program components non-ionizing radiation · non-ionizing radiation philip campbell, chp uw...
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PROGRAM COMPONENTSNON-IONIZING RADIATION
Philip Campbell, CHP
UW Radiation Safety Officer
March 19, 2018
• ELF
• RF/MW
• UV
TOPICS
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EXTREMELY LOW FREQUENCY
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• Power lines and large electrical components
• Worker education and training
• De-energize source whenever possible
• Be aware of employees with medical implants
ELF
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• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)– https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/elfradiation/index.html
• World Health Organization (WHO)– http://www.who.int/peh-emf/publications/facts/fs322/en/
ELF SAFETY REFERENCES
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RADIOFREQUENCY AND MICROWAVES
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• Radiofrequency (RF) and Microwave (MW) fields
LIMITATIONS
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RF/MW FIELDS EXPOSURE STANDARDS/GUIDELINES
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MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE (MPE)
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MPE BASED IN POWER DENSITY (S)
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Occupational Worker General Public
Frequency Range Power Density (mW/cm2) Power Density (mW/cm2)
10 kHz – 3 or 1.34 MHz 100 100
3 or 1.34 MHz - 30 MHz 900/f2 180/f2
30 MHz - 300 MHz 1.0 0.2
300 MHz - 1500 MHz f/300 f/1500
1500 MHz - 100 GHz 5 1
MPE BASED IN POWER DENSITY (S)
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PROPER SIGNAGE
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• Apply to situations in which persons are exposed as a consequence of their employment– Have been made fully aware of their potential for exposure, and
– Can exercise control over their exposure
• Also apply to situations where exposure is of a transient nature as a result of incidental passage through a location where exposure levels may be above general population/uncontrolled limits as long as above conditions are still met.
OCCUPATIONAL/CONTROLLED EXPOSURE LIMITS
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• Apply to situations in which – The general public may be exposed, or
– Persons who are exposed as a consequence of their employment may not be made fully aware of their potential for exposure or cannot exercise control over their exposure.
GENERAL POPULATION/UNCONTROLLED EXPOSURE LIMITS
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• Awareness can be provided through– Specific training
– Warning signs and labels as long as they provide information
• On risk of potential exposure, and
• Instructions on methods to minimize exposure
“FULLY AWARE”
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EXPOSURE LIMITS NOT EMISSION LIMITS
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EXPOSURE LIMITS NOT EMISSION LIMITS
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EXPOSURE LIMITS NOT EMISSION LIMITS
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• Relevant to locations that are only accessible to workers or members of the public
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• UW must protect it’s workers and the public
• Vendors (carriers) must protect their workers.
Licensees (antenna owners) are responsible for exposure from their antennas, but what about locations with multiple licensees?
RESPONSIBILITY
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MULTIPLE ANTENNAS
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MULTIPLE ANTENNAS
• If exposure limits are exceeded due to emissions from multiple antennas– Responsibility of all licensees whose antennas exceed 5% of the applicable exposure limit
• Owners of sites should encourage co-location of transmitters and common solutions for controlling access to areas where the RF exposure limits might be exceeded
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• Review plans for installation of new antenna(s)– Do other antennas need to be de-energized?
• Have the carrier provide a NIER that addresses rooftop and ground level exposures– Does the antenna produce levels that exceed 5% of the applicable limit?
• Specify required signage with locations
• Post-installation inspection and survey
CONSTRUCTION REVIEWS
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• All accessible areas that exceed exposure limits are posted properly.
• Physical barriers in accessible areas where time averaging cannot be used as a control measure.
• RF training for individuals who will exceed general population/uncontrolled exposure limits.
CONTROLS
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NIER EXAMPLE
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NIER EXAMPLE
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• Federal Communications Commission– OET Bulletins 56 and 65
– https://www.fcc.gov/general/oet-bulletins-line
• 47 CFR 1.1310 Radiofrequency radiation exposure limits– https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2012-title47-vol1/pdf/CFR-2012-title47-vol1-sec1-
1310.pdf
RF SAFETY REFERENCES
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ULTRAVIOLET
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• 100 nm to 400 nm
• UVA – 320 to 400
• UVB – 280 to 320
• UVC – 100 to 280
• Biological systems most sensitive to 250-270 nm
UV LIGHT
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UV LIGHT
• Radiant Exposure (dose) – joule per square meter– 8 hour threshold limit value (TVL) for 270 nm is 30 J/m2
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• Shorter wavelengths can produce Ozone– OSHA permissible exposure
limit (PEL) of 0.1 ppm
UV LIGHT
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• Distance – Increase distance between yourself and the source
• Time – Limit time spent near sources
• Shielding – Use appropriate shielding material for UV wavelengths in use
UV LIGHT
• Eyeglasses, goggles, face shields, portable shields– Ordinary glass blocks most UV wavelengths <300 nm
– Polycarbonate lenses absorb 100% of UV wavelengths
• Gloves, clothing
• Sunscreen creams and lotions – UVA and UVB only– Sun Protection Factor = fraction of incident UV that is
transmitted by a thickness of 2 mg/cm2
– SPF only applies to UVB
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• OSHA– 29 CFR 1910.97 Nonionizing Radiation
• WISHA– WAC 296-62-09005 Nonionizing Radiation
• FDA– https://www.fda.gov/Radiation-
EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/default.htm
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)– https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/emf/
• National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences– https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/emf/index.cfm
REFERENCES
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