prof zadok lampert -wec2009 - presentation - roadmap ... · rent, food, consumer-goods (inflation)...

©Author: Zadok Severin LEMPERT, PhD

SUSTAINABLE / RESPONSIBLE / ECO-TOURISM

Panel Presentation: Roadmap Basics

Tourism: Sustainable Development

WORLD ECOTOURISM CONFERENCE 2009WORLD ECOTOURISM CONFERENCE 2009WORLD ECOTOURISM CONFERENCE 2009WORLD ECOTOURISM CONFERENCE 2009

15 July 15 July 15 July 15 July –––– 17 July 2009, Vientiane, Laos17 July 2009, Vientiane, Laos17 July 2009, Vientiane, Laos17 July 2009, Vientiane, Laos

Tourism: Sustainable Approach to DevelopmentTourism: Sustainable Approach to DevelopmentTourism: Sustainable Approach to DevelopmentTourism: Sustainable Approach to Development

PANEL PRESENTATION:PANEL PRESENTATION:PANEL PRESENTATION:PANEL PRESENTATION:

““““ROADMAP BASICS FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISMROADMAP BASICS FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISMROADMAP BASICS FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISMROADMAP BASICS FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM””””

Panel Discussion Panel Discussion Panel Discussion Panel Discussion –––– 16 July 200916 July 200916 July 200916 July 2009

Lecturer: Zadok S. LEMPERT, PhD

Tourism-, Environmental-, Humanitarian-

Development Management Expert

Professor for Environmental Management

and Tourism Development

Contact: [email protected] and/or

[email protected]





Distinguished Excellencies,

Honourable Tourism and Development Professionals,

Respected Academic Colleagues,

Ladies and Gentlemen,

The paper presented here is an excerpt of longstanding

research, many lecturing documents, and based on personal

tourism and environmental development experience.


TOURISM MANAGEMENT

The term TOURISM first cited in the Oxford English

Dictionary of 1811.

WHAT IS TOURISM

Definitions

In principle TOURISM addresses (or should do so) all political, legislative,

economic, industrial, environmental and social, educational issues

resulting from - or relevant to - movements of people and their belongings

from a geographical point to another as well as the resources, infra-

structure and services necessary to enable, accommodate and cater to

these needs.(Formulation by Zadok S. Lempert, PhD)

TOURISM RESOURCES/ATTRACTIONS can be distinguished as:

TOURISM can be divided into / TOURISTS can originate from/travel to:

ARTIFICIALLY BUILT RESOURCES

NATURALLY GIVEN RESOURCES

LOCAL / DOMESTIC / NATIONAL

REGIONAL / CROSS-BORDER / CONTINENTAL

INTERNATIONAL / OVERSEAS / TRANSCONTINENTAL


TOURISM MANAGEMENT

WHAT IS A TOURIST

Definitions

TOURIST:

Leisure and Vacation Entertainment and Amusement Sports

SPA & Wellness Health Food, Gourmet

Adventure-Activities Nature, Wildlife Culture

Other Special-Interest Business Conferences

incentives Education, Seminars, Courses Other Events

An individual or a group of people who undertake action to move from their

point of residence / current living location to another point of choice with a

purpose in mind and for a limited period of time.

Such persons may be called Travellers, Visitors, Tourists (*please also

refer to grey zones). Tourists usually look forward to using – and are ready

to pay for – services such as transportation, accommodation, food and

beverages, attractions, sport and entertainment events, information and

guiding, shopping and souvenirs.(Formulation by Zadok S. Lempert, PhD)

(Grey zones: Are these tourists as well?

Travel to be hospitalized, travel of soldiers under

command to an assignment point, refugees and displaced

people, Immigrants, Guest-Workers).

