prohibition at midnight, january 16, 1920, the united states went dry; breweries, distilleries, and...
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Prohibition
• At midnight, January 16, 1920, the United States went dry; breweries, distilleries, and saloons were forced to close their doors.
• before the 18th Amendment was ratified, about 65 percent of the country had already banned alcohol
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Prohibition
• Dry forces linked prohibition to a series of Progressive goals– Ending wife beating and child
abuse – Concern about the impact of
drinking on labor productivity – Outlawing drinking would
eliminate corruption, end machine politics, and help Americanize immigrants
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Prohibition• The Volstead Act
– defined intoxicating beverages as anything with more than 0.5 percent alcohol. (Now beer and wine illegal)
– Enforcement of Prohibition assigned to the Internal Revenue Service
– In 1930 to the Justice Department
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Prohibition
• Fostered corruption and contempt for law and law enforcement
• Popular culture glamorized bootleggers like Chicago's Capone
• Organized crime filled that vacuum left by the closure of the legal alcohol industry.
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Race• Some of the most vicious
racial violence in American history took place between 1917 and 1923
• Movement north and to competition with whites for factory jobs
• Black veterans returned from World War I insisting on the civil rights that they had fought for in Europe
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Race
• In Chicago, Ill., Longview, Texas, Omaha, Neb., Rosewood, Fla., Tulsa, Okla., and Washington, D.C., white mobs burned and killed in black neighborhoods.
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The Great MigrationThe Great Migration
• In 1910, three out of every four black Americans lived on farms, and nine out of ten lived in the South
• Hoping to escape tenant farming, sharecropping, and peonage, 1.5 million Southern blacks moved to cities.
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The Great MigrationThe Great Migration
• Confined to all-black neighborhoods, African Americans created cities-within-cities during the 1920s.
• The largest was Harlem, in upper Manhattan, where 200,000 African Americans lived in a neighborhood that had been virtually all-white fifteen years before
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The Harlem RenaissanceThe Harlem Renaissance
• The first self-conscious literary and artistic movement in African American history.
• Harlem became the capital of black America, attracting black intellectuals and artists from across the country and the Caribbean
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The Harlem RenaissanceThe Harlem Renaissance
• Embracing their Blackness
• Authors and Poets– Langston Hughes– Paul Laurence Dunbar– Claude McKay– Zora Neale Hurston– W.E.B. DuBois
Langston Hughes - The Negro Speaks of Rivers.mp3
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The Harlem RenaissanceThe Harlem Renaissance
• Jazz, the only truly American art form blooms– Louis Armstrong– Billie Holiday– Duke Ellington– Cab Calloway– Bessie Smith– Count Basie– Ella Fitzgerald
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Marcus Garvey
• The Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)
• Black working class mass movement
• Had at one time 4 million members
• Back to Africa Movement• Convicted of mail fraud, sent to
prison then deported back to Jamaica
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Politics of the 1920’s
• Warren G. Harding (Rep)– Elected in 1920 under the
slogan –”A return to normalcy”
– Pro-business– Conservative cultural values– Isolationist foreign policy– Teapot Dome Scandal
• Albert Fall
Harding dies in office
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• Replaces Harding when he dies
• Reelected in 1924• Lowest turnout in
Presidential electoral history
• The Business of America is Business!
• Return to laissez faire
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The EconomyThe Economy
• Andrew Mellon set about lowering taxes and reducing national debt
• proposed a series of tax cuts--in 1921, 1924, and 1926
• Approved reduced income tax rates across the board
• got the estate tax lowered• strong supporter of tax cuts for
the rich
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A Consumer SocietyA Consumer Society
• The growth of exciting new opportunities to buy cars, appliances, and stylish clothing
• Americans wore ready-made, exact-size clothing.
• First to play electric phonographs• Use electric vacuum cleaners• Listen to commercial radio
broadcasts• Drink fresh orange juice year
round.
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A Consumer Society
• Cigarettes, cosmetics, and synthetic fabrics
• Cars were the symbol of the new consumer society
• The telephone and electricity became emblems of the consumer economy.
