programmatic approaches to identification and management ... · waste management 94.7 68.4 84.2...

Innovation that Provides Sustainable Solutions to Complex Local Challenges, Worldwide

Programmatic Approaches to Identification and Management of Federal Sites Potentially Impacted with Perfluorinated Compounds

William DiGuiseppi, PG

Denver, Colorado

2 Innovation that Provides Sustainable Solutions to Complex Local Challenges, Worldwide

Agenda

• Emerging Contaminants (ECs)

• Perfluorinated compounds

• Early Identification/Risk

• EC Occurrence in US Drinking Water

• Programmatic Approaches

–  US Air Force

–  Other US DOD

–  Australian Commonwealth Airports

–  Private Sector Portfolios


Emerging Contaminants

Hazardous materials or mixtures that are characterized as having:

•  A “perceived” or real threat to health, public safety, or the environment

•  No published health standards or guidelines

•  Limited toxicological information or under re-evaluation

•  A significant new source, pathway, or detection limits

Examples:

•  Per- and poly-fluorinated Compounds (PFCs)

•  1,4-Dioxane

•  Hex chromium, TCE in indoor air, 1,2,3-TCP


PFC Usage in Society

• Heat, oil, stain, and grease resistant coatings –  Clothing

–  Furniture

–  Food packaging

–  Non-stick cooking surfaces

–  Electrical wire insulation

• Fluorosurfactants –  Aqueous film forming foam (AFFF)

–  Chromium plating mist suppressants

–  Photolithographic chemicals

–  Many other uses


PFAS Summary

•  Hydrophobic perfluorinated alkyl C-F2 chain

•  Attached functional group (hydrophilic for surfactants)

•  Unique chemical properties –  Chemically stable: C-F bond one of the strongest

–  PFOS and PFOA are stable, soluble and mobile

–  PFOS and PFOA readily bioaccumulate

•  PFAS of interest –  Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) - Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)

C8HF17O3S C8HF15O2

Images from Chemspider.com


PFAS Chemical Complexity

From Backe, et al, 2013


Early Identification/Risk • EPA Computational Toxicology Projects

–  Tox21 – Chemical Texting in the 21st Century

–  ToxCast – Toxicity Forecaster

–  V-Embryo – Virtual Embryo

• Other EPA Programs

•  Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) database

• EPA Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation (OSRTI) – Provisional Peer-Reviewed Toxicity Values (PPRTVs)

•  Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) – Work Plan for Chemical Assessments

• US Department of Health and Human Services

–  National Toxicology Program (NTP)

–  Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry (ATSDR)


Emerging Contaminant Occurrence

perfluorooctanesulfonate acid (PFOS) perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA)

perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA) perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS)

n  Safe Drinking Water Act requires public water supply (PWS) monitoring

n  Suspect chemicals added to Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR) lists

n  UCMR3 (2012): 1,4,-Dioxane and others, including:


(USEPA, December 2014)

US EPA Provisional Health Advisory Level (0.2 µg/L)

PFOS Results

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

1 9 17 25 33 41 49 57 65 73 81 89 97 105 113 121 129

PFO

S C

once

ntra

tion,

ug/

L UCMR3 PFOS Results – December 2014 136 Detections out of 16,909 Analyses = 0.8% Rate


Programmatic Approaches


USAF – Enterprise-wide Preliminary Assessments

• HGL/CH2M HILL AFFF Preliminary Assessment Program

•  82 active installations, all possible AFFF usage locations reviewed

•  Interviewing Fire Engineer, Base Fire Chiefs, Environmental Managers

• Perform facility visits, looking at FTAs, hangars, spray areas, crashes, ditches, fire stations, washout areas, WWTPs, sludge beds, etc.


USAF – BRAC Assessment Program

•  38 BRAC bases assessed

• Performed desktop survey, phone interviews, facility visits, and sampling of media anticipated to be impacted

• Not nature and extent, only confirmation of release from limited obvious locations

• Project performed in 2014, draft report submitted to USAF this winter, presently in revision and finalization


USAF – 10 Base Site Investigation Program •  10 bases chosen for snapshot of impacts, 4 locations selected per base

•  FTAs excluded; looked at spray test areas, hangar releases, stormwater outfalls, aircraft/drone/missile crashes, AFFF storage/tanks/ponds, etc.

• Samples compared to US EPA Residential Screening Levels for solids or Provisional Health Advisory Levels for groundwater and surface water

•  16 PFAS analyzed, but results focused on PFOS and PFOA

• Detections and exceedances were greatest in groundwater:

(After Long, 2015)

Location Category % PFOS Detects

% PFOS Exceeds

% PFOA Detects

% PFOA Exceeds

Hangars and Buildings 84.8 70.9 89.9 45.6 Testing and Maintenance 86.4 77.3 77.3 54.5 Emergency Response 70 45 85 55 Waste Management 94.7 68.4 84.2 26.3


Other US DOD Programs

• US Navy

–  Issued guidance in January 2015

–  Drinking water focus – sampling all drinking water supplies

–  Follow-on investigation based on history and DW well impacts

–  Handled base-by-base

• US Army

–  No evidence of programmatic approach

–  Handle regulatory requests as they arise

• US Air National Guard –  Conducting 1,4-dioxane sampling at

23 facilities

–  AFFF/PFC Program partially integrated into AFCEC PA Program


Australian Airport Remediation Program • AirServices provides aviation services at airports across Australia

• Aviation rescue fire fighting training and services at 26 major airports, where they responded to 6,700 aircraft emergencies in 2014

• Commonwealth issued Guidance for Environmental Management of AFFF • Centrally managed portfolio by one

senior chemist over past decade

•  Impacted soil stockpiles at several locations

• Bench tested RemBind sorbent with good results for PFOA and PFOS

•  Looking at cost, long-term effectiveness


Other Portfolio Programs

Fortune 100 Manufacturers all approaching PFCs differently:

1)  Equipment manufacturer - Working to identify what types of facilities and activities could have led to PFC impacts

2)  AFFF manufacturer - High profile impacted sites, phased out manufacture, sampled all facilities, remedial actions and monitoring ongoing

3)  PFOS/PFOA manufacturer - Recent settlement with EPA related to large site requires remediation, health monitoring of 38,000 people

4)  Oil company - Has stated that we need to spend effort and money to understand chemistry, mobility and degradation issues before we spend a dime on remediation technologies

5)  Major airline – Multiple sites, stockpiled soils, looking for cost effective soil remedies


Thank You For Your Time

William DiGuiseppi, PG

[email protected]

programmatic approaches to identification and management ... · waste management 94.7 68.4 84.2...

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