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Obituary for Professor A.R. Burkin

Professor A. Richard BurkinMSc, PhD, CEng, CChem, FRCS, FIMM (1923–2008)

Richard Burkinwas born on 23rd September, 1923 in Stratford, EastLondon. He attended Ilford Grammar School, where he excelled in thesciences. In 1943, he obtained a BSc degree in chemistry at the age of 19and then joined the photographic company, Ilford Ltd., where heworked as a research chemist on war-time military projects. Whileworking at Ilford Ltd, hemet his futurewife, Ruth, whomhemarried in1949. After the war was over, he moved from industry into academiawhen, aged 22, hewas appointed as a lecturer in inorganic chemistryatUniversity College, Southampton, which was then an external collegeof the University of London. While lecturing in Southampton, Burkincontinued studying part-time, obtaining MSc and PhD degreesawarded by the University of London, in 1946 and 1948, respectively.

In 1952, he left Southampton to move to London, where he joinedthe staff of the Royal School of Mines in the Imperial College of Scienceand Technology in South Kensington, the famous institutionwhere hespent the rest of his distinguished career. At that time, a newundergraduate degree course in Mineral Technology was being set upin the Mining department and Dr Burkin was responsible for teachingchemical aspects of the subject, mainly surface and coordinationchemistry. He started a research programme on flotation chemistrywith particular emphasis on insoluble reagents, such as oils, whichresulted in a series of research papers (Burkin and Soane, 1960; Burkinand Halsey, 1961, 1963; Burkin and Bramley, 1961, 1963; Halsey andBurkin, 1962), two of which were published in Nature (Burkin and

doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2008.06.010

Halsey, 1961; Halsey and Burkin, 1962). However, the mineraltechnology course at the RSM was focused on industry and, possiblyas a result of this emphasis, Burkin became particularly interested inthe use of aqueous chemistry for the processing of metal ores andconcentrates and he began research into the effects of hightemperature aqueous solutions on minerals using pressurized stirredautoclave reactors (Burkin, 1960; Farrow and Burkin, 1975).

In 1960, Professor Denys Richardson, who was the leader of therenowned Nuffield Research Group in Extraction Metallurgy withinthe Metallurgy department in the RSM, invited Burkin to changedepartments and to set up a course in hydrometallurgy for theextraction metallurgy option of the undergraduate metallurgy courseand to develop a hydrometallurgy research group in the Metallurgydepartment. At that time, the RSMwas undergoing a major expansionand refurbishment and Burkin was fortunate to be able to move intobrand new, state-of-the-art, laboratories and offices in the newlyopened Bessemer extension of the RSM. He took full advantage of thisunique opportunity and quickly built up a significant research groupby attracting students and research funding from various sources. Inparticular he was supported by the National Research and Develop-ment Corporation (NRDC), a funding quango set up by HaroldWilson'sLabour government in its “white heat of technology” phase. In theearly 1960s, Burkin used his brand newautoclave facilities to study theleaching of refractory oxide and silicate ores, such as zircon, columbiteand pyrochlore, and he was granted several patents as a result of thiswork (Burkin and Barry, 1960, 1961; Burkin et al., 1962; Burkin andSawyer, 1963; 1964; Burkin, 1964).

In 1966, Richard Burkin's seminal textbook “The Chemistry ofHydrometallurgical Processes” (Burkin, 1966) was published. In thisslim volume, which was the first textbook on modern hydrometal-lurgy, he concentrated primarily on the thermodynamic and kineticfundamentals of hydrometallurgical processes. Within a short period,this book greatly enhanced Burkin's growing international reputationas an academic leader in the subject. Also in 1966, John Monhemius,who had studied hydrometallurgy in Canada, returned to England tojoin the staff of the Metallurgy department as an assistant lecturer toaid Burkin with teaching the undergraduate hydrometallurgy course,which was subsequently expanded in size and scope. This was thestart of a professional partnership that lasted until Burkin's retirementin 1988.