Why do tourists travel? Reasons / Interests for tourist movements:

(For further complementing information also refer to Tourism Prerequisits,

Segments, Suppliers)


TOURISM MANAGEMENT

TOURISM BY

ESSENTIALS, SECTORS, SEGMENTS,

SUPPLIERS

TOURISM

ESSENTIALS

„Disaster/Accident Preparedness“

Information

Variety of attractions

Value for money

Cleanliness / Hygiene / Environment

Safety / Security

MICEBUSINESSLEISURE SPECIAL INTEREST

(ENABLING) SUPPLIER / „FEEDER“

INDUSTRIES:

Hospitality, Catering, Transports,

Travel Agents, Communications,

Furniture, Electricity, Hygiene services,

Hospitals, Schools, Textiles, Fashion,

Souvenirs, Stationery, Supermarkets,

Electronics, Printing, Media,

Entertainment, Cosmetics, Urban

Infrastructure, Property Development,

Banking, Environmental Management,

Parking, Post, Translations,

Agriculture, Fisheries, Food

Processing, Police/Security

Lunchs/Dinners

Flights

Meetings

Limousines

Resort vacation

Sightseeing vacation

Shopping vacation Exhibitions

Conferences

Excursions

Incentives

Seminars &

Training

Entertainment

Culture

Food Events

Nature, Wildlife

Sports: Golf

Racing

Polo

Fishing

Diving

Trekking

Health & SPA

Golden Age

Heritage

Educationals

Cultural Events:

Music, Opera,

Theatre

Education

Eco-

Tourism

INTERNATIONAL

TOURISMTOURISM

REGIONALLOCAL

WHAT IS TOURISM

Prerequisits, Segments, Suppliers


TOURISM MANAGEMENT

Industries and Sectors involved with the Tourism Industry

Leisure,

Entertainment

Direct

Travel

Hospitality

Others

Indirect

Technologies

Consumer

Goods

Others

Construction and Property

Development, Engineering

Telecommunication

Roads

Car Manufacturing

Food Processing

Outdoors Equipment

Gasoline Stations

Food, Textiles, Fashion,

Souvenirs, Stationery

Postal/Mail Services

Police, Health & Medical

Education

Environment

Travel Agents, Tour

Operators, Tourist Guides,

Airlines, Cruise Companies,

Bus and Coach Companies,

Limousines, Taxis, Railways

Hotels, Guest Houses,

Hostels, Lodges, Camping

Sites, Restaurants, Cafès &

Bars

Theatres, Cinemas, Museums,

Art Galleries, Theme Parks,

Zoos, Sport Centres,

Gardens, Amusement &

Shopping Arcades, Casinos

National & Regional Tourist

Offices

Border & Customs Police

Marketing, Advertising,

Publication Agencies

WHAT IS TOURISM

„Industry“ Actors by Segments

Is TOURISM an „INDUSTRY“?


TOURISM MANAGEMENT



The Problem:

HUMAN-KIND – THE CORE OF THE PROBLEM

Congestion of population / Overpopulation

Author: Zadok Severin LEMPERT, PhD

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

MANAGEMENT OF SUSTAINABILITY

INTRODUCTION: GLOBAL PROBLEMS ANALYSIS

Congestion of population / Overpopulation

Urban

congerstion:

Megacities

Examples:

Congerstion:

Overpopulation

Congestion:

Traffic

Congestion:

Waste, Garbage





In order to keep up with the growing needs, the

“cycle of more” =

- more population,

- more request for known luxuries,

- more production,

- more supply,

- more consumption

equals

- more use / exploitation of natural resources,

- more waste,

- more pollution

has become a pattern of normal life and business

conduct in this century.

