JI aboul 01 kHz Vith slov rcpltition Individual pulse~ in a triin irl

frcqultncy modulailtd from] kJJz al 10 kHi lu 50 fllt al 100 Iii Weddell seals also produce hovls Vith fundamentals rJnging fron1 50 to 4000 llz uul vith strong h1m1oni1 sln1itllrl and ringing sounds in the I- to ]-kHz range thll last up to 10 seL VcddclJ seals ocLmiddotur in thl southcrn hen1isphmiddotr~ around lhc Ant1rlticmiddot iontinent antl its 1djaccnt p1ck iLmiddote VLmiddotddlbullll scal1 migralbull as far IS 305 lo Smtih America 10 Australia and tuNew Zealan1l

CU The beankltlseal Erg11u1m1 Jurh11lltcmils a whistle with a tremolo dtarncmiddot tcristic CIUscJ lly fast frcclllClllY 1ncidulation of a fc hcrli il1c whistlc is 111odulatld furthlr over several hundred I lcrtz at r1tcs or algtoul IsCl to Onc in SlVcral seconds as the Vhistll drops 3 10 4 ~Hz 10 02 kl lz over a period of minute Crelercnce c7) The lwmled seal is cinu111polar in Yitcrs ot th1bull Arel il Dllall oinll till 11Jj1ccnl A llant ic ind PaciJkmiddot rlgions

( U J middotrhl ringed seal usu hiJpida prod1ucs a n111nhcr or sounds incmiddotlud ing a -tliltly I discmiddotrctc-co1nponcnt cloVllVard frcq_11C11cmiddoty svecp i111huctl wilh l1arrnoniLS ( nmiddotfcrLlle ~Xgtt I The sounds l1s1 from about I lo 4 sec range from 5 kllz lo 02 kllz anti havo at kasl ltgtlll

strong hannonils vhilh 111ay ex tend ahovl I 0 kllz 1his seal also 1nukc~ a l1roadl1and ringini sound in the fnqucnly range front h1bulllov ~ kllz to about (1 kllz with duralinns up to 15 sec Tlic ringed seal occurs_vidcly in the Arlmiddotlil OlmiddotcaO and on lhl north 1oasts of EuropeGreenland North Americi anti the Soviet Union

U) The ribbon seal ltora ( hmiddotJrioplroca) fascia Ill produces tvo prinLmiddotipal unilirshyVa tcr so111uls coincident Yi th spring rcproduitivc il1bulltivitics an intcnsl I -middotto 5aSll LOnbullunl frequency sweep in the 7- lo 0 I -kl Jz region and a 0-10 5-kliz hrealhing-lype gtnund or iimiddot111os1 I Slcdur1tion hut at 20 to 25 dB lower in p~cssure level CrcfcrenLmiddotc _2lj)111is sLbullal j

dislrilntlcdfrom the nurtheasl Bering Sea lo he Sea or Okhotsk andmiddot into the tlltlrthcmiddotrn ~CI of Japan Ribbon seals ilso olmiddotcur on the l01sts or Korea and northcrr Japan

fllmiddotI Tbr California~ middotJio1imiddot 7oJlllU ltVlfJi)nlitJJiui lililrn bull~tidy r u1~Jhwa1-r sounds inLmiddotludiug barks gru~1nS growls ind hhats ( rcflrcn1middotcs 8 i1nd JO) Thl hiirkmiddot 111ii11

~911H~nc~ts p~~urllclvc1middot1~ Q5 and I k~lz_llinnonics ~xtcnd up to al~~u~ 5 kll-middot Mostc( 111middotalllt1ulf00tltbull lttffi liillltlih-tW ffibulllli fii~ITltYmC ltii ILi lmiddot1imiddoti lM1 bulllkmiddotC11llmiddot fornia sciI lion occurs along the (11ifornia co1st Biju (ilifomia 1he caJapagos lslintlri andj the ioast of Japnn Bulls oc1middotur is fir north 1s Washing1un in lhc wintcrthnl i

I

f U) Pinnipld sounds usually occur within I 011n1i or coasts ice 1gtacks ormiddotdriftinJ ii~ I

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SECRET

SIGNAL DETECTION (U)

Jkt-Thlt COMllO SignbullI Rlaquomiddotognilaquor Sornnd Generation ~SR-II Clignre 1J lLmiddotsig111middotltJ antl ass~mtgtl~d und thLn lcstcbulld both in th~ falloru1orr ind al s1bulln middotn11~ signal rl1ogshyitio11 divitl Lan rllLodc- propcrly lVlll if seven of thL ninL signnls ur- lust lnforn1atit1n

Xn1-middot1io11 loiLmiddot USS rlmiddotuLl-only 1111bull1nory uni ls ( Rlt~middotlsl middotrhl CSR-ll 1middotan ill in nlhlltiing inforshy1u1tion Lillllllls IVLr1g- utd Vigh nsults uul disph1y th hisl posltlihllbull ouq1ut lh- word BAD bull1JlJl-bull1rs in liglll-llliltin tliollL ( LEDJ Jisph1ys whtn d11a ilfL insuffi-iLlll or do not 0

Ulllhnn tn Olll or six llllSslll runnats lhl CSR-I I ILl01111110d11lS hruid1indmiddotprotCS1diutlOllstiLbull Si111ls 1h1l is lhlll ii h01middothniqlll to pnlL1SS SVl)lillg signal- lhL (SR-1 f lJll Lbull1middotuding Voukl 1lso s11fri1middotI for hroidhinJ dtliI

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OUTPUT DISPLAY FORMAT

TIME

FRAMES

2 3

GROUP 11 4 sr 6

Ill 7 8 9

CLINC LASSIFIElll

(U) Figure 3 COMUO Sil)llal Recognizer CSR-II elcn1cnts and confisura1ion

OPERATING FEATURES CUI

p() middotrhl CS R-11 sign1l rnnual is IhrLl 1nl1tu1lly lXilusi11 kmiddotn11ll- ltILh tr11lolllittld thr1bull1bull til11l 1t diffcmiddotr1middot111 lrlllhnLmiddotiis Thl CSR-ll produ-middotLltI ix po-~ihlLmiddot 1JIL-1g1middotI usi111 nini dilTLfll11 lr111s111illld fnbullqt1lllliLbull- Tn lOlllllLllStitcmiddot rnr lrl(jlllll0

shifts during llllSl)C lr1u-middot111hsion lhl TllLilf illlPlS fr1ltlllll1L hllllb lLlll(11d Oil lhl possihllmiddot 1r111MniISio11 fr-middot t1ucn1middoti~middotmiddot middotrh- nin1bull fr-tlU0 ny h1ndlti ampUL ~lljustcbulltl to n11tLmiddoth niturli 1middoton1pun-llllto in ni111bull difshyl~middotrLlll pilot Yh11tbull sountlro pnbullstbullf1bulllll1d UllOrdin~ to llll lUtllbull or lh1bull dltty Tiil rr1bullqt1Ll11Y huals tirL rando1nly irn1l1Ld h1lLLll 25 und J5 kll1 nu lhl CSR-I I flogni11middot- ninL anin1al Sl11llld ~p11bull1bulld lhngtllihOUI 1 11at11r1J chonts of nf1011itillllS ( fi~llfl 4)

TEST TEST DATA STORE

INPUTS READ INPUJ ONLY DISPLAY

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tii Primiddotrc1middot0~11itin11 pn11middot1bullssillmiddot iii thl CSR-II is tonal analysis wilh a nal-tillH Pl1lnnn anihLr 1hn illtl~clpmiddotlhnilLli ill ~ is 10 i 5 kllz uni with 1111middotnscn1bkmiddot a1middotmiddotallf

1h1t 11s1SLight 1LrJl1S TIH analy11bullr is1 Spi1middot1ral lgty111111kmiddot SIgt JOI and is the sanh a11ilyl1rbull uxmiddotd i11 lhL ICJ(-5 I LlgtRCJRll llCLI 101111nunh1tit)f1 sy-tcbull111 Tl11 UCra~cr ilt a Sp1Ltral

middotJ))bulln1111ii ~0middot

JSi middotrhl lntinmiddot SlLtn111 in a ~lc1tcd fonn11 of 1nin1al sou1lll is projc111J into th1bull w111middotr R1middot1middot1bullibull1bulld ditt ar1bull lirst l1indp1sgtld hcbulltwic-n I S 1nd 5 kl J1 1bull 1lso u~1middot a t 1r1middot1middotshytin11middot11sional bullit1bullrfall dis11l1y to 1hir11middottiriz1middot tlw nmiddot1middot1middotiv1bulld signils ind a111hknl llt)b1~ and to middot111np1rl signals 10 nitur1i StHllld- as I hey wouhl spplltir 10 sonanncn on thl BQR-O or~~-

tRr E1lmiddoth of lhl nilll frcqUlllLr h111t1~ iS rl(lrLSLlllLd hy 111 inalog volt1gL fro111 SPllnil Dgt1 1101111i1~ libullll ()nlLmiddotr TntlkLngt th1t 111u11itor llhmiddot p~JVlr ~JlLLlr1 Vithin 1 lhmiddotllz ll111d allout llll tLllhr rrLr(Ullll) Anilo~ OllillS ilf( llll1lp1rLd 10 prL~ll villllS ind Stpir1ILd into 1 ~llllllIHl of nillL middot1inll fnullLS dhmiddotkkd into lhrlL tilnLmiddotmiddotgruups lnLl11lling data tirmiddot dbmiddot pa~ld in 11middot1gt displi1ys iurHbullspondihg to ad1 tillll fnunl if thL dat1 lmiddotoinLmiddotkk wi1h thmiddot lrnpLr lillll group F(ll -ounpk d~1t1 ~holl br LlmiddotDs I~ ~ ar oht1iilmiddotd during lilnc ltroup middot1 LEDs 4 5 6 durinJ ltiroup II and 11middotD 7 K 9 durin croup Ill (figurL1

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)Yr li111c ln1111L Llllfittinn hLbulltins )en q111lilyin d1t1 in ltlroup I ltlrL Licquirmiddotd dditiu111l t1 L111ifyin1 in pnls tfL SCllllllllially stroh~tl into thL pro pl I LED dis[llil Lind sturLd in 111c1nory for suhs-llll-lll n1Jinri1ylOl11Jlkbullnlll1tary lnjilmiddot inalysi~ A croup 11 tJa11 aiquishy~iiion during tilnimiddot cnlup f indiLlhs thal sn111L priol1~ tl1t1 wfl rnissbulld and an 1u1011111il shirt OllllO lo iriuvbull till tlisphty to tl~l 1nopLmiddotr fn1111l

~ middot1middoti1ni11~ ra1nmiddots for whkJ1 nt1 data tire 1llll1irctl disphly an I for lllllly ~tlImiddot

tiplc aLlllti~itiuus llurin 1 li111 frmn arl idiLmiddotatmiddotd with ii poinl tu lhibull llmiddotft olthl nun1hLr displaymiddotd in IIll lr1111t lhlmiddot lirst 1111111hLmiddotr fllLiVld is displ1yLbulld inti thl 111ultipk JLquisilion i nlso ~lonbullll in Ill- Ill Ory formiddot ltllf 1111SSilll tnllI ion A nmiddotr tirnc fr1111L middot R()M [lUSSlS horishylllllil ll1111plcll1-llllfY logLmiddot ill SllJllLlllC tlll thL fOVS Of~IOHdd1t1 illld illtLlllrils 10 ill Sillbull le oid~ 1tLmiddotn111pank-d hy lvu hon1 lidbull inputs l~or lXantpll if lhL dit1 forlt rnl1p I VLrc ~Imiddot I in thuc fr1111Lmiddot~ I ~ 11ul 3 rLSJ1lltilly 1 ~ will nbullpltill thbull I II urin I he ii1l1 ill OJnpllmiddot lllllltiry hlJiL [lt~s lo produll 11111tu1li) CXLlusil 111-s-iL LklllLllts By si111ilir 11rolltli11g ulhlr ~inlI- void~ 01middot 111ultipkbull il-lJL1isi1 ions Viii hl imiddoth1nLJ ll_ l~I lo-~~ I or~~ I to l~ I rlultipJ voids rLmiddotn11i11 undu1n)cd untI Stmiddotrill 1nultipltbull lt1Llaquo111i~ition~ 1liipliy 11p1y 313 hc-UllllS ~lEE ~taJority loit ~LlllS lt1d1 lOhlll111 or JlfO--SSldmiddot datt ~ltjllllltilllr and plill~o lhl llliljlrily h1rILlibullr ror lOlll lOh111111 in ii linll hl~lmiddotnmiddots~ll 111itri+ For LXUll(llmiddot ir lhc lirsl l0)~11nn -CJlltain~ )El in fn11nlS I 4 mu 7 rLSPlLlilly 1 3 will OllUr in lhL first

Jltlilion ur lh-bull1 middot~1-nll~Sll- lllillrix Siu1ilirl11 l in lhmiddot StiUlld middot01111111_1 pnulu-l~ 1 ~inbull

lhl SllOnll 1ln~i1io11 or thmiddot hbullstmiddotJlllStltl rnilrix and El~E in lhmiddot third lOlt11111111rodt1LlS an k in tlubull lhird position A SLt01ul ron1pllll1Lllt1ry _loiitmiddot 1H1ss on lhLbull hbullst llllSs1gc 111a1rix almiddot 1middot111111~ lo Jill voids hlbulli(lfL rtsulls Olrl middotdis1ll1)1 Ld in LElgts If th li111il llll~ltLgt i~ llllltrt1i11 hLmiddot middotause lll insurtiLmiddotibullnt or cunl1kmiddott ing J11a ihlmiddot lbullt tLbullrs BAl) arl lliplaycd in themiddot LED intlJd or11lin1l1llLSSJgc SingILbull-hil lVlll pJrily is 1111int1i11imiddotd lhroughout the logiimiddot pt1~C-0 A poinl dis1laycd in a linil 1nessag frltllllL i11dimiddotitLS a11 inopLmiddotn1til HOft 1llbullr linaln1Ls11c asscn1shyl1Jy 1 dl-Otkr llilOrk iRlivlt1lS s9lll10i1l~1lr lapmiddot flLUfllLmiddotr~ to Ollll11lllll-L lll-SSilpoundl~

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18

~EGRET

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tii Primiddotrc1middot0~11itin11 pn11middot1bullssillmiddot iii thl CSR-II is tonal analysis wilh a nal-tillH Pl1lnnn anihLr 1hn illtl~clpmiddotlhnilLli ill ~ is 10 i 5 kllz uni with 1111middotnscn1bkmiddot a1middotmiddotallf

1h1t 11s1SLight 1LrJl1S TIH analy11bullr is1 Spi1middot1ral lgty111111kmiddot SIgt JOI and is the sanh a11ilyl1rbull uxmiddotd i11 lhL ICJ(-5 I LlgtRCJRll llCLI 101111nunh1tit)f1 sy-tcbull111 Tl11 UCra~cr ilt a Sp1Ltral

middotJ))bulln1111ii ~0middot

JSi middotrhl lntinmiddot SlLtn111 in a ~lc1tcd fonn11 of 1nin1al sou1lll is projc111J into th1bull w111middotr R1middot1middot1bullibull1bulld ditt ar1bull lirst l1indp1sgtld hcbulltwic-n I S 1nd 5 kl J1 1bull 1lso u~1middot a t 1r1middot1middotshytin11middot11sional bullit1bullrfall dis11l1y to 1hir11middottiriz1middot tlw nmiddot1middot1middotiv1bulld signils ind a111hknl llt)b1~ and to middot111np1rl signals 10 nitur1i StHllld- as I hey wouhl spplltir 10 sonanncn on thl BQR-O or~~-

tRr E1lmiddoth of lhl nilll frcqUlllLr h111t1~ iS rl(lrLSLlllLd hy 111 inalog volt1gL fro111 SPllnil Dgt1 1101111i1~ libullll ()nlLmiddotr TntlkLngt th1t 111u11itor llhmiddot p~JVlr ~JlLLlr1 Vithin 1 lhmiddotllz ll111d allout llll tLllhr rrLr(Ullll) Anilo~ OllillS ilf( llll1lp1rLd 10 prL~ll villllS ind Stpir1ILd into 1 ~llllllIHl of nillL middot1inll fnullLS dhmiddotkkd into lhrlL tilnLmiddotmiddotgruups lnLl11lling data tirmiddot dbmiddot pa~ld in 11middot1gt displi1ys iurHbullspondihg to ad1 tillll fnunl if thL dat1 lmiddotoinLmiddotkk wi1h thmiddot lrnpLr lillll group F(ll -ounpk d~1t1 ~holl br LlmiddotDs I~ ~ ar oht1iilmiddotd during lilnc ltroup middot1 LEDs 4 5 6 durinJ ltiroup II and 11middotD 7 K 9 durin croup Ill (figurL1

