productive capacities and poverty reduction: links and processes charles gore unctad un...
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Productive Capacities and Poverty Reduction:
Links and Processes
Charles GoreUNCTAD
UN International Forum on Poverty EradicationNew York, 15-16 November 2006
Key Challenges in Poverty Analysis
• International Analysis of Poverty• New global facts.
– 1.2 billion $1/day poor– Global income inequality. Poorest 40 per cent gets 5 per cent of
world income; richest 20 per cent gets 74 per cent
• New forms of explanation– Trade and poverty– Global interdependence and global inequality
• New forms of global interdependence– Global financial flows and instability– Development policy space– Technological opportunities and challenges– Climate change
• Re-linking Production and Poverty
Statistical versus StructuralistApproach to Poverty Analysis
• Distinction based on Graham Pyatt; it has informed UNCTAD’s LDC Report 2002, 2004 and 2006
• Statistical approach: poverty line; characteristics of the poor; growth elasticity of poverty
• Structuralist approach: generation and sustainability of jobs and livelihoods; locate livelihoods within the changing structure of the economy; relate the changing structure of economy to insertion in international economy.
Orthodox versus Heterodox Approaches to Economic Growth
• Orthodox Approach – Views the growing economy as “an inflating balloon, in which added factors of production and steady flows of technological change smoothly increase aggregate GDP” (Ocampo)
• Heterodox Approaches – Various… – Heterogeneous agents, technological capabilities and
their institutional matrix– Importance of sectoral structure– Importance of demand
WHAT ARE PRODUCTIVE CAPACITIES?
• Productive resources – natural resources, human resources, financial capital, physical capital.
• Entrepreneurial capabilities – core competences; technological capabilities.
• Production linkages – exchange of goods and services; flows of information; human and financial resource flows – between sectors and between enterprises.
The Core Processes through which Productive Capacities Develop
• Capital accumulation – increasing capital stocks of various kinds through investment
• Technological progress – introducing new goods and services or methods of production through technological learning and application of knowledge in production (innovation)
• Structural change – change in the inter- and intra-sectoral composition of production and pattern of linkages amongst sectors and enterprises
Why Production Capacities Matter for Poverty Reduction
• The expansion, development and utilization of productive capacities are at the heart of processes of economic growth
• The growth-poverty relationship depends on the way in which productive capacities expand, develop and are utilized. Empirical studies on "pro-poor growth" show that the growth-poverty relationship depends on: the generation of productive resources; the dynamics of production structures; the nature of technological choices; the level of utilization of productive resources, particularly unemployment and underemployment of labour; and access to productive assets.
Important differences amongst the LDCs:Long-term growth performance closely associated
with patterns of structural change (1980-2003)
Converging economies
Weak-growth economies
Regressing economies
Agriculture/ GDP + + +Industry/ GDP + + +
Manufacturing +Non-manufacturing + +
Services/ GDP +
Agricultural labor productivity + +Non-agricultural labor productivity +Total labor productivity + +
Focusing on the Development and Utilization of Productive Capacities Requires
a Paradigm Shift in Poverty Reduction Policies
FROM• Integration/Exchange• Consumption• Framework• Supply-side• Tradables
• FDI
• Welfare State
TO• Production• Employment• Ingredients• Supply and Demand• Tradables and Non-
tradables• Private Domestic
Investment plus FDI• Development State
Key Policy Ingredients and Institutions
• FINANCE
• Domestic firms• Domestic financial
systems• International financial
architecture and international trade regime
• KNOWLEDGE
• Domestic firms• Domestic knowledge
systems• International regimes
for technology acquisition and international migration