DEVELOPMENT STRIVES TO COPE WITH THESE


TOURISM MANAGEMENT



TOURISM is part of the overall DEVELOPMENT

It

STIMULATES ECONOMIC GROWTH

STIMULATES INVESTMENTS IN INFRASTRUCTURES

(Roads, Water Systems, Electricity, Construction,

Public Transportation Systems, Hygiene Systems,

Agriculture and Food Supplies, Attractions

Maintenanace and Attractive Shopping Areas)

CREATES JOB AND INCOME OPPORTUNITIES

ENHANCES READINESS FOR HIGHER EDUCATION

AND PROFICIENCY

ENHANCES LIVING STANDARDS OF LOCAL

POPULATION

IMPROVES THE NATIONAL IMAGE AND CREATES

CONFIDENCE IN INVESTMENTS-RELIABILITY

BUT


TOURISM MANAGEMENT



TOURISM has strong IMPACTS:

It

CREATES NATIONAL ECONOMIC DEBTS

CONSTRUCTION AND INFRASTRUCTURES MEAN

DESTRUCTION OF FORESTS AND AGRICULTURE,

DESTRUCTION OF BIODIVERSITY,

LAND DEGRADATION,

IN SEVERAL CASES DISPLACEMENT OF POPULATION

MORE TRANSPORTATION CAUSES

CONTRIBUTION TO GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE

CHANGE,

AIR AND NOISE POLLUTION,

TRAFFIC CONGESTIONS, TENSIONS

MORE VISITORS CONSUME

MORE WATER, ELECTRICITY,

CREATE MORE WASTE AND SEWAGE,

PAY HIGHER PRICES THAN LOCALS FOR

RENT, FOOD, CONSUMER-GOODS (INFLATION)

TOURISM HAS IMPACTS OF LOCAL CULTURES

(Commodification, Standardisation, Loss of

Cultural Authenticity, increased Crime and

Prostitution)

MOTIVATES LOCAL POPULATION TO MIGRATE TO

CITIES





Population-Demographics - Urbanisation, Megacities

Megacities:

Population congestion

Construction: roads, buildings, infrastructure

Traffic congestion

Pollution: noise, dust, air, smog, garbage, sewage, waste

Social problems: poverty, isolation, desperation, criminality

Search for solutions: economy, clean air and water, sufficinet energy, parking, safety, waste and sanitation management

and pollution prevention, schools, health, entertainment





Adventure Travel

Adventure Travel

Adventure Travel

Adventure Travel Agro

AgroAgroAgro----tourism

/ Rural Tourism

tourism / Rural Tourism



Alternative Tourism

Alternative Tourism

Alternative Tourism

Alternative Tourism

Conscientious Tourism



Conscientious Tourism Community based Tourism

Community based Tourism



GeotourismGeotourismGeotourismGeotourism

Heritage Tourism

Heritage Tourism

Heritage Tourism

Heritage Tourism

Nature Tourism

Nature Tourism

Nature Tourism

Nature Tourism

ProProProPro----p

oor T

ouris

m

poor

Tou

rism

poor

Tou

rism

poor

Tou

rism

Responsible Tourism

Responsible Tourism

Responsible Tourism

Responsible Tourism

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM

ECOTOURISM



WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE ?

WHAT IS ECOTOURISM ?





Sustainable/Responsible/Eco-Tourism

Definitions and Statements

Perception 1: World Summit on Sustainable DevelopmentPerception 1: World Summit on Sustainable DevelopmentPerception 1: World Summit on Sustainable DevelopmentPerception 1: World Summit on Sustainable Development

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IN ITS PUREST SENSE, IS AN

INDUSTRY WHICH ATTEMPTS TO MAKE A LOW

IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND LOCAL

CULTURE, WHILE HELPING TO GENERATE INCOME,

EMPLOYMENT, AND THE CONSERVATION OF LOCAL

ECOSYSTEMS. IT IS RESPONSIBLE TOURISM WHICH IS

BOTH ECOLOGICALLY AND CULTURALLY SENSITIVE.

Perception 2: UNEP Perception 2: UNEP Perception 2: UNEP Perception 2: UNEP –––– United Nations Environment ProgramUnited Nations Environment ProgramUnited Nations Environment ProgramUnited Nations Environment Program

WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE TOURISM ?WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE TOURISM ?WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE TOURISM ?WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE TOURISM ?