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)Yr li111c ln1111L Llllfittinn hLbulltins )en q111lilyin d1t1 in ltlroup I ltlrL Licquirmiddotd dditiu111l t1 L111ifyin1 in pnls tfL SCllllllllially stroh~tl into thL pro pl I LED dis[llil Lind sturLd in 111c1nory for suhs-llll-lll n1Jinri1ylOl11Jlkbullnlll1tary lnjilmiddot inalysi~ A croup 11 tJa11 aiquishy~iiion during tilnimiddot cnlup f indiLlhs thal sn111L priol1~ tl1t1 wfl rnissbulld and an 1u1011111il shirt OllllO lo iriuvbull till tlisphty to tl~l 1nopLmiddotr fn1111l

~ middot1middoti1ni11~ ra1nmiddots for whkJ1 nt1 data tire 1llll1irctl disphly an I for lllllly ~tlImiddot

tiplc aLlllti~itiuus llurin 1 li111 frmn arl idiLmiddotatmiddotd with ii poinl tu lhibull llmiddotft olthl nun1hLr displaymiddotd in IIll lr1111t lhlmiddot lirst 1111111hLmiddotr fllLiVld is displ1yLbulld inti thl 111ultipk JLquisilion i nlso ~lonbullll in Ill- Ill Ory formiddot ltllf 1111SSilll tnllI ion A nmiddotr tirnc fr1111L middot R()M [lUSSlS horishylllllil ll1111plcll1-llllfY logLmiddot ill SllJllLlllC tlll thL fOVS Of~IOHdd1t1 illld illtLlllrils 10 ill Sillbull le oid~ 1tLmiddotn111pank-d hy lvu hon1 lidbull inputs l~or lXantpll if lhL dit1 forlt rnl1p I VLrc ~Imiddot I in thuc fr1111Lmiddot~ I ~ 11ul 3 rLSJ1lltilly 1 ~ will nbullpltill thbull I II urin I he ii1l1 ill OJnpllmiddot lllllltiry hlJiL [lt~s lo produll 11111tu1li) CXLlusil 111-s-iL LklllLllts By si111ilir 11rolltli11g ulhlr ~inlI- void~ 01middot 111ultipkbull il-lJL1isi1 ions Viii hl imiddoth1nLJ ll_ l~I lo-~~ I or~~ I to l~ I rlultipJ voids rLmiddotn11i11 undu1n)cd untI Stmiddotrill 1nultipltbull lt1Llaquo111i~ition~ 1liipliy 11p1y 313 hc-UllllS ~lEE ~taJority loit ~LlllS lt1d1 lOhlll111 or JlfO--SSldmiddot datt ~ltjllllltilllr and plill~o lhl llliljlrily h1rILlibullr ror lOlll lOh111111 in ii linll hl~lmiddotnmiddots~ll 111itri+ For LXUll(llmiddot ir lhc lirsl l0)~11nn -CJlltain~ )El in fn11nlS I 4 mu 7 rLSPlLlilly 1 3 will OllUr in lhL first

Jltlilion ur lh-bull1 middot~1-nll~Sll- lllillrix Siu1ilirl11 l in lhmiddot StiUlld middot01111111_1 pnulu-l~ 1 ~inbull

lhl SllOnll 1ln~i1io11 or thmiddot hbullstmiddotJlllStltl rnilrix and El~E in lhmiddot third lOlt11111111rodt1LlS an k in tlubull lhird position A SLt01ul ron1pllll1Lllt1ry _loiitmiddot 1H1ss on lhLbull hbullst llllSs1gc 111a1rix almiddot 1middot111111~ lo Jill voids hlbulli(lfL rtsulls Olrl middotdis1ll1)1 Ld in LElgts If th li111il llll~ltLgt i~ llllltrt1i11 hLmiddot middotause lll insurtiLmiddotibullnt or cunl1kmiddott ing J11a ihlmiddot lbullt tLbullrs BAl) arl lliplaycd in themiddot LED intlJd or11lin1l1llLSSJgc SingILbull-hil lVlll pJrily is 1111int1i11imiddotd lhroughout the logiimiddot pt1~C-0 A poinl dis1laycd in a linil 1nessag frltllllL i11dimiddotitLS a11 inopLmiddotn1til HOft 1llbullr linaln1Ls11c asscn1shyl1Jy 1 dl-Otkr llilOrk iRlivlt1lS s9lll10i1l~1lr lapmiddot flLUfllLmiddotr~ to Ollll11lllll-L lll-SSilpoundl~

~

18

~EGRET

SECRET

tii Primiddotrc1middot0~11itin11 pn11middot1bullssillmiddot iii thl CSR-II is tonal analysis wilh a nal-tillH Pl1lnnn anihLr 1hn illtl~clpmiddotlhnilLli ill ~ is 10 i 5 kllz uni with 1111middotnscn1bkmiddot a1middotmiddotallf

1h1t 11s1SLight 1LrJl1S TIH analy11bullr is1 Spi1middot1ral lgty111111kmiddot SIgt JOI and is the sanh a11ilyl1rbull uxmiddotd i11 lhL ICJ(-5 I LlgtRCJRll llCLI 101111nunh1tit)f1 sy-tcbull111 Tl11 UCra~cr ilt a Sp1Ltral

middotJ))bulln1111ii ~0middot

JSi middotrhl lntinmiddot SlLtn111 in a ~lc1tcd fonn11 of 1nin1al sou1lll is projc111J into th1bull w111middotr R1middot1middot1bullibull1bulld ditt ar1bull lirst l1indp1sgtld hcbulltwic-n I S 1nd 5 kl J1 1bull 1lso u~1middot a t 1r1middot1middotshytin11middot11sional bullit1bullrfall dis11l1y to 1hir11middottiriz1middot tlw nmiddot1middot1middotiv1bulld signils ind a111hknl llt)b1~ and to middot111np1rl signals 10 nitur1i StHllld- as I hey wouhl spplltir 10 sonanncn on thl BQR-O or~~-

tRr E1lmiddoth of lhl nilll frcqUlllLr h111t1~ iS rl(lrLSLlllLd hy 111 inalog volt1gL fro111 SPllnil Dgt1 1101111i1~ libullll ()nlLmiddotr TntlkLngt th1t 111u11itor llhmiddot p~JVlr ~JlLLlr1 Vithin 1 lhmiddotllz ll111d allout llll tLllhr rrLr(Ullll) Anilo~ OllillS ilf( llll1lp1rLd 10 prL~ll villllS ind Stpir1ILd into 1 ~llllllIHl of nillL middot1inll fnullLS dhmiddotkkd into lhrlL tilnLmiddotmiddotgruups lnLl11lling data tirmiddot dbmiddot pa~ld in 11middot1gt displi1ys iurHbullspondihg to ad1 tillll fnunl if thL dat1 lmiddotoinLmiddotkk wi1h thmiddot lrnpLr lillll group F(ll -ounpk d~1t1 ~holl br LlmiddotDs I~ ~ ar oht1iilmiddotd during lilnc ltroup middot1 LEDs 4 5 6 durinJ ltiroup II and 11middotD 7 K 9 durin croup Ill (figurL1

~J

)Yr li111c ln1111L Llllfittinn hLbulltins )en q111lilyin d1t1 in ltlroup I ltlrL Licquirmiddotd dditiu111l t1 L111ifyin1 in pnls tfL SCllllllllially stroh~tl into thL pro pl I LED dis[llil Lind sturLd in 111c1nory for suhs-llll-lll n1Jinri1ylOl11Jlkbullnlll1tary lnjilmiddot inalysi~ A croup 11 tJa11 aiquishy~iiion during tilnimiddot cnlup f indiLlhs thal sn111L priol1~ tl1t1 wfl rnissbulld and an 1u1011111il shirt OllllO lo iriuvbull till tlisphty to tl~l 1nopLmiddotr fn1111l

~ middot1middoti1ni11~ ra1nmiddots for whkJ1 nt1 data tire 1llll1irctl disphly an I for lllllly ~tlImiddot

tiplc aLlllti~itiuus llurin 1 li111 frmn arl idiLmiddotatmiddotd with ii poinl tu lhibull llmiddotft olthl nun1hLr displaymiddotd in IIll lr1111t lhlmiddot lirst 1111111hLmiddotr fllLiVld is displ1yLbulld inti thl 111ultipk JLquisilion i nlso ~lonbullll in Ill- Ill Ory formiddot ltllf 1111SSilll tnllI ion A nmiddotr tirnc fr1111L middot R()M [lUSSlS horishylllllil ll1111plcll1-llllfY logLmiddot ill SllJllLlllC tlll thL fOVS Of~IOHdd1t1 illld illtLlllrils 10 ill Sillbull le oid~ 1tLmiddotn111pank-d hy lvu hon1 lidbull inputs l~or lXantpll if lhL dit1 forlt rnl1p I VLrc ~Imiddot I in thuc fr1111Lmiddot~ I ~ 11ul 3 rLSJ1lltilly 1 ~ will nbullpltill thbull I II urin I he ii1l1 ill OJnpllmiddot lllllltiry hlJiL [lt~s lo produll 11111tu1li) CXLlusil 111-s-iL LklllLllts By si111ilir 11rolltli11g ulhlr ~inlI- void~ 01middot 111ultipkbull il-lJL1isi1 ions Viii hl imiddoth1nLJ ll_ l~I lo-~~ I or~~ I to l~ I rlultipJ voids rLmiddotn11i11 undu1n)cd untI Stmiddotrill 1nultipltbull lt1Llaquo111i~ition~ 1liipliy 11p1y 313 hc-UllllS ~lEE ~taJority loit ~LlllS lt1d1 lOhlll111 or JlfO--SSldmiddot datt ~ltjllllltilllr and plill~o lhl llliljlrily h1rILlibullr ror lOlll lOh111111 in ii linll hl~lmiddotnmiddots~ll 111itri+ For LXUll(llmiddot ir lhc lirsl l0)~11nn -CJlltain~ )El in fn11nlS I 4 mu 7 rLSPlLlilly 1 3 will OllUr in lhL first

Jltlilion ur lh-bull1 middot~1-nll~Sll- lllillrix Siu1ilirl11 l in lhmiddot StiUlld middot01111111_1 pnulu-l~ 1 ~inbull

lhl SllOnll 1ln~i1io11 or thmiddot hbullstmiddotJlllStltl rnilrix and El~E in lhmiddot third lOlt11111111rodt1LlS an k in tlubull lhird position A SLt01ul ron1pllll1Lllt1ry _loiitmiddot 1H1ss on lhLbull hbullst llllSs1gc 111a1rix almiddot 1middot111111~ lo Jill voids hlbulli(lfL rtsulls Olrl middotdis1ll1)1 Ld in LElgts If th li111il llll~ltLgt i~ llllltrt1i11 hLmiddot middotause lll insurtiLmiddotibullnt or cunl1kmiddott ing J11a ihlmiddot lbullt tLbullrs BAl) arl lliplaycd in themiddot LED intlJd or11lin1l1llLSSJgc SingILbull-hil lVlll pJrily is 1111int1i11imiddotd lhroughout the logiimiddot pt1~C-0 A poinl dis1laycd in a linil 1nessag frltllllL i11dimiddotitLS a11 inopLmiddotn1til HOft 1llbullr linaln1Ls11c asscn1shyl1Jy 1 dl-Otkr llilOrk iRlivlt1lS s9lll10i1l~1lr lapmiddot flLUfllLmiddotr~ to Ollll11lllll-L lll-SSilpoundl~

~

18

~EGRET

~

( ~f

Ji

middot~

middotmiddot

~~ middot

I

~

~middotmiddot

middotmiddot middotmiddot-middot-

~ip1-~~~-~~~~-~~~-~middotmiddotmiddot_--lttiiibullmiddot~middot -~

~ t gt

l ~ ~ ~

~ I ~

middotmiddot

l

~ r

t~ ~ ~ plusmn3HJ3S

middot---middot

iJlla riOJfJ llfflf lllll lilllJUOlIJ 1Jillllllllt1JU iJllOlf JIJI ISOUmiddotOlmiddotfrU~I cent middotlr1111 IO[tl ~111111 j1il(1111lll ~illl(lJ01lI iljl iorlllJ l110ljl 1111 Ollll p1l~tl middotu11111 tl-llS)

~llJn 11 ip~l)A riolll ljlllllOi JO Jt)ffi1rI Pmiddotl)lt11 II( lllU11pllllllS IOJd isnrilq spu1u1s p I IV I riI Io~r1a1r middotbullbull c1vn ii1u1it1i 111no 01111 1111ipiu1 middot10i1 iq1 n J11tlP 111q middotJf111h

llJA 111UlfSllt(1 litnndil11 iil1Sgt1l11 1-middotJJ(l1UJ i1IJit1 ilnpirlilJI JU lltJlllrll111J Jlllil Jlt) l JlfiiJil JOJlltll lllil ilr11101111 io1i1i1 Oji 1 JU Ill OJ pui lmiddott11r JIHJ r1liP bull((fl

lj piJhiJ l(f 1 l(ll UiiJi lltlJlltli fulllI o- llllf1 1111 llPll gt-11ll 111i1qn1tf nIn JO 11111 middotIII middotfrllltllJlll01 i1t1I 1111 middot11tllmiddotIJUfll ~JC riitllI lt)ilJ llfl 11 pur Jip111 i111 11inhiJ_I lllifJ

gt v~111~1 u111~1r middottr1 i slIJ i11111i ~po puitliiJl l- 1pn middot111J11r 111 th n lllt gtJ bullIJ 11 o cgtn llC11Pll01 p111 111111IJdtli Jiid JOJ lllOllUllifIUO 111llllllllhI uudn

In J SLS3L V3S

middotOlpr ll t~C)) tt(l p111 i1111111i- iillJriiio1d illl1JOi Hliiuoi C)fl itlJ ti pun JH1 l)iIJ ollllluunIJitl Ullit11 Jllll Jf1PJ llllllllllJI ltUdUI 011 JI lbullmiddotll lllllJ 1n11 JtJllI

IJ11 lrosi111cgtnlJ())1ui1i11P 1IJllJ i)ll1 101 lJL fllll) iq1 Jtl llOllmiddotmiddotl 10 middot1-IS) v JllllJllllJJmiddotlllJ ll 1middot111 pi11llflllmiddotmiddot~ middotlll pipo1ip pu1 piUiiOiJ 11iiJJ(lI ll J-IS) q

1 ur n11ip11flti pipoou-iiJ1 uuu11ii1f-f i1i11 spunos middotru1umiddot1 111101un111ul 1101111111I r middotilS IJ OJ tin II iinn~ JlpJnii olthn 1 it1olJtltupq 1r11oniiJJlllUUl ldrl I gp OOL 11 lllrn

11 SlJlllJl 1 llO PlllltlS llllJ1 p1Jltpll~S Jilli IllI middot1is ililpJoij llliOlll11pidno 1nnll IJI 11 p111 iiu1i1i1 p111 u pissnP plpP r-nsgt middotr r

gtpunos ru11r11gtJJll piu11iio 1i 1u1tu1JId itfL middotptn1s1 ))II middotimiddotLhl 111 J1 rnr II Sr Jlllll 111 p1St1 lllS )flll1M pDlfJ1111 degiilll10l1j1 ill111Ulf1ll iitqoilll1Jtl Jiol1IJ JOJiifold

iifu11 1111lfp 11 IJ111 lmiddotmiddotii11 101iifoJtl i111 middoto1riJ bullSN~11 10 1r IJ 10 r pur 0) pu1 )tel ~ middot~zmiddoto iJi iJliIJ iiinos middotpix111-11iM i1A 111111110 1i11 l1JL middot11111 p1rn 11middotomiddot10middot0 middotsmiddoto middotr

10111oqi1ll1J p bull poiip i1i11 suo1sstusu111pipJoiiJ11V I J ipnuXOJtltlr ll lcfrl HP ill JOJJi JllOllJh)

s1ii111 piJ1ifrud s1A 11atuo1 ililrssilu 1111s1111 J~11u1dis OHPllC)) middotrLCJI nt J81 middotlll middot-10 rt1ri IJ middot~uri 011~s io1 s in11s s1uitt11u1u1 middot1u1u Oi 11uu middot01 11 I HP ()Di n1 IJmiddot

r 1 sr JOJllftud itp uoxoi1 or JlliiJ illI lrimiddotI onoi1tl pur VOCJHImiddot~ lUn11dltJJ)l1~11 pi11f1sip 11riit1s Q)i II IJM SlllollllllJISll middot1ipUImiddotmiddot plponu-1IJJ Ibull 111on tIOL gt11 vmiddotu

1r1n1ru lOtfr sJmiddotmiddotmiddotI iiJnos 11 spunos middotffq plisi11111o pi1iifn1tl Jiu11t1tu1 UP 10Jti ~~ llfJ middots1si1 snobulli1d llJJ UJ o1 itu1s i111 IJlA illlpuiip ptn ilt1middot0JdlIlt( middotU JlllU

