profiles of individual radicalization in the united … of individual radicalization in the united...

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ProfilesofIndividualRadicalizationintheUnitedStates(PIRUS)CodebookPublicreleaseversionLastupdate:January2018

National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism A Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Center of

Excellence Based at the University of Maryland

8400 Baltimore Ave, Suite 250 • College Park, MD 20742 • 301.405.6600

www.start.umd.edu

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ProfilesofIndividualRadicalizationintheUnitedStates(PIRUS)Codebook

ContentsCriteriaCoding.............................................................................................................................................3

CriteriaforInclusion.................................................................................................................................3

InclusionCriteria......................................................................................................................................5

InclusionCriteriadetails...........................................................................................................................5

ManagementandIdentificationVariables...................................................................................................8

PlotandConsequences................................................................................................................................8

Plot...........................................................................................................................................................8

Consequences........................................................................................................................................12

GroupNature.............................................................................................................................................14

GroupDetails.........................................................................................................................................14

RecruitmentDetails...............................................................................................................................15

GroupActivitiesandDynamics..............................................................................................................16

Radicalization.............................................................................................................................................17

InternetandMedia................................................................................................................................17

RadicalizationIdeology..........................................................................................................................18

RadicalizationLocationandTiming........................................................................................................20

ExtentofRadicalization..........................................................................................................................21

RadicalizingEvents.................................................................................................................................22

RadicalizationProcess............................................................................................................................23

RadicalizingSites....................................................................................................................................24

Demographics............................................................................................................................................25

GeneralDetails.......................................................................................................................................25

ReligiousBackground.............................................................................................................................26

CitizenshipHistory.................................................................................................................................28

TiestoSociety........................................................................................................................................29

SocioeconomicStatus................................................................................................................................30

Education...............................................................................................................................................30

FinancesandEmployment.....................................................................................................................31

Military...................................................................................................................................................32

Socioeconomicstratum.........................................................................................................................33

Personal.....................................................................................................................................................34

AbuseandPsychologicalConcerns........................................................................................................34

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FamilyandRelationships.......................................................................................................................36

SocialLife...............................................................................................................................................39

CriminalActivity.....................................................................................................................................40

MindsetPriortoRadicalization..............................................................................................................44

CriteriaCodingCriteriaforInclusion

PIRUSincludesasampleofindividualsespousingIslamist,farright,farleft,orsingleissueideologieswhohaveradicalizedwithintheUnitedStatestothepointofcommittingideologicallymotivatedillegalviolentornon-violentacts,joiningadesignatedterroristorganization,orassociatingwithanextremistorganizationwhoseleader(s)has/havebeenindictedofanideologicallymotivatedviolentoffense.

Specification:

1. Individuals–regardlessofwhethertheyarepartofagroup.2. Espousing–whereitappearsfromtheopensourcesthatideologicalmotiveswerethe

primedriverofthedecisiontoengageinillegalbehavior.3. IdeologicalMotives

Islamist–Werecognizethattheterms“jihadism”and“jihadist”areappliedinconsistentlyinbothacademicandpolicycircles,andcanimplyawiderangeofmeaningsbasedonthecontextinwhichtheyareused.1Forthisproject,wedefine“jihadism”asamilitantmethodologypracticedbySunniIslamist-Salafistswhoseektheimmediateoverthrowofincumbentregimesandthenon-Muslimgeopoliticalforceswhichsupportthem,inordertopavethewayforanIslamistsocietywhichwouldbedevelopedthroughmartialpower.AlthoughthereareanumberofIslamist-Salafistthinkerswhodonotadvocateforviolentmilitarystrategiestoachievetheirgoals(e.g.,MuhammadNasiruddinal-Albani),intheUScontext,theindividualsweclassifyas“jihadists”aremostcommonlyconnectedto,orinspiredby,violentIslamist-Salafistgroupsthathavetheirrootsintheonsetof“globaljihadism”ofthe1980s,includingal-Qaedaanditsaffiliatedmovements.2ThereareanumberofideologicaltenetscommonlyelaboratedbyIslamist-Salafistgroups,includingtheimpositionofshari’alawwithviolentjihadasacentralcomponent,thecreationofanexpansionistIslamicstate,orkhalifa,andtheuseoflocal,national,andinternationalgrievancesaffectingMuslims,whichareairedinanovertlyreligiouscontext.3

1Forathoroughreviewofthechallengesindefiningtheseterms,seeMarkSedgwick,“Jihadism,NarrowandWide:TheDangersofLooseUseofanImportantTerm,”PerspectivesonTerrorism9,no.2(April23,2015) 2YahyaSadowski,“PoliticalIslam:AskingtheWrongQuestions?”AnnualReviewofPoliticalScience9,no.1(2006):215–40.3RobinSimcoxandEmilyDyer,Al-QaedaintheUnitedStates:ACompleteAnalysisofTerrorismOffences(TheHenryJacksonSociety,2013);BruceHoffman,InsideTerrorism(ColumbiaUniversityPress,2006);AssafMogahadam,“The

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FarRight–Thereexistsabroadrangeoffarrightbeliefsandactors(oftenoverlappingmovements),includingbothreactionaryandrevolutionaryjustificationsofviolence.4InitsmodernmanifestationintheUnitedStates,theideologyofthefarrightisgenerallyexclusivistandfavorssocialhierarchy,seekinganidealizedfuturefavoringaparticulargroup,whetherthisgroupidentityisracial,pseudo-national(e.g.,theTexasRepublic)orcharacterizedbyindividualistictraits(e.g.,survivalists).5Theextremistfarrightcommonlyshowsantipathytothepoliticalleftandthefederalgovernment.Asaresultofthisheterodoxy,thiscategoryincludesradicalindividualslinkedtoextremistreligiousgroups(e.g.,IdentityChristians),non-religiousracialsupremacists(e.g.,CreativityMovement,NationalAlliance),taxprotesters,sovereigncitizens,militias,andmilitantgunrightsadvocates.FarLeft–ThefarleftintheUnitedStatesisessentiallyclass-orientedandconsistsprimarilyofindividualsandgroupsthatadheretosomeformofMarxism-Leninism,i.e.,someformofCommunism.6Withrootsintheleftiststudentmovementandradicalprisonreformmovementofthelate1960s,farleftextremistsgenerallyseektheoverthrowofthecapitalistsystem,includingtheUnitedStatesgovernment,andseektoreplaceitwithanew,anti-imperialisteconomicorderthatempowersmembersofthe“workingclass”.7Whiletherearesomefarleftextremistgroupsthatmaintainadistinctracialidentity(e.g.,BlackPantherParty),thefarleftdiffersfromthefarrightinthatitsidentityisgroundedineconomicgrievancesandnotrace-basedissues.Althoughnotallanimal-rightsandenvironmentalextremistsareinherentlyleftistinorientation(forinstance,thereareGreenFascists),thevastmajorityofeco-andanimalrightsextremistsidentifywithleftistpoliticalpositionsandhavethusbeenincludedinthefarleftcategoryforthepurposesofthisproject.SingleIssue–Singleissueextremistsareindividualsthataremotivatedprimarilybyasingleissue,ratherthanabroadideology.ExamplesinthePIRUSdataofsingleissueextremistsareindividualsassociatedwiththePuertoRicanindependencemovement,anti-abortionextremists,membersoftheJewishDefenseLeague,andextremistswithidiosyncraticideologies(e.g.,TedKaczynski).4. Radicalized…-weregardthefollowingasradicalizationworthyofinclusion:anyone

arrested,indicted,and/orconvictedofeitherengagingorplanningtoengageinideologicallymotivatedunlawfulbehavior,oranyonewhobelongedtoadesignatedterroristorganizationoraviolentextremistgroup.Forplannedviolence,theremustbe

Salafi-JihadasaReligiousIdeology,”TheCombatingTerrorismCenteratWestPoint,accessedJune20,2016,https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-salafi-jihad-as-a-religious-ideology.4JohnGeorgeandLairdWilcox,AmericanExtremists(Amherst,N.Y:PrometheusBooks,1996).5StevenChermak,JoshuaFreilich,andMichaelSuttmoeller,“TheOrganizationalDynamicsofFar-RightHateGroupsintheUnitedStates:ComparingViolenttoNonviolentOrganizations,”StudiesinConflict&Terrorism36,no.3(March1,2013):193–218,doi:10.1080/1057610X.2013.755912;PeteSimiandBrianBubolz,“FarRightTerrorismintheUnitedStates,”inHandbookoftheCriminologyofTerrorism,ed.GaryLaFreeandJoshuaD.Freilich(NewYork,NY:Wiley,Forthcoming).6GeorgeandWilcox,AmericanExtremists.7BrentL.Smith,TerrorisminAmerica:PipeBombsandPipeDreams(SUNYPress,1994).