The publication of his textbook led in due course to severalsignificant industrial consultancy appointments for Burkin. In the UK,the Power Gas Corporation in Stockton-on-Tees (later to become DavyMcKee), which was developing a commercial interest in the newindustrial technique of solvent extraction, became aware of Burkin'sinnovative research work on the direct reduction of metal powdersfrom organic solvents by reduction with hydrogen gas under pressureand hired him as a consultant. Under Burkin's guidance, Power Gastried to develop this process to industrial fruition. Unfortunately, theseefforts were unsuccessful and direct metal reduction from organic

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solutions was never commercialized. Nevertheless, the experienceand confidence that Power Gas gained in the techniques of solventextraction while undertaking this development work, led to thecompany entering the business of the design and construction ofsolvent extraction plants. The company subsequently built manyplants around the world for the production of copper by solventextraction and electrowinning, including the Nchanga Tailings LeachPlant at Chingola, Zambia, which when it opened in 1974 was theworld's largest SX plant, producing 90,000 tons of cathode copper peryear. In the words of Barrie Scuffham, who led the solvent extractiondesign team in Davy McKee: “Richard Burkin, directly or indirectly,helped Davy in the early years of solvent extraction and Davy went onto be a world leader in this technology.” Burkin's hydrometallurgicalexpertise was also sought by companies outside the UK. In the USA, hewas contracted by the huge du Pont de Nemours chemical company,which was considering whether to enter the metal productionbusiness, to guide its R&D programme in this area. This contract,which lasted for 2 years, involved Burkin in regular trans-Atlanticcommuting to the company headquarters in Wilmington, Delaware.Established metallurgical companies also sought his advice, includingKennecott Copper in the USA and Metallurgie Hoboken Overpelt inBelgium.

Another important consultancy was with the Anglo-Belgiancompany, Interox Chemicals Ltd. This began in 1976 and lasted until1988, when Burkin retired. Interox, whichwas a joint venture betweenLaporte Chemicals in the UK and Solvay Chemicals in Belgium, wasone of the world's three largest manufacturers of hydrogen peroxideand peroxy chemicals. Interox's commercial department had noticedthat increasingly large orders for hydrogen peroxide were beingreceived from the mining industry, particularly from gold mines. Thiswas an industry about which Interox knewnothing and so they turnedto Richard Burkin for advice and help in developing furtheropportunities in this large and potentially lucrative new market forperoxides in hydrometallurgical processes. Burkin took up this newchallenge with enthusiasm and, with the active support of the Interoxboard, he developed a large research programme at the RSM on theapplication of peroxides in hydrometallurgy, fully funded by thecompany. In due course, Interox decided that, in addition to theacademic research being carried out in the RSM, an industrial R&Dgroup in hydrometallurgy should be established within the company.This group was set up in the research laboratories of LaporteChemicals in Widnes, Cheshire, where, by pure coincidence, theresearch manager was Dr John Bramley, who had been one ofRichard's first PhD students when he had joined the RSM a quarter of acentury earlier (Burkin and Bramley, 1961, 1963).

In the 1980s, there was a great deal of activity in the gold miningsector, with new mines being developed, old mines being reworked,and new extraction processes making possible the recovery of goldfrom ore deposits that previously were considered to be untreatable.There was plenty of consultancy and process design work availableand Richard Burkin realised that there was an opportunity tocommercialize the extensive and often under-utilised experimentaland analytical facilities in the Royal School of Mines. In 1986, Burkin,together with his colleague, John Monhemius, and two businessmen,set up Consort Research Ltd. This company was based in the RoyalSchool of Mines and its business model was that it contractedconsultancy work with mining or other companies and then it hiredthe necessary laboratory space, equipment and technical staff in theRoyal School of Mines, paying the department at pre-agreed rates forthe use of the facilities and staff. This arrangement required aconsiderable amount of negotiating skill by Burkin to persuade theImperial College authorities that it could be managed to the benefit ofall parties. Consort Research Ltd was in essence the first “spin-out”company from Imperial College and it was set up many years beforesuch entrepreneurial arrangements, which today are commonplace,became politically fashionable and readily sanctioned in research

universities. The Consort business model worked successfully forabout 5 years, but then the consultancy market was hit by therecession of the early 90s and Consort Research never fully recoveredthereafter and it was eventually wound up.

Another innovatory organization that grew out of ConsortResearch during its active period was an international network ofmetallurgical consultants that operated under the nameMETNET. Thiswas a mutual support network that enabled individual consultants tooffer their own clients a full spectrum of services by drawing on thespecialist know-how of others in the network. Apart from Burkin,Monhemius and their colleague, Rod Gochin, who were based in theRSM in London, the METNET experts, who were mainly all RSMalumni, were working in Australia, Canada, Europe and the USA.Today, similar international arrangements amongst consultants arefairly common and are greatly facilitated by the virtually instant globalcommunications available through the internet, but in the pre-internet days of the late 1980s, METNET was a ground-breakinginnovation that was unique in the mining world.

