programmable logic controller dnt 353/3 by: salsabila ahmad
TRANSCRIPT
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PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER
DNT 353/3
BY:Salsabila Ahmad
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CHAPTER 1ELECTRICAL CONTROLLER
EQUIPMENT
BY:Salsabila Ahmad
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ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT BASIC4 ELECTRICAL BASICS• POWER SUPPLY• INPUT DEVICE
– Input Controller Equipment
• CONDUCTOR• OUTPUT DEVICE
– Output Controller Equipment
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POWER SUPPLY
Definition:A device which supplies energy
needed to create an electrical current
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EXAMPLES OF POWER SUPPLY
• Battery• DC Power Supply• AC Power Supply
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INPUT DEVICE
• DEFINITION• 2 TYPES OF INPUT DEVICE
– Mechanical input device– Solid state proximity device
• ELECTRICAL SWITCHING– Basic Principle of Electrical Switching– Types of Contacts– How do These Contacts Work?
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DEFINITION:• A device which allows/ controls the
flow of current in a circuit• These devices are known as“ELECTRICAL CONTROLLER
EQUIPMENTS”• Provides Electrical Switching
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MECHANICAL INPUT DEVICES
Definition:• An input device with a mechanical
contact
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EXAMPLE OF MECHANICAL INPUT DEVICES
• Contact Relay• Push button• Limit Switch• Selector Switch• Toggle Switch• Temperature Switch• Pressure Switch• Solenoid Switch• Induction Motor Controller
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CONTACT RELAY
• Relay Coil – output device
But• Relay Contact
– input device
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RELAY
2 TYPES OF RELAY:• EMR• SSR
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CHARACTERISTICS OF EMR & SSRRELAY SYMBOLS
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ELECTROMAGNETIC RELAY (EMR)
Definition:• An EMR is an electromagnetic device
composed of a frame/core, electromagnet coil and contacts (move and fixed)
• Based on simple electromagnetic principle
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SOLID STATE RELAY (SSR)
HOW IT OPERATES?
• Operates similarly to EMR, but with no mechanical contact.
• Employ semiconductor switching elements– thryristors – triacs – diodes – transistors.
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• Employ optical semiconductors called photo couplers to isolate input and output signals.
• Photo couplers change electrical to optical signals and relay the signal through space.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF EMR AND SSR
EMR SSR
•slow speed•wears out easily•noisy•cheap
•high speed, high frequency for switching operations•no failure due to wear out, since no mechanical contacts•little noise•expensive
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• Commonly used in electrical machine diagram
Normally open (NO)
Normally close (NC)
Coil
RELAY SYMBOLS
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BASIC PRINCIPLE OF ELECTRICAL SWITCHING
• A situation of breaking and open an electrical circuit
• Or to direct current from one conductor to another.
• The PLC is the solution to today’s electrical switching requirements – where it is able to solve complex switching
requirements.
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2 TYPES OF CONTACT
NO NC
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HOW DO THESE CONTACTS WORK?
• Once coil is energized, the contact will change state– NO NC– NC NO
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PUSH BUTTON
• Definition• Concepts of Operation• Application of Push Button• Schematic Symbols
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DEFINITION
• pushbutton-type operator• Have one set or more
contact/spring• Mostly have a set of normally open
(NO) and normally closed (NC) contact
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CONCEPTS OF OPERATION
• Pushing the operator causes the contacts to change state
• Spring causes switch operator to automatically return to it’s natural state when it is released.
NO NC NONC NO NC
natural state change state automatic return
• a switch with this return spring action, is called a momentary switch.
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• Frequently used in industrial applications to control functions such as – starting – and stopping
the machine’s operation
• With a safety nature. Why?
APPLICATIONS
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SCHEMATIC SYMBOLS FOR PUSH BUTTON
Normally Open Contact
Normally Closed Contact
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LIMIT SWITCH
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SELECTOR SWITCH
• Definition• Application• Schematic Symbols
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DEFINITION
• Similarly to pushbutton, but instead of pushing, you rotate a knob
• may be designed to stay in a selected position or may have a momentary action
• selector switch that stays in a certain position is called a maintained switch.
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APPLICATION• Widely used in industrial applications
– for switching mode of operation• For example from automatic to manual
modes– to turn the main power on and off – to select between AC or DC output.
• Some requires key (authorized person) to turn on for safety reason.
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SCHEMATIC SYMBOLS FOR SELECTOR SWITCH
Normally open contact
Normally close contact
Selector switch with two contacts
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TOGGLE SWITCH
Toggle switch is a maintained switch
What is a maintained switch?
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TEMPERATURE SWITCH
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PRESSURE SWITCH
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SOLENOID SWITCH
• Use concept of magnetic flux for armature/plunger to move
• Produces linear mechanical motion
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INDUCTION MOTOR CONTROLLER
• Commonly used micro-controllers
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PROXIMITY SENSORS
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SOLID STATE PROXIMITY DEVICES
Definition:• An electronic input device which
needs power to be able to operate
Proximity Sensors Category
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PROXIMITY SENSORS CATEGORY
Proximity sensors inductive
capacitive dielectric type
conductive type
ultrasonic
optical diffuse reflective type
retro reflective type
thru beam
fiber optic sensor
color mark sensor
encoder sensor
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• Sense only metallic objects– e.g. steel, iron, aluminum, tin, copper
etc
• Has limited sensing range– range affected by the type of metal
sense
INDUCTIVE PROXIMITY SENSOR
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An oscillator and a detection coil generate a magnetic field that produces Eddy currents in a nearby metallic object (the detectable object). These Eddy currents generate a magnetic field that influences the field produced by the sensor’s detection coil.