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afairlydirectconnectionbetweentheindividualandtheplot.Note:radicalizationdoesnotnecessarilyinvolveviolence.AnindividualwhoprovidesmaterialsupporttoanIslamistgroupbecausehe/sheidentifieswiththegroup'sgoalsbutdoesnotparticipateinanyattacks,orsomeonewhorunsawebsiteforaviolentextremistgroup,orisarrestedfortrespassingbecausetheywerestalkinganindividualforideologicalreasons(likeanimalrightsactivistsharassingemployeesofmedicalresearchlabs)wouldcountasradicalized.Note:radicalizationdoesnotincludenon-ideologicalcriminalactsorlegalideologicalactivities.Forexample,sellingweaponstoagroupformaterialgainsratherthanideologicalaffinitywouldnotcountasradicalized.Andsomeonewhoopenlysupportsanextremistgroupthatparticipatesinpolitics(suchasvotingforaCommunistPartycandidateforoffice)wouldalsonotberadicalized.

5. …withintheUnitedStates–theradicalizationprocessmusthavebegunandsignificantlyadvancedwithintheU.S.“Significantlyadvanced”isdeterminedonacasebycasebasisbutgenerallymeansthatmostoralloftheindividual’sradicalizationoccurredwhileresidingintheU.S.ThisistobedistinguishedfromindividualswhowereradicalizedinaplaceotherthantheU.S.IfthereisnoevidencethattheindividualeverresidedoutsideoftheU.S.,thecodercanassumetheradicalizationoccurredintheU.S.IndividualsthatleavetheU.S.toimmediatelyattendtrainingcampsabroadarepresumedtoalreadyberadicalized.

InclusionCriteria

Summary:Inordertobeeligibleforinclusion,eachindividualmustmeetoneofthefollowingfivecriteria:

1. theindividualwasarrested;2. theindividualwasindictedofacrime;3. theindividualwaskilledasaresultofhisorherideologicalactivities;4. theindividualis/wasamemberofadesignatedterroristorganization;or5. theindividualwasassociatedwithanextremistorganizationwhoseleader(s)orfounder(s)has/havebeenindictedofanideologicallymotivatedviolentoffense.

Inaddition,eachindividualMUST:

1. havebeenradicalizedintheUnitedStates,2. haveespousedorcurrentlyespouseideologicalmotives,and3. showevidencethathisorherbehaviorsare/werelinkedtotheideologicalmotivesheorsheespoused/espouses.

InclusionCriteriadetails

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A.Inordertobeeligibleforinclusion,eachindividualmustmeetATLEASTONEofthefollowingfivecriteria:

1. Arrested/Charged:Wastheindividualarrestedforcommittingacrime?ThisincludesarrestsortheirequivalentsoutsidetheUnitedStates.

2. Indicted:Wastheindividualindictedforacrime?ThisincludesindictmentsortheirequivalentsoutsidetheUnitedStates.

3. KilledinAction:Wastheindividualkilledasaresultofhis/herideologicalactivities?Thisincludesbeingkilledduringthecommissionofanattack,includingsuicide,beingkilledduringanattemptedarrest/acquisitionbysecurityforces,beingtargetedbysecurityforces(evenifnottheprimarytarget),andbeingkilledinanunmannedaerialvehiclestrike.Note:Thisdoesnotincludeindividualswhoareexecutedbythestateafterarrestordiewhileinprison.

4. MemberofDesignatedTerroristOrganization:Istheindividualcurrentlyorwastheindividualpreviouslyamemberofadesignatedterroristorganization(DTO)?Note:Wedefine"member"broadly.Thisincludesofficialmembers,individualstheUSgovernmentoranothergovernmentclaimedweremembersofaDTO(evenifthegroupitselfdidnotacknowledgethemembership),andindividualscrediblemediasourceslinktothegroup(butnotthosebasedonpurespeculation).ItalsoincludesindividualswhoclaimmembershipinaDTOevenifthegroupitselfdidnotacknowledgemembership.

5. ViolentExtremistGroupAssociation(VEGA):Istheindividualcurrentlyorwastheindividualpreviouslyassociatedwithanextremistorganizationwhoseleader(s)orfounder(s)has/havebeenindictedforanideologicallymotivatedviolentoffense?Note:Similarto4,"association"isdefinedbroadly.Thisincludesofficialmembership,membershipclaimedbyagovernment,andself-identifiedassociation(evenifthegroupdoesnotacknowledgeit).Italsoincludesactiveparticipationingroupactivities,suchasprotestsandnewslettersubscriptions.Anditincludesideologically-basedinteractionswithVEGAmembers,suchasanindividualwithFarRightviewswhohasafriendwhoregularlyinteractswithmembersofaFarRightVEGAgroupbuthasnotofficiallyjoinedthegroup.Note:"Association"doesnotincludelessactiveparticipationingroupactivities,suchassigningapetitionorlisteningtoaspeakerfromthegroupatapublicevent.

B. Inaddition,bothofthefollowingcriteriaMUSTbemet:

1. UnitedStates:WasthebeginningandmostsignificantperiodofradicalizationintheUnitedStates?Referbacktopoint5inthesectiontitled“Specification”aboveforadescriptionofwhatqualifiesasradicalizationwithintheUnitedStates.

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2. Ideology:Isthereevidencethattheindividualespoused/espousesideologicalmotives?Referbacktopoint3inthesectiontitled“Specification”aboveforadetaileddescriptionofeachideology.Ifmultiple,explainwhyinthenotessection.

a. Islamistb. FarRightc. FarLeftd. SingleIssue

C. IstheresomeevidencethatthebehaviorsinpartAabovearelinkedtotheideologiesin

partB.2above?

1. Note:thisincludescrimescommittedinfurtheranceofanideologicalgoal,suchasanattack,trespassingaspartofaprotestandlogisticalsupportduetoideologicalaffinitywiththegroup.ItdoesnotincludecrimesthatareconnectedtoaDTOorVEGAbutthattheindividualcommittedfornon-ideologicalreasons;forexample,anarmsdealerwhosellsweaponstoanextremistgroupbutalsosellsarmstocriminalgangsandothernon-ideologicalactorswouldnotbecountedforthis.

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ManagementandIdentificationVariables

1. FieldName:Subject_IDVariableType:NumericalSource:PIRANAandPIRUSDescription:Unique4-digitnumericalidentifierforeachindividualinthedataset.PlotandConsequencesThevariablesinthissectioncapturedetailspertainingtothefirstpublicallyknownplotorextremistactivityassociatedwiththeindividual.Thisincludesinformationaboutimportantdates,locations,targets,preparations,andconsequencesrelatedtotheactivity.Note:Forcasesinwhichanindividualconductedmultipleattacksorplots,thesequestionsreferprimarilytotheplotthatresultedintheindividual'sexposure,whichisusuallythefinalplot.

Plot

2. FieldName:Loc_Plot_State/Loc_Plot_CityKeshifLabel(s):LocationofExtremistActivities(City/State)VariableType:TextSource:PIRANADescription:EntertheU.S.stateandcityorforeigncountrywherethefirstpublicallyknownextremistplot/activitywascentered.Thiscouldincludewherethepersonwasarrested,wherehe/shedidmostofhis/hertraining,orwheretheindividualintendedtoattack.Inessence,itrecordsthelocationmostcommonlyassociatedinthemediawiththeindividualplot/activity.Ifunknown,list-99.3. FieldName:Date_ExposureKeshifLabel(s):YearofExposureVariableType:DateSource:PIRANADescription:Enterthedate(usingtheformatMM/DD/YYYY)atwhichtheindividual’sactivity/plotfirstcametopublicattention.Thisisusuallytimeofincidentorarrest,orearliestmentionofindividualinsources,solongasthesearerelatedtotheplot/radicalizationoftheindividual.Ifunknown,list-99.Ifonlymonthandyearareknown,thenassumefirstdayofthemonth.4. FieldName:Plot_Target

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KeshifLabel(s):PlotTargetType:Categorical,MultipleEntrySource:GlobalTerrorismDatabaseDescription:Iftheindividual'sfirstpublicallyknownextremistactivityincludedaviolentplot,enter the target typeor intended target typeof theplot. Selectup to three target types. Ifunknown,list-99.Ifthereisnoviolentplotornospecificplottarget,list-88.