In the 1980s, theHydrometallurgy ResearchGroup in the RSMwas atits peak in terms of numbers, with more than two dozen researchstudents, post-doctoral research assistants and technicians working in asuite of dedicated laboratories, with supervision of the group sharedbetween Richard Burkin and John Monhemius. By then, the researchgroup had become world famous, with post-graduate students comingfrom all parts of the globe to carry out research in hydrometallurgy, andRichard Burkin himself had been promoted to a personal chair inHydrometallurgy. Following the success of his 1966 hydrometallurgytextbook, he continued periodically to publish books, mainly as theeditor of compilations of didactic papers on aspects of extractivemetallurgy, of which he published four between 1975 and 1987 (Burkin,1975, 1980, 1987a,b). One of these books, called Leaching and Reductionin Hydrometallurgy and published by the Institution of Mining andMetallurgy (Burkin, 1975), was a compilation composed largely ofpapers on his own research, written by himwith his research students.

In 1985, staff retirements and other changes within the RSMresulted in Professor Burkin being asked by the Rector of ImperialCollege to take over the headship of the Mineral Technology section inthe Department of Mineral Resources Engineering, (MRE) which hadgrown from the original Mining department. The whole of the staff,students and equipment of the Hydrometallurgy section, togetherwith responsibility for its main laboratories, were transferred to theMRE department. Thus Burkin returned to his first home in the RSM,but one of his main tasks now was to close down the MineralTechnology undergraduate course, which he had originally been hiredto help start up in the 1950s. This course, which had run successfullyfor over 30 years, was by now suffering from a lack of students and ithad become uneconomic to continue to keep it going. This task wassuccessfully accomplished, but the result was that hydrometallurgy atundergraduate level was then being taught at Imperial College only tothe diminishing number of students in metallurgy and chemicalengineering that opted to take the subject as part of their main degreestudies. Meanwhile, the hydrometallurgy research group continued toflourish until 1988 when, at the age of 65, Richard Burkin retired fromfull-time academic life. In recognition of his distinguished academiccareer and long service in the RSM, he was granted the title ofEmeritus Professor by the University of London.

On retirement, Richard was able to devote more time to tendingthe large garden at his home in Essex that he and Ruth had developedover many years into a classic English garden. They also spent muchtime searching for a smaller retirement property on the coast of EastAnglia, where they could indulge in their other lifetime passion of birdwatching. For a number of years after his retirement, Richardcontinued to travel once or twice a week to Imperial College, mainlyto use the library to do research for his final project—an updated andgreatly expanded new textbook on hydrometallurgy. This book, Che-mical Hydrometallurgy: Theory and Principles (Burkin, 2001), took him

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over a decade to write and it incorporated all the advances that hadoccurred in the science and practice of hydrometallurgy over the 30 ormore years since the publication of his first ground-breaking book onthe subject.

In spite of their endeavours, Ruth and Richard did not find a smallerhouse near the coast that suited them and so they continued to live intheir fine Edwardian house in Shenfield until, in February of this year,Richard died at the age of 84, a fewweeks after an operation followinga fall. His funeral was held in the Parish Church of St Mary the Virgin inShenfield, where he and Ruth had been married 59 years earlier.

Richard Burkin's academic career corresponded with the periodduring which hydrometallurgy grew from a specialist processtechnology that was largely confined to the nuclear industry, whereit had developed rapidly during and immediately after the SecondWorld War, to its position today, where hydrometallurgical processesrank alongside traditional pyrometallurgical processes for the extrac-tion of many of the non-ferrousmetals.Whilemuch of the growth andinnovation in hydrometallurgical processes stemmed from the USAand Canada, Richard Burkin led the academic development of thediscipline in the UK and Europe. His brilliant scientific mind and hisacademic background in classical inorganic and physical chemistryenabled him to bring scientific rigour to the subject and to analyse thethermodynamic and kinetic principles underlying industrial hydro-metallurgical processes, which often were developed using mainlyempirical methods. His first textbook (Burkin, 1966), published in1966, was for many years the only textbook in hydrometallurgy and itwas very influential, being used by universities around the world.

