production of gaseous fuels pongamia residue - 2 p m v subbarao professor mechanical engineering...
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Production of Gaseous Fuels Pongamia Residue - 2
P M V SubbaraoProfessor
Mechanical Engineering Department Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi
Enhance the value of Fuel Energy ….
Development of Special Inoculum
20 m3/d BGP
About 12 m3 CD inoculum
Feeding of pongamia oil cake in 3:1 DR for 15 days
No feeding of CD before last 3 months
Schedule I 2 kg pongamia oil cake with 6 kg water for 5 days
1 2 3 4 5
Sta
rt of g
as
pro
du
ctio
n
Con
tinu
ed
5 kg pongamia oil cake with 15 kg water for 10 days
Schedule II
Drop in gas yield
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Increase in gas yield
Constant gas yield (10-15 day) at 30 cm height
10 cm height
22
Biogas Plant After Feeding of Oil Cake Slurry
Evolution of Microbes
This shows the adaptation of bacteria to the environment offered by new substrates possibly by developing into a suitable strain.
This acclimatization is due to fact that, when the concentrations of inhibitory or toxic materials were
slowly increased within the environment, many microorganisms could rearrange their metabolic
resources, thus overcoming the metabolic blockage produced by the normally inhibitory or toxic material.
However, sufficient time should be made available for this rearrangement to take place, whenever there is drastic change in environment (feed material).
The slurry of the biogas plant stabilized with pongamia oil seed cake was used as inoculum for further studies.
Continuous Feeding Experimental Investigation in Floating Drum Biogas Plant of 20 m3/d Capacity
F
A
B1 BC
DD
30 30
15 T
hick
Par
tion
Wal
l
Cen
tral
Gui
de F
ram
e
Fla
nge
Pla
tes
30
15
7.523237.5All dimensions in centimetres
10 D
iam
ter
AS
B/C
EM
Pip
e
10 D
iam
ter
AS
B/C
EM
Pip
e
CC
Fou
ndat
ion
(1:3
:6)
Ear
th F
illin
g
Ground Level
Gas Holder Supporting Structure
Biogas plant (20 m3/d) being fed with jatropha & pongamia oil seed cakes
55
Total solids and volatile solids concentration in the substrates
Sl. No. Treatment Substrate concentration of the daily feed material
Total solids Volatile solids
kg/d % kg/d %
Jatropha oil seed cake substrates
1 JC (4.0 DR,0 % CD) 9.25 18.5 8.64 17.3
Pongamia oil seed cake substrates
2 PC (3.5 DR,0 % CD) 8.95 19.9 8.53 19.0
66
7
Daily Biogas Production
77
0.000.501.001.502.002.503.003.504.004.505.005.506.006.507.007.508.008.509.009.50
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
HRT, Days
Biog
as P
rodu
ctio
n m
3 /d
25.026.027.028.029.030.031.032.033.034.035.036.037.038.039.040.0
Subs
trat
e Tem
pera
ture
, °C
Biogas Production
SubstrateTemperature
Range of ambient temperature variation 30.7 to 36.6 °C
Pongamia Oil Cake KC [3.5 DR, 0 % CD]
8
Total Volatile Solid Mass Removal Efficiency
88
0.05.0
10.015.0
20.025.0
30.035.0
40.045.0
50.055.0
60.065.0
70.075.0
80.085.0
90.095.0
100.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
HRT, Days
TVSM
RE,
%
Pongamia Oil Cake KC [3.5 DR, 0 % CD]
Variation of methane and carbon dioxide content in produced biogas from pongamia oil seed cake substrate
10
Specific Methane Yield
1010
Pongamia Oil Cake KC [3.5 DR, 0 % CD]
0.000
0.050
0.100
0.150
0.200
0.250
0.300
0.350
0.400
0.450
0.500
0.550
0.600
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
HRT, Days
Spec
ific M
ethan
e Yiel
d, m
3
Methane/kg TS
Methane/kg VS
Specific Methane Yield
Treatments m3/kg TS m3/kg VS
Jatropha oil cake substrates
JC [4.0 DR, 0 % CD] 0.394 0.422
Pongamia oil cake substrates
PC [3.5 DR, 0 % CD] 0.427 0.448
Other Residue: Shells
Analysis of Shells of Pongamia Fruits
EntityPongamia
Shell (%)Wood (%)
Ash 4.09 1-3
Volatile matter 66.99 70-80
Fixed carbon 18.95 15-20
Moisture content of Pongamia Shells : 10.6%
Ultimate Analysis of Shells
EntityPongamia
Shell (%)Wood (%)
Ash 4.09 1-3
Carbon 44.3 44-52
Hydrogen 7.45 5-7
Nitrogen 1.73 0.5-0.9
Sulfur 0.3 Negligible
Oxygen 42.13 40-48
Shells -- Biomass
• Micro Construction basic chains:– Cellulose
– Hemi-cellulose
– Lignin
• All these are long-chain organic molecules with C, H, O as main constituent elements
• Cellulose (generic chemical formula (C6H10O5)n) is the carbohydrate that makes up the main structure of plants.