1=Businesses2=Government(general)3=Police4=Military5=Abortionrelated6=Airports&aircraft7=Government(diplomatic)8=Educationalinstitution9=Foodorwatersupply10=Journalists&media11=Maritime(includesportsandmaritimefacilities)12=Non-governmentalorganization13=Other(e.g.,ambulances,firefighters)14=Privatecitizens&property15=Religiousfigures/institutions16=Telecommunication17=Terrorists/non-statemilitia18=Tourists19=Transportation20=Utilities-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(i.e.,noplot)

5. FieldName:Attack_PreparationKeshifLabel(s):AttackPreparationVariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRUSDescription:Iftheindividual'sfirstpublicallyknownextremistactivityinvolvedaviolentplot,whattypeofpreparationdidtheindividualengageinbeforebeingpubliclyexposedasanextremist?

0=None

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1=Moderateplanning(minimalpreparation,suchasobtaininginformationonthetargetandrudimentaryfamiliaritywithplannedtactics,butnotmoreextensivepreparationlikecasingthetargetorperforming“dryruns”oftheoperation).2=Extensiveplanning(includingobtainingsignificantamountsofinformationonthetarget—includingbothresearchandcasingoractiveobservation—andfamiliaritywiththeplannedtactics,suchasthroughresearch,trainingand“dryruns”oftheoperation)-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(forcaseswheretheindividualwasnotassociatedwithanyattackorviolentplot)

6. FieldName:Op_SecurityKeshifLabel(s):HideorConcealPlotVariableType:OrdinalSource:NCTC(incorporatedsomeofQ.L19)Description:Iftheindividual'sfirstpublicallyknownextremistactivityinvolvedaviolentplot,didtheindividualattempttohideorconcealpreparationfortheplot?

0=No,wasopenlyvocalabouttheplot(discusseditwithfriendsandassociates,procuredsuspicioussupplies—likeexplosivesorweapons—withoutbeingdiscrete,etc.)1=Theindividualwasneithercovertnorovert(didnotdiscusstheplotopenlyorovertlyprocuresupplies,butalsodidnotattempttohideactivities).2=Yes(avoideddiscussionwithfriendsandassociatesandusedcodewordswhendiscussingtheplot,procuredsuppliesthroughintermediariesorinareasoutsideplaceofhabitationortargetarea,etc.)-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(forcaseswheretheindividualwasnotassociatedwithanyattackorviolentplot)

7. FieldName:Changing_TargetVariableType:DichotomousSource:NCTC(Q.M3)Description:Iftheindividual'sfirstpublicallyknownextremistactivityinvolvedaviolentplot,didthetargetoftheplotchangeastheplotdeveloped?

0=No1=Yes-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(forcaseswheretheindividualwasnotassociatedwithanyattackorviolentplot)

8. FieldName:Anticipated_Fatalities_Target

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VariableType:OrdinalSource:NCTC(Q.M3)Description:Iftheindividualwasinvolvedinaviolentplot,howmanyvictimsdidthesubjectanticipatewouldbekilled?

0=None1=Some(1to20)2=Many(greaterthan20)3=Mass(greaterthan100)-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(forcaseswheretheindividualwasnotassociatedwithanyattackorviolentplot)

9. FieldName:Internet_Use_PlotVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Iftheindividual'sextremistactivityinvolvedaviolentplot,didtheindividualusetheinternetforcommunicationsorlogisticswhilepreparingforandundertakingtheplot?Thisincludesusingtheinternettocommunicatewithgroupmembersorotherextremists,threateningtargets,researchingthetargetandtactics,andorderingsupplies.Note:thisdoesnotincluderadicalizingthroughtheinternet,whichisaddressedinanotherquestion.

0=No1=Yes-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(forcaseswheretheindividualwasnotassociatedwithanyviolentplot,orforwhentheplotoccurredbefore1995).

10. FieldName:Extent_PlotKeshifLabel(s):PlotProgressExtentVariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRUSDescription:Iftheindividual'sextremistactivityinvolvedaviolentplot,towhatextentdidtheplotprogress?I.e.,howfardidtheplanningandexecutionproceed?

0=Noplot1=Nebulousplot(generalideasonly,threatsmadetotargetsintheabsenceofanplanningorpreparation)2=Attemptedacquisitionofmaterialsforplot3=Acquisitionandpossessionofmaterialsforplot4=Attemptedandfailedexecutionofplot

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5=Successfulexecutionofplot-99=Unknown

Consequences11. FieldName:ViolentKeshifLabel(s):ViolentVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Didtheindividualactivelyparticipateinideologicallymotivatedoperations/actionsthatresultedincausalities/injuriesorclearlyintendedtoresultincausalities/injuries(butfailed),orweretheychargedwithconspiracytokillorinjurebutwereinterdictedintheplottingphase?Examplesofviolentoperations/plotsincludemurder,assault,armedrobbery,kidnapping,bombing,andarson(butnotiftheypurposelyavoidhumancausalities).Examplesofnonviolentideologicallymotivatedoperations/actionsincludepropertydestruction/vandalism,illegalprotest,armedstandoffsthatweredefusedwithoutinjury,receiving“terrorist”trainingbutnotactingonit,incitingotherstoviolencebutnodirectactionthemselves,threateningviolentactionswithoutoperationalprogresstowardaplot,possessionofillegalweaponswithoutoperationalplansforviolence,and“paperterrorism”tactics(e.g.filingfalseliens,taxfraud,etc.).

0=No1=Yes

12. FieldName:Criminal_SeverityKeshifLabel(s):CriminalSeverityVariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRUSDescription:Enterthemaximumextentoftheindividual’sradicalcriminalactivitybythetimeofpublicexposure.

0=Non-criminal1=Conspiracyafterthefact(e.g.,makingfalsestatements)2=Illegalprotest/criminaltrespassing3=White-collarcrimes/vandalism4=Recruitingothersforviolentgroup/incitement(indirectactions)5=Training/seekingtraining/materialsupporttoaviolentextremistorganization/unlawfulpossession6=Threateningothers(ifmisdemeanor)7=Conspiringtokillorinjure8=Threateningothers(iffelony)

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9=Participationinviolenceagainstproperty/arson10=Violenceagainstperson(s)/armedrobbery/assaultwithdeadlyweapon-99=Unknown

13. FieldName:Criminal_ChargesKeshifLabel(s):CriminalChargesVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRUSDescription:Iftheindividualwascharged/arrested/indictedforanideologicallymotivatedcrimeasaresultoftheirpublicexposure,indicatethetypeofcrimetheindividualwascharged/arrested/indictedfor.

0=Misdemeanor1=Felony-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(theindividualwasneverarrested,charged,orindictedforanideologicallymotivatedcrime)

14. FieldName:Indict_ArrestKeshifLabel(s):IndictedorArrestedVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRUSDescription:Iftheindividualwasarrestedorindictedforanideologicallymotivatedcrimeasaresultoftheirpublicexposure,indicatewhethertheindividualwasindictedforthecrime,arrested,orboth.

0=Arrestedonly1=Arrestedbutunknownifindicted2=Indictedonly(inrarecircumstancesapersoncanbeindictedbeforebeingarrested)3=Indictedandarrested(unlessotherwisestated,youcanassumeapersonwhowasindictedwasalsoarrested)-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable

15. FieldName:Current_StatusKeshifLabel(s):CurrentStatusVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRANADescription:Currentstatusofindividualaccordingtolatestsourcesatthetimeofcoding.

0=Atlarge(notbeingpursuedbythegovernment)

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1=Atlarge(beingpursuedbygovernment)2=Underarrest,awaitingtrial3=Convicted4=Acquitted5=Dead(naturalcauses)6=Dead(suicide)7=Killedbylawenforcementormilitary8=Killedbyadversary(e.g.,otherextremistgroups)-99=Unknown

GroupNatureThevariablesinthissectioncapturedetailsaboutgroupdynamicsandrecruitmentmechanisms.

GroupDetails16. FieldName:Group_MembershipKeshifLabel(s):GroupMembershipVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRANADescription:Wastheindividualinagroup?Iftheindividualisbothamemberofaformalextremistorganizationandanabove-groundpoliticalmovementoractivistgroup,enter2formemberofformalextremistorganization.Ifindividualismemberofbothaninformalgroupoffellowextremistsandaformalextremistorganization,enter2formemberofformalextremistorganization.Iftheindividualisamemberofbothaninformalgroupofextremistsandanabove-groundpoliticalmovement/activistgroup,enter1forinformalgroupofextremists.Note:refertotheInclusionCriteriasectionforinstructionsonhowtointerpretgroupmembership.