0

t) 01 luinhiJ_1i111 Lfifbull1tu111 P=llllJJP iJi lruis 1JPl tt tuo11 puiq

(spnnos ppoi) i~1sslttl p1pJol)j 11111p 1~llmiddotmiddotlJJO lllI~ 1r 11llltm 111 p bull 1-llS) middotJIHIOl liOll JltllllllV o~ siiriillll i1111n ltl1iJitl lllU I Ob pur iflllJ JUlllmiddotO pu1 middot1111 I middotS

ltl lfl JO Ql 1r piJJlio SriOJ riJlA iSOll iiudlltJri 7llIA llllllUJXllU JlJll iJO)fl rillOl pnrfiJS O~ lllll 11 jlIJllllilllJI rilltl111hllJ

l3H03S 61

~ middot~ij

~~

middotbull~ l J middot~ middot~ =~~

~middot1 bull~~Imiddot ~j ~bull

t~~~bit~middot middotmiddotmiddotJr 6middot 5 r~1middotipoundmiddotmiddotmiddotbullampiilt-1l~cmiddottmiddot~middot-1)1ampii~-f3~ilbullf~~~t3ilt~eJti1ir~igt~tit-rbull middotlt-middotlt~~-laquo

1shy

r f

middot

_

i middot

f ~

SECRET

~Silnal-tn-11c1i1 r11ios fl d1bull11bullr111i11td tin th1bull nbull11-tinumiddot spc1middot1ru1n inuly1-r 1r1hkbull 11 I 5 anti 111 r1111i lh1bull 11nis1bull V1 nLtrly 1111h1lrth oundi proj1bull11bulld hSmiddot thi bull(bullsh11

11O11n1i 1111hhbull111 a 11ois1middot 1hove 1 kllz 111ask1middotd 1h1bull Silnals Hcbull1middot1bulliv~tl IC-cl as a fun1middot1io11 ol ldegfl111bull111r j sho11 in liur1middot 5 Fnr r1middot11bullTln1middot1middot thr 011r1middot1middot 11bull1bulll of th1 44-kl 11 ~ignal 1 21lO dB h I microl1 ltlur 1111bullJUHlllllll lit Uri1middotk a1hbulln1111ion In 1nodcl lnlinbull111bull 311

k1( In 1pril J tl75 I LgtIJ-S1l 1a1i1bullmiddotnmiddotmiddotord1bulld SlllUlIHI or ni111middot (()~IBC) pikJI wllakmiddot iigmiddot 111h ii projcmiddotlt1bulld al rang1bulls of~- 9 inti l l1 nrni Thebull 1111ur1I 1011~1 nnurnbulld in 1 fnmiddot1u1bull111y 11111 frn111 ~5 lo-~ kl It ll~ part or a rlJlislit hun1 1n~lrtllllllll11inn I lhc ~lllll iJ ror piliuu llllto Su11rlbull l1bulll0 ls inti 1rinsdu1middotlmiddotrd1bullp1h arl lhlll in ibk 2

J81 R1bull1middotord1middotd 1qt11middotn1middot1bull 11bullr1middot pJuy1middottl into th1bull CSl~-11 sytc111 otfhbullr JHU1l-Sil11 ilh

1 llilmiddot1i111i i1bull_middot1n1111 1111ly11middotr 111tl li1u-onkr 1ri1middotk1bullr 1middotlc~aiiC vcr1bull r1bull1middotog11i11middotd plmiddotrf1middotr1y ill Ill rlllh and illillmiddotlclmiddotllOis1bull r1tius flal1hmiddot ~ l Th1middot llllbullhbull1bulld 11111-1 u-noi1bull rat Ith 1gnbull1middot ii h lltr phmiddot1hLli1111 fur 1kllz111hkmiddot ~)

~In lhtbull CSl-11 )01middot111 ho1h lh1middot hi1 rilt ind th1middot jgnil-10-noioC nt1io lquinmiddottl for 1111)1 d1middot11bullclio11 ar1middot fnbullqt1lIHY d1middotpibull11d1middot11t Fur 1middotxirnplt- a~t11ni11~ proioing giin iquimiddot itl1middot111 tu lhal 11f htbull CSl-11 oyot1middot111 and 1 llO-plncmiddot111 proh1hili1y or d1bulll1lion il lh-dB -1micro111l-10-11nit r11io or Ilabull sp1bull1middottr111n llbullv1bullI j r1llllinmiddotd for 1 pilot whallbull Vhi111bull at 3 kllz 11111 ltI Cl l1 For a ~00-d B ~our1middot1bull kv1bullI lhl jmicro11_1I is thtmiddotonmiddot1 icmiddot1lly tClilt1hli hy CSl~-n 1Hll 100 nn1i lllltkbullr gtl1bullr1~l 111nhkbulln1 11oi1middot 111d propiJoilion 1middot01uli1ion (l1hlC J1 Vilh lh1bull anH 111l1L1in 11bulltmiddothniq11lmiddot~ thimiddot ltiilIHil-111-nnbc r1lin di1middotrltol~ Yilh fr1tJlllll1Ymiddot hul lh1middot Jali ri lt j_ r~middot1h1Lmiddot~middotd h-middot1middot1111L lHHl l i11ll is r1bullq uir1bulld for r1bullng11 it inn 1 I l1lV1r lrtjlCll1it- For 1middot~1111-pl10 ha kbull llllhl hd11 J(j() 111 flllllirtbull 1 Si11-lomiddot1Hit r11i11 o-4 dB hut liktbull 100 li1111bull 111111I lu h1middot d~middottLmiddotlmiddott1middotd 1h111 lh1middot -kll1 pilol haltbull -i~111i Thu_ 1h1middot hil r111bull is fldt1i1middotd hy a 1ll11r11 100

~middot1

i

~ I

~ TLli itho YtfC imiddotouliutbulllcbulld to dibull11bullnnintbull llh 11lili1y or onohuoys cSlll10 idly lhtmiddotmiddotmiddotSSC)-1IA is nmiddottmiddotchbullcbullrs lhtbull only lin1i1ing ftltor was r1dfo r11ngi vhichis linebull ofsimicrohl ((11IBCgt ~

i-111l r1bull1tbulli1middottl 11lll rtlaybulld hr onohuny WtI JH01l~s1middotd r1bull1middotogniiotbulld 1111d dltOdcd 11on11i1Jly bull iui1middot1bullful llI uf CSR-U V1bullr1middot 1111thbull in th1bull 11hnr1lnry uillJ dt1~1 proi1bull1middot11middottl up lo 11111i 10 1nnh11ur ~ 111 7 111ni olThonbull

~ middotrmiddot1- ilh p1r1n11middot1 rkmiddot iullrtt tbullr1bull 1nid1middot in 1middotoop1middotr11ion Yilh pir01111d of 1hishy1middot1I tJ111hbullnilllr Syl1middot111 (bulln 11bullr l lllSC I A pri11111y fnbull1u1bull111middoty ol k111 wi~ 111ix1bulld with ( l )JIHgt ound ind proj~middot1middot1ibulld in htbull NlISC 11u1rl) ii 1 -OUrtmiddotC llmiddotv1middotI nf 173 dl3 I Jt1middototltd 1hlmiddot r1middotn1nhmiddotd illil ii h I h1middot CSR-1 Vil h gt1gt1llr1middot1middot111 prnhahilil) of orrttI d1l1tI icn Sound- 1h111 I kll1 1R rl11bulliCd ilh hih fid1bullli1y hut ~0-111 to l-kll1so111ul111middotkcmiddotd lltlilily In pirli111l1r kilkmiddotr wh1ltbull 1nd pilot Vh1kbull nu1Hl 1ra11111itt1bulld wimiddotIL Vh1bullr1bullis hl11c vhaltbull ind middotdlmiddotll 1bullil ou1u1 Ytri bull1rhkbullli 1111 ltllmicron1tllmiddotd hy noistbull

SECRET

f middot~

_trmiddotmiddot bullbulll r

~ i

~ ~

gt

Fr~qu1bulln1) Oriinul I kill) Tit)lL 5 ntni 10 111ni 20 1 n111i fa1middot 20 11111i (hi 20 n1ni (afI

AO -middot 21 17 I 17 1-1X 12 I 13 l) 12 105 S20 2 I 21 17 19 IS 5-10 170 20

_oo 20 13 lt) 12 105 I~ 18 15 12 8 100 Ci rand

v~ragmiddot 1bull10 IX~ I somiddot 12h 1~N J~7

1h11middot- rc-1d Uirmiddot~1ly fn1111 1h1bull CRT tli~pl1y of thebull real 1i1ne Plllrun1 a11lt1l~middot1lr afhbullr X lmiddotmiddotro1lmiddot middotrhmiddot analy1hmiddotharuhvidlh is lt10 Jlz

S middot~ rllio d10 llnnintmiddot~I dir1bull1lly fro1111n11hti-11p1bull llgtLLI for tr111n1ijo11 lah rltiliu r1bullprc~middot111 ~111 t11rill fro1n h ounds at Lalh fnmiddot4uLnly

llltCLASSIFIEDgt

Cl) Table I Signal-10-nuise ralhls d~)1 fro1n fgtrojec1 COM BO 1rans1nisi11n 1cs1s Septc-mhc-r 1973

middot-----1i~ --~-a~~_~middotbull~-middotmiddotimiddot--~~Cls~i~~tv~~ampi~~~~ -Lmiddotmiddot-middotmiddotmiddotbull middotmiddot~_tti~~~middotcmiddotmiddot11ilir14middotmiddotmiddotrz1middotiltir~~~

lt -~middot~~~f~~~~i~middot~(~~~j~=f~middoto~~-=-ojo~middotmiddot~middot~middot~~-- middotrbull middotmiddotbull _ middot middotmiddot

middotmiddotmiddot-~T

middot bull----flltMbull

iffe

middot

middot~

middot~

SEeRET

o~ ic

170 155 m if ----o - ~ C

0 0 0

middot

- 120

5 NMc Ill

=

-Cll

ID

_ Cl

w gt w_ c w gt w () w a

8~ -8-oIshy

0 i ~middotmiddot 110 0

~ 0

10N~o 0

icl o~

0 0

~100

l 0

20N~o 0~

90 Imiddot

PREDICTED i

0 OBSERVED

80 4 5 6

FREQUENCY (kHz) 1cogt1r11~1)~f1t 1

(Lil Figure S Received level or COM HO signals me1s11rltl in CSRmiddotl 1cs1s and precliclcd ltgtvels from Uric~ (reference 3JJ lmiddotuh plu11ed 1nc1suremcn1 is an average from Cgt CO~IUO signal 1ra11smissio11s

SECRET

I bull I

I

~

~

-

~ Signal-10-~oiSL su1111111ry for s-1 Ilsts Vilh LOtlLmiddotd pilol Vhall oounc1- in April 1975 raluc an the n1ngc for CJ 1LOtlLbulll sign1fs 1rans111i1 t1at gttlifflrlnt fnbullquLbullniiLbull hctVccn ~5 and J5 kJ11 SourLmiddotc anJ ncehmiddotLmiddotr Lrc at 90111 in 1300111

of 1tcr Rctihmiddotcd hroallbantl ainbiLlll noise 1s 102 to 107 llB rcshy l microPa SourLC ILtI VL~fl fron1 JQ to J9R dlJ Strnn 11ul1ipaths OLcurrLbulld at thL ~and l) nmi range5 Four trials Vere run at each r~ngc All messages were correctly recognized with thlt C-SR-11 oprorotus

Sinal-o-7ohL Ratio (dlJI

RanL BroadhunJ ~oisc in 1 I lz PrLmiddottliLtldi lnmil ~oi~ 1 nan~ 11 JihCst I lVLfIJCI

2 4 to I~ SS 10 h-l 45 h~

lt) middot I to 0 to x _Q 57

lh -17to-1 40 to 56 ~ ~ o

Rroulhind noi-t fro1n O 111 to I Sk 111 n1lotltgtUTLll f ru111 lmiddotilihr1ttbulld rLlOnlins takLn at stmiddot1

J Predicted Splllflllll kbullCI or lllZ nui-c alut for J l)O till Ollf~L

tCQFIQE~Tl1bJ

( l I Table ~- Signtl-10-ntiisc sumnlny pril 19s

-~

i

middot

-middot

~middot middotmiddotmiddot~middot middotbullmiddot--middot middotmiddot1 lt ~bullbull middot~middotmiddotmiddot_ middotmiddot-cltsbullbullmiddotmiddot middot

bull11 l

middotmiddot-middotmiddot middotmiddot~

itl

1

bullbull

ibull1

middotbull

1lmiddot middot~i ~ti

middot~I ~I middot~

~ ~

~ bull

31

5 ~ ~ ~ ~

bull~

middot11bull

~s

t)

i

~

it ~ii

t

middot ~~

~ bullbull bull -middotu---

I

lrtI~

Ow~r1 Ibull 1 tutJt~t LJbulli otIT1)middottfJbull11 bulll(ttlfttltNi1bull tbull-vi i iHJI~~~-q pipon1d llll~bullu itp pp1~ 01 o-1nq1 J if1101iq Ill Slllgt1rOSu1su1u111111iv middotAiu1punpi1

i1liJI lllM i~1ssltll middotllJSlttiotl OtO) JO middotUOJO llUii)s li Jlt1su1JJ n1 iis () 111oq1 middotup1hIJ pun~1SHt 0~ (tAAt 111bull11r~l 1nIU ur 1i1pdn lllllCIA 11ltPlmiddotlbull))~~J1cl middot1iirs1111 1ur~JfU UIJ~I 1J~nlltr

JO oei Jiri1 1r siJnllu ptn middotlll 1 1 1n hOJUIJM middotmiddotmiddot()I uo 111pis SJlUsu1i 1111i1sAs 1J-I S) IllI bullitttPOiip llll 5UH1ll 1111Jld amplllSll q piinpJl iq uni lll llOSUISUIUJ J5-t

JHlllll iuinhiJf q1I JoJ Pmiddotn iq JlJlllllJ JgtV i11J1ltli1 1 lltfl Aiui11h1Jl llh middotllA ilttiO-J middoturif middotfp111fpr 111i1ur111 it11iJtHlHlJmiddot111no1t tgt~gtVJ ftlJJllO) u11~) ipr1uo111v y6

SJJJlJ JgtptM ilttl p11gtsrcI ls1ou p~srIJ~U ~lll JOJ 1Jrsudu10-i AtJr~u oipuinhiJI JltfiiI middotIll 1r fI 1illll 111lftJIUI pl11lpiJ middotmiddott1it1hu1 JlqifJlf JI SIJlS JIJdllop

Ji11~Jfl i1r11ou11110lll 111 PmiddotPmiddotmiddotu lllPln11q ifusriJiur middotpin iq 111 lllPPtnq iius1~iJi middotll 10 Jlltl 2uii1fpr I UltI iJ1lt11 middoto11uiligt middotlllA JOIJLI pu1 s1t111~ (lJ 11 Pmiddotmiddotds 11JU1lIJlP

111111111igtV middotptnq rd Ji11u JJl 811111q pilJJthllJ iq 111i iiuiJ[111 l)tidocJ JM

()t()) 01 lJ llllUJ lfh~ bullu1 lbullIJSrod 10 Jiqu111t1 middotII 1n1 L 01 f u1tu1 puif1s 1t11punp-iJlldp1 Jn JJtfllllU middotII is1iJtl

PJ110A I~ lll 6 llHJJJ llllJSWllJJI 1 ll o11iu1nhJJ jlLfilJS JO Jilqtunu 1q J ilusriJiu 11du11ltJ JOI SlllfJflhIJ1 jlHlili iJUUI SUJSll q p1s1~1Jlll middotti u1i Slii1ss1_u Jll JllJllll111 IllI ~

ltilIJJioS

Jlmiddotll IJImiddot middotll11d1uo iq n1 JJllJr1r iftqpoi p111 pilds nu1ssii0Jd middot1ui)l10i ii11ssllU is1iJlll 01 UOJ rU pou1 igtJn hiJ [1-J s) itlJ middot1d1iuoi l)fl tmiddotJC)) iq ~ 1p111luq 1 I qrn1111 ssiu JJJloi pu r i~urJ SIUtJJUoi uinflIJ1 middotsi11J iilussHl i1111p~i 01 middot1u-i1sts JiiJ 1 S Jr-JS) Jrl1

lnl LN31~d013AJltl HO SNOlLVCINJlllIOJ3H

11111 0~

It pIJ1)ip 111ipn11101n1 ll 01 -(1IA 001 iJJJ SJlllllS iq1 middot1s~1 liftllJ-~llOI r Ill middotn-~IS) ltll ltq f11iJUfiobulliJ IJli middotqruiis OflllOJ llV middotl1Ar lllll ~middotp 01 ~middoto d11s ~lmiddotiiu 1 pur 11111tf(( llfJrua1ns i1p llIJJlq pi11tu1su1u1 JJ spllnos oailoJ middotvLc r iunr u1 J1f

SOJJIU gtSJOUmiddotOlmiddotlrUil)ltrgt

1llllLJUI p111 1Hl110 pnphJlll llUS ~upi11u JllifP iJllJllllJ-IOlTUld() middots1111pii0Jtl SS -iq1u s lltlsotl 1iui11 ptn u1~111i1111u U01JUlt1iil iuno~ s1siiIBns u11011MM i111 middot111bull1uni

iUOLUJlq flUI liltllJ ltJ11111lJJ PllllOS i11111itap llOtllllJOJll su1r1uo1 ttlllJ)llllS 5llll10S

bull11[J llOlrUlJI ifll()J1-0JI pu1 lplllltltl~ll -lllllllltll~)ll ptll ilUJIJILJ JlJildegJjl SIJJl11l UIJOf