In his research, Burkinwas innovative and forward-thinking. In theearly 1960s, he realized that the recently-developed industrial processfor the production of metal powders by the reduction of aqueoussolutions of metal salts with hydrogen at high temperatures andpressures could in principle be combined with solvent extractionprocesses, which thenwere in their infancy. This realization led him tobegin an extensive research programme into the direct reduction ofmetal powders from metal-loaded organic solutions produced bysolvent extraction (Burkin, 1967, 1969b, 1973; Burkin and Richardson,1967; Burkin and Burgess, 1971, 1972a,b). This ground-breakingresearch was typical of his approach to the whole subject area,where he was continually seeking to expand its boundaries and,throughout his career, his novel ideas were the subject of manypatents (Burkin and Barry, 1960, 1961; Burkin et al., 1962; Burkin andSawyer, 1963, 1964; Burkin, 1964, 1970a,b, 1974a,b; Burkin andGrayson-Smith, 1969a,b, 1971; Dain et al., 1978, 1983; Burkin andChouzadjian, 1979; Ozensoy and Burkin, 1980; Burkin and Monhe-mius, 1981). Alongside his process-orientated research, he carried outan on-going programme of fundamental research designed to probethe chemical and physical phenomena that underlie hydrometallur-gical reactions. This work was wide-ranging, covering importanttopics such as the fundamentals of sulphide mineral dissolution(Burkin and Edwards, 1964; Burkin, 1964a, 1984a; King et al., 1975;Ugarte and Burkin, 1975; Ferreira and Burkin, 1975; Sheridan andBurkin, 1980), the kinetics of heterogeneous and homogeneousreactions (Burkin, 1973; Edwards and Burkin, 1975; Needes andBurkin, 1975a,b; Mason and Burkin, 1975) and the thermodynamics ofsolvent extraction reactions (Burkin, 1964b; Burkin et al., 1967, 1974;Monhemius and Burkin, 1969; Cassidy and Burkin, 1971; Burkin andPreston, 1975; Radino and Burkin, 1980; Burkin and Rice, 2005a,b).

Although research was his primary passion, Richard Burkin was adedicated teacher. Lecturing did not come easily to this essentiallyreserved and private man, yet he was a well-liked teacher, who wasmuch respected and admired by his undergraduate students. Hisenduring commitment to teaching is illustrated by the series of didacticreviewpapers andmonographs that he published throughout his career(Burkin, 1980, 1987a,b, 1959, 1963, 1965, 1968, 1969c, 1969a, 1971, 1975,1974c, 1976, 1980a,b, 1983, 1984b, 1987c, 1994; Burkin and Manning,1976), culminating in his second textbook, published 13 years after his

retirement from full-time academic work (Burkin, 2001). Anotherimportant facet of his teaching was supervision of research students,of whom he guided over 40 to their PhD degrees. Many of these formerstudents now hold positions of importance and influence in academiaand industry and all, without exception, will mourn the loss of theirrespected and loved mentor, who in his quiet and unassuming fashion,had such a beneficial influence on their early careers.

Bibliography and References

Books

Burkin, A.R., 1966. The Chemistry of Hydrometallurgical Processes. E. & F.N. Spon Ltd,London.

Burkin, A.R. (Ed.), 1975. Leaching and Reduction in Hydrometallurgy. Institution ofMining and Metallurgy, London.

Burkin, A.R. (Ed.), 1980. Topics in Non-ferrous Extractive Metallurgy. Critical Reports onApplied Chemistry, vol. 1. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.

Burkin, A.R., 1987a. Extractive Metallurgy of Nickel. Critical Reports on AppliedChemistry, vol. 17. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.

Burkin, A.R., 1987b. Production of Aluminium and Alumina. Critical Reports on AppliedChemistry, vol. 20. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.

Burkin, A.R., 2001. Chemical Hydrometallurgy: Theory and Principles. Imperial CollegePress, London.

Papers

Agatzini, S., Burkin, A.R., 1985. Statistical approach to the precipitation of iron asgoethite. Trans. Instn. Min. Metall. C 94, C105–C114.

Almond, J.K., Burkin, A.R., 1956. Pulp density measurements with ultrasonics. Trans.IMM 66 (11), 567–582.

Baker, E.H., Burgess, J.E., Burkin, A.R., Monhemius, A.J., 1985. Leaching of Carnmenellisgranite in brines at 300° and 350 °C. Proc. High heat production (HHP) granites,hydrothermal circulation and ore genesis. IMM, London, pp. 1–8. Sept.