"Sustainable tourism development meets the needs of the

present tourists and host-regions while protecting and

enhancing the opportunity for the future. It is envisaged as

leading to management of all resources in such a way that

economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled, while

maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes,

biological diversity and life support systems".

For more information on sustainable tourism:

The Convention on Biological Diversity (www.biodiv.org) has made a

compilation and analysis of existing codes, guidelines, principles and position

papers on sustainable tourism.

Some important documents that discuss the concept of sustainable tourism are:

UNEP Principles on Sustainable Tourism Biological Diversity and Tourism.

(www.unepie.org)

The Convention on Biological Diversity International Guidelines for Sustainable

Tourism (www.biodiv.org/programmes/socio-eco/guidelines)

WTO has created the Global Codes of Ethics for Tourism, in which a frame of

reference for the responsible and sustainable development of tourism is set.

(www.world-tourism.org)

EU Charter for Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas (www.eco-tour.org)



Some Statements and Declarations of the World Tourism Organization

related to the Sustainable Development of Tourism:

- The Hague Declaration on Tourism, 1989

- Lanzarote Charter for Sustainable Tourism, 1996

- Agenda 21 for Tourism & Travel Industry, 1996

- Global Codes of Ethics for Tourism, 1999

- Québec Declaration on Ecotourism, 2002

- Djerba Declaration on Tourism and Climate Change, 2003



Perception 3: WTO – WORLD TOURISM ORGANISATION

Sustainable Development of Tourism - Conceptual Definition (2004)

"Sustainable tourism development guidelines and management

practices are applicable to all forms of tourism in all types of

destinations, including mass tourism and the various niche tourism

segments. Sustainability principles refer to the environmental, economic

and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development, and a suitable

balance must be established between these three dimensions to

guarantee its long-term sustainability.

Thus, sustainable tourism should:

1) Make optimal use of environmental resources that constitute a key

element in tourism development, maintaining essential ecological

processes and helping to conserve natural heritage and biodiversity.

2) Respect the socio-cultural authenticity of host communities,

conserve their built and living cultural heritage and traditional values,

and contribute to inter-cultural understanding and tolerance.

3) Ensure viable, long-term economic operations, providing socio-

economic benefits to all stakeholders that are fairly distributed,

including stable employment and income-earning opportunities and

social services to host communities, and contributing to poverty alleviation.

Sustainable tourism development requires the informed participation of

all relevant stakeholders, as well as strong political leadership to

ensure wide participation and consensus building. Achieving sustainable

tourism is a continuous process and it requires constant monitoring of

impacts, introducing the necessary preventive and/or corrective measures

whenever necessary.

Sustainable tourism should also maintain a high level of tourist

satisfaction and ensure a meaningful experience to the tourists, raising

their awareness about sustainability issues and promoting sustainable

tourism practices amongst them."





Perception 4: National Geographic

What is Sustainable Tourism?

Its informative.

Travellers not only learn about the destination, they learn how to help sustain

its character while deepening their own travel experiences. Residents learn

that the ordinary and familiar may be of interest and value to outsiders.

It supports integrity of place.

Destination-savvy travellers seek out businesses that emphasize the

character of the locale in terms of architecture, cuisine, heritage, aesthetics,

and ecology. Tourism revenues in turn raise local perceived value of those

assets.

It benefits residents.

Travel businesses do their best to employ and train local people, buy local

supplies, and use local services.

It conserves resources. Environmentally aware travelers favor

businesses that minimize pollution, waste, energy consumption, water

usage, landscaping chemicals, and unnecessary nighttime lighting.

It respects local culture and tradition.

Foreign visitors learn about and observe local etiquette, including using at

least a few courtesy words in the local language. Residents learn how to

deal with foreign expectations that may differ from their own.

It does not abuse its product.

Stakeholders anticipate development pressures and apply limits and

management techniques to prevent the "loved to death" syndrome.