-l11 lopttr Jlllll lllJJifP 110llHUJli p1)lltl lllllmiddotllIJ o1pn1iu S11ru1 JtlOJcl lhlS middotlll lllflJJ

ilu1p10iu JO middot11ur Ill uo1l11 spu1dlp spuno iillJJn10-111111111u 10 ssiq1uhs urr

fl) SltINnos lVllfWlI 3NlllVlI 10 SISAlVNV

ltnl SISJHLNAS lVN~IS

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~~i~i~N~~~~~~amp~~ -rc~~middot3~~~itl~z~~~t7hi~4~~~~~~~$i~~~~~

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st

iffe

middot

middot~

middot~

SEeRET

o~ ic

170 155 m if ----o - ~ C

0 0 0

middot

- 120

5 NMc Ill

=

-Cll

ID

_ Cl

w gt w_ c w gt w () w a

8~ -8-oIshy

0 i ~middotmiddot 110 0

~ 0

10N~o 0

icl o~

0 0

~100

l 0

20N~o 0~

90 Imiddot

PREDICTED i

0 OBSERVED

80 4 5 6

FREQUENCY (kHz) 1cogt1r11~1)~f1t 1

(Lil Figure S Received level or COM HO signals me1s11rltl in CSRmiddotl 1cs1s and precliclcd ltgtvels from Uric~ (reference 3JJ lmiddotuh plu11ed 1nc1suremcn1 is an average from Cgt CO~IUO signal 1ra11smissio11s

SECRET

I bull I

I

~

~

-

~ Signal-10-~oiSL su1111111ry for s-1 Ilsts Vilh LOtlLmiddotd pilol Vhall oounc1- in April 1975 raluc an the n1ngc for CJ 1LOtlLbulll sign1fs 1rans111i1 t1at gttlifflrlnt fnbullquLbullniiLbull hctVccn ~5 and J5 kJ11 SourLmiddotc anJ ncehmiddotLmiddotr Lrc at 90111 in 1300111

of 1tcr Rctihmiddotcd hroallbantl ainbiLlll noise 1s 102 to 107 llB rcshy l microPa SourLC ILtI VL~fl fron1 JQ to J9R dlJ Strnn 11ul1ipaths OLcurrLbulld at thL ~and l) nmi range5 Four trials Vere run at each r~ngc All messages were correctly recognized with thlt C-SR-11 oprorotus

Sinal-o-7ohL Ratio (dlJI

RanL BroadhunJ ~oisc in 1 I lz PrLmiddottliLtldi lnmil ~oi~ 1 nan~ 11 JihCst I lVLfIJCI

2 4 to I~ SS 10 h-l 45 h~

lt) middot I to 0 to x _Q 57

lh -17to-1 40 to 56 ~ ~ o

Rroulhind noi-t fro1n O 111 to I Sk 111 n1lotltgtUTLll f ru111 lmiddotilihr1ttbulld rLlOnlins takLn at stmiddot1

J Predicted Splllflllll kbullCI or lllZ nui-c alut for J l)O till Ollf~L

tCQFIQE~Tl1bJ

( l I Table ~- Signtl-10-ntiisc sumnlny pril 19s

-~

i

middot

-middot

~middot middotmiddotmiddot~middot middotbullmiddot--middot middotmiddot1 lt ~bullbull middot~middotmiddotmiddot_ middotmiddot-cltsbullbullmiddotmiddot middot

bull11 l

middotmiddot-middotmiddot middotmiddot~

itl

1

bullbull

ibull1

middotbull

1lmiddot middot~i ~ti

middot~I ~I middot~

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31

5 ~ ~ ~ ~

bull~

middot11bull

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i

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I

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i1liJI lllM i~1ssltll middotllJSlttiotl OtO) JO middotUOJO llUii)s li Jlt1su1JJ n1 iis () 111oq1 middotup1hIJ pun~1SHt 0~ (tAAt 111bull11r~l 1nIU ur 1i1pdn lllllCIA 11ltPlmiddotlbull))~~J1cl middot1iirs1111 1ur~JfU UIJ~I 1J~nlltr

JO oei Jiri1 1r siJnllu ptn middotlll 1 1 1n hOJUIJM middotmiddotmiddot()I uo 111pis SJlUsu1i 1111i1sAs 1J-I S) IllI bullitttPOiip llll 5UH1ll 1111Jld amplllSll q piinpJl iq uni lll llOSUISUIUJ J5-t

JHlllll iuinhiJf q1I JoJ Pmiddotn iq JlJlllllJ JgtV i11J1ltli1 1 lltfl Aiui11h1Jl llh middotllA ilttiO-J middoturif middotfp111fpr 111i1ur111 it11iJtHlHlJmiddot111no1t tgt~gtVJ ftlJJllO) u11~) ipr1uo111v y6

SJJJlJ JgtptM ilttl p11gtsrcI ls1ou p~srIJ~U ~lll JOJ 1Jrsudu10-i AtJr~u oipuinhiJI JltfiiI middotIll 1r fI 1illll 111lftJIUI pl11lpiJ middotmiddott1it1hu1 JlqifJlf JI SIJlS JIJdllop

Ji11~Jfl i1r11ou11110lll 111 PmiddotPmiddotmiddotu lllPln11q ifusriJiur middotpin iq 111 lllPPtnq iius1~iJi middotll 10 Jlltl 2uii1fpr I UltI iJ1lt11 middoto11uiligt middotlllA JOIJLI pu1 s1t111~ (lJ 11 Pmiddotmiddotds 11JU1lIJlP

111111111igtV middotptnq rd Ji11u JJl 811111q pilJJthllJ iq 111i iiuiJ[111 l)tidocJ JM

()t()) 01 lJ llllUJ lfh~ bullu1 lbullIJSrod 10 Jiqu111t1 middotII 1n1 L 01 f u1tu1 puif1s 1t11punp-iJlldp1 Jn JJtfllllU middotII is1iJtl

PJ110A I~ lll 6 llHJJJ llllJSWllJJI 1 ll o11iu1nhJJ jlLfilJS JO Jilqtunu 1q J ilusriJiu 11du11ltJ JOI SlllfJflhIJ1 jlHlili iJUUI SUJSll q p1s1~1Jlll middotti u1i Slii1ss1_u Jll JllJllll111 IllI ~

ltilIJJioS

Jlmiddotll IJImiddot middotll11d1uo iq n1 JJllJr1r iftqpoi p111 pilds nu1ssii0Jd middot1ui)l10i ii11ssllU is1iJlll 01 UOJ rU pou1 igtJn hiJ [1-J s) itlJ middot1d1iuoi l)fl tmiddotJC)) iq ~ 1p111luq 1 I qrn1111 ssiu JJJloi pu r i~urJ SIUtJJUoi uinflIJ1 middotsi11J iilussHl i1111p~i 01 middot1u-i1sts JiiJ 1 S Jr-JS) Jrl1

lnl LN31~d013AJltl HO SNOlLVCINJlllIOJ3H

11111 0~

It pIJ1)ip 111ipn11101n1 ll 01 -(1IA 001 iJJJ SJlllllS iq1 middot1s~1 liftllJ-~llOI r Ill middotn-~IS) ltll ltq f11iJUfiobulliJ IJli middotqruiis OflllOJ llV middotl1Ar lllll ~middotp 01 ~middoto d11s ~lmiddotiiu 1 pur 11111tf(( llfJrua1ns i1p llIJJlq pi11tu1su1u1 JJ spllnos oailoJ middotvLc r iunr u1 J1f

SOJJIU gtSJOUmiddotOlmiddotlrUil)ltrgt

1llllLJUI p111 1Hl110 pnphJlll llUS ~upi11u JllifP iJllJllllJ-IOlTUld() middots1111pii0Jtl SS -iq1u s lltlsotl 1iui11 ptn u1~111i1111u U01JUlt1iil iuno~ s1siiIBns u11011MM i111 middot111bull1uni

iUOLUJlq flUI liltllJ ltJ11111lJJ PllllOS i11111itap llOtllllJOJll su1r1uo1 ttlllJ)llllS 5llll10S

bull11[J llOlrUlJI ifll()J1-0JI pu1 lplllltltl~ll -lllllllltll~)ll ptll ilUJIJILJ JlJildegJjl SIJJl11l UIJOf

-l11 lopttr Jlllll lllJJifP 110llHUJli p1)lltl lllllmiddotllIJ o1pn1iu S11ru1 JtlOJcl lhlS middotlll lllflJJ

ilu1p10iu JO middot11ur Ill uo1l11 spu1dlp spuno iillJJn10-111111111u 10 ssiq1uhs urr

fl) SltINnos lVllfWlI 3NlllVlI 10 SISAlVNV

ltnl SISJHLNAS lVN~IS

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~ Signal-10-~oiSL su1111111ry for s-1 Ilsts Vilh LOtlLmiddotd pilol Vhall oounc1- in April 1975 raluc an the n1ngc for CJ 1LOtlLbulll sign1fs 1rans111i1 t1at gttlifflrlnt fnbullquLbullniiLbull hctVccn ~5 and J5 kJ11 SourLmiddotc anJ ncehmiddotLmiddotr Lrc at 90111 in 1300111

of 1tcr Rctihmiddotcd hroallbantl ainbiLlll noise 1s 102 to 107 llB rcshy l microPa SourLC ILtI VL~fl fron1 JQ to J9R dlJ Strnn 11ul1ipaths OLcurrLbulld at thL ~and l) nmi range5 Four trials Vere run at each r~ngc All messages were correctly recognized with thlt C-SR-11 oprorotus

Sinal-o-7ohL Ratio (dlJI

RanL BroadhunJ ~oisc in 1 I lz PrLmiddottliLtldi lnmil ~oi~ 1 nan~ 11 JihCst I lVLfIJCI

2 4 to I~ SS 10 h-l 45 h~

lt) middot I to 0 to x _Q 57

lh -17to-1 40 to 56 ~ ~ o

Rroulhind noi-t fro1n O 111 to I Sk 111 n1lotltgtUTLll f ru111 lmiddotilihr1ttbulld rLlOnlins takLn at stmiddot1

J Predicted Splllflllll kbullCI or lllZ nui-c alut for J l)O till Ollf~L

tCQFIQE~Tl1bJ

( l I Table ~- Signtl-10-ntiisc sumnlny pril 19s

-~

i

middot

-middot

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bull11 l

middotmiddot-middotmiddot middotmiddot~

itl

1

bullbull

ibull1

middotbull

1lmiddot middot~i ~ti

middot~I ~I middot~

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31

5 ~ ~ ~ ~

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middot11bull

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i

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t

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i1liJI lllM i~1ssltll middotllJSlttiotl OtO) JO middotUOJO llUii)s li Jlt1su1JJ n1 iis () 111oq1 middotup1hIJ pun~1SHt 0~ (tAAt 111bull11r~l 1nIU ur 1i1pdn lllllCIA 11ltPlmiddotlbull))~~J1cl middot1iirs1111 1ur~JfU UIJ~I 1J~nlltr

JO oei Jiri1 1r siJnllu ptn middotlll 1 1 1n hOJUIJM middotmiddotmiddot()I uo 111pis SJlUsu1i 1111i1sAs 1J-I S) IllI bullitttPOiip llll 5UH1ll 1111Jld amplllSll q piinpJl iq uni lll llOSUISUIUJ J5-t

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SJJJlJ JgtptM ilttl p11gtsrcI ls1ou p~srIJ~U ~lll JOJ 1Jrsudu10-i AtJr~u oipuinhiJI JltfiiI middotIll 1r fI 1illll 111lftJIUI pl11lpiJ middotmiddott1it1hu1 JlqifJlf JI SIJlS JIJdllop

Ji11~Jfl i1r11ou11110lll 111 PmiddotPmiddotmiddotu lllPln11q ifusriJiur middotpin iq 111 lllPPtnq iius1~iJi middotll 10 Jlltl 2uii1fpr I UltI iJ1lt11 middoto11uiligt middotlllA JOIJLI pu1 s1t111~ (lJ 11 Pmiddotmiddotds 11JU1lIJlP

111111111igtV middotptnq rd Ji11u JJl 811111q pilJJthllJ iq 111i iiuiJ[111 l)tidocJ JM

()t()) 01 lJ llllUJ lfh~ bullu1 lbullIJSrod 10 Jiqu111t1 middotII 1n1 L 01 f u1tu1 puif1s 1t11punp-iJlldp1 Jn JJtfllllU middotII is1iJtl

PJ110A I~ lll 6 llHJJJ llllJSWllJJI 1 ll o11iu1nhJJ jlLfilJS JO Jilqtunu 1q J ilusriJiu 11du11ltJ JOI SlllfJflhIJ1 jlHlili iJUUI SUJSll q p1s1~1Jlll middotti u1i Slii1ss1_u Jll JllJllll111 IllI ~

ltilIJJioS

Jlmiddotll IJImiddot middotll11d1uo iq n1 JJllJr1r iftqpoi p111 pilds nu1ssii0Jd middot1ui)l10i ii11ssllU is1iJlll 01 UOJ rU pou1 igtJn hiJ [1-J s) itlJ middot1d1iuoi l)fl tmiddotJC)) iq ~ 1p111luq 1 I qrn1111 ssiu JJJloi pu r i~urJ SIUtJJUoi uinflIJ1 middotsi11J iilussHl i1111p~i 01 middot1u-i1sts JiiJ 1 S Jr-JS) Jrl1

lnl LN31~d013AJltl HO SNOlLVCINJlllIOJ3H

11111 0~

It pIJ1)ip 111ipn11101n1 ll 01 -(1IA 001 iJJJ SJlllllS iq1 middot1s~1 liftllJ-~llOI r Ill middotn-~IS) ltll ltq f11iJUfiobulliJ IJli middotqruiis OflllOJ llV middotl1Ar lllll ~middotp 01 ~middoto d11s ~lmiddotiiu 1 pur 11111tf(( llfJrua1ns i1p llIJJlq pi11tu1su1u1 JJ spllnos oailoJ middotvLc r iunr u1 J1f

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1llllLJUI p111 1Hl110 pnphJlll llUS ~upi11u JllifP iJllJllllJ-IOlTUld() middots1111pii0Jtl SS -iq1u s lltlsotl 1iui11 ptn u1~111i1111u U01JUlt1iil iuno~ s1siiIBns u11011MM i111 middot111bull1uni

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bull11[J llOlrUlJI ifll()J1-0JI pu1 lplllltltl~ll -lllllllltll~)ll ptll ilUJIJILJ JlJildegJjl SIJJl11l UIJOf

-l11 lopttr Jlllll lllJJifP 110llHUJli p1)lltl lllllmiddotllIJ o1pn1iu S11ru1 JtlOJcl lhlS middotlll lllflJJ

ilu1p10iu JO middot11ur Ill uo1l11 spu1dlp spuno iillJJn10-111111111u 10 ssiq1uhs urr

fl) SltINnos lVllfWlI 3NlllVlI 10 SISAlVNV

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31

5 ~ ~ ~ ~

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i1liJI lllM i~1ssltll middotllJSlttiotl OtO) JO middotUOJO llUii)s li Jlt1su1JJ n1 iis () 111oq1 middotup1hIJ pun~1SHt 0~ (tAAt 111bull11r~l 1nIU ur 1i1pdn lllllCIA 11ltPlmiddotlbull))~~J1cl middot1iirs1111 1ur~JfU UIJ~I 1J~nlltr

JO oei Jiri1 1r siJnllu ptn middotlll 1 1 1n hOJUIJM middotmiddotmiddot()I uo 111pis SJlUsu1i 1111i1sAs 1J-I S) IllI bullitttPOiip llll 5UH1ll 1111Jld amplllSll q piinpJl iq uni lll llOSUISUIUJ J5-t

JHlllll iuinhiJf q1I JoJ Pmiddotn iq JlJlllllJ JgtV i11J1ltli1 1 lltfl Aiui11h1Jl llh middotllA ilttiO-J middoturif middotfp111fpr 111i1ur111 it11iJtHlHlJmiddot111no1t tgt~gtVJ ftlJJllO) u11~) ipr1uo111v y6

SJJJlJ JgtptM ilttl p11gtsrcI ls1ou p~srIJ~U ~lll JOJ 1Jrsudu10-i AtJr~u oipuinhiJI JltfiiI middotIll 1r fI 1illll 111lftJIUI pl11lpiJ middotmiddott1it1hu1 JlqifJlf JI SIJlS JIJdllop

Ji11~Jfl i1r11ou11110lll 111 PmiddotPmiddotmiddotu lllPln11q ifusriJiur middotpin iq 111 lllPPtnq iius1~iJi middotll 10 Jlltl 2uii1fpr I UltI iJ1lt11 middoto11uiligt middotlllA JOIJLI pu1 s1t111~ (lJ 11 Pmiddotmiddotds 11JU1lIJlP

