profits the nature and role of profits. profits the concept of profit profit – the return to...
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Profits
The Nature and Role of Profits
Profits
The Concept of Profit
Profit – the return to risk-taking and entrepreneurship
Profit measures the excess of revenue over cost
Profits are maximised when marginal revenue = marginal cost
The neo-classical assumption underlying much of standard textbook economics is that corporations seek to maximise profits
This assumes that businesses have sufficient information about their costs of production and revenue conditions in their market
Profits
Profit Maximisation
Output (Q)
Revenue
ARMR
(1) Profit maximising output = Q1
(2) Price per unit found by drawing up to the demand curve
(3) Cost per unit shown by ATC curve
(4) Total profit is shaded area
MC
ATC
P1
Q1
AC1
Profits
Accounting Profit and Economic Profit
Accounting Profit The difference between total revenue and costs incurred in the production of goods and services
Economic Profit Total revenue-economic costs. Note that economic costs= total costs+ opportunity costs
E.g. if I leave teaching to open a coffee shop my opportunity cost would be my teacher’s salary.
When economic profit is zero, this is referred to as normal profit (see Table 6.5 p95)
Profits
Different Types of Profit
Normal Profit The minimum level of profit required for a firm to stay in
the industry in the long run, but not high enough to attract new firms into the market
If less than normal profits are being made in the long run then firms will leave the industry (known as sub-normal profits)
Normal profit is determined by the rate of rate that can be achieved using funds in their next best alternative – I.e. it is linked to the concept of opportunity cost
Normal profit is treated as a cost of production and included in the average cost curve
If a firm is breaking even (I.e. ATC = AR) then it is making normal profit
Supernormal Profit Any profit above normal profits. New firms will be attracted
into the industry by the presence of supernormal profit Also known as economic profit or abnormal profit
Profits
Normal Profit
Output (Q)
Revenue
ARMR
(1) Profit maximising output is at Q1
(2) Supernormal profit is shown by shaded area
(3) Total profit =
(P1-AC1) Q1
(1) Normal profit is achieved when the firm breaks even (I.e. at output Q2)
MC
ATC
P1
Q1
AC1
Q2
Supernormal Profit
Profits
The Importance of Profit
Profit measures the return to risk when making an investment
The higher the risk the greater the minimum required return that an entrepreneur is likely to demand
Rising profits send important signals within a market Supernormal profits signal to other firms that profitable entry may be possible
Can the existing firms continue to enjoy supernormal profits?
Much depends on whether there are barriers to the successful entry of new competitors into the market
Resources tend to flow where the expected rate of return is highest. In an industry where demand is growing strongly, the rate of return rises, and land, labour and capital are then committed to that sector