Businesses cooperate to sustain natural habitats, heritage sites, scenic

appeal, and local culture.

It strives for quality, not quantity.

Communities measure tourism success not by sheer numbers of visitors,

but by length of stay, money spent, and quality of experience.

It means great trips.

Satisfied, excited visitors bring new knowledge home and send friends off to

experience the same thing - which provides continuing business for the

destination.





Perception 5: American Society of Travel Agents

Principles of Sustainable Tourism

Increasing evidence shows that an integrated approach to tourism planning

and management is now required to achieve sustainable tourism. It is only

recently that there has been a growing recognition of the importance of

combining the needs of traditional urban management (transportation, land

use planning, marketing, economic development, fire and safety etc.) with

the need to plan for tourism.

Some of the most important principles of sustainable tourism development

include:

� Tourism should be initiated with the help of broad-based community-

inputs and the community should maintain control of tourism

development.

� Tourism should provide quality employment to its community residents

and a linkage between the local businesses and tourism should be

established.

� A code of practice should be established for tourism at all levels –

national, regional, and local - based on internationally accepted

standards.

� Guidelines for tourism operations, impact assessment, monitoring of

cumulative impacts, and limits to acceptable change should be

established.

� Education and training programmes to improve and manage heritage

and natural resources should be established.





During the past three decades Tourism has become a major international

industry, with many countries all over the world relying on the income it

produces. Its economic advantages as a major source of foreign exchange

and employment lead to its active promotion by governments and other

institutions. The consequences on the environment were long neglected as

economic development was more important. The fact that “Environment” is a

major “natural” integrated factor in the “tourism menu” has now also been

recognized.

The demands of tourism can, however, contribute to the destruction of the

natural and cultural environment upon which it depends. It is essential to find

ways to protect those environments for the present and future generations.

Sustainable Tourism aims to achieve these objectives through the

development of new solutions, which minimise the adverse effects of tourism,

either on the environment, or outside its boundaries. This can be achieved

through the development of new strategies for managing the environment,

involving the active collaboration of society as a whole.

The continuous growth of tourism gives substantial urgency to finding

solutions to cope with its impact on the environment, including culture and

society. The issues concerned with achieving environmental, social and

economic sustainability of tourism alongside the governance mechanisms

needed to support sustainable tourism have to be explored and formalized.

Sustainable Tourism has to adopt a multi-disciplinary approach and

specifically aim to foster greater understanding and collaboration between

scientists and social science experts, practitioners and policy makers. It has

to employ a broad view of the sophisticated and complex tourism-industry,

while continuously examining the practice of sustainable tourism from global

travel trends through to destination and site management, innovative

environmental and energy solutions, and solutions of preserving the diversity

of our planet.

Personal perception and Author‘s remarks:





The term EcoTourism started evolving around 1975. Dedicated nature-

lovers, world explorers and expedition participants, environmentalists and

biologists observed and commented the destruction of natural resources

through economical greed and profit seeking, technical industrial progress,

ignorant legislations, lack of interest by local populations to guard their

surroundings.

The term EcoTourism became a buzzword during the 1980‘s, with this

nichmarket striving to become mainstream. Unfortunately its influence and

acceptance in the market were diluted through misuse within the tourism

industry and lacking marketing.

The criteria, principles and definitions of EcoTourism have been

repeatedly debated on political, legislative and academic levels. This

chapter looks at EcoTourism issues, principles and definitions from

various angles.

Lately the term EcoTourism has been replaced by Sustainable Tourism,

Responsible Tourism, Total Tourism and similar. They all, however,

move along following guidelines:

While the details vary, most definitions of

EcoTourism boil down to a special form

of tourism that meets three win-win-win

criteria:

1) it provides for environmental

conservation

2) it includes meaningful community

participation

3) it is profitable and can sustain itself.

This three circle model illuminates not only what is EcoTourism, but what

could become EcoTourism. It allows individual or specific projects to

weigh strengths and weaknesses and figure out in the areas they need

assistance.