111111111igtV middotptnq rd Ji11u JJl 811111q pilJJthllJ iq 111i iiuiJ[111 l)tidocJ JM

()t()) 01 lJ llllUJ lfh~ bullu1 lbullIJSrod 10 Jiqu111t1 middotII 1n1 L 01 f u1tu1 puif1s 1t11punp-iJlldp1 Jn JJtfllllU middotII is1iJtl

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~7

r~

I r

j i

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SEeRET

FREQUENCY lkHzJ

rltlASSIFII llo

( t J Fijllre C1 Tinic-frcquc11yw11crfall 111t 11f i si111ul11cd lillcr wl1alc sound Thnr hn c11uils I 00 nu~bullt

SECRET

-~-r middotbullbull

_

H

SECRET

bull

FAEOUENCV (kHzJ

ltI n SSll II Ill

lI) l~lllL 7 l11llLmiddotllLlfllLl1L0 OllLrfoll pl11l 11t 111a1111al killLf wlmlLmiddot)

l llllld I i111t )111 Llj113l I()U 111lL

bullbull

bull

middotimiddot~

1 middotmiddot I

~middot ~-bull

i~

J

~

middot~

I

l I j i1 l~ ~ I middot~ 1 ~ I

I ~~

bull -~

middot

UC middot --~- -~

I I

llfI SSllmiddot llmiddotlll

I I I I 1~11~~ ~ t~tfolt tipl a~ f ~middottbull111)lll1(tmiddot~ nthcoJhll r1l111 whaler liillllMbullilbl h1s1lcri 3 fltr bullhcualmiddothbull-1111111~ 011lfln 11hl f ~1111bull I- filhbull11111=

~

~

(

l I

i pI

~ I f i

H -=

(jbull ~ ~

6shy

u w

FREOUENCV lkHzl

0 FREQUENCY lkHzl

rl~ClASSIFIEIJ I

10

~fl

bullmiddot

SECRET

8l The synthesis of pilot whale sounds rltquires an ability to desltribe the sounds microstructure and to choose the generated frequencies For applications not requiring rcalshytime generation sounds can be tape rocorded Recorded sounds would haw an uppor freshyquency limit about 7 kHz Methods of sound synthesis involve signal generation techniques and computer software but the upper frequencmiddoty of synthesized sounds is limited by hardware

TRANSDUCERS (U)

BACKGROUND (UJ

~ Transducers for transmitting and receiving COMBO low-data-rate messages should have the following characteristics middot

o A frequency range of 20 Hz to I 0 kHz o A source level of 160 to 200 dB re I microPa at I m and o A projector signal-to-noise ratio of at least 55 dB

Different transducers may be required to transmit different types ofsoumls

CU) We surveyed ~middottransmitting and 9 receiving systems to identiy transducers acceptable lor COMBO use

-tS1 Sound projectors trans111it 111ost cffictively in a rllativcly narrov fnmiddotqucnly band For some projeciors the effective band is wide enough for COMBO application wilh certain sounds but no projector is suitable for all COMBO sounds Fur example COM BO codes tonals in pilot whale phonations from I to 3 kHz but the animals sonic repertoire exshytends irom 300 Hz to 15 kHz The COMBO sd1cme is directed toward use of tlcct sonar equipment but other transducers were surveyed because tleet equipment docs not fulfill all COM BO requirements

() No lleet sonar system projecmiddotts effectively over the frcqllencmiddoty hand rrqllircmiddotd for all low data rate transmissions in the COMBO sd1cme so we considered projectors with remiddot gard to the kind of sounds ihat could be projected The sounds animal sources wenmiddot dassimiddot lied by fnquency limits High-frequency animal sources produce sounds in the 500- to 8000middot Hz rbullngc Small whales and porpoises spccilicallgt lgtelu~a killer and pilot whales arc hi~hshyfrcqucnty sources of COiI BO sounds Co1nponcnts or s1n~ll vhallsmiddot signals 1nay cxcLbullcd S k11z but attenuation lilnits co1nn1unha1ion utilily or the signals high~r (rcquncics rlidshyfnmiddotql1-=ncy anitnal sources pruducmiddotc sountls in th 70- tqJ000-1-lz rang Soni larg Vhahmiddot-o s11middoth as hun1 pbacks and n1ost pinnipcds arc 111id-frcqucncy COM BO sources LoY-fTlCJ uc111 y anintal sOurc~s produce sounds in the ~0- to 00-lmiddotlz range Large Vhalis Slhh as hluc fin ba1k and gray whales are low-frequency COMBO sources Because the frequency limits overlap so1nc unin1als are sources in two catcgorics

FLEET PROJECTORS CUI

Jampr Fleet sonarsapplkable to COMBO applicalionsare listltd in table 4 lnallcquai Jov frlqucncy rcsponsl lilnits 1nost of th1bull units Clnly GNATS satislils J lOl1pct1middot sub11k latcgory na111ely th 111iltl-frcqucncy scgn11bull11ts Th1bull cNA1S systCJl USlS thrcLmiddot transllth1lshytllJ tach lransd thcr operates in a J ist inct frcqu1bull111y rangi Irif1bullrcn1middot1bull 351

31

SECRET

-~-r middotbullbull

_

H

SECRET

bull

FAEOUENCV (kHzJ

ltI n SSll II Ill

lI) l~lllL 7 l11llLmiddotllLlfllLl1L0 OllLrfoll pl11l 11t 111a1111al killLf wlmlLmiddot)

l llllld I i111t )111 Llj113l I()U 111lL

bullbull

bull

middotimiddot~

1 middotmiddot I

~middot ~-bull

i~

J

~

middot~

I

l I j i1 l~ ~ I middot~ 1 ~ I

I ~~

bull -~

middot

UC middot --~- -~

I I

llfI SSllmiddot llmiddotlll

I I I I 1~11~~ ~ t~tfolt tipl a~ f ~middottbull111)lll1(tmiddot~ nthcoJhll r1l111 whaler liillllMbullilbl h1s1lcri 3 fltr bullhcualmiddothbull-1111111~ 011lfln 11hl f ~1111bull I- filhbull11111=

~

~

(

l I

i pI

~ I f i

H -=

(jbull ~ ~

6shy

u w

FREOUENCV lkHzl

0 FREQUENCY lkHzl

rl~ClASSIFIEIJ I

10

~fl

bullmiddot

SECRET

8l The synthesis of pilot whale sounds rltquires an ability to desltribe the sounds microstructure and to choose the generated frequencies For applications not requiring rcalshytime generation sounds can be tape rocorded Recorded sounds would haw an uppor freshyquency limit about 7 kHz Methods of sound synthesis involve signal generation techniques and computer software but the upper frequencmiddoty of synthesized sounds is limited by hardware

TRANSDUCERS (U)

BACKGROUND (UJ

~ Transducers for transmitting and receiving COMBO low-data-rate messages should have the following characteristics middot

o A frequency range of 20 Hz to I 0 kHz o A source level of 160 to 200 dB re I microPa at I m and o A projector signal-to-noise ratio of at least 55 dB

Different transducers may be required to transmit different types ofsoumls

CU) We surveyed ~middottransmitting and 9 receiving systems to identiy transducers acceptable lor COMBO use

-tS1 Sound projectors trans111it 111ost cffictively in a rllativcly narrov fnmiddotqucnly band For some projeciors the effective band is wide enough for COMBO application wilh certain sounds but no projector is suitable for all COMBO sounds Fur example COM BO codes tonals in pilot whale phonations from I to 3 kHz but the animals sonic repertoire exshytends irom 300 Hz to 15 kHz The COMBO sd1cme is directed toward use of tlcct sonar equipment but other transducers were surveyed because tleet equipment docs not fulfill all COM BO requirements

() No lleet sonar system projecmiddotts effectively over the frcqllencmiddoty hand rrqllircmiddotd for all low data rate transmissions in the COMBO sd1cme so we considered projectors with remiddot gard to the kind of sounds ihat could be projected The sounds animal sources wenmiddot dassimiddot lied by fnquency limits High-frequency animal sources produce sounds in the 500- to 8000middot Hz rbullngc Small whales and porpoises spccilicallgt lgtelu~a killer and pilot whales arc hi~hshyfrcqucnty sources of COiI BO sounds Co1nponcnts or s1n~ll vhallsmiddot signals 1nay cxcLbullcd S k11z but attenuation lilnits co1nn1unha1ion utilily or the signals high~r (rcquncics rlidshyfnmiddotql1-=ncy anitnal sources pruducmiddotc sountls in th 70- tqJ000-1-lz rang Soni larg Vhahmiddot-o s11middoth as hun1 pbacks and n1ost pinnipcds arc 111id-frcqucncy COM BO sources LoY-fTlCJ uc111 y anintal sOurc~s produce sounds in the ~0- to 00-lmiddotlz range Large Vhalis Slhh as hluc fin ba1k and gray whales are low-frequency COMBO sources Because the frequency limits overlap so1nc unin1als are sources in two catcgorics

FLEET PROJECTORS CUI

Jampr Fleet sonarsapplkable to COMBO applicalionsare listltd in table 4 lnallcquai Jov frlqucncy rcsponsl lilnits 1nost of th1bull units Clnly GNATS satislils J lOl1pct1middot sub11k latcgory na111ely th 111iltl-frcqucncy scgn11bull11ts Th1bull cNA1S systCJl USlS thrcLmiddot transllth1lshytllJ tach lransd thcr operates in a J ist inct frcqu1bull111y rangi Irif1bullrcn1middot1bull 351

31

SECRET

bullbull

bull

middotimiddot~

1 middotmiddot I

~middot ~-bull

i~

J

~

middot~

I

l I j i1 l~ ~ I middot~ 1 ~ I

I ~~

bull -~

middot

UC middot --~- -~

I I

llfI SSllmiddot llmiddotlll

I I I I 1~11~~ ~ t~tfolt tipl a~ f ~middottbull111)lll1(tmiddot~ nthcoJhll r1l111 whaler liillllMbullilbl h1s1lcri 3 fltr bullhcualmiddothbull-1111111~ 011lfln 11hl f ~1111bull I- filhbull11111=

~

~

(

l I

i pI

~ I f i

H -=

(jbull ~ ~

6shy

u w

FREOUENCV lkHzl

0 FREQUENCY lkHzl

rl~ClASSIFIEIJ I

10

~fl

bullmiddot

SECRET

8l The synthesis of pilot whale sounds rltquires an ability to desltribe the sounds microstructure and to choose the generated frequencies For applications not requiring rcalshytime generation sounds can be tape rocorded Recorded sounds would haw an uppor freshyquency limit about 7 kHz Methods of sound synthesis involve signal generation techniques and computer software but the upper frequencmiddoty of synthesized sounds is limited by hardware

TRANSDUCERS (U)

BACKGROUND (UJ

~ Transducers for transmitting and receiving COMBO low-data-rate messages should have the following characteristics middot

o A frequency range of 20 Hz to I 0 kHz o A source level of 160 to 200 dB re I microPa at I m and o A projector signal-to-noise ratio of at least 55 dB

Different transducers may be required to transmit different types ofsoumls

CU) We surveyed ~middottransmitting and 9 receiving systems to identiy transducers acceptable lor COMBO use

-tS1 Sound projectors trans111it 111ost cffictively in a rllativcly narrov fnmiddotqucnly band For some projeciors the effective band is wide enough for COMBO application wilh certain sounds but no projector is suitable for all COMBO sounds Fur example COM BO codes tonals in pilot whale phonations from I to 3 kHz but the animals sonic repertoire exshytends irom 300 Hz to 15 kHz The COMBO sd1cme is directed toward use of tlcct sonar equipment but other transducers were surveyed because tleet equipment docs not fulfill all COM BO requirements

() No lleet sonar system projecmiddotts effectively over the frcqllencmiddoty hand rrqllircmiddotd for all low data rate transmissions in the COMBO sd1cme so we considered projectors with remiddot gard to the kind of sounds ihat could be projected The sounds animal sources wenmiddot dassimiddot lied by fnquency limits High-frequency animal sources produce sounds in the 500- to 8000middot Hz rbullngc Small whales and porpoises spccilicallgt lgtelu~a killer and pilot whales arc hi~hshyfrcqucnty sources of COiI BO sounds Co1nponcnts or s1n~ll vhallsmiddot signals 1nay cxcLbullcd S k11z but attenuation lilnits co1nn1unha1ion utilily or the signals high~r (rcquncics rlidshyfnmiddotql1-=ncy anitnal sources pruducmiddotc sountls in th 70- tqJ000-1-lz rang Soni larg Vhahmiddot-o s11middoth as hun1 pbacks and n1ost pinnipcds arc 111id-frcqucncy COM BO sources LoY-fTlCJ uc111 y anintal sOurc~s produce sounds in the ~0- to 00-lmiddotlz range Large Vhalis Slhh as hluc fin ba1k and gray whales are low-frequency COMBO sources Because the frequency limits overlap so1nc unin1als are sources in two catcgorics

FLEET PROJECTORS CUI

Jampr Fleet sonarsapplkable to COMBO applicalionsare listltd in table 4 lnallcquai Jov frlqucncy rcsponsl lilnits 1nost of th1bull units Clnly GNATS satislils J lOl1pct1middot sub11k latcgory na111ely th 111iltl-frcqucncy scgn11bull11ts Th1bull cNA1S systCJl USlS thrcLmiddot transllth1lshytllJ tach lransd thcr operates in a J ist inct frcqu1bull111y rangi Irif1bullrcn1middot1bull 351

31

SECRET

0 FREQUENCY lkHzl

rl~ClASSIFIEIJ I

10

~fl

bullmiddot

SECRET

8l The synthesis of pilot whale sounds rltquires an ability to desltribe the sounds microstructure and to choose the generated frequencies For applications not requiring rcalshytime generation sounds can be tape rocorded Recorded sounds would haw an uppor freshyquency limit about 7 kHz Methods of sound synthesis involve signal generation techniques and computer software but the upper frequencmiddoty of synthesized sounds is limited by hardware

TRANSDUCERS (U)

BACKGROUND (UJ

~ Transducers for transmitting and receiving COMBO low-data-rate messages should have the following characteristics middot

o A frequency range of 20 Hz to I 0 kHz o A source level of 160 to 200 dB re I microPa at I m and o A projector signal-to-noise ratio of at least 55 dB

Different transducers may be required to transmit different types ofsoumls

CU) We surveyed ~middottransmitting and 9 receiving systems to identiy transducers acceptable lor COMBO use

-tS1 Sound projectors trans111it 111ost cffictively in a rllativcly narrov fnmiddotqucnly band For some projeciors the effective band is wide enough for COMBO application wilh certain sounds but no projector is suitable for all COMBO sounds Fur example COM BO codes tonals in pilot whale phonations from I to 3 kHz but the animals sonic repertoire exshytends irom 300 Hz to 15 kHz The COMBO sd1cme is directed toward use of tlcct sonar equipment but other transducers were surveyed because tleet equipment docs not fulfill all COM BO requirements

() No lleet sonar system projecmiddotts effectively over the frcqllencmiddoty hand rrqllircmiddotd for all low data rate transmissions in the COMBO sd1cme so we considered projectors with remiddot gard to the kind of sounds ihat could be projected The sounds animal sources wenmiddot dassimiddot lied by fnquency limits High-frequency animal sources produce sounds in the 500- to 8000middot Hz rbullngc Small whales and porpoises spccilicallgt lgtelu~a killer and pilot whales arc hi~hshyfrcqucnty sources of COiI BO sounds Co1nponcnts or s1n~ll vhallsmiddot signals 1nay cxcLbullcd S k11z but attenuation lilnits co1nn1unha1ion utilily or the signals high~r (rcquncics rlidshyfnmiddotql1-=ncy anitnal sources pruducmiddotc sountls in th 70- tqJ000-1-lz rang Soni larg Vhahmiddot-o s11middoth as hun1 pbacks and n1ost pinnipcds arc 111id-frcqucncy COM BO sources LoY-fTlCJ uc111 y anintal sOurc~s produce sounds in the ~0- to 00-lmiddotlz range Large Vhalis Slhh as hluc fin ba1k and gray whales are low-frequency COMBO sources Because the frequency limits overlap so1nc unin1als are sources in two catcgorics

FLEET PROJECTORS CUI

Jampr Fleet sonarsapplkable to COMBO applicalionsare listltd in table 4 lnallcquai Jov frlqucncy rcsponsl lilnits 1nost of th1bull units Clnly GNATS satislils J lOl1pct1middot sub11k latcgory na111ely th 111iltl-frcqucncy scgn11bull11ts Th1bull cNA1S systCJl USlS thrcLmiddot transllth1lshytllJ tach lransd thcr operates in a J ist inct frcqu1bull111y rangi Irif1bullrcn1middot1bull 351

31

SECRET

SECRET

8l The synthesis of pilot whale sounds rltquires an ability to desltribe the sounds microstructure and to choose the generated frequencies For applications not requiring rcalshytime generation sounds can be tape rocorded Recorded sounds would haw an uppor freshyquency limit about 7 kHz Methods of sound synthesis involve signal generation techniques and computer software but the upper frequencmiddoty of synthesized sounds is limited by hardware

TRANSDUCERS (U)