0=Notamemberofagroup1=Memberofaninformalgroupoffellowextremists(e.g.,a‘homegrown’cellorinformalmilitia)2=Memberofaformalextremistorganizationoranextremistmovement(e.g.,WeatherUnderground,AnimalLiberationFront,al-Qaeda)3=Memberofanabove-groundpoliticalmovementoractivistgroup(e.g.,OperationRescue,EarthFirst!)-99=Unknown

17. FieldName:Terrorist_Group_NameKeshifLabel(s):TerroristGroupAffiliation/InspirationVariableType:Text

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Source:PIRANADescription:NameofexistingDesignatedTerroristOrganizationorextremistgroupwithwhichindividualisaffiliated.Includethoseorganizationswithwhichtheindividualself-identifies,aswellasthoselinkedtotheindividualbyauthoritiesandaffiliationsmentionedincrediblemediasources(butnotthosebasedonpurespeculationwithoutrealevidence).Ifunknown,enter-99.Ifnoorganization,enter-88forN/A.RecruitmentDetails18. FieldName:Actively_RecruitedKeshifLabel(s):ActivelyRecruitedVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Wastheindividualactivelyrecruitedintoanextremistmovement?

0=No1=Yes-99=Unknown

19. FieldName:RecruiterKeshifLabel(s):RecruitersVariableType:Categorical,MultipleEntrySource:PIRUSDescription:Iftheindividualwasactivelyrecruited,enterwhoactivelyrecruitedtheindividual.

0=Associate(s)ormember(s)ofaterroristorviolentextremistgroup1=FamilyMember2=Friend3=Other-99=Unknown-88=N/A(wasnotrecruited)

20. FieldName:Actively_ConnectKeshifLabel(s):ConnectwithExtremistGroupVariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRUSDescription:Didtheindividualactivelyreachouttoanextremistgrouptobecomeamember?

0=No1=Yes,priortoideologicallymotivatedradicalbehaviors

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2=Yes,afterideologicallymotivatedradicalbehaviors-99=Unknown

GroupActivitiesandDynamics21. FieldName:Group_CompetitionKeshifLabel(s):GroupCompetitionVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Iftheindividualwaspartofaninformalcellorextremistgroup,wastherecompetitionwithinthegrouporwithothergroupsforstatus,power,resourcesorotherthingsaroundthetimeinwhichtheindividualwasamember?

0=No1=Yes-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(individualwasnotpartofagroup)

22. FieldName:Role_GroupKeshifLabel(s):RoleinGroupVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRUSDescription:Whatwastheindividual’sroleinthegroupattimeofpublicexposure?

0=LooseAssociate1=Follower2=Leader-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(individualwasnotpartofagroup)

23. FieldName:Length_GroupVariableType:Numerical(months)Source:PIRUSDescription:Iftheindividualwaspartofoneormoregroups,entertheamountoftimetheindividualhadbeenanactivemember,inmonths.Ifunknown,enter-99.Enter-88iftheindividualwasnotpartofanygroup.24. FieldName:CliqueVariableType:Dichotomous

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Source:PIRUSDescription:Wastheindividualpartofaclique?Acliqueisdefinedasaclose-knit,insular,andexclusivegroupofpeoplecontainingatleasttwoindividuals.Acliquecanexistwithinalargergroup—e.g.acliqueofoperativeswithinal-Qaeda—andseparatelyfromanorganizedgroup,suchasacliqueoffriendsthatplansaterroristattack.


25. FieldName:Clique_RadicalizeKeshifLabel(s):RadicalizeinCliqueVariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRUSDescription:Iftheindividualwaspartofaclique,didtheindividual’sradicalizationcoincidewithhis/hermembershipintheclique?

0=No,notamemberofaclique1=No,radicalizationbeganpriortocliquemembership2=Yes,onsetofradicalizationcoincidedwithcliquemembership-99=Unknown

26. FieldName:Clique_ConnectKeshifLabel(s):ConnectwithCliqueVariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRUSDescription:Iftheindividualwaspartofaclique,didindividualsinthecliqueattempttoconnectwithanextremistgroupafterradicalizing?

0=No,notatall1=No,duringradicalization2=Yes-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(individualwasnotamemberofaclique)

RadicalizationInternetandMedia27. FieldName:Internet_Radicalization

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KeshifLabel(s):InternetRadicalizationVariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRANADescription:Whatroledidtheinternetplayintheindividual’sradicalization?

0=Noknownroleoftheinternetinindividual’sradicalization1=Internetplayedarolebutwasnottheprimarymeansofradicalization(e.g.internetresourceswereusedtoreaffirmoradvancepre-existingradicalbeliefs)2=Internetwastheprimarymeansofradicalizationfortheindividual(e.g.initialexposuretoideologyandsubsequentradicalizationoccurredonline-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(radicalizationoccurredbefore1995)

28. FieldName:Media_RadicalizationKeshifLabel(s):MediaRadicalizationVariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRUSDescription:Whatroledidmediabesidestheinternet(books,movies,televisionshows,radio)playintheindividual’sradicalization?

0=Noknownroleofmediainindividual’sradicalization1=Mediaplayedarolebutwasnottheprimarymeansofradicalization(e.g.mediaresourceswereusedtoreaffirmoradvancepre-existingradicalbeliefs)2=Mediawastheprimarymeansofradicalizationfortheindividual(e.g.initialexposuretoideologyandsubsequentradicalizationoccurredthroughmedia)-99=Unknown

RadicalizationIdeology29. FieldName:Radicalization_IslamistKeshifLabel(s):RadicalizationIdeologiesVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:DidtheindividualbecomeradicalizedaspartofanIslamistorjihadistmovement?


30. FieldName:Radicalization_Far_RightKeshifLabel(s):RadicalizationIdeologies

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VariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Didtheindividualbecomeradicalizedaspartofaright-wingmovement?


31. FieldName:Radicalization_Far_LeftKeshifLabel(s):RadicalizationIdeologiesVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Didtheindividualbecomeradicalizedaspartofaleft-wingmovement?


32. FieldName:Radicalization_Single_IssueKeshifLabel(s):RadicalizationIdeologiesVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Didtheindividualbecomeradicalizedoverasingleissue?


33. FieldName:Ideological_Sub_CategoryKeshifLabel(s):IdeologicalSubcategoryVariableType:Categorical,MultipleSelectSource:PIRUSDescription:Selecttheideologicalcategoriesthatbestencapsulatetheindividual’sradicalbeliefs.Theremaybesomeoverlappingideologies.Selectuptothreecategories.

1=Militia/gunrights2=Whitesupremacist/KKK/Neo-Nazi3=Xenophobic/Anti-immigrant4=Anti-government/SovereignCitizensmovement5=ChristianIdentity

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6=Animalrights/Environmentalist7=NewLeft(primarily1960’sstudentmovements/anti-VietnamWar)8=BlackNationalist/BlackSeparatist9=Anti-capitalist/Communist/anti-Imperialist10=Anarchist11=Islamist12=PuertoRicanindependence/PuertoRicannationalist13=IrishRepublicanArmy14=Cult/idiosyncratic15=Anti-abortion16=JewishDefenseLeague17=Anti-gay18=Other

RadicalizationLocationandTiming

34. FieldName:Loc_HabitationKeshifLabel(s):City/StateofHabitationVariableType:TextSource:PIRANADescription:Americanstate/provinceandcitywhereindividualspentmostoftheirtimeintheUnitedStates.Ifunknown,list-99.35. FieldName:ItinerantVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Didtheindividualspendanextendedperiodoftime(morethanonemonth)residinginmorethanonelocationintheUnitedStates?


36. FieldName:External_RadKeshifLabel(s):RadicalizedoutsideoftheU.S.VariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRANADescription:Didanylatterperiodoftheindividual’sradicalizationoccuroutsidetheUnitedStates?

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0=No(radicalizedsolelyintheUnitedStates)1=Yes(atleastsomepartoftheradicalizationprocessoccurredoutsidetheUnitedStates)-99=Unknown

37. FieldName:Rad_DurationKeshifLabel(s):RadicalizationDurationVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRUSDescription:Whatwasthedurationoftimebetweenthefirstevidenceofradicalization(eitherradicalizationofbeliefsorradicalizationofbehaviors,whicheveroccursfirst)andexposure(whentheplot/threatfirstcametopublicattention)?

0=Short(lessthanayear)1=Medium(betweenoneandfiveyears)2=Long(morethanfiveyears)-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(therewasnoplot/threat)

ExtentofRadicalization

38. FieldName:Radical_BehaviorsVariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRUS(adaptedfromPIRANA)Description:Enterthemaximumextentofradicalizationapparentintheindividual’sbehaviors.