General background (1)

EcoTourism has long been a term misused by critics and proponents,

including environmentalists and tourism developers. There is no single

definition and 20 years after its introduction, the word remains a

buzzword.





There can be no EcoTourism if a project doesn't include travellers AND

locals..., if it doesn't foster conservation AND promote tourism.

If projects are to be considered EcoTourism, they must include local

participation and they must assist conservation efforts. This is not to say

that tourism services that don't include these components are not "good" -

they simply are not EcoTourism.

That said, the individual components of EcoTourism are difficult to

accomplish, particularly in the developing world. No wonder we have seen

the rate of failure of ecotourism projects soar to more than 90 percent.

General background (2)

The following checklist is based on a holistic view of those working toward

EcoTourism. It provides a practical checklist of responsibilities and

responsibilities.

Locals

- Permanent residents; - Nearby visitors; -newcomers

Travellers

- International; - National; - Local

Government

- International; - National; - Local

Media

- Writers; - Publishers; - Public Relation Agencies

Travel Industry

- Tour Companies; - Agents; - Individual Guides

Transportation

- Airlines; - Bus; - Taxi; - Bikes; - Public Transport; - Rental Cars

Social Sector

- Academics; - Environmentalists; - Security; - Health

Non-Human

- Animals; - Plants; - Place

Who are the principal actors, i.e. stakeholders, in EcoTourism? This is an

important question. After all, determining who is or is not considered a

"stakeholder" determines how the game is played. Successful

EcoTourism requires inter-sectoral alliances, comprehension and

respect.





Perception 1: UNEP (United Nations Environment Program) (1)

Ecotourism has been marketed as a form of nature-based tourism, but it

has also been studied as a sustainable development tool by NGOs,

development experts and academics since 1990. The term ecotourism,

therefore, refers on one hand to a concept based on a set of principles, and

on the other hand to a specific market segment.

Ecotourism is of special interest to UNEP for its relationship with

conservation, sustainability, and biological diversity. As a development tool,

ecotourism can advance the three basic goals of the

Convention on Biological Diversity:

conserve biological (and cultural) diversity, by strengthening protected

area management systems (public or private) and increasing the value of

sound ecosystems;

promote the sustainable use of biodiversity, by generating income, jobs

and business opportunities in ecotourism and related business networks;

share the benefits of ecotourism developments equitably with local

communities and indigenous people, by obtaining their informed consent

and full participation in planning and management of ecotourism

businesses;

In the field, well-planned and managed ecotourism has proven to be one

of the most effective tools for long-term conservation of biodiversity when

the right circumstances (such as market feasibility, management capacity

at local level, and clear and monitored links between ecotourism

development and conservation) are present.

Ecotourism as a concept

Ecotourism is a component of

the field of sustainable

tourism.

Figure 1 offers a reflection of

where ecotourism can be placed

within the process of developing

more sustainable forms of

tourism.






Ecotourism aspires in all cases to achieve sustainable development

results. However, it is important to stress that all tourism activities, be they

geared to holidays, business, conferences, congresses or fairs, health,

adventure or ecotourism, should aim to be sustainable. This means that the

planning and development of tourism infrastructure, its subsequent

operation, and its marketing should focus on environmental, social, cultural

and economic sustainability criteria.

The strong orientation of ecotourism toward principles, guidelines, and

certification based on sustainability standards gives it an unusual position

in the tourism field. In the years since the concept was first defined, a

general consensus has formed on the

basic elements of ecotourism:

- Contributes to conservation of biodiversity.

- Sustains the well being of local people.

- Includes an interpretation / learning experience.

- Involves responsible action on the part of tourists and the tourism industry.

- Is delivered primarily to small groups by small-scale businesses.

- Requires the lowest possible consumption of non-renewable resources.

- Stresses local participation, ownership and business opportunities,

particularly for rural people.

