production theory
TRANSCRIPT
Production Terminologies
FIRMS INDUSTRIES TIME PERIOD
Organization or
production units that
own and use limited
FOP to produce goods
and services
A number of firms that
operate in the same
market and produce
the same types of
goods
The duration of
production
Maximize profit Short run – at least one
fixed input and one
variable input
Long run – all the
inputs are variable
Production Concept
• Total quantity of output produce with a given quantity of input.
• Total Product = Average Product x Total Variable Input
Total Product (TP)
• Ratio of total production to total variable inputs (labour) used to produce a product.
• Average Product = Total Product / Total Variable Input
Average Product (AP)
• The change in total production when variable inputs are increased in increments of one unit.
• Marginal product = change in TP / change in Total Variable Input
Marginal Product (MP)
Capital Labour TP AP MP
10 0 0
10 1 8
10 2 20
10 3 33
10 4 44
10 5 50
10 6 54
10 7 56
10 8 56
10 9 54
10 10 50
Capital Labour TP AP MP
10 0 0 - -
10 1 8 8 8
10 2 20 10 12
10 3 33 11 13
10 4 44 11 11
10 5 50 10 6
10 6 54 9 4
10 7 56 8 2
10 8 56 7 0
10 9 54 6 -2
10 10 50 5 -4
Stages of
production
TP MP AP
1
(increasing
returns)
• Increases at an
increasing rate
• Increases at a
decreasing rate
• Increases
• Reaches
maximum and
begins to
diminish
• Increases
• Continues to
increase
2
(diminishing
returns)
• Increases at a
decreasing rate
• Reaches maximum
• Continues to
diminish
• Becomes zero
• Reaches
maximum and
begins to
diminish
• Continues to
diminish
3
(negative
returns)
• Diminishes • Becomes
negative
Continues to
diminish
A rational producer will always choose to
produce at stage 2 – is the most efficient stage of
production as the combinations of inputs are fully
utilized
Relationship between TP and MP
• When MP is increasing, TP will
increase at an increasing rate
• When MP is decreasing, TP will
increase at a decreasing rate
• When MP is zero, TP is at its
maximum
• When MP is negative, TP declines
Relationship between MP and AP
• When MP is above AP, AP is
increasing
• When MP is below AP, AP is
decreasing
• When MP equals AP, AP is at its
maximum
Law of diminishing marginal returns states that as more of a variable inputs is
used, with other tachnology and input remaining fixed, the marginal product of the
variable input will eventually decline.