0=Noradicalbehaviors1=Associateswithradicals2=Changingdailylifestyleinlinewithradicalbeliefsystem(appearance;attendanceatprayerorpoliticalmeetings)3=Attemptstoconvertotherstoextremistideology4=Distancingfrompastrelationships(family;friends,etc.)5=Legal/abovegroundactivisminsupportofextremistbeliefsystem6=Material/financialsupporttoextremistorganizations7=Logisticalsupporttooperationalelements8=Seeksoperationaltraininginviolentextremistactivities(thetypeofviolentdirectactionthemovementfavors:“jihad”forIslamism,arsonandsabotageforFarLeft,etc.)9=Activeparticipationinoperationalactions/plotsnotintendingtoresultincasualties(suchastaxevasionortrespassing)10=Activeparticipationinoperationalactions/plotsintendingtoresultincasualties

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-99=Unknown

39. FieldName:Radical_BeliefsVariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRUS(adaptedfromPIRANA)Description:Enterthemaximumextentofradicalizationapparentintheindividual’sbeliefs.

0=Ideologicalsystembutnoevidenceofbeliefinradicalversionsofideology1=Evidenceofexposuretoradicalideology2=Pursuesfurtherinformationonradicalideology3=Fullknowledgeoftenetsofradicalideology4=Sharesmanyofthebeliefsofradicalideology5=Deepcommitmenttoradicalideologicalbeliefs-99=Unknown

RadicalizingEvents

40. FieldName:US_Govt_LeaderVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Wastheindividual’sradicalizationconnectedtospecificactionsbytheUnitedStatesgovernmentorparticularUSleaders?


41. FieldName:Foreign_Govt_LeaderVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Wastheindividual’sradicalizationconnectedtospecificactionsbyaforeigngovernmentorparticularforeignleaders?


42. FieldName:Event_InfluenceType:Categorical,MultipleEntrySource:PIRUS

23

Description:Which,ifany,ofthefollowingeventsevidently(accordingtosources)precipitatedoracceleratedtheindividual’sradicalization?

0=None1=September11terroristattacks2=VietnamWar3=ColdWar4=FirstGulfWar5=Afghanistan/IraqWar6=RubyRidge/Waco7=Other8=ArabSpring/SyrianCivilWar-99=Unknown

RadicalizationProcess43. FieldName:Beliefs_TrajectoryVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Didtheindividual’sbeliefsradicalizegraduallyoveranextendedperiodoftime?Or,werekeyeventsormomentstemporallylinkedtochangesintheindividual’sradicalbeliefs?

0=Gradual1=Keymoments-99=Unknown

44. FieldName:Behaviors_TrajectoryVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Didtheindividual’sbehaviorsradicalizeincrementallyoveranextendedperiodoftime?Or,weretherekeymomentsoftransitionintheradicalizationoftheindividual’sbehaviors?

0=Gradual1=Keymoments-99=Unknown

45. FieldName:Radicalization_SequenceVariableType:Categorical

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Source:PIRUSDescription:Inwhatsequencedidtheindividual’sbeliefsandbehaviorsradicalize?

0=Radicalizationofbeliefsprecededradicalizationofbehaviors(individualbeganespousingradicalbeliefsbeforeundertakingillegalideologically-motivatedbehavior)1=Radicalizationofbehaviorsprecededradicalizationofbeliefs(individualbeganundertakingillegalideologically-motivatedbehaviorbeforeespousingradicalbeliefs)2=Radicalizationofbeliefsandbehaviorsoccurredatthesametime-99=Unknown

RadicalizingSites46. FieldName:Radicalization_PlaceVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRUSDescription:Wastheindividual’sradicalizationsignificantlyconnectedtoaplaceofworship,aneducationalinstitution,orasocialclub?

0=No1=Yes,placeofworship2=Yes,educationalinstitution3=Yes,socialclub-99=Unknown

47. FieldName:Prison_RadicalizeKeshifLabel(s):RadicalizedinPrisonVariableType:CategoricalSource:NCTC(Q.E4)Description:Isthereevidencethatprisoninfluencedtheindividual’sradicalization?

0=No(theindividualneverwenttoprison)1=No,individualhadreachedmaximumlevelofradicalization(inbothbehaviorsandbeliefs)beforeprison2=Yes,butradicalizationhadbegun(ineitherbehaviorsorbelief)beforeprison3=Yes,butradicalizationreachedmaximumlevel(inbothbehaviorsandbelief)afterprison4=Yes,radicalizationbeganandreachedmaximumlevelinprison-99=Unknown

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DemographicsThevariablesinthissectioncapturedetailspertainingtothedemographicprofileoftheindividual.Thisincludesinformationabouttheperson’sethnicity,maritalstatus,religiousbackground,citizenshipstatus,andtiestosociety.

GeneralDetails

48. FieldName:Broad_EthnicityKeshifLabel(s):EthnicityVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRANA(withchangedcategories)Description:Whatwastherace/ethnicityoftheindividual?

0=Hispanic/Latino1=Black/African-American2=White3=MiddleEastern/NorthAfrican4=NativeAmerican5=Asian(incl.Iran,Afghanistan,andPakistan)6=Other-99=Unknown

49. FieldName:AgeKeshifLabel(s):AgeatExposureVariableType:NumericalSource:PIRANADescription:Whatwastheageoftheindividualatthedateofexposure(usuallytimeofincidentorarrest)?Ifunknown,list-99.50. FieldName:Marital_StatusKeshifLabel(s):MaritalStatusVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRANADescription:Whatwastheindividual’smaritalstatusatthedateofexposure?

1=Single(nevermarried)2=Married(religiousorcivilmarriagequalifies)3=DivorcedorSeparated4=Widowed-99=Unknown

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51. FieldName:ChildrenKeshifLabel(s):ChildrenVariableType:NumericalSource:PIRANADescription:Numberofchildrenatdateofexposure.Ifunknown,list-99.52. FieldName:Age_ChildVariableType:NumericalSource:PIRUSDescription:Ageofoldestchildattimeofindividual’sexposure.Ifunknown,list-99.Enter-88forN/A(i.e.theindividualdidnothaveanychildren).53. FieldName:GenderKeshifLabel(s):GenderVariableType:DichotomousDescription:Whatistheindividual’sgender?

0=Female1=Male-99=Unknown

ReligiousBackground54. FieldName:Religious_BackgroundKeshifLabel(s):ReligiousBackgroundVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRANA(withchangedcategories)Description:Whatwasthereligionpracticed/exposedtopriortobecomingradicalized?Ifmultiplereligions,listearliestreligion(intermsofperson’sage)mentionedinsources.

0=SunniIslam1=Shi’aIslam2=SufiIslam3=OtherIslam(includingschismaticMuslimssuchasAhmadis)4=UnspecifiedIslam(e.g.thesourceonlymentionedtheindividualwasaMuslim)5=EvangelicalProtestantChristianity(e.g.,Baptist,Pentecostal)6=MainlineProtestantChristianity(e.g.,Lutheran,Presbyterian)7=CatholicChristianity8=OrthodoxChristianity

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9=OtherChristianity(includingschismaticChristianssuchasJehovah'sWitnesses)10=UnspecifiedChristianity(e.g.thesourceonlymentionedtheindividualwasaChristian)11 =Jewish12 =Buddhist13 =Hindu14 =Newreligion(suchasScientologyandNewAgecommunities,includingnewreligionsthatclaimanancientsource,suchasOdinismandSatanism)15 =Other16 =Agnostic(acceptsexistenceofadeity,butnoreligiousbeliefs)17 =Atheist(activelyrejectsexistenceofadeity)-99=Unknown

55. FieldName:ConvertKeshifLabel(s):ReligiousConvertVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRUS(AdaptedfromPIRANA)Description:Wastheindividualaconverttohis/herreligionattimeofexposure?

0=No1=Yes,convertedpriortoradicalization2=Yes,convertedduringradicalization3=Yes,convertedafterradicalization-99=Unknown

56. FieldName:Convert_DateVariableType:DateSource:PIRANADescription:Ifpersonconverted(i.e.‘1’listedabove),notetheyearofconversiondate(usingtheformatMM/DD/YYYY).Ifunknown,list-99.Ifonlymonthandyearareknown,thenassumefirstdayofthemonth.Enter-88forN/A(i.e.individualwasnotaconvert).57. FieldName:ReawakeningKeshifLabel(s):ReligiousReawakeningVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRUSDescription:Didtheindividualexperienceareligiousrenewalofpreviouslyheldbeliefs?