Burkin, A.R.,1947.Ultra-rapid processingofphotographicmaterials. Photographic J. 87B (5),108–111.

Burkin, A.R., 1950. Complexes betweenmetal salts and long-chain aliphatic amines, PartI. The complexes of cupric salts with long chain amines. J. Chem. Soc. 26, 122–127.

Burkin, A.R., 1951. The stabilities of complex compounds. Q. Rev. Chem. Soc. 5 (1), 1–21.Burkin, A.R., 1954. Ionisation equilibria of metal co-ordination complexes in benzene

solution. Part I. J. Chem. Soc. 71–81.Burkin, A.R., 1956a. Ionisation equilibria of metal coordination complexes in benzene

solution. Part II The structures of some cuprous complexes. J. Chem. Soc. 538–541.Burkin, A.R., 1956b. Stabilities of complex compounds of metals in non-aqueous

solutions. Rec. Trav. Chim. 75, 769–773.Burkin, A.R., 1959. Some facets of research in mineral dressing. RSM Journal (8), 32–37.Burkin, A.R., 1960. Pressure leaching of some silicate minerals in alkali solutions. Proc.

5th Int. Min. Proc. Cong. 1960. Inst. Min. Met., London, pp. 857–862.Burkin, A.R., 1963. Metals from water. New Scientist 356, 554–556 (12 Sept.).Burkin, A.R., 1964a. The effects and mechanisms of oxidation reactions at solid surfaces

during leaching. Symp. on Unit Proc. in Hydromet., 1963. Gordon & Breach, NewYork, pp. 80–94. Group A.

Burkin, A.R.,1964b. The influence of ion polymerization on solvent extraction:with specialreference to the extraction of vanadiumand niobium by trinonylamine. Symp. onUnitProc. in Hydromet., 1963. Gordon & Breach, New York, pp. 529–544. Group B,.

Burkin, A.R., 1965. Extraction and refining of metals, Part 2. Reports Prog. Applied Chem.50, 613–619.

Burkin, A.R., 1967. Production of metal powders and coatings by precipitationtechniques. Metall. Rev. 12, 1–14.

Burkin A.R. Review of some recent developments in hydrometallurgy. in Advances inExtractive Metallurgy, Inst. Mining Metall, London, 1968, p 821–830, 958–990.

Burkin, A.R.,1969a. Solid state transformations during leaching.Miner. Sci. Eng.1 (1), 4–14.Burkin, A.R.,1969b. Production of somemetal powders by hydrometallurgical processes.

Powder Metall. 12 (23), 243–250.Burkin, A.R., 1969c. Recent developments in hydrometallurgy. Chem Process Eng. 50 (2),

79–80.Burkin, A.R., 1971. Progress report on recent advances in extraction metallurgy—

hydrometallurgy (Metallurgical Review No. 151) Metals and Materials 5, 47–50.Burkin, A.R., 1973. Physical chemistry of metal production by reduction of loaded

organic solvents by hydrogen. In: Jeffes, J.H.E., Tait, R.J. (Eds.), Proceedings of theRichardson Conference: qPhysical Chemistry of Process Metallurgyq. Institution ofMining and Metallurgy, pp. 43–47.

Burkin, A.R., 1974. The winning of non-ferrous metals, 1974. Proc. Royal Society, London.A 338, 419–437.

Burkin, A.R., 1975. Non-ferrous extractive metallurgy. Rep. Progr. Appl. Chem. 1973 (58),347–353.

Burkin, A.R., 1976. Second progress report on recent advances in extractionmetallurgy—hydrometallurgy. Int. Met. Rev. 21, 118–123.

Burkin, A.R., 1980a. Extractive metallurgy of uranium. In: Burkin, A.R. (Ed.), Topics inNon-Ferrous Extractive Metallurgy. Blackwell Scientific for the Society of ChemicalIndustry, London, pp. 70–103.

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Burkin, A.R., 1980b. The use of thermodynamics in the design of hydrometallurgicalprocesses. Special Publ. Chem. Soc., vol. 34, pp. 180–196. Industrial Use ofThermochemical Data, Proc. Conf. 1979.

Burkin, A.R., 1983. Hydrometallurgy 1952–1982: a quiet revolution. Chem. Ind. 18,690–695 (19 Sept.).

Burkin, A.R., 1984a. Composition and phase changes during oxidative acid leachingreactions. In: Bautista, R.G. (Ed.), Hydrometallurgical Process Fundamentals.Plenum Press, pp. 519–525.

