Grammar

By H A Mbhamali 2014

What is Grammar?

The best explanation of grammar is to define it as a set of rules of how we ought to speak and how we ought not to speak. This often makes overt value judgments by referring to the standards correct, or ‘good English’ and the non-standard as incorrect or ‘bad English’.

Form and Function

Formal grammar concerned with the forms themselves and with how they operate within the overall system of grammar.

Generative theory is based on a rationalist approach, the central assumption being that language is represented as a speaker’s mental grammar, a set of abstract rules for generating grammatical sentences.

Type versus Token Grammar

Descriptions of language will also have different outcomes depending on whether they account for types of linguistic element in the abstract, or for tokens of linguistic element as they actually occur in contexts of use.

NounsNouns are the names of things.

Examples, ballon, elephant and Dogs

PronounsPronouns are words used in place of nouns.

The girl is pushing it.

She has pig tails.

They are eating.

AdjectivesAdjectives help describe people, places or

things.

o The cakes were delicious.

The striped snake slithered by.

VerbsVerbs are used to name actions.

Bonga is eating her food.

The crocodile crawls along slowly.

AdverbsAdverbs helps describe actions.

The boy is sleeping peacefully.

She shouted loudly.

Some of the basics Grammar

• PRESENT TENSE • DEMONSTRATIVES• POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES• PRESENT CONTINOUS• PREPOSITIONS

Present tensePresent tense is something that is happening

now.

He is walking.

I am a teacher.

Demonstratives

Demonstrative are words that indicating an object.

A. This is a chalkboard.

B. These are papers

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

I MyYou YourHe HisShe Her + NounWe OurThey Their

PRESENT CONTINOUS

The present continuous tense is used to describe activities that happens now, that means activities that are developing in the moment of speaking.

She is singing.

You are cooking.

PREPOSITION OF PLACE• In the house

• In a shop

• In a town • In a car • • On a shelf

Passive Voice

• ACTIVE SENTENCE:The teacher teaches the lesson.The students learn the lesson.

• PASSIVE SENTENCE:The lesson is taught by the teacher .The lesson is learnt by the students.

Present

PASTACTIVE SENTENCE:

The students learnt the lesson.

They made good cars in the USA.

PASSIVE Sentence

The lesson was learnt by the students.

Good cars were made in the USA.

FUTUREACTIVE SENTENCE:The teacher will teach the lesson.

They will make good cars in the USA.PASSIVE SENTENCE:The lesson will be taught by the teach.

Good cars will be made in the USA.

Active voice

Uses• If we use the active voice, it is the person or thing

that does an action that is important.Example• Mr Tse coaches the football team.Notice• In this sentice, we are talking about Mr Tse, so it is

natural to use the active voice and say what he does.

Indirect sentence

• The point of forming indirect sentence

• 1.Use that to connect the stagement.

• 2.Change pronouns.

• 3.Change the tenses usually.

• 4.Sometime stay the tense as the reported stagement is always.

true or still true.

• 5.infinitives stay the same.

Direct sentencesThe sentence that indicate words that a said by a

person.

The tense do not change

Pronoun does not change

ReferencesAnn (25.09.2012) http://www.slideshare.net/ann221133/grammar-14448260?qid=3bf9aa15-9d19-46a3-8eff-d923ed3ce242&v=qf1&b=&from_search=16

Arishia12 (30.04.2012) http://www.slideshare.net/arishia12/grammar-12750350?qid=3bf9aa15-9d19-46a3-8eff-d923ed3ce242&v=qf1&b=&from_search=40

Hussain Nawrasi (27.01. 2012http://www.slideshare.net/HussainNawrasi/grammar-11300112?qid=3bf9aa15-9d19-46a3-8eff-d923ed3ce242&v=qf1&b=&from_search=24

Safura (23.04.2012)http://www.slideshare.net/justsafura/grammar-12648427?qid=3bf9aa15-9d19-46a3-8eff-d923ed3ce242&v=qf1&b=&from_search=39

Lascumbresalumnos (20.06.2012) http://www.slideshare.net/Lascumbresalumnos/grammar-13399005?qid=3bf9aa15-9d19-46a3-8eff-d923ed3ce242&v=default&b=&from_search=53

Lorenelly Cervera Orrantia (03.05.2012) http://www.slideshare.net/LorenellyCerveraOrrantia/grammar-12780385?qid=3bf9aa15-9d19-46a3-8eff-d923ed3ce242&v=default&b=&from_search=6

Muhamad Yogi (13.05.2013) http://www.slideshare.net/Sugiessssss/grammar-21103623?qid=3bf9aa15-9d19-46a3-8eff-d923ed3ce242&v=default&b=&from_search=33