BACKGROUND (UJ

~ Transducers for transmitting and receiving COMBO low-data-rate messages should have the following characteristics middot

o A frequency range of 20 Hz to I 0 kHz o A source level of 160 to 200 dB re I microPa at I m and o A projector signal-to-noise ratio of at least 55 dB

Different transducers may be required to transmit different types ofsoumls

CU) We surveyed ~middottransmitting and 9 receiving systems to identiy transducers acceptable lor COMBO use

-tS1 Sound projectors trans111it 111ost cffictively in a rllativcly narrov fnmiddotqucnly band For some projeciors the effective band is wide enough for COMBO application wilh certain sounds but no projector is suitable for all COMBO sounds Fur example COM BO codes tonals in pilot whale phonations from I to 3 kHz but the animals sonic repertoire exshytends irom 300 Hz to 15 kHz The COMBO sd1cme is directed toward use of tlcct sonar equipment but other transducers were surveyed because tleet equipment docs not fulfill all COM BO requirements

() No lleet sonar system projecmiddotts effectively over the frcqllencmiddoty hand rrqllircmiddotd for all low data rate transmissions in the COMBO sd1cme so we considered projectors with remiddot gard to the kind of sounds ihat could be projected The sounds animal sources wenmiddot dassimiddot lied by fnquency limits High-frequency animal sources produce sounds in the 500- to 8000middot Hz rbullngc Small whales and porpoises spccilicallgt lgtelu~a killer and pilot whales arc hi~hshyfrcqucnty sources of COiI BO sounds Co1nponcnts or s1n~ll vhallsmiddot signals 1nay cxcLbullcd S k11z but attenuation lilnits co1nn1unha1ion utilily or the signals high~r (rcquncics rlidshyfnmiddotql1-=ncy anitnal sources pruducmiddotc sountls in th 70- tqJ000-1-lz rang Soni larg Vhahmiddot-o s11middoth as hun1 pbacks and n1ost pinnipcds arc 111id-frcqucncy COM BO sources LoY-fTlCJ uc111 y anintal sOurc~s produce sounds in the ~0- to 00-lmiddotlz range Large Vhalis Slhh as hluc fin ba1k and gray whales are low-frequency COMBO sources Because the frequency limits overlap so1nc unin1als are sources in two catcgorics

FLEET PROJECTORS CUI

Jampr Fleet sonarsapplkable to COMBO applicalionsare listltd in table 4 lnallcquai Jov frlqucncy rcsponsl lilnits 1nost of th1bull units Clnly GNATS satislils J lOl1pct1middot sub11k latcgory na111ely th 111iltl-frcqucncy scgn11bull11ts Th1bull cNA1S systCJl USlS thrcLmiddot transllth1lshytllJ tach lransd thcr operates in a J ist inct frcqu1bull111y rangi Irif1bullrcn1middot1bull 351

31

SECRET

~

I

lh1bull pin1111Lidegric ~ystLll1 rru111 the N1val UnderValcr Sy-tens (enllr rlUSCt ilto

SEGRET

i

8i The- VQC-~ lov-band projtCtlng transdtiitr systc1n tould bi cqualizld to proshyvide adoquatc resp onso from I I to al least 5 kHz at a sourlaquo owl of approximately 190 dB nmiddot I microPi at l n1 Alternatively sounds could bl prccqualiztd ror use wilh th~ sys1con1 Use of the VQC-~ tlrivinga1nplilir in a COM BO schcn1c would require auxiliary input fron1 a tlat rlsponsL Lircuit The VQC-1 is installed on sub1narincs and surfuc~ vessls for conununilmiddotashytions

JS1 lhc fnqucnC) nsponsc of the VQC-~ is too ninOV for lht entire rJngc of the hi~h-lrcquncy Latcgory or sou1uls but is aJcquah lor CQ-itBO trans111issions of killer Ylrnlc fabc killer VhalL lgtclu~a and bo11cnosc porpoise sounds

-t51 middotrllL frcqucn1y response or the SQQ-~3 Vitl1 111 auxiliary un1plilicr and of lhc BC)S-1 J in 1 lu1nnn111ha1ions111olle nc1rly equals the response of tl1c QC-~ The BQS-13 is lhnihbulld hcloV ~-= kJ Jz 1111J is thus li1nitL0 cl to 1rans1nitting porpoisc-like sounds in a ()M BO L

0 01n1nu1i1a1ions application

S1 lhc cNAfS systc111 freque11cy range is suitable for trans1nitting high- und n1idshyfrclt1uc11l) Lalcgory unilnul sounds hut the sys1cn1 has a nu1xinn1111 I10-ltlll -Ource lccl Lamiddot puhility CCl~11JO sounltl) require 180- to (QQltJB sourcc llcls lo achieve ucquatc con1111unishyia1ions r1ngL Ano1h1r Jlo~siblc Jisaclvan(1ge to COl1HO ap11ihmiddotation of lhr lNATS ~YstL111

-is that uni) 10 CrNAlS sets Vrrc huill ancl lhl 1vuibhility of 1nits is qurslionihlc middot

)k1 Our survey inltlic1tcs thltit 11ecl sonar projeLmiddotton arL 111ost sui1oiblLmiddot for projec1ing ()~IBO anirnli signLils in the highmiddotfrcquency lategory

OTHER PROJECTORS (U)

ft CJ1her prujeLlors surveyed llllLI 1xbullr1ain COfmiddotIBU critcrh1 Simiddoteral prujlllors hiL potcnl ial use for aLllpt1hlc (()~1 BO middot1n111sn1issions (table 5l 1xlmiddotep1 for the l luncylll llX IR~- lhbullmiddot listcJ projector an small and lightwltight The NOSC Pllll IV igt the ouly lrbullui~lur UllYCtl lhill iilll 1nojmiddot1 hru~dbanJmiddot~llUl1ll at ffll]U11llh~ IOl J~ ~o umiddot~ w11h nu gtignilkont distnrtion t figure )Ol IJisaJvantiges uf thbullmiddot NQSC lllD IV for CmBO middotn1n nl1Lriiimiddot11iiu1 bulli11ppliamiddot1~li1ln-ii irL1ilja1 bullJ1)middot ~~)1t ot1ur1bull1middotI dl1uii ibull bullf I ct Ill ilimiddotmiddotbulllh~11 middot1 t)f

OILliVl depth co111pcn~bull1tion bull1nU a 111ininn1111 frcquenLY li111it thLil inLmiddotnasc~ with clcplh

pf middotrhc 11middotcmiddot ~O I 0 lt11Hl ~O I I prujc~tors iuvcr u hrouU fnqucnLY hand lt1nd operuh al an 1dLC)Uatc sounmiddotc ILbullvcl middotrhl JlC unit~ arL sn1ill ind laquon11nidirlLtion1l in the plinc nonnul to I heir iX(S middotro~cthcr llJL 11( projeLlors have hlcn SLILLeltgtslully used in (()~IBO seu 1~middots1s

r)f bro~tlhnuf ahoL I kl lz and is suilahlc for pngtjccling (()ll BO sounds uf puq1oiscs and s1nall Vhalimiddot~ CliUrc I 11 Jhe p1n1111etrilmiddot sys1c1n b very tlirLLI io11lt1l and 1nay projLLl UrlVLJlllLcI nu11n11 ii prh11lt1ry rcqULnLmiddotiLmiddot~ IiiII Viii fall Vithin the dLILlliun r1ngl olCCJ~IUO ~i1111I llLll~ni1icu1 in1n1111Lnt-

tSl Till I lolllytll I IX 18~-A JlrOjllIOr UJllratLmiddotd sutb-facluril) ut frllt]Uelll il rron1 (1() lo I I on IIL IlilUrl I~) lhbull projllIOr h inLltllmiddotquilc for Oi1 BO lign1b in the )UV- or

I

SEGRET

---- -- --

Maximum Undis1or1middotd Source Level

~middotmiddotpl__~] I Frc~~middoty_ k~~ -~~~ I microla a_l_i_~- __

Imiddot WQC-2 I Low llamll S11rfaiCSuhn11rin( 15 - 5 llJO

SQQmiddot2-~ S11rfuC l()-8 200+

J BQS 13 I Comm Mo1k gt Subnrnrinc 25 - 8 200+

4 CNATS Snhnrn rinc 00Ci - 160+

CCCl~lIQENTIAL)

(li) Table 4 Fleet sonars considered for COMBO-like applkalioiis

Frc11ucncy Operiling Response Sourt( LcvlbullI Deplh Ap1gtroximatc

Transtlut~r k 1-17 dB re I microP~_ 1_11 LiIllii Ill ~-_~ fi~JI iO_I Size 111 middot---- - - ---middot--- --------shy

NUC lHD IV 001 -0 I 15ltbull No data Cylinih-r 04 Dia x 05

middotIX 182-A OOh - I I I CJO 2rn Cylinder 0Cgt Dia x 18

ITC 2010 I - 4 180+ Unlimilcd Ring 05 Dia x 01

ITC2011 4 - l) 190+ Unlim i I bullbullti Ring 02 Dia x 01

Nusrmiddot P61rinhmiddotirilmiddot I - 20 llJ5+ ltJI Disc 09 Dia x 01

(UNCLASSIFIED)

ll) _Table 5 Non-flccl JlTojchlTS innsidcreltI for ro~tBO-likc a11111ica1iuns

[

I

middot middot

~

( ~

~ ~

N t gt u middot z

w middot

~-

~middotr 1

bullr 1t

Jt

gt 0 w a IL

200shy

0shy200shy

0 0

- bull bullo

middotmiddotmiddot--=-=-- bull 20

TIME (sec)

(UNClASSIFIEOJ

40

INPUT

-shyOUTPUT

-~e-

Ilil Figun 10 Sonngams uf blue wh3le sounds rrmiddotrKorded direcl1y from the playback lape recorder (inpul aboorl and afler prljeition hy the PltD 11 1ransduccr at Q rn Jep1h 1--uu1puf hcloI The effciiive inaJ~middotsisfiltcr bandidth i II Hz

60

~~~~~~~~~~----~--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--~~~~~~ bull ~~~~~~~~~ it middot-shy bull --middotmiddot-middotmiddotmiddot ___ middot- ____ _tla-_ ~~~ middotmiddotmiddot~ -~~-~--middot ltbull middot bull _ bull i _

f I ~~

~middot --~ l

t

~0 3 4 5 middot6 7 9 Q

~Hz

SPECTRUM ONE

TRANSMITTED RECEIVE( ll lt r S~ll 11 fll

ll1 11llll II 11bull11tll lbbulll1~i k1ll~1 h111middot bullrmiddot 111 111middot 11bullbulln1 1bull1 I l iI t11111ht11 middot1middotbull11middotmiddot1111

0 middot2 3 middotmiddot6 5 -~ 7 B middot9 ltHgt

middotmiddotmiddot

FREQUENCY

~bull

w

~

bullbull

trbull

I

I

I

~~I

~

i

I I

bull

middot i

middott ~ j

middot~ ~

middot

l ~-

~

~-

middotshy

middot~

middot middot

~

( ~

~ ~

N t gt u middot z

w middot

~-

~middotr 1

bullr 1t

Jt

gt 0 w a IL

200shy

0shy200shy

0 0

- bull bullo

middotmiddotmiddot--=-=-- bull 20

TIME (sec)

(UNClASSIFIEOJ

40

INPUT

-shyOUTPUT

-~e-

Ilil Figun 10 Sonngams uf blue wh3le sounds rrmiddotrKorded direcl1y from the playback lape recorder (inpul aboorl and afler prljeition hy the PltD 11 1ransduccr at Q rn Jep1h 1--uu1puf hcloI The effciiive inaJ~middotsisfiltcr bandidth i II Hz

60

~~~~~~~~~~----~--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--~~~~~~ bull ~~~~~~~~~ it middot-shy bull --middotmiddot-middotmiddotmiddot ___ middot- ____ _tla-_ ~~~ middotmiddotmiddot~ -~~-~--middot ltbull middot bull _ bull i _

f I ~~

~middot --~ l

t

~0 3 4 5 middot6 7 9 Q

~Hz

SPECTRUM ONE

TRANSMITTED RECEIVE( ll lt r S~ll 11 fll

ll1 11llll II 11bull11tll lbbulll1~i k1ll~1 h111middot bullrmiddot 111 111middot 11bullbulln1 1bull1 I l iI t11111ht11 middot1middotbull11middotmiddot1111

0 middot2 3 middotmiddot6 5 -~ 7 B middot9 ltHgt

middotmiddotmiddot

FREQUENCY

~bull

w

~

bullbull

trbull

I

I

I

~~I

~

i

I I

bull

middot i

middott ~ j

middot~ ~

middot

l ~-

~

~-

middotshy

middot~

t

~0 3 4 5 middot6 7 9 Q

~Hz

SPECTRUM ONE

TRANSMITTED RECEIVE( ll lt r S~ll 11 fll

ll1 11llll II 11bull11tll lbbulll1~i k1ll~1 h111middot bullrmiddot 111 111middot 11bullbulln1 1bull1 I l iI t11111ht11 middot1middotbull11middotmiddot1111

0 middot2 3 middotmiddot6 5 -~ 7 B middot9 ltHgt

middotmiddotmiddot

FREQUENCY

~bull

w

~

bullbull

trbull

I

I

I

~~I

~

i

I I

bull

middot i

middott ~ j

middot~ ~

middot

l ~-

~

~-

middotshy

middot~

160

150

140

130

120

170

fmiddot ~

~

~middot

10000

SECREF

-

w J

gt w J w CJ a gt 0 t)

HX-182A

FREQUENCY (Hz) (UNClASSIFIEll)

(U) ligure 12 l~csponsc oflX I B2middotA projector in series with a l l lJlomiddot20G 1lz bond rejection filter TI1e input signal was J00 Vmts at 400 Hz 1l1e source dep1h ii~ 62m

~

bull middot1 middot bull

l

180

~-

J

middot-middot

I~ ~

36

SECRET

_f ~-middot

SECRET

111id-frmiddotq111middot1h~ middotahmiddot~01imiddot - lllmiddot middotr11111 111in111111111h 1i1111 i1li 111 JI Imiddot-~middot Jilli a 1111gt-J UUd llltl)l~hil Oldeglll~llHJ 11111 rllhllll1l lr1bullqthlllh 110111~I)111111lllJJl111

lOW-FIUQlJlmiddotNlY PIHgtJl-(JOlS 1U1

l1J Si l11middotfr1middot1111llh) pn1jbull1tnr 111l)ld Ill dmiddotmiddot11h1bull1I 11111l1lmiddot11 I h1bull ll)d1111Ji

llh1hlll lIJ1 Ur 1lh Ii) tli Ot ~OU h_bull I Iibull kl lihd pflld Ill ll IJ1ll llj (i1hl1bull 11ffllllllh dI( Iii 1lllll

11ul lmiddotxlr111middotn11 middot0111p11111middotut I Illmiddot I IX ~~-1-B 1 d111 middot11middot111 pnbull111 middot middot111up middot1111i11i ~1 middot111

th111 111middot I IX IX~- II proj1bull1middotti11 lild in 11hkbull t1 hi1 ~hmiddot111 111111middot bull lmiddot middotI and 1 d1middotpll1 ~middot11 il1ll) 1ha111lh PIIIgt JV

FLEET RECEIVING TlANSlllJCERS 1 ll I

-+St- ( gtur 11r1) 111d1l al1 1h11 11l1 ill llbull1middot1111J ltltJ~I BC) lmiddot1111bull11a Ill 1ail1blmiddot 111 liil fk1middot1 I whllmiddot - I I hmiddot 1lI i11micro lll 1bull 111 I lil ~lJI middot-~ j 1111 n1 cI bull11 I ltl 11n 1) 1middottl 111111 lmiddot11r lhi 111micro 11111tl111 I ih degl)I )- ~ ~ j htmiddot1 Iur I lt ) I IH J 1 ppi rl 1011 lt11 111 I11 1 111p 11t1i 11 h

IHI R- 7 1 up 1111tl lor ll h111a I IImiddot I 1htl trr1) J I hlhl l1 luwmiddot I 1 )l11) 0 11~1 h111 lhllr lll fl1ri1middot1h r hr11111il111tl hy1iruphtuh bullill hmiddot 11_middot middot1bull1ry fur 11rrK1 hip In

nmiddotmiddot10 i ((J~llHl u111d- I h bull BltJH-7 tnahJimiddot uh1111nn1middot Io 1v1middot1degl1 ltlt)llHgt ountl ii frltJLllll1il lnv 1 50 111

-tSt- Su1fimiddot1middot 111pmiddot111 iJ1111bull 1111obuo 1-111ll1 (()~UCgt 1111( i11lh1middot1bull111inmiddot

Omiddot lo 10()CJOmiddot l1 r1vq111lh r111~tmiddot u11uh1111~ d1middot1luymiddotd 1v1gt lr111n 1 urlall 111p 111dclli11bullI) rtmiddot1middotlinbull k 1111middothip 11oi1middot than h11llmiddotn1n1111hmiddotcl imiddot1middotlmiddothmiddotr 111hmiddotn111 hll111 111i1 11110middot huny ruliu rUlJl lgttJ1llllilli 1111 lil lJIL 1 11111ll hjp 11111inp ii ~CJ hi Ji1~ltlf rl1lhl ltltgt~IUltgt j~fliiJ Jro111 a lllllOhUP) ftf 15 lo lO 111i11