Burkin, A.R., 1984b. Use of statistical methods of experimental design in optimizinghydrometallurgical processes. In: Bautista, R.G. (Ed.), Hydrometallurgical ProcessFundamentals. Plenum Press, pp. 529–538.

Burkin, A.R., 1985. Composition and phase changes during oxidative acid leachingreactions. In: Haughton, L.F. (Ed.), MINTEK 50, proceedings of the Internationalconference on mineral science and technology held in Sandton, SA, 26–30 March1984, vol. 2. MINTEK, Randburg, SA, pp. 519–525.

Burkin, A.R., 1987c. Hydrometallurgy of nickel sulphides. In: Burkin, A.R. (Ed.),Extractive Metallurgy of Nickel. . Critical Reports on Applied Chemistry, vol. 17.John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, p. 98.

Burkin, A.R., 1994. Chemical hydrometallurgy, 1952–1994. Trans. Instn. Min. Metall. C103, C169–C176.

Burkin, A.R., Bramley, J.V., 1961. Flotation with insoluble reagents. I. Collision andspreading behaviour in the coal–oil–water system. J. Applied Chemistry, London:SCI 11, 300–309.

Burkin, A.R., Bramley, J.V., 1963. Flotation with insoluble reagents. II. Effects of surface-active reagents on the spreading of oil at coal–water interfaces. J. AppliedChemistry, London:SCI 13, 417–422.

Burkin, A.R., Burgess, J.E.A., 1971. Production of high purity metal powders by directpressure reduction of loaded extractants. Proceedings of the First Annual Meetingof the Canadian Hydrometallurgists, Mines Branch, Department of Energy, Minesand Resources, Ottawa, October 28–9, pp. 51–62.

Burkin, A.R., Burgess, J.E.A., 1972a. Production of metal powders by reduction of loadedextractants with hydrogen. Proceedings International Symposium Solvent Extrac-tion in Metallurgical Processes. Technologisch Instituut K.VIV, Antwerp, pp. 49–52.

Burkin, A.R., Burgess, J.E.A., 1972b. Production of metal powders by reduction of loadedextractants with hydrogen. Het Ingenieursblad 41 (17), 459–462.

Burkin, A.R., Chouzadjian, K.A., 1982. Precipitation of manganese dioxide from zincelectrolyte solution using peroxymonosulphuric acid. In: Osseo-Asare, K., Miller, J.D.(Eds.), Hydrometall. Res. Dev. Plant Pract., Proc. Int. Symp.,1983. . Met. Soc. AIME,Warrendale, pp. 603–615.

Burkin, A.R., Edwards, A.M.,1964. Formation of iron oxide coatingsduringalkalinepressureleaching of pyrite. 6me Congres Int. de la Preparation des Minerals, 1963. CompteRendue Scientifique, Societe de l'Industrie Minerale, Saint-Etienne, pp. 199–209.

Burkin, A.R., Halsey, G.,1961. Chemisorption at solid–liquid interfaces.Nature 191, 348–349.Burkin, A.R., Halsey, G., 1963. Adsorption of n-dodecylamine at the interfaces between

water and cupric, nickel and zinc oxides. J. Chem. Soc. 1014–1023.Burkin, A.R., Manning, G.D., 1976. Non-ferrous extractive metallurgy. Rep. Progr. Appl.

Chem. 1975 (60), 270–279.Burkin, A.R., Monhemius, A.J., 1978. Acid leaching of uranium ores using hydrogen

peroxide and Caro's acid (H2SO5). Paper No 31, CIM Annual Conference ofMetallurgists Joint 8th Hydrometallurgical meeting. Montreal, Aug. .

Burkin, A.R., Preston, J.S., 1975. Alpha-substituted oxime extractants-II Extraction of Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II) and Fe(II) by aliphatic alpha-hydroxyiminoketones and alpha-dioximes. J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 37, 2187–2195.

Burkin A.R., Rice N.M. “The effect of aqueous phase composition on the extraction ofhafnium from acidic chloride-sulphate media with tri-n-octylamine in benzene.”Proc. International Solvent Extraction Conf. 2005, Beijing, P.R.China, (GuangshengLuo, Yundong Wang and Tun Zhu, Eds.), China Academic Journal ElectronicPublishing House, Beijing, 2005a, CD-ROM, Paper B108, p 446-453.