0=No1=Yes,occurredpriortoradicalization2=Yes,occurredduringradicalization

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3=Yes,occurredafterradicalization-99=Unknown

58. FieldName:Reawakening_DateVariableType:DateSource:PIRUSDescription:Ifpersonexperiencedareligiousrenewal,notetheyearofrenewal(usingtheformatMM/DD/YYYY).Ifunknown,list-99.Ifonlymonthandyearareknown,thenassumefirstdayofthemonth.Enter-88forN/A(i.e.persondidnotexperiencereligiousrenewal).

CitizenshipHistory59. FieldName:CitizenshipKeshifLabel(s):CountryofCitizenshipVariableType:CountrySource:PIRANADescription:ListnameofcountrywheretheindividualhadcitizenshipattheDateofExposure(seeabove).Ifhe/shehadcitizenshipinmorethanonecountry,listallcountries,separatedbysemi-colons.Ifunknown,list-99.60. FieldName:Residency_StatusKeshifLabel(s):ResidencyStatusVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRANADescription:Whatwastheindividual’sresidencystatusintheUnitedStatesatthetimeofexposure?

0=BornCitizen1=NaturalizedCitizen2=LegalPermanentResident3=TemporaryResident4=UndocumentedResident-99=Unknown

61. FieldName:NativityKeshifLabel(s):NativityVariableType:TextSource:PIRANADescription:Listnameofcountrywhereindividualwasborn(i.e.initialcitizenship).Ifunknown,list-99.

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62. FieldName:Time_US_MonthsVariableType:NumericalSource:PIRANADescription:HowlongwastheindividualintheUnitedStates,bynumberofmonths,beforepublicexposure?Ifunknown,list-99.63. FieldName:Immigrant_GenerationKeshifLabel(s):ImmigrantGenerationVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRUSDescription:Wastheindividualafirstorsecond-generationimmigrant?FirstgenerationimmigrantsrefertoindividualsbornoutsidetheUnitedStates.SecondgenerationimmigrantsrefertoindividualswhowerebornintheUnitedStates,butwhoseparentswerebornoutsidetheUnitedStates.

0 =Notafirstorsecond-generationimmigrant(3+generationsintheUnitedStates)1 =Firstgeneration2=Secondgeneration-99=Unknown

64. FieldName:Immigrant_SourceKeshifLabel(s):ImmigrantSourceVariableType:TextSource:PIRUSDescription:Iftheindividualisafirstorsecondgenerationimmigrant,whatwasthecountryoforiginimmediatelypriortocomingtotheUnitedStates?Ifunknown,list-99.List-88ifN/A(i.e.notanimmigrant).TiestoSociety65. FieldName:Language_EnglishVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:IfEnglishwasnottheindividual’sfirstlanguage,didtheindividualhaveagoodgraspoftheEnglishlanguage?

0=No1=Yes-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(Englishisfirstlanguage)

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66. FieldName:Diaspora_TiesVariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRUSDescription:Iftheindividualisafirstorsecond-generationimmigrant,howembeddedwashe/sheinthediasporacommunity?

0=Notatall(avoidcontactwithdiasporacommunityinfavorofeithernuclearfamily,overseascontacts,orbroaderhomogenoussocietalinteractions.1=Little(occasionallyinteractswithmembersofthediasporacommunityandliveswithothermembersofthecommunity,butdoesnotparticipateindiasporacommunityorganizationsandactivities)2=Very(interactswithmembersofthediasporacommunity,liveswithothermembersofthecommunity,andparticipatesindiasporacommunityorganizationsandactivities)-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(individualwasnotafirstorsecondgeneration-immigrant)

SocioeconomicStatusThevariablesinthissectioncapturedetailspertainingtotheindividual’ssocioeconomicstatus.Thisincludesinformationabouttheperson’seducational,financial,andemploymentbackground,militaryexperience,andoverallsocioeconomicstatus.Education

67. FieldName:EducationKeshifLabel(s):EducationVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRUS(adaptedfromPIRANA)Description:Whatwasthehighestlevelofeducationcompletedbydateofexposure?

0=Didnotattempthighschool1=SomeHighschool2=Highschooldiploma3=SomeCollege4=Collegedegree5=SomeVocationalschool6=Vocationalschooldegree7=SomeMaster’sschool8=Master’sdegree9=SomeDoctoral/Professionaldegree

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10=Doctoral/Professionaldegree-99=Unknown

68. FieldName:StudentKeshifLabel(s):StudentVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Wastheindividualastudentatthetimeofradicalizationofbeliefsorbehaviors?


69. FieldName:Education_ChangeVariableType:CategoricalSource:NCTC(Q.C2)Description:Iftheindividualwasastudent,werethereanychangesinacademicperformancearoundthetimeofinvolvementinextremistactivities?

0=No1=Yes,itimproved2=Yes,itworsened-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(individualwasnotastudent)

FinancesandEmployment70. FieldName:Employment_StatusKeshifLabel(s):EmploymentStatusVariableType:CategoricalSource:NCTC(Q.C6)Description:Whatwasthesubject’semploymentstatusatthetimeofexposure?

0=Employed1=Self-employed2=Unemployed,lookingforwork3=Unemployed,notlookingforwork4=Student5=Retired-99=Unknown

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71. FieldName:Change_PerformanceVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUS(adaptedfromNCTC(Q.C7)Description:Werethereanychangesintheindividual’sworkperformance(e.g.startedarrivinglate,notshowingup,orunsatisfactoryperformance)aroundthetimeofradicalization(e.g.shortlybeforeradicalization,duringradicalization,orshortlyafterradicalization)?

0=No1=Yes-88=NotApplicable(theindividualwasunemployed)-99=Unknown

72. FieldName:Work_HistoryKeshifLabel(s):WorkHistoryVariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRUSDescription:Whatistheindividual’sworkhistorypriortotheirdateofexposure?

0=Long-termUnemployed1=Underemployed(i.e.lessthanfull-time)2=SeriallyEmployed(i.e.jumpedfromjobtojob)3=RegularlyEmployed(i.e.heldthesamejobforalongperiodorfollowedanupwardand/orconventionalcareerpathinthegivenprofession)-99=Unknown -88=N/A

Military73. FieldName:MilitaryKeshifLabel(s):MilitaryVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRUS(AdaptedfromNCTC(Qs.D2,D6,D8))Description:WastheindividualeverintheUSmilitary?

0=No1=Yes,inactiveattimeofradicalization,unknowndeployment2=Yes,inactiveattimeofradicalization,neverdeployed3=Yes,inactiveattimeofradicalizationbutpreviouslydeployed4=Yes,activeattimeofradicalization,unknownifeverdeployed

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5=Yes,activeattimeofradicalizationbutneverdeployedtoanactivecombatzone6=Yes,activeattimeofradicalizationandhadbeendeployedtoanactivecombatzone-99=Unknown

74. FieldName:Foreign_MilitaryVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Wastheindividualeverinaforeignmilitary(i.e.,non-U.S.)service?


Socioeconomicstratum75. FieldName:Social_Stratum_ChildhoodKeshifLabel(s):SocialStratum(Childhood)VariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRUS(adaptedfromPIRANA)Description:Inwhatsocialstratumdidthisindividualfallinchildhood?

0=Low(e.g.receiveswelfare,livesclosetothepovertyline,regularlyunemployedoratbestworksabluecollarjob,livesinsubsidizedhousing)1=Middle(e.g.doesnotreceivewelfare,livesinlower-middleormiddleclassneighborhood,hassteadyprofessionalemployment,ownsorholdsamortgageonahouse,hascollegedegree)2=High(e.g.worksahigh-income,white-collarjob,livesandownsahouseinamiddleorupperclassneighborhood,canaffordluxuryitems,hascollegedegreeorisself-employedasasuccessfulentrepreneur)-99=Unknown

76. FieldName:Social_Stratum_AdulthoodKeshifLabel(s):SocialStratum(Adulthood)VariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRUS(adaptedfromPIRANA)Description:Inwhatsocialstratumdidthisindividualfallinadulthood?

0=Low(e.g.receiveswelfare,livesclosetothepovertyline,regularlyunemployedoratbestworksabluecollarjob,livesinsubsidizedhousing)

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1=Middle(e.g.doesnotreceivewelfare,livesinlower-middleormiddleclassneighborhood,hassteadyprofessionalemployment,ownsorholdsamortgageonahouse,hascollegedegree)2=High(e.g.worksahigh-income,white-collarjob,livesandownsahouseinamiddleorupperclassneighborhood,canaffordluxuryitems,hascollegedegreeorisself-employedasasuccessfulentrepreneur)-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(ifexposureoccurredbeforetheindividualturned18yearsold)

77. FieldName:AspirationsVariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRUSDescription:Didtheindividualhavecleareducationalorcareeraspirations?