Ecotourism as a market segment

Ecotourism is a small but rapidly growing industry, a niche market that is

governed by market forces and regulations. It is primarily advertised as a

form of nature tourism. Some countries, companies and destinations have

social and environmental policies and programs, while others do not. This

has led to confusion worldwide about the meaning of the term ecotourism

as it is applied in the marketplace.

Further discussion of guidelines, accreditation systems, and sustainability

criteria for the ecotourism industry can be found in UNEP's Ecotourism

Principles, Practices and Policies for Sustainability.

From a functional viewpoint, ecotourism is mostly individual or small-

scale tourism (tour groups up to 25, and hotels with fewer than 100 beds)

that is operated by small- and medium-sized companies in natural areas.

It concentrates on leading and accommodating small groups in natural

areas in an educational manner through interpretive materials and local

specialist guides.






Figure 2 provides a reflection of how ecotourism fits into the larger tourism

marketplace. Both adventure tourism and ecotourism are components of

nature tourism, while ecotourism has stronger links to rural and cultural

tourism than to adventure tourism. In ecotourism the prime motivation is

generally the observation and appreciation of natural features and related

cultural assets, whereas in adventure tourism it is physical exercise and

challenging situations in natural environments.

In May 2000, as part of the side events on the 8th session of the United

Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD 8), a group

of Indigenous Peoples Organizations, NGOs and other members of Civil

Society provided a proposal on guidelines for ecotourism. Although the

final result could not be incorporated into the official papers due to

procedural aspects, UNEP recognizes its value as a statement of genuine

concerns from primary stakeholders.

Ecotourism is sustainable tourism, which follows clear processes that:

Ensures prior informed participation of all stakeholders,

Ensures equal, effective and active participation of all stakeholders,

Acknowledges Indigenous Peoples communities' rights to say "no" to

tourism development - and to be fully informed, effective and active

participants in the development of tourism activities within the

communities, lands, and territories,

Promotes processes for Indigenous Peoples and local communities to

control and maintain their resources.





"...The way to travel with the emphasis to "touch and experience culture,

touch and experience nature, become excited by nature and cultures,

embeding continuous education, striving to support and maintain

communities, cultures and nature - for us and for coming generations“...

"...For the Eco-visitor the journey is as important as the destination..."

Excerpts from the document: "Understanding Ecotourism", 1994, by Zadok S. Lempert

Perception 2: Dr Zadok S. Lempert, Tourism & Environmental Expert

Ecotourism

is

based on the following Criteria:

-Observation of

-Concern for

-Involvement in

-Support of

-Education in

- Adventure and Experience with

Leading to Protection, Preservation, and Sustainable Use of

the resources:

Nature

Forests

Mountains

Deserts

Oceans

Rivers

Wildlife

Mammals

Reptiles

Birds

Insects

Marine Life

Culture & Heritage

(Authentic)

Traditions

Rituals

Lifestyle

Languages

Arts, Crafts,

Music, Dances

Environment(Prevention of)

Pollution

Exploitation(Resources + Social)

Balance between

Mankind and the

Environment

(Biodiversity)

In cooperation and sharing with local communities





Perception 3: IUCN

IUCN – International Union for Conservation of Nature (now called the

World Conservation Union) states in 1996 that ecotourism:

"...is environmentally responsible travel and visitation to relatively

undisturbed natural areas, in order to enjoy and appreciate nature (and any

accompanying cultural features - both past and present) that promotes

conservation, has low negative visitor impact, and provides for beneficially

active socioeconomic involvement of local populations."





As there is no established definition of Ecotourism, we have produced our

own, which we feel encompasses the principles of ecotourism:

“Ecotourism involves visiting natural areas with the objectives of

learning, studying or participating in activities that do not bring

negative effects to the environment, whilst protecting and

empowering the local community socially and economically."

(Cristina, 2004)

Perception 4: EcoTour Directory

So how does Ecotourism benefit the environment, local community and

economy?