Burkin A.R., Rice N.M. “The effect of aqueous phase composition on the exchangeextraction of bisulphate from acidic chloride-sulphate media with tri-n-octylaminein benzene.” Proc. International Solvent Extraction Conf. 2005, Beijing, P.R.China,(Guangsheng Luo, Yundong Wang and Tun Zhu, Eds.), China Academic JournalElectronic Publishing House, Beijing 2005b CD-ROM, Paper B137, p 637-642.

Burkin, A.R., Richardson, F.D., 1967. The production of metal powders from aqueoussolutions. Powder Metall. 10 (19), 33–57.

Burkin, A.R., Soane, B., 1960. Flotation using insoluble liquids, adsorption and spreadingprocesses. Proc. Third Intern. Cong. Surface Activity, Cologne, vol. 4, pp. 430–434.

Burkin, A.R., Manning, G.D., Monhemius, A.J., 1981. Application of hydrogen peroxideand peroxysulphuric acids in hydrometallurgy. Proc. Symp. Hydrometallurgy '81,Paper B5, UMIST, Manchester, June/July.

Burkin, A.R., Rice, N.M., Rogers, M.J., 1967. Extraction of Ferric Thiocyanate Complexes byTrinonylamine. In: Dyrssen, D., Liljenzin, J.O., Rydberg, J. (Eds.), Proc. InternationalSolvent Extraction Conf., 1966, Gothenburg. North-Holland Publ, Co., Amsterdam,pp. 439–446.

Burkin, A.R., Rice, N.M., Rogers, M.J., 1974. Liquid–liquid extraction of thiocyanate andthiocyanatoferrate(III) complexes with tris(3,5,5-trimethylhexyl)amine. J. Chem.Soc., Dalton Trans. 213–219.

Burkin, A.R., Rogers, M.J., Hazel, G.J.E. “Adsorption and reaction of xanthates at galenaliquid interfaces.” Proc. Seventh Int. Min. Proc. Cong. N. Arbiter (Ed.), Vol 1, 1964.Gordon & Breach, New York, 1964. p 337–345.

Burkin, A.R., Saricimen, H., Steele, B.H., 1980. Preparation of Yttria Stabilized Zirconia(YSZ) powders by High Temperature Hydrolysis (HTH). Trans. and J. Brit. Ceram. Soc.79, 105–108.

Cassidy, P.W., Burkin, A.R., 1971. Extraction of europium from sulphate-perchloratesolutions by di-2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid. Proc. International Solvent ExtractionConference, vol. I and II. Society of Chemical Industry, London, pp. 476–482.

Edwards, M.R., Burkin, A.R., 1975. Kinetics of the reduction of nickel salts by hydrazine.In: Burkin, A.R. (Ed.), Leaching and Reduction in Hydrometallurgy. Institute ofMining and Metallurgy, pp. 84–90.

Farrow, C.J., Burkin, A.R., 1975. Alkaline pressure leaching of chromium (III) oxide and ofchromite mineral. In: Burkin, A.R. (Ed.), Leaching and Reduction in Hydrometal-lurgy. Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, pp. 20–27.

Ferreira, R.C.H., Burkin, A.R., 1975. Acid leaching of chalcopyrite. In: Burkin, A.R. (Ed.),Leaching and Reduction in Hydrometallurgy. Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,pp. 54–66.

Halsey, G., Burkin, A.R., 1962. Adsorption of long-chain aliphatic amines on glass vessels.Nature 193, 1177–1178.

King, J.A., Burkin, A.R., Ferreira, R.C.H., 1975. Leaching of chalcocite by acidic ferricchloride solutions. In: Burkin, A.R. (Ed.), Leaching and Reduction in Hydrometal-lurgy. Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, pp. 36–45.

Mason, T.F., Burkin, A.R., 1975. Kinetics of reduction of aqueous cupric acetate byhydrogen — a spectrophotometric study. In: Burkin, A.R. (Ed.), Leaching andReduction in Hydrometallurgy. Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, pp. 102–109.

Meddings, B., Burkin, A.R., 1956. Stabilities of complex compounds of metals. Thesystem di(tri-n-butyl phosphine)dichloropalladium(II)-n-octylamine. J. Chem. Soc.1115–1123.

Monhemius, A.J., Burkin, A.R., 1969. Extraction of cobalt by tri-n-octylamine fromchloride solutions containing other anions. 98th AIME Annual Meeting, Washing-ton. Feb., TMS Paper Selection No. A69-13.