0=No1=Yes,butdidnotattempttoachievethem(e.g.,talkedaboutbecomingalawyerbutneverenrolledincollege)2=Yes,hadaspirations,butfailedtoachievethem3=Yes,achievedaspirationspriortopublicexposure-99=Unknown

PersonalThevariablesinthissectioncapturedetailspertainingtotheindividual’semotionalandpsychologicalstate,drugandalcoholabuse,familytiesandsocialrelationships,criminalhistory,extracurricularactivities,andmindsetpriortoradicalization.

AbuseandPsychologicalConcerns78. FieldName:Abuse_ChildKeshifLabel(s):AbusedasChildVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRUSDescription:Isthereevidencethattheindividualwasabused—eitherverballyorphysically—asachild?Ifthereisnoinformation,assume0forNo.

0=No1=Yes,bynon-familymembers2=Yes,byfamilymembers3=Yes,byfamilyandnon-familymembers

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79. FieldName:Abuse_AdultKeshifLabel(s):AbusedasAdultVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRUSDescription:Isthereevidencethattheindividualwasabused—eitherverballyorphysically—asanadult?Ifthereisnoinformation,assume0forNo.

0=No1=Yes,bynon-familymembers2=Yes,byfamilymembers3=Yes,byfamilyandnon-familymembers-88=NotApplicable(ifexposureoccurredbeforetheindividualturned18yearsold).

80. FieldName:Abuse_TypeKeshifLabel(s):AbuseTypesVariableType:Categorical,MultipleEntrySource:PIRUSDescription:Ifthereisevidencethattheindividualwasabusedeitherasachildoranadult,whatwasthenatureoftheabuse?Enterallthatapply.

0=Sexualabuse(sexualharassment,physicalsexualassault,rape,etc.)1=Otherphysicalabuse(eitherphysicalneglectorcoercivephysicalabuse)2=Emotionalabuse-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(individualwasnotabused)

81. FieldName:PsychologicalKeshifLabel(s):MentalIllnessVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Isthereevidencepresentedinthesourcesthattheindividualhadahistoryofmentalillness?Ifthereisnoinformation,assume0forNo.

0=No1=Yes,accordingtopublic/popularspeculation2=Yes,professionallydiagnosed

82. FieldName:Alcohol_DrugKeshifLabel(s):AlcoholorDrugAbuseVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUS

36

Description:Isthereevidencepresentedinthesourcesthattheindividualhadahistoryofalcoholordrugabuse?Ifthereisnoinformation,assume0forNo.

0=No1=Yes

FamilyandRelationships83. FieldName:Absent_ParentVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRUS(AdaptedfromNCTC(Q.G2))Description:Are/werethereanyparentsabsent(separated,divorced,killed,suicide,ordeadofnaturalcauses?)duringtheindividual’schildhood?

0=No1=Yes,absentmother2=Yes,absentfather3=Yes,bothabsent-99=Unknown

84. FieldName:Overseas_FamilyVariableType:DichotomousSource:NCTC(Q.G6)Description:Didtheindividualhaveanycontactwithfamilyoverseas?Thisincludesbothimmediateandextendedfamily.

0=No1=Yes-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(didnothaveoverseasfamily)

85. FieldName:Close_FamilyVariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRUSDescription:Howemotionallycloseistheindividualtohis/herimmediatefamily?

0=Distant(haslittleregularcontactwithmostfamilymembers,rarelyattendsfamilyevents,doesnotcelebrateholidayswithfamily,etc.)1=Close(regularlyinteractswithoneormorefamilymembers,attendsfamilyeventsonaregularbasis,usuallycelebratesholidayswithfamily,etc.)

37

-99=Unknown

86. FieldName:Family_ReligiosityVariableType:OrdinalSource:NCTC(Q.G9)(AdaptedforPIRUS)Description:Basedontheevidenceavailable,whatdoweknowaboutthefamily’sreligiosity?

0=Secular(Atheist,agnostic,ornominallyreligious)1=SomewhatReligious(OccasionallyObservant;observesmajorreligiousholidaysandattendsreligiousservicesonoccasion)2=VeryReligious(ConsistentlyObservant;observesmajorreligiousholidays,attendsservicesfrequentlyandregularly,andadherestostrictreligiousprinciples)-99=Unknown

87. FieldName:Family_IdeologyVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRUSDescription:Whatwastheprimaryideologyoftheindividual’simmediatefamily,ifany?

0=Noideology1=Islamist2=Farright3=Farleft4=Other5=Single-Issue-99=Unknown

88. FieldName:Family_Ideological_LevelVariableType:OrdinalSource:NCTC(Q.G10)Description:Basedontheevidenceavailable,whatdoweknowaboutthefamily’sideology(intermsofintensity)?

0=Non-Ideological1=Moderate2=Extremeinbeliefonly3=Extremeinbeliefandaction-99=Unknown

89. FieldName:Prison_Family_Friend

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VariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Didaclosefriendorfamilymemberoftheindividualservetimeinprison?


90. FieldName:Crime_Family_FriendVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Wasaclosefriendorfamilymemberinvolvedincrimeorvictimizedbycriminals?

0=No1=Yes,victimizedbycriminals2=Yes,involvedincrime3=Yes,bothvictimizedandinvolvedincrime-99=Unknown

91. FieldName:Radical_FriendKeshifLabel(s):RadicalFriendVariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRUSDescription:Wasaclosefriendoftheindividualinvolvedinradicalactivities?

0=No1=Yes,butonlyknowntohaveengagedinlegalactivities2=Yes,butonlyknowntohaveengagedinnon-violentillegalactivities3=Yes,knowntohaveengagedinextremistviolence-99=Unknown

92. FieldName:Radical_FamilyKeshifLabel(s):RadicalFamilyMemberVariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRUSDescription:Wasafamilymemberoftheindividualinvolvedinradicalactivities?

0=No1=Yes,butonlyknowntohaveengagedinlegalactivities2=Yes,butonlyknowntohaveengagedinnon-violentillegalactivities

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3=Yes,knowntohaveengagedinextremistviolence-99=Unknown

93. FieldName:Radical_Signif_OtherKeshifLabel(s):RadicalSignificantOtherVariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRUSDescription:Wastheindividual’ssignificantotherinvolvedinradicalactivities?

0=No1=Yes,butonlyknowntohaveengagedinlegalactivities2=Yes,butonlyknowntohaveengagedinnon-violentillegalactivities3=Yes,knowntohaveengagedinextremistviolence-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(individualdoesnothaveasignificantother)

94. FieldName:Relationship_TroublesVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Didsubjecttypicallyhavedifficultyfindingormaintainingromanticrelationships?


95. FieldName:Platonic_TroublesVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Didsubjecttypicallyhavedifficultyfindingormaintainingnon-romanticrelationships?


SocialLife96. FieldName:Unstructured_TimeVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUS

40

Description:Didtheindividualhavealotofunstructuredtimethatwasnottakenupbyactivities?Forexample,anunemployedpersonwhoisnotactivelyseekingemployment,isnotastudent,andisnotactivelyengagedinthecommunity,wouldbeconsideredtohavealotofunstructuredtime.


97. FieldName:Friendship_SourceVariableType:Categorical,MultipleEntrySource:NCTC(Q.H5)(Wordingadapted)Description:Fromwheredidthemajorityofthesubject’sfriendshipscome?Selectmultiplefriendshipsourcesifnecessary.

0=School1=Work2=Family3=Religiousgroup4=SocialOrganization5=Other-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable(hadnofriends)

98. FieldName:Kicked_OutVariableType:DichotomousSource:NCTC(Q.H6)Description:Wassubjecteverknowntobemarginalized,ostracized,ordismissedfromanysocial,cultural,religious,orpoliticalgroupsororganizations?


CriminalActivity99. FieldName:Previous_Criminal_ActivityKeshifLabel(s):Pre-RadicalizationCriminalActivityVariableType:OrdinalSource:PIRANA

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Description:Priortotheirradicalization,doestheindividualhaveahistoryofinvolvementinnon-ideologicallymotivatedcriminalactivities?