DEPLOYMENT SlCUIUTY 1U1

middotft (iamiddotmiddotrt and 1llfl ipplkatil111 111 11bull ( cJl1 IH gt middotn1111111111kmiddot11111~1 lmiddotl11H rmiddot111111 1h1l Iiimiddot hioimiddotnugtlimiddot i)lliJ himiddotmiddot uhq111ll 111111rd q1mht1bull middot111ili1middot lrilllia 111 1t11il nilmiddot 11r1lngt indudtbull li1llmiddotJi1~ bull inir bull hbullLI 11cqumiddot11middot~ middot1u11cn1 w1Lmiddotmiddotro1111 1111ph1 udtmiddot uul tlur111011 Spllilimiddot tnal 1(u 111111 11_middot1middotur bullI tillll 11111 lomiddot1tip1i 11rnJllr fur i111r~l 111i1111h

TRANSIJIJCERS IU1

Ji1 ~o 1111cl10 r1hmiddot 01111tl 1rokmiddot1i11J ll[llitlll1111 middot~111 1r11111111 h1111lmiddot11ulh ~11i middotmiddotitlt 1i1olutmiddot lil1bulllit) Simicronal analyi 1middot111 ltcd 1ibull pmiddotimiddot111rhatinn 1h11 1r111dumiddotmiddotr l111 ir11 pn~1middot on lr11l1olll bi1lll I lid _middot111 id middotn Ii fr U11lilbull1111 bit 111middot1111t j_middot jg11 ii t I r1ntlt1 r Ih1 t

prujLLI hiu11tmiddoto11 1i bull j~ut for ~middoton111111nimiddotati1111 11111 t li1ni1 1hbull lraibntillld pcrlurl1ti1111 o 111bull j~111l Otri1lili[ umiddotlllr- Vithin nnnna lin1il fur 1 kn1nvlmiddotdg1bull1lllbull lit1middot111middotrmiddot

SOURCI LEVELS I U I

ffi (0111111111kili1111 1pplk1ti1111c1I hiotmiddot1111 1imiddot 111-Utl 1111y rIJllll ~iiph1middot1-1h111middot 111111ral 1111v~middot k~middot1 11111middotn11111lmiddot pn1paJati1111 111 l1d11r ancl 1i1 1middoth11middot~middot urr1d1middot1111middotc111111111shy

11k1f1011 11111middot I lhmiddot i1ulmiddot1middot 111bullt nl pl1111111it111 h) l1r~1 middothall 11bull 1tkbullq111hmiddot f111middot 11111

bullbulllt

c ~-

- ~

f middot~ ~middot ~

- t

Ibull

shy

37

SECRET

_f ~-middot

SECRET

111id-frmiddotq111middot1h~ middotahmiddot~01imiddot - lllmiddot middotr11111 111in111111111h 1i1111 i1li 111 JI Imiddot-~middot Jilli a 1111gt-J UUd llltl)l~hil Oldeglll~llHJ 11111 rllhllll1l lr1bullqthlllh 110111~I)111111lllJJl111

lOW-FIUQlJlmiddotNlY PIHgtJl-(JOlS 1U1

l1J Si l11middotfr1middot1111llh) pn1jbull1tnr 111l)ld Ill dmiddotmiddot11h1bull1I 11111l1lmiddot11 I h1bull ll)d1111Ji

llh1hlll lIJ1 Ur 1lh Ii) tli Ot ~OU h_bull I Iibull kl lihd pflld Ill ll IJ1ll llj (i1hl1bull 11ffllllllh dI( Iii 1lllll

11ul lmiddotxlr111middotn11 middot0111p11111middotut I Illmiddot I IX ~~-1-B 1 d111 middot11middot111 pnbull111 middot middot111up middot1111i11i ~1 middot111

th111 111middot I IX IX~- II proj1bull1middotti11 lild in 11hkbull t1 hi1 ~hmiddot111 111111middot bull lmiddot middotI and 1 d1middotpll1 ~middot11 il1ll) 1ha111lh PIIIgt JV

FLEET RECEIVING TlANSlllJCERS 1 ll I

-+St- ( gtur 11r1) 111d1l al1 1h11 11l1 ill llbull1middot1111J ltltJ~I BC) lmiddot1111bull11a Ill 1ail1blmiddot 111 liil fk1middot1 I whllmiddot - I I hmiddot 1lI i11micro lll 1bull 111 I lil ~lJI middot-~ j 1111 n1 cI bull11 I ltl 11n 1) 1middottl 111111 lmiddot11r lhi 111micro 11111tl111 I ih degl)I )- ~ ~ j htmiddot1 Iur I lt ) I IH J 1 ppi rl 1011 lt11 111 I11 1 111p 11t1i 11 h

IHI R- 7 1 up 1111tl lor ll h111a I IImiddot I 1htl trr1) J I hlhl l1 luwmiddot I 1 )l11) 0 11~1 h111 lhllr lll fl1ri1middot1h r hr11111il111tl hy1iruphtuh bullill hmiddot 11_middot middot1bull1ry fur 11rrK1 hip In

nmiddotmiddot10 i ((J~llHl u111d- I h bull BltJH-7 tnahJimiddot uh1111nn1middot Io 1v1middot1degl1 ltlt)llHgt ountl ii frltJLllll1il lnv 1 50 111

-tSt- Su1fimiddot1middot 111pmiddot111 iJ1111bull 1111obuo 1-111ll1 (()~UCgt 1111( i11lh1middot1bull111inmiddot

Omiddot lo 10()CJOmiddot l1 r1vq111lh r111~tmiddot u11uh1111~ d1middot1luymiddotd 1v1gt lr111n 1 urlall 111p 111dclli11bullI) rtmiddot1middotlinbull k 1111middothip 11oi1middot than h11llmiddotn1n1111hmiddotcl imiddot1middotlmiddothmiddotr 111hmiddotn111 hll111 111i1 11110middot huny ruliu rUlJl lgttJ1llllilli 1111 lil lJIL 1 11111ll hjp 11111inp ii ~CJ hi Ji1~ltlf rl1lhl ltltgt~IUltgt j~fliiJ Jro111 a lllllOhUP) ftf 15 lo lO 111i11

DEPLOYMENT SlCUIUTY 1U1

middotft (iamiddotmiddotrt and 1llfl ipplkatil111 111 11bull ( cJl1 IH gt middotn1111111111kmiddot11111~1 lmiddotl11H rmiddot111111 1h1l Iiimiddot hioimiddotnugtlimiddot i)lliJ himiddotmiddot uhq111ll 111111rd q1mht1bull middot111ili1middot lrilllia 111 1t11il nilmiddot 11r1lngt indudtbull li1llmiddotJi1~ bull inir bull hbullLI 11cqumiddot11middot~ middot1u11cn1 w1Lmiddotmiddotro1111 1111ph1 udtmiddot uul tlur111011 Spllilimiddot tnal 1(u 111111 11_middot1middotur bullI tillll 11111 lomiddot1tip1i 11rnJllr fur i111r~l 111i1111h

TRANSIJIJCERS IU1

Ji1 ~o 1111cl10 r1hmiddot 01111tl 1rokmiddot1i11J ll[llitlll1111 middot~111 1r11111111 h1111lmiddot11ulh ~11i middotmiddotitlt 1i1olutmiddot lil1bulllit) Simicronal analyi 1middot111 ltcd 1ibull pmiddotimiddot111rhatinn 1h11 1r111dumiddotmiddotr l111 ir11 pn~1middot on lr11l1olll bi1lll I lid _middot111 id middotn Ii fr U11lilbull1111 bit 111middot1111t j_middot jg11 ii t I r1ntlt1 r Ih1 t

prujLLI hiu11tmiddoto11 1i bull j~ut for ~middoton111111nimiddotati1111 11111 t li1ni1 1hbull lraibntillld pcrlurl1ti1111 o 111bull j~111l Otri1lili[ umiddotlllr- Vithin nnnna lin1il fur 1 kn1nvlmiddotdg1bull1lllbull lit1middot111middotrmiddot

SOURCI LEVELS I U I

ffi (0111111111kili1111 1pplk1ti1111c1I hiotmiddot1111 1imiddot 111-Utl 1111y rIJllll ~iiph1middot1-1h111middot 111111ral 1111v~middot k~middot1 11111middotn11111lmiddot pn1paJati1111 111 l1d11r ancl 1i1 1middoth11middot~middot urr1d1middot1111middotc111111111shy

11k1f1011 11111middot I lhmiddot i1ulmiddot1middot 111bullt nl pl1111111it111 h) l1r~1 middothall 11bull 1tkbullq111hmiddot f111middot 11111

bullbulllt

c ~-

- ~

f middot~ ~middot ~

- t

Ibull

shy

37

SECRET

Frc11thncy Risponsc Sotirce L~middot~1

Transdthcr Hz d_B re I microPa__a~ ~m

Hon(yvell HX 25-1-B

Bender Bar ~5- l[lll 180

~1aunavox t Bc-ntlcr Resonan1 middotat middot Bir SO Hz 180

(lncral Dyna111ics Hydroaloustics hOmiddot- 105 180

~middotloo~ Hydro-shyacoustic 40 ~ 400 180at55Hz

~Vcsringhousc I 90 ( BroadhruJ I Flexural Dilaquo middot I 0 - I 00 00 (Discrete Freq

Aerojll Electro-shysystcn1~ FhmiddotSUral llisshy 25 - 95 99

Opra1ional Dtnth

Lin1il 1ll

91 i111 Dia x I ~O in1 plu~ 450 JcrHh co111pcn~ator Ql)Q kg to_ycd

450 4J i1n Dia x 81 cnl I J5 kg

4(bull0 53 l111 J)ia X 215 Cl_ll 730 kg lOCd

155 -SS kg

No data 1800 kg

No data 02-lm3 _ 455 kg

C8NFIBEPITIALI

pS Table 6 Low-rrequcncy p1ojec1ors surveyed for possible COhlBOmiddotlike applicitions

00

bo ~ bull1

Imiddot ~ ~ ~ middotV ~

_

7middot

~

~- bullmiddotmiddotbull ~~

SECRET

Systc-111 DL1 plU)llltlll Ftlqutncy kllz

SQC)-~1 Surfaci Olti -

llQR-7 Suh1u1rin bull Cl I - 7

UQS-C1 I~ Suh1nari1hmiddot 0$ - x i

SQR-17 1TiSSl Suh1111rinbull Ulll - II

llQR-IS iSTASSl Suh11arinlbull U05 middot ~5

(Slfl~lf

IU) Tuhle 1 Fle ~I rc1cibullers s11i1oiblc for JIUSSib1e roMBO-like appka1ions

(()~1Btgt appli1middott1tionl (0111111unimiddot11io11 ligntll thit usmiddot phonalionmiddot of (ilhlr 111innbull 1n111111wl~ 111iy hamiddotw Iltl tltll1d ntturnl sounc hvlls hr up to 10 dB StnirLmiddotc )lVcI b 1 fun1middot11011 uf th bull transq1irsion cod middotd lnqlllllLY i111d inllJlllld rJllL Use or unn1 turilly high 110llflC lllb should hi lin1i11bulld to shurt-duriltilt111 tr1nsn1is~ionll 11ul lcHv frllllllnty lltUlldll

SIGNAL SYNTHESIS (U)

~ Signtl syn1l11bulls1s lu1s r1bull1rodu1middotltl 1ort itJns of pilol whall sinusoidal vavfunn ~

Ibull ~middot

middot I

I

Vhisll1bulls Thl sountb of flflL Vh1kbulls haVL nut h1middotc11 synthlillll Adtgt11ullL Ynthlllh of hioshy110UsliLmiddot ~ig111ls for lnv1bullrl con1n11111itmiddot~tions fl1tlir1bulls quality nLordi11gs of 1111ur1I M)und~ Synlhi~itcd sign1ls lHL lOnstn11middot1cd Jrnn1 ind LC)lnp1nd with he na1un1l l1middot1npl11Lbulls SynlhLbull- sizld si~nillS n1ust 1ppcar natun1I on sunirdisplay~ and 111us1 so11111I na1ur1l tt1 khowLmiddotdglahllliSllllLlS

~ fhc ronnuls prlSc111ing hiornou~ti~middot 1middot01111nunkmiddotoitio11s signab 1nu~t lt1lso hl natural middotrhl in1bullrcas1bull in critical ha111hvidth Vilh frltJllCllCY in 111i1naJs nuditory runction i1111gtic-i th1t hanclwitltl1 ufanii11il -iuunds also i111middotrcoiSS Vitl1 fr1bullq11cn middoty middot1middot11us synlhcsizctl anjm1I ~ignil~ th1t SVllil middot11middotrOli lnmiddotquLl1L) should h1l llltHl lrltJlllflLY variance in till hiih-fntllllllLY pormiddot lion Sonll fornu11s lolllh ts lhl 11nplitul1L1 ri~ uul dllOIY or Lhoru~middotll chJJl~l gniJually and middotbulltry randn111ly Cgtthcr fonn1lll sUh as 1lu1npht11bullk YhaJ1bull Mlll~ 01middot1middotur in distin1middott rh~middotth111ic SlIJ11lf1~middotis th~I i1rl r1flOJlld is tinzn~

J l~nscn1hkmiddot upon Vhi1middoth 1middotoltILmiddotd ~i~n1J ir1middot llllplrh11110~1middotd 11n11 hL ra11dun1ly i011shy stn1ct1bulld Thi lihr1ry of 1middot01111ull~lnl synllhlliZLd ountll 111uI hl loirpc c11011gh thi11 long-ILr111 i1111101 rllonlings anmiddot nunrlJllltll in

m J)uring Sl01 trfails or (()f1 BCgt llt1uipn11bull111 trlt1llril1li~ici11 or synth1middotiZld pilo1 1hilci sounds Jllr1Ltcd pilot Yhallri to 1hc tn1n~1nillLr lhl vhuiLl0

phnnation~ addd to thc -onic 11viron111en1 Yithoul dlgrnlinl lhci 111111u11ic1tion~ 1bull1Tor1

39

SECRET

middot~ - - -shy

7middot

~

~- bullmiddotmiddotbull ~~

SECRET

Systc-111 DL1 plU)llltlll Ftlqutncy kllz

SQC)-~1 Surfaci Olti -

llQR-7 Suh1u1rin bull Cl I - 7

UQS-C1 I~ Suh1nari1hmiddot 0$ - x i

SQR-17 1TiSSl Suh1111rinbull Ulll - II

llQR-IS iSTASSl Suh11arinlbull U05 middot ~5

(Slfl~lf

IU) Tuhle 1 Fle ~I rc1cibullers s11i1oiblc for JIUSSib1e roMBO-like appka1ions

(()~1Btgt appli1middott1tionl (0111111unimiddot11io11 ligntll thit usmiddot phonalionmiddot of (ilhlr 111innbull 1n111111wl~ 111iy hamiddotw Iltl tltll1d ntturnl sounc hvlls hr up to 10 dB StnirLmiddotc )lVcI b 1 fun1middot11011 uf th bull transq1irsion cod middotd lnqlllllLY i111d inllJlllld rJllL Use or unn1 turilly high 110llflC lllb should hi lin1i11bulld to shurt-duriltilt111 tr1nsn1is~ionll 11ul lcHv frllllllnty lltUlldll

SIGNAL SYNTHESIS (U)

~ Signtl syn1l11bulls1s lu1s r1bull1rodu1middotltl 1ort itJns of pilol whall sinusoidal vavfunn ~

Ibull ~middot

middot I

I

Vhisll1bulls Thl sountb of flflL Vh1kbulls haVL nut h1middotc11 synthlillll Adtgt11ullL Ynthlllh of hioshy110UsliLmiddot ~ig111ls for lnv1bullrl con1n11111itmiddot~tions fl1tlir1bulls quality nLordi11gs of 1111ur1I M)und~ Synlhi~itcd sign1ls lHL lOnstn11middot1cd Jrnn1 ind LC)lnp1nd with he na1un1l l1middot1npl11Lbulls SynlhLbull- sizld si~nillS n1ust 1ppcar natun1I on sunirdisplay~ and 111us1 so11111I na1ur1l tt1 khowLmiddotdglahllliSllllLlS

~ fhc ronnuls prlSc111ing hiornou~ti~middot 1middot01111nunkmiddotoitio11s signab 1nu~t lt1lso hl natural middotrhl in1bullrcas1bull in critical ha111hvidth Vilh frltJllCllCY in 111i1naJs nuditory runction i1111gtic-i th1t hanclwitltl1 ufanii11il -iuunds also i111middotrcoiSS Vitl1 fr1bullq11cn middoty middot1middot11us synlhcsizctl anjm1I ~ignil~ th1t SVllil middot11middotrOli lnmiddotquLl1L) should h1l llltHl lrltJlllflLY variance in till hiih-fntllllllLY pormiddot lion Sonll fornu11s lolllh ts lhl 11nplitul1L1 ri~ uul dllOIY or Lhoru~middotll chJJl~l gniJually and middotbulltry randn111ly Cgtthcr fonn1lll sUh as 1lu1npht11bullk YhaJ1bull Mlll~ 01middot1middotur in distin1middott rh~middotth111ic SlIJ11lf1~middotis th~I i1rl r1flOJlld is tinzn~