Needes, C.R.S., Burkin, A.R., 1975a. Kinetics of reduction of nickel in aqueousammoniacal ammonium sulphate solutions by hydrogen. In: Burkin, A.R. (Ed.),Leaching and Reduction in Hydrometallurgy. Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,pp. 91–96.

Needes, C.R.S., Burkin, A.R., 1975b. Kinetics of reduction of cobalt in aqueousammoniacal ammonium sulphate solutions by hydrogen. In: Burkin, A.R. (Ed.),Leaching and Reduction in Hydrometallurgy. Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,pp. 97–101.

Radino, P., Burkin, A.R., 1980. Extraction of copper and nickel from ammoniacalsolutions (by carboxylic acids). Proceedings of the 12th International MineralProcessing Congress, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 28 August–3 September 1977. DepartmentoNacional de Producão Mineral, Brasilia, pp. 131–146.

Sheridan, M.J., Burkin, A.R., 1980. Leaching silver-containing bornite with acidic ferricsulphate solutions. Proceedings of the 12th International Mineral ProcessingCongress, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 28 August–3 September 1977. Departmento Nacional deProducao Mineral, Brasilia, pp. 3–18.

Ugarte, F.J., Burkin, A.R., 1975. Mechanism of formation of idaite from bornite byleaching with ferric sulphate solution. In: Burkin, A.R. (Ed.), Leaching and Reductionin Hydrometallurgy. Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, pp. 46–53.

Wilkins, R.G., Burkin, A.R., 1950a. Complexes between metal salts and long-chainaliphatic amines, Part II. The complexes of cuprous halides with long chain aliphaticamines. J. Chem. Soc. 27, 127–132.

Wilkins, R.G., Burkin, A.R., 1950b. Complexes between metal salts and long-chainaliphatic amines. Part III. The oxidation of copper(I) complexes to copper(II)complexes. J. Chem. Soc. 28, 132–136.

Patents

Burkin A.R. “Treatment of pyrochlore.” United States Patent 3141766. July 21, 1964.Burkin A.R. “Deposition of metal values.” British Patent 1215574. Jan. 1, 1970a. 500.Burkin A.R. “Production of metal powders and coatings.” United States Patent 3532490.

501 Oct. 6, 1970b.Burkin A.R. “Deposition of copper values.” Canadian Patent 949332. June 18, 1974a.Burkin A.R. “Deposition of copper.” United States Patent 3844763. Oct 29, 1974b.Burkin A.R. and Barry B.T.K. “Treatment of zircon.” British Patent 853301, Nov. 2, 1960.Burkin A.R. and Barry B.T.K. “Process for reducing the silica content of zircon.” United

States Patent 2981594, Apr. 25, 1961.Burkin A.R. and Chouzadjian K.A. “Process for the recovery of manganese from aqueous

acidic solutions.” European Patent 0001680, May 2, 1979.Burkin A.R. and Grayson-Smith I.J. “Coating silicon nitride fibres with chromium by

thermal decomposition of bis(arene)chromium 0 and arene–chromium carbonylcomplexes in inert organic solvents.” French Patent, 1,586,667. 1969a.

Burkin A.R. and Grayson-Smith I.J. “Improvements in or relating to metal coatings.”British Patent, 1,249,624. Oct. 13, 1971

Burkin A.R. and Monhemius A.J. “Extraction of pre-reduced lateritic ores with aqueoussulphuric acid in the presence of peroxidant.” British Patent 1,600,411, Oct. 14, 1981.

Burkin A.R. and Sawyer H.D. “Recovery of niobium and tantalum from pyrochlore byroasting with alkalis.” British Patent 960433. 1964.

Burkin A.R. and Sawyer H.D. “Treatment of pyrochlore.” Canadian Patent 667821. July30, 1963.

Burkin A.R., Meddings B. and Sawyer H.D. “Treatment of columbite and relatedminerals.” United States Patent 3061407, Oct. 30, 1962.

Dain R.J., Manning G.D. and Burkin A.R. “Extractants (Cyclophosphazenes andsiloxanes).” PCT Intl. Appln. 8000796, Oct 1978

Dain R.J., Manning G.D. and Burkin A.R. “Improvements relating to extractants.”European Patent EP0020483, April 13, 1983.

Ozensoy E. and Burkin A.R. “Separation of tungsten and molybdenum by solventextraction.” United States Patent 4275039, Feb. 11, 1980.