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CAPACITIVE PROXIMITY SENSOR
• sense all material with mass.• operation for both dielectric and
conductive type are the same
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CAPACITIVE PROXIMITY SENSOR
• The dielectric type works best for high density material– Low density material (e.g. paper, foam
etc) do not cause a detectable change in dielectric.
• The conductive type works best on electrically conductive material – e.g. metal or water-based material)
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ULTRASONIC SENSOR
• Use ultrasonic technology• How does it works?
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CONCEPTS OF ULTRASONIC SENSOR
• Use an ultrasonic “ping” sent from sensor to target– Sensing area is a funnel shape area– Therefore, target must be located directly in
front of sensor
• When echo is returned, sensor detects target by measuring time delay between transmitted ping and returned echo– sensor calculate distance between sensor
and target
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CONCEPTS OF ULTRASONIC SENSOR (cont’)
• Do not work well on cloth, foam rubber
– since good absorber of sound waves
• Works best on high density material
– where sound waves reflects best
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DIFFUSE REFLECTIVE
• Emitter and receiver located in same housing
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DIFFUSE REFLECTIVE
• Light emitted is received when the object is present
• Works well on glossy target but not transparent
Emitter and receiver
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• Emitter and receiver located in same housing.
RETRO-REFLECTIVE
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• Light emitted is received when the object is absent.
• Does not work well with glossy target. Why?
– Because glossy target acts like a reflector
Emitter and receiver
reflector
RETRO-REFLECTIVE
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EXERCISE:
If you have a shinny object as a target, which type of sensor do you choose; retro or diffuse?
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THRU-BEAM
• Emitter and receiver is located in different housing
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• Sense the object’s present when it passes through between emitter and receiver
– where it stops the light from hitting receiver
emitter receiver
THRU-BEAM
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• Available in both thru beam and reflective
FIBER OPTIC
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• Use plastic and glass fibers to carry lights
Thru-beam
Reflectorobject
FIBER OPTIC
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• A special type of diffuse reflective optical sensor that can – differentiate between colors
• some can detect contrast between colors.
• Typically used to check labels and sort packages by color mark.
COLOR MARK
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ENCODER
• Used for position feedback and some for velocity feedback
• Two main types– Incremental– absolute
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CONDUCTOR
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CONDUCTOR
Definition:• A medium that connects all the
components and allows current to flow.
Examples:• copper wire • bread board• What else???
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OUTPUT DEVICE
•Definition•Example
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DEFINITION
• A component that will produce a desired output. E.g.– Sound– Light– Movement etc
• It is also referred to as a load.
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EXAMPLE
• Coil• Buzzer/Alarm• Lamp• Motor• Solenoid• Timer• Counter
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COIL
Can represents various forms of output including
• Motor• Light• Pump• Counter• Timer• Relay
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BUZZERLAMP
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MOTOR
• Types of Motor• In PLC, motor can only be controlled
for– power (ON/OFF)– direction (CCW/CW)– preset speed
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TYPES OF MOTOR
DC motor type wound fieldpermanent magnetelectronics commutation
dc motors
AC motor type induction motorssynchronous motor
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SOLENOID VALVE
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Function:• Used to delay actions
Common symbols
Timer Characteristics
How they are differentiate?
How they are programmed?
TIMER
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DEFINITION
• Used to provide time delay.
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COMMON SYMBOLS OF TIMER
• most common symbol for displaying timer function is in block diagram– uses a box shape to display the timer
function– Sometimes, timer is displayed in coil
format symbol
TMR TIMER0
T0
K40
INPUT
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CHARACTERISTICS OF TIMER
• Timers typically have one or two input• Timer with one input has functions as a
timer enable input. When input ‘high’, the timer begins timing
• A timer with 2 inputs has additional functions which is used to reset the timer accumulated time to zero when the second input is ‘high’
• Every timer has a time base– Typically; 1 sec, 0.1 sec and 0.01sec.
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HOW TIMERS ARE IDENTIFIED?
• Each timer will have number to identify it
• There are two parameters for timer– timer number
•Used to identify timer e.g. Timer 0, Timer 2.
– Preset value•Is the delay time set for the timer
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TIMER’S PROGRAM
• There are still many similarities in the way the timers are programmed– even when PLC are different brand
• Let say the time base of a timer is 0.1 second– Therefore, if a programmer entered 50 for
the number of delay increments– What is the timer’s delay?
• the timer would have a 5-second delay.• 50 x 0.1 sec = 5 sec
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COUNTER
• What is it?• What is its characteristics?
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• used to capture and store number of occurrence
• Common applications of counters– include keeping track of the number of
items moving past a given point– determining the number of times a
given action occurs
DEFINITION
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CHARACTERISTICS
• set to some preset number value– when this value of input pulses has been
received, it will operate its contacts• Let say the counter is set for 10 pulses,
then when 10 pulse impulses have been received, the counter contacts will close
• When there is a input transition for X0 from OFF to ON, counter starts counting
• When the RESET is ON, the counter resets to 0