Environmental issues

By encouraging travellers to behave in an environmentally responsible way.

EcoTour operators offer relevant information and advice on how travellers

can minimise their impact on the ecosystem as well as how they can

contribute to the protection of fragile ecosystems.

By offering travellers the opportunity to participate in conservation or

preservation projects. An important element of this type of project is

education. The goal is that through participation, eco travellers will return

home with increased awareness and concern for environmental issues and

therefore continue to behave in an environmentally conscious way.

Social issues

By involving the local community in aspects of planning, decision-making

and management of ecotourism. This encourages the empowerment of

individuals.

By educating travellers through leaflets, interpretation and advice from Tour

operators or guides about the culture, customs and etiquette of locals. This

prevents conflict or offence between local and traveller interactions that

may be caused through misunderstanding or ignorance.

Economic issues

By employing local people whenever possible and paying fair wages. This

prevents exploitation and benefits the local economy by preventing

leakages of the revenue acquired through tourism.

Many Ecotour operators are involved in working on initiatives and projects

with the local community such as training and education programmes.





Perception 5: The International Ecotourism Society

Today many different types and definitions of ecotourism exist, however

The International Ecotourism Society (TIES) give the following definition

which has been widely accepted:

"responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment

and improves the well-being of local people."

This means that travellers must think and act responsibly in all aspects of

their holiday experience in order to minimise their impacts on the

environment and local community.

In addition, ecotour companies must hold principles and practices that seek

to either preserve and conserve the environment and wildlife whilst

protecting and empowering the local people.

The following principles should be followed by everyone who implements

and participates in ecotourism activities:

- Minimize impact

- Build environmental and cultural awareness and respect

- Provide positive experiences for both visitors and hosts

- Provide direct financial benefits for conservation

- Provide financial benefits and empowerment for local people

- Raise sensitivity to host countries' political, environmental, and social

climate

- Support international human rights and labour agreements



Principles of Sustainable TourismPrinciples of Sustainable TourismPrinciples of Sustainable TourismPrinciples of Sustainable Tourism

Increasing evidence shows that an integrated approach to tourism

planning and management is now required to achieve sustainable

tourism.

It is only recently that there has been a growing recognition of the

importance of combining the needs of traditional rural and urban

management (land use planning, transportation, marketing, economic

development, fire and safety etc.) with the need to plan for tourism.

Some of the most important principles of sustainable tourism

development include:

� Tourism should be initiated with the help of broad-based

community-inputs and the community should maintain control of

tourism development.

� Tourism should provide quality employment to its community

residents and a linkage between the local businesses and tourism

should be established.

� A code of practice should be established for tourism at all levels -

national, regional, and local - based on internationally accepted

standards. Guidelines for tourism operations, impact assessment,

monitoring of cumulative impacts, and limits to acceptable

change should be established.

� Education and training programmes to improve and manage

heritage and natural resources should be established.

Aanalyzing needs in Destination Management

Tourism Development: Planning & Analysis



Guidelines for the development of sustainable Guidelines for the development of sustainable Guidelines for the development of sustainable Guidelines for the development of sustainable

tourism in natural areas:tourism in natural areas:tourism in natural areas:tourism in natural areas:

� Establish a program for monitoring and review.

Sustainable Tourism Development Principles

Planning guidelines for conceptualizing

� State clear conservation aims.

� Establish an inventory of existing ecological resources

and baseline environmental status.

� Develop partnerships with all interested parties,

especially local communities.

� Assess the possible environmental degradation and

carrying capacity.

� Analyze tourist markets and visitor's needs.

� Ensure that tourism supports a wide range of local

economic activities.

� Identify tourism activities that are compatible with the

area.

� Establish standards for quality.

� Establish management policies that minimize

environmental damage, such as zoning for building, and

transportation and waste management.

� Educate and train staff; establish programs for educating

visitors.

� Create a communications and marketing strategy.




Impacts of Tourism

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