0=Nopreviouscriminalactivity1=Previous(non-violent)minorcriminalactivity(e.g.,convictedofamisdemeanorcrime)2=Previous(non-violent)seriouscriminalactivity(e.g.,convictedofafelonycrime)3=Previousviolentcrime-99=Unknown

100. FieldName:Previous_Criminal_Activity_TypeVariableType:Categorical,MultipleEntrySource:PIRUS,adaptedfromtheUniformCrimeReport(FBI),(CSTABYear5)Description:Ifanindividualhasahistoryofnon-ideologicallymotivatedcrimepriortotheirradicalization,whichofthefollowingactivitieswashe/sheinvolvedin?8Ifyouknowtheywereengagedincriminalbehaviorpriortotheirdateofexposure,butareunsureofthespecifictype,enter-99forunknown.Iftheindividualhadneverengagedincriminalactivitypriortotheirdateofexposure,enter-88.Selectuptothreechoices,puttingthecorrespondingnumbersinascendingorder.Ifmorethanthree,selectthethreemostseriousoffenses(withhomicidebeingthemostseriousandvandalismbeingtheleastserious)andlisttheremainingoffensesinthesubsequenttextfield.

1=Homicide2=ForcibleRape3=Robbery4=AggravatedAssault5=Burglary6=Larceny-Theft7=MotorVehicleTheft8=Arson9=SimpleAssault10=Fraud11=Forgery12=Embezzlement13=DrivingUndertheInfluence(DUI)/DrivingWhileIntoxicated(DWI)14=Prostitution15=Vandalism16=Other17=Drugrelated(e.g.,selling/distributingdrugs,cultivatingdrugs,butnotsimplydruguse).

8Fordefinitionsonthesetypesofcriminalactivities,refertoAppendixII-OffensesinUniformCrimeReporting(https://www2.fbi.gov/ucr/cius_04/appendices/appendix_02.html)

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18=Paroleviolation19=Unlawfulpossession,transportation,oruseofafirearm-99=Unknown-88=N/A(neverengagedincriminalactivity)

101. FieldName:Previous_Criminal_Activity_AgeVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRUSDescription:Whatagewastheindividualwhentheywerefirstinvolvedinnon-ideologicallymotivatedcriminalactivities,ifapplicable?

1=Under18yearsold2=18-24yearsold3=25-34yearsold4=35-44yearsold5=45yearsoldorolder-99=Unknown-88=N/A(neverengagedincriminalactivity)

102. FieldName:GangKeshifLabel(s):GangMemberVariableType:CategoricalSource:NCTC(Q.E8)Description:Isthereevidencethattheindividualwasinvolvedinastreetgangororganizedcriminalgrouppriortotheirdateofexposure?Astreetgangisanydurablestreet-orientedyouthgroupwhoseinvolvementinillegalactivityispartofitsgroupidentity.9Anorganizedcriminalgroupisanygroupthathassomemannerofaformalizedstructureandwhoseprimaryobjectiveistoobtainmoneythroughillegalactivities.Organizedcriminalgroupsmaintaintheirpositionthroughtheuseofactualorthreatenedviolence,corruptpublicofficials,graft,orextortion.10

0=No1=Yes,streetgang2=Yes,organizedcriminalgroup3=Yes,bothstreetgangandorganizedcriminalgroup-99=Unknown

9AdaptedfromtheEurogangConsensusNominaldefinitionofstreetgangs.Esbensen,F.(2012).Youthgangsininternationalperspective:ResultsfromtheEurogangProgramofResearch.Berlin:Springer.10AdaptedfromtheFederalBureauofInvestigationdefinitionoforganizedcrime.https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/organizedcrime/glossary

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103. FieldName:Gang_IdeologyKeshifLabel(s):GangIdeologyVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUS,NIJ-GangsDescription:Iftheindividualwasinvolvedwithastreetgangororganizedcriminalgrouppriortotheirdateofexposure,isthereevidencethatthegroupadheredtoanideologicalbeliefsystem(e.g.,whitesupremacy,BlackNationalism,anarchism)?Iftheindividualwasnotinvolvedwithastreetgangororganizedcriminalgroup,code-88forNotApplicable.Code-99forUnknownonlyifthesourcesintroduceambiguityaboutwhetherthegroupadheredtoanideologicalbeliefsystem.Ifthereisnoinformation,assume0forNo.

0=No1=Yes-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable

104. FieldName:Gang_Age_JoinedVariableType:Numerical/CategoricalSource:PIRUS,NIJ-GangsDescription:Iftheindividualwasinvolvedwithastreetgangororganizedcriminalgrouppriortotheirdateofexposure,howoldweretheywhentheyfirstbecameinvolved?Ifthepreciseageisunknown,whatbestdescribestheirdevelopmentalperiodwhentheyfirstbecameinvolved?Iftheindividualwasinvolvedinbothastreetgangandanorganizedcriminalgroup,entertheirage/developmentalperiodatthetimetheybecameinvolvedwithwhichevergroupcamefirst.Note:Iftheirpreciseageisknown,enteritas“Age:X”.Ifonlythedevelopmentalperiodisknown,enterthecorrespondingvaluelistedbelow.Iftheindividualwasnotinvolvedwithastreetgangororganizedcriminalgroup,code-88forNotApplicable.Code-99ifUnknown.

1=Earlychildhood(8andyounger)2=Latechildhood(8-12)3=Adolescence/teenage(13-19)4=Youngadulthood(20-39)5=Adulthood(24-64)6=Lateadulthood(65andolder)-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable

105. FieldName:Gang_RadicalizeVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRUS,NIJ-Gangs

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Description:Iftheindividualwasinvolvedwithastreetgangororganizedcriminalgrouppriortotheirdateofexposure,didtheirradicalizationoccurbeforetheyjoined,concurrentwiththeirmembership,oraftertheirinvolvementwiththestreetgangororganizedcriminalgroupcametoanend?Refertothefirstevidenceoftheindividual’sradicalization,eitherinbeliefsorbehaviors,whencodingthisvariable.Iftheindividualwasinvolvedinbothastreetgangandorganizedcriminalgroup,codeforwhichevergroupcamefirst.Iftheindividualwasnotinvolvedwithastreetgangororganizedcriminalgroup,code-88forNotApplicable.Code-99ifUnknown.

1=Beforetheirinvolvementwithgang/organizedcriminalgroupbegan2=Concurrentwiththeirinvolvementwithgang/organizedcriminalgroup3=Aftertheirinvolvementwithgang/organizedcriminalgroupended-99=Unknown-88=NotApplicable

MindsetPriortoRadicalization

106. FieldName:TraumaKeshifLabel(s):TraumaticExperienceVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRUS(AdaptedfromNCTC(Q.F3)[Changedresponsecategories]Description:Priortoradicalization,wassubjecteverexposedtoanytraumaticeventinwhichhewitnessedaneventoreventsthatinvolveactualorthreateneddeathorseriousinjury,orathreattothephysicalintegrityofothers,wherehisresponseinvolvedintensefear,helplessness,orhorror?

0=No1=Yes,buttimingvis-à-visradicalizationisunknown2=Yes,butalongtimebeforeradicalization3=Yes,shortlybeforeradicalization-99=Unknown

107. FieldName:Other_IdeologiesVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:Priortotheirdateofexposure,didtheindividualadheretoanotherideologyormovementbesidestheoneinwhichhe/shebecameradicalized?

0=No1=Yes

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-99=Unknown108. FieldName:Angry_USVariableType:DichotomousSource:PIRUSDescription:WeretheresignsthattheindividualwasangrywithUSsociety,ordidnotacceptthemoralvalidityoftheAmericansocialvaluesystem?Suchsignscouldincludepublicstatementsopposingspecificpolicies(e.g.late-termabortions),burningordesecratingsymbolicitems(e.g.anAmericanflagorbible),orpostinginflammatoryanti-U.S.messagesinonlineforums.


109. FieldName:Group_GrievanceKeshifLabel(s):GroupGrievanceVariableType:OrdinalSource:NCTC(Q.J16)Description:Didthesubjecteverexpressthats/heidentifiedwithorfeltattachedtoaspecificgroupthatwasbelievedtobeunderthreat(realorimagined)orhadbeensubjectedtoinjustice?

0=No1=Yes,butnotthroughapersonalconnection2=Yes,throughapersonalconnection3=Yes,throughdirectexperience-99=Unknown

110. FieldName:StandingVariableType:CategoricalSource:PIRUSDescription:Didtheindividualexperienceadiminutionofsocialstandingpriortoradicalization?Examplesincludebeingexcludedfrominformalsocialgroups,publicembarrassment,orlosingtherespectofclosefriends,family,oracquaintances.

0=No1=Yes,buttimingvis-à-visradicalizationisunknown2=Yes,butalongtimebeforeradicalization3=Yes,shortlypriortoradicalization-99=Unknown

profiles of individual radicalization in the united … of individual radicalization in the united...

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