J l~nscn1hkmiddot upon Vhi1middoth 1middotoltILmiddotd ~i~n1J ir1middot llllplrh11110~1middotd 11n11 hL ra11dun1ly i011shy stn1ct1bulld Thi lihr1ry of 1middot01111ull~lnl synllhlliZLd ountll 111uI hl loirpc c11011gh thi11 long-ILr111 i1111101 rllonlings anmiddot nunrlJllltll in

m J)uring Sl01 trfails or (()f1 BCgt llt1uipn11bull111 trlt1llril1li~ici11 or synth1middotiZld pilo1 1hilci sounds Jllr1Ltcd pilot Yhallri to 1hc tn1n~1nillLr lhl vhuiLl0

phnnation~ addd to thc -onic 11viron111en1 Yithoul dlgrnlinl lhci 111111u11ic1tion~ 1bull1Tor1

39

SECRET

middot~ - - -shy

SECRET

SIGNAL OCCURRENCE (U)

)Si Bioacoustic communication signals must occur at the proper time and place No marine mammal is pan-oceanic and many distinct phonations occur only at certain times or places The frequency with which a bioacoustic communication will be used depends upon the communicators activities More common signalsmiddotshould be used for more frequent comshymunications

fBf A guide to biologics has been produced to familiarize sonanuen with bioacoustic signals bioacoustic sources and marine mammal distribution (reforence 12)

FLEET IMPACT (U)

i-ampr A six-week study of Project COMBO and of the effects of bioacoustics on fleet ope mt ions concluded that both the US and the Soviet Union would have the capability to apply bioacoustics to communications tasks after 1975 (reference 36) Covert active sonar using marine animal sounds requires changes in fleet sonar hardware and operating doctrine Reliable relatively covert communications possible through Project COMBO also will affect submarine tactical deployment

f5r Poor communications disruptmiddotcoordination in submarine escort or ASW operashytions Even a limited covert communication ability will enhance coordination between surshyfocc ships and submarines Project COMBO provides covertness unavailable with presentlyshydcployed iwo~way con11nunication syste1ns and thus enhances 10ordination in critical scenarios

--fS-r- US Sonarmen typically tune out biologics as interference but Soviet use of bioacoustics for communications is likely so fleet sonannen must become more familiar with bioacoustic signals Past biologics classification was basclf on NASTAD training tapes aural memory and the som1m1cns experience Anne-lated BQR-2022 displays and biomiddot

~acoustic indic~s Ire-fcrcnmiddot~middotc 12) now aug1ncnt the classification effort

-1amp1 Marine animal sounds are ubiquitous (reference 37) and likely well-known to Soviet sonarmcn Signal processing fcilmiqucs will aid anu advance underwater n1ilitary co111n1unicatinns but US forces 1nay fncc in incrcusingly costly race to stay below pnmiddotshy1lllllcd llitcction thresholds (overt con1n1unici1tion by natural disguise is ii JlSYLl1ologically confounding alternative approach that can convey considerable advantugc to tilt adversary first c111ploying the technique

40

SEGRET

shyt

SECRET

REFERENCES iUJ

I (ununings V ( R L S11bulllcy P 0 middotr1io1npson S J Kennison UniljLIC Co111111uni1ashytions Systc111 (U) Patent l)ismiddotlosun No 5l 978 ll75 i 51Cltlf)

~ Scclc~middot R L V C (ununntg~ S J KcnniMgtn Conununhuion (h1nncl Fa1lini Co1npcnsator ltUgt Pa1c111 1Jis1losun No 58979 197 S HilC1U~middotr1

J Johnson RA R L S-1bullkbully ( (11111rnings S J lcnnion (ln11i1unha1iuni lmiddotrror Corrl~lion lLvii tUJ P11 bull111 l)ilio1losunbull No SXlJHO 1gt75 1s1r1t1r1

4 Stmiddot1bulllty I~ L C Cu1111nin~r1 S J Kennison Synhn111iLlr for Con1111uni1middot11inn Jnitiili1J1ion 1UJ P~ cn1 lgtbdo-Url Nu 5gtS-i~ J1751Slllt1r1 1

5 1d I ltJL Study ( rn11Jl NS IA d I l1h SI uJy Aluu~tii Con11nunhmiddot11 inn 1ind R1bullpor1 1 l middotI f11 in111J Sc1middoturil) Indus1 ri11 A~~llListion 197 ~ I(CJ~i I 1111NI) ALl

ti lltnvarJ I~ F IACSJORP (lp1middotralional lmiddot1iiibili1y lllld EJllmiddotLliv-lllii~ Study Clpr1tnr fodbulld ~kssago Inputs Ill) USC TM o EAIXmiddotltIS-74 ll74 1CU~FIDL~middot1 I l1

7 r1bull1hh E II Jr lnlr1iicd Sign1I Pro1middots~inp Sp--t U-ing SYlJl Lin1i1 C uni rol cl I Unpuhlbhod NUC [ltport I UNCLASSJFJlJl1

X middotr1101np~o11 P 0 ind C Cu111111inl- Critkal SL1rvly ufCrtain Undrvi11bullr Sound Tranh1lto1gt IUl Unpulilislied NUC Ro port IUNClASS idegFllmiddotO 1

l Christian J Clp1middotr11linp Chintllcrbt kmiddot- or J 15middot3 llX-1X2 and llX- l N 2 tn llX-1 X-1 llull low-FrclJUcnry Transdu-cn I UI Unpuhlihcd NUC Report 197 5 ltUNtLASSllll IJ I

I0 P~ync R s illlLI S ~1lV1y Song~ of Jlu111phaLk halcii S1middothnc 17J sri97 1gt7 l

11 Cu1111ninp~ V C J F Fi~h u11tl P () Thornpiion Sound Prudultion uni Cllh1bullr B~h1viur ltgt 1middot South1middotrn Righi Vhalc- Juhaatmiddotua ~acialb I U J Jr111a1middot1 ioni of 1111bull S111 llilU So1middoticly ofN11urai IJitory 1711 J 13 pp 1gt7

I (ununin~~ V C and P ()I hon1p-un Son1nnan-i Ciuhk lu Biolnphii 1li1 lCgtS( Tll JXI 77 pp July 11178ICONlllJlliTIALI

1l Cununinls V cmiddot ~ind P () Tho111psun Sound- run1 B1)ll1bullii ind Finhi-middotk hikii in lhl Ciulf oflt11iforni1 lU) NltJS( unrnihlill~ll r1bullport 2h pp lLINCLASSIFllmiddotDl

I 14 Smiddoth1middotvill V I 1bull A 111 kinI 111d R 11 Barku~ ThL ~O-Cyd1middot Sig1u1b and Jlttlcttlllimiddotri1 I

1in Vh1ll-i I llJ M1rilll l]jo-10U 1i1middotii Pnl11cdinpii or 1 -y111po-iu1n hi Id al 1h1bull LLflllr olurin~middot L1hor11ory Bintini B1lt11111i April 11-13 19lt tia1nil111 (01npan~ SL middot York I 4 ltUKCLASSI ll llll

41

SECRET

~-middot

shyt

SECRET

REFERENCES iUJ

I (ununings V ( R L S11bulllcy P 0 middotr1io1npson S J Kennison UniljLIC Co111111uni1ashytions Systc111 (U) Patent l)ismiddotlosun No 5l 978 ll75 i 51Cltlf)

~ Scclc~middot R L V C (ununntg~ S J KcnniMgtn Conununhuion (h1nncl Fa1lini Co1npcnsator ltUgt Pa1c111 1Jis1losun No 58979 197 S HilC1U~middotr1

J Johnson RA R L S-1bullkbully ( (11111rnings S J lcnnion (ln11i1unha1iuni lmiddotrror Corrl~lion lLvii tUJ P11 bull111 l)ilio1losunbull No SXlJHO 1gt75 1s1r1t1r1

4 Stmiddot1bulllty I~ L C Cu1111nin~r1 S J Kennison Synhn111iLlr for Con1111uni1middot11inn Jnitiili1J1ion 1UJ P~ cn1 lgtbdo-Url Nu 5gtS-i~ J1751Slllt1r1 1

5 1d I ltJL Study ( rn11Jl NS IA d I l1h SI uJy Aluu~tii Con11nunhmiddot11 inn 1ind R1bullpor1 1 l middotI f11 in111J Sc1middoturil) Indus1 ri11 A~~llListion 197 ~ I(CJ~i I 1111NI) ALl

ti lltnvarJ I~ F IACSJORP (lp1middotralional lmiddot1iiibili1y lllld EJllmiddotLliv-lllii~ Study Clpr1tnr fodbulld ~kssago Inputs Ill) USC TM o EAIXmiddotltIS-74 ll74 1CU~FIDL~middot1 I l1

7 r1bull1hh E II Jr lnlr1iicd Sign1I Pro1middots~inp Sp--t U-ing SYlJl Lin1i1 C uni rol cl I Unpuhlbhod NUC [ltport I UNCLASSJFJlJl1

X middotr1101np~o11 P 0 ind C Cu111111inl- Critkal SL1rvly ufCrtain Undrvi11bullr Sound Tranh1lto1gt IUl Unpulilislied NUC Ro port IUNClASS idegFllmiddotO 1

l Christian J Clp1middotr11linp Chintllcrbt kmiddot- or J 15middot3 llX-1X2 and llX- l N 2 tn llX-1 X-1 llull low-FrclJUcnry Transdu-cn I UI Unpuhlihcd NUC Report 197 5 ltUNtLASSllll IJ I

I0 P~ync R s illlLI S ~1lV1y Song~ of Jlu111phaLk halcii S1middothnc 17J sri97 1gt7 l

11 Cu1111ninp~ V C J F Fi~h u11tl P () Thornpiion Sound Prudultion uni Cllh1bullr B~h1viur ltgt 1middot South1middotrn Righi Vhalc- Juhaatmiddotua ~acialb I U J Jr111a1middot1 ioni of 1111bull S111 llilU So1middoticly ofN11urai IJitory 1711 J 13 pp 1gt7

I (ununin~~ V C and P ()I hon1p-un Son1nnan-i Ciuhk lu Biolnphii 1li1 lCgtS( Tll JXI 77 pp July 11178ICONlllJlliTIALI

1l Cununinls V cmiddot ~ind P () Tho111psun Sound- run1 B1)ll1bullii ind Finhi-middotk hikii in lhl Ciulf oflt11iforni1 lU) NltJS( unrnihlill~ll r1bullport 2h pp lLINCLASSIFllmiddotDl

I 14 Smiddoth1middotvill V I 1bull A 111 kinI 111d R 11 Barku~ ThL ~O-Cyd1middot Sig1u1b and Jlttlcttlllimiddotri1 I

1in Vh1ll-i I llJ M1rilll l]jo-10U 1i1middotii Pnl11cdinpii or 1 -y111po-iu1n hi Id al 1h1bull LLflllr olurin~middot L1hor11ory Bintini B1lt11111i April 11-13 19lt tia1nil111 (01npan~ SL middot York I 4 ltUKCLASSI ll llll

41

SECRET

~-middot

SECRET

IS Cummings W C and P 0 Thompson Underwoter Sounds from the Blue Whale Balae110ptera musculus (U) J Acoust Soc Am 50(4) I 193middot 1198 1971

16 Backus R and W E Schevill Pllyseter Clicks (U) 11 Whales Dolphins and Porpoises edite~ by K S Norris University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles 1966

17 Watkins W A Acoustic Behavior of Sperm Whales (U) Oceanus (Woods Hole Oceanomiddot gr-bullphic Institution) 20(2) 50-58 1977

18 BusnJ R G and A Dziedzic Ac~ustic Signals of the Pilot Whale Gobiceplala 111elae11a and of the porpoisesDepiim1s delpllis andPlwcoe11aplwcoe11a (_LJdeg) 11 Whales Dolphins Porpoises edited by K S Norris University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles J966

19 Fish J F and C W Turi Acoustic Source Levels of Four Species of Small Whales NUC TP 547 14 pbullbull December 1976 (U_NCLASSIFIEDJ

20 Sclievillbull W E and W A Watkins Whale and Porpoise Voices A Phonograph Record Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 24 p phonograph disk I 62

21 Schevill W E and W A Watkins Sound Structure and Directionality in Orci1111s Killer Whale) (U) Zoologica 51(6) 76-76 1966

22 middot KOQyman uupublished recording ofkiller whale sounds in Antarctic Scripps Institution of Oceanogr-Jphy

23 Schevill W E and B Lawrence Underwater Listening to the White Porpoise (Delphimiddot 11apter11s eucaO (U) Science I 09( 2824) 143-144 1949

24 Evans W E and J H Prescott Observations of the Sound Production Capabilities of lhe Bottlenosc Porpoise A study of Whistles and Clicks (U) Zoologica 47 121-128 19~

25 Cummings and Thompson unpublished recording of Pacific WhitemiddotSided Porpoise (UNCLASSIFIED)

26 Schevill W E and W A Watkins Underwater Calls of Lepffmyclwtes (Weddell Seal) UJ Zoologica SO I) 45-46 1965

27 Ray C W A Watkins and J J Burns The Undcrwater Song of Elig11a1J111s Bearded Seal) (U) Zoologica 54(2) 79-83 1969

28 middot Schevill W E W A Watkins and C Ray Underwater Sounds of Pinnipeds ( U) Science 141(3575) 50-53 I 3

29 Watkins W A and C Ray Underwater Sounds from Ribbon SealPHJca (fli~1rirgtp1oca) fasciaa ltU) Fishery Bulletin 7Slt2J 450-453- 1977

42

SECRET

middot

f bullmiddot

i~

~

~- ~ t ~ middott

n imiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotshy~ ~-~

-~ 1middotmiddot

w~~middotif l~

~ Hj

I (~~

I I middotmiddotimiddot~middot-middot--- -middot-- -middot-~-r ___ middot-~middot-middotbullbull bullJ bullbull middot-middotmiddotmiddotmiddothmiddot _ _

SECRET

I i

30 S1hus11middotrn1111 R J R ltii11ry and J S1l1111uuk Uralcrva11bullr Sound Produtlion by (1pli1 (dilornii sbulli Lions 7alt1pfl_ caijiJ1middot11iuuu I U I Zoologha 52 11 -~4 Igth7

JI (ununings I( Projl1I (()~middotI li() Prurrbullss Report for lis1al Yir 197l I U I Nubullal Unliltrsbullbulli (ntorTN 100~ 22 pp ll7J1SlElttf1

J (11111111in-middot ( lrogrimiddotss imiddothmiddot1110 igtrojLiI (O~IHCgt ~8 1)11lIHhcr 1gt7l 1U Navil Undorbull1 Con1ltr hkmo 10 Igt c lloff111111 NSllllS MS 102-1 17 pp ( ( lrgt1FI Dl~ 1middotrLl)

l~ Urilmiddotk R J PrinlmiddotipllS ofUnd1bulln1hbullr Sound for Fn~h11bull1middotrI ~h(ntVmiddotl-lill San Fra11Lmiddotiio 1-12 pp 17 tUNCLASSllllIgtJ

J~ Johnson R A ouhl 1 Y lgtihCki 111y-is 11ul Synthlsh of Natural Sound IUl NlJ( lP SJJ bull ll1 pp I ll7h f ( ()~JI I I) I PITIA LI

35 u~11 middotr ( tlnd (i r runnally Jr FutUfl RLmiddotquirLlllClllS for CiLllcril Nois1bull ~ndmiddotmiddotronal Sys1bull111s iCNATSl tUl NUSC TR -IIgt l 1 X-1 pp 1 1gt7~ tilCltlTJ

lh Marilth M NUlt Momorandum Sltr 40UCCS1175 Roport or Activitl luring Tomporiiry Additional lluty CUI 15 pp ll7 tSfflHTi

J7 C11111111in-lt W C I T loapbull) c II Fm1ulmr C L llrnwn Jr A Friodl 1 L Brooks HinICOUltiolk ElllbulllIS 011 Navll ltgttllbullritions RL1por1 or Stuus and Rmiddot~0111-lllcmlations tUJ Naval Underslta Coutltr Tl 407 lO 1gtp 117-1 1rmi111JIXFIALI

43

SECRET

middotmiddot-middotmiddotmiddot h

middot

f bullmiddot

i~

~

~- ~ t ~ middott

n imiddotmiddotmiddotmiddotshy~ ~-~

-~ 1middotmiddot

w~~middotif l~

~ Hj

I (~~

I I middotmiddotimiddot~middot-middot--- -middot-- -middot-~-r ___ middot-~middot-middotbullbull bullJ bullbull middot-middotmiddotmiddotmiddothmiddot _ _

SECRET

I i

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