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A Consumer Society
• Labor Saving devices– Refrigerators– washing machines– vacuum cleaners– toasters– Canned and frozen food
(Clarence Birdseye)
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Advertising
• Advertising agencies hired psychologists (including John B. Watson, the founder of behaviorism, and Edward Bernays, Sigmund Freud's nephew) to design the first campaigns
• By 1929, American companies spent $3 billion annually to advertise their products
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Installment Credit
• Installment credit soared during the 1920s.
• Banks offered the country's first home mortgages.
• Manufacturers of everything--from cars to irons--allowed consumers to pay "on time."
• About 60 percent of all furniture and 75 percent of all radios were purchased on installment plans
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The Chain Stores• Chains of stores multiplied across
the country, like Woolworth's, the five-and-dime chain. The largest grocery chain, A&P, had 17,500 stores by 1928
• Interlocking networks of banks and utility companies played a critical role in promoting the financial speculation of the late 1920’s.
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Henry FordHenry Ford• In 1913, Ford had revolutionized American manufacturing by introducing the automated assembly line
• Conveyor belts to bring automobile parts to workers, he reduced the assembly time for a Ford car from 12 ½ hours in 1912 to just 1 ½ hours in 1914.
• Declining production costs allowed Ford to cut automobile prices--six times between 1921 and 1925.
• The cost of a new Ford was reduced to just $290. Less than three months wages for an average American worker
• To lower employee turnover and raise productivity, Ford introduced a minimum wage of $5 in 1914--twice what most workers earned-
• Shortened the workday from nine hours to eight hours.• Twelve years later, Ford reduced his work week from six days to five days.
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Mass Entertainment
• The record chart, the book club, the radio, the talking picture, and spectator sports--all became popular forms of mass entertainment
• Sales of radios soared from $60 million in 1922 to $426 million in 1929
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Mass EntertainmentRadio
• Radio drew the nation together by bringing news, entertainment, and advertisements to more than 10 million households by 1929.
• Radio blunted regional differences and imposed similar tastes and lifestyles
• The record player enter American life in full force
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Mass EntertainmentMovies
• The popularity of the movies soared as films increasingly featured glamour, sophistication, and sex appeal
• Talking movies revolutionize movies in 1927 with “The Jazz Singer”
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Mass EntertainmentSports
• Prize fighters like Jack Dempsey became national idols.
• Team sports flourished, such as football and baseball
• Heroes like Babe Ruth and Red Grange
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• World War I revealed that the economy functioned effectively without foreign immigration
• Chief proponent of immigration restriction American Federation of Labor
• Make the quotas proportionate to the current population
• Future immigration would not change the balance of ethnic groups.
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• In 1924, Congress reduced the number of immigrants allowed into the United States each year to two percent of each nationality group counted in the 1890 census.
• It also barred Asians entirely.
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The Ku Klux Klan
• A new version of the Ku Klux Klan arose during the early 1920s through the use of ads
• Throughout this time period, immigration, fear of radicalism, and a revolution in morals and manners fanned anxiety in large parts of the country.
• Roman Catholics, Jews, African Americans, and foreigners were only the most obvious targets of the Klan's fear-mongering.
• Bootleggers and divorcees were also targets.
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Fundamentalism
• Religion was a pivotal cultural battleground during the 1920s
• religious traditionalists sought to preserve the basic tenets of their religious faith.
• Literal interpretation of the Bible and the actuality of the virgin birth, the atonement, the resurrection, and the second coming of Christ.
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Fundamentalism• Early fundamentalist
doctrine attacked competing religions--especially Catholicism, which it portrayed as an agent of the Antichrist
• Insisted on the literal truth of the Bible, a strict return to fundamental principles, and a thoroughgoing rejection of modernity
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Court is in Session
•Sacco and Vanzetti•Loeb and Leopold•The Scopes Trial
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Court is in Session
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You’ve Come a Long Way Baby!
• Domestic service remained the largest occupation, followed by secretaries, typists, and clerks--all low-paying jobs
• Female professionals consistently received less pay than their male counterparts.
• They were concentrated in traditionally "female" occupations such as teaching and nursing.
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You’ve Come a Long Way Baby!
• Organized women's movement declined in influence, partly due to the rise of the new consumer culture
• To popularize smoking among women, advertisers staged parades down New York's 5th Avenue, imitating the suffrage marches of the 1910s, in which young women carried "torches of freedom"--cigarettes.
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Flappers or Back seat
Betties