• It is also referred to as "fibre" and is indigestible by humans.
• Cotton fibre is almost pure cellulose.
Typical Composition of Shelly Wood
Thermal Decomposition of Pongamia Shell at Various Heating Rates(HR)
Learning from TGA study
Maximum mass loss take place in first stage of pyrolysis (TR 165-485 oC)
Mass loss rate(%/oC) of shell is high and suitable for thermo-chemical gasification.
Heating rate 10 oC/min. is good for gasification. This is easy to achieve. The apparent activation energy of shell is comparable with
that of rice husk, corn straw The shells are having good energy potential for
exploitation through thermochemical gasification in a gasifier.
Biomass Gasification
Gasifier at IIT Delhi
Gasifier with I.C. Engine
Gas Composition
Composition CO2 CO H2 N2 CH4
Gas Sample (%) 11.46 17.03 14.95 55.55 1.02
Wood Gas
Shell Gas
Gas CO2 CO H2 N2 CH4
Sample (%) 9.47 9.71 5.29 74.56 0.96
Performance Analysis of Gasifier
• Energy content of gas produced per heating value of one unit of shells.
• Depends on
• Amount of Hydrogen produced per unit mass of shells.
• Amount of CO produced per unit mass of shells.
• Measure flow rate of gas and composition of gas.
• Maximize specific gas energy.
•Gas flow rate = 9.51 g/s
•Air-Fuel ratio = 4.97
• Calorific value of producer gas = 2.29 MJ/m3
•Mass of producer gas generated per kg of shell = 5.14 kg of gas/kg of shell
Operating parameters of gasifier:
EntityPongamia
ShellsWood
gas flow rate (g/s) 9.51 9.62N 5.46 7.30Φ 3.62 2.01(A/F)m 4.97 2.77
CVg (MJ/m3) 2.29 4.48
mg (kg of gas/kg fuel) 5.14 3.54
MWg (kg/kmol) 28.02 25.82ρ (kg/m3) 1.15 1.06E (MJ/kg fuel) 10.27 15.01
Cth 0.65 0.84
Operating parameters of wood and Pongamia shells gasifications
Pongamia residue
Peculiarity of Pongamia shell high lignin content(40.5wt%) Irregular shape of shells low bulk density
Pelletizatin
Pelletization Using Briquetting Machine
•
Photograph of Pongamia shell pellets
17 mm diameter
Bulk density 460 kg/m3
S. No.Gas
Composition(% Volume)
Pongamia shell pellets (17 mm diameter) gasification3 nozzle openedTop opened
2 nozzle openedTop opened
3 nozzle openedTop closed
2 nozzle openedTop closed
1 CO 10.5 12.7 10.2 7.82 H2 10.3 13.4 11.5 7.13 CH4 1.2 1.6 1.2 1.44 CO2 20.7 13.5 17.9 20.45 N2 57.3 58.8 59.2 63.3
Gasification of Pongamia Shell Pellets
Engine Test Results
Over all conclusions from Pongamia residue pellets
• Tavg.)oxidation 861oC
• Tmax.)oxidation 983oC
• Tavg.)reduction 741oC
• η gasification 72.5%
• Power output 2.214 kW
• Nox (ppm) 111
Photograph of Pongamia shell pellets
11.5 mm diameter
Bulk density 469 kg/m3
Variation of Producer gas composition
S.No.
Gas
Composition (%)
Gas composition for various samples(from 11.5 mm shell pellets)
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4
Sample 5
1 H2 14.46 10.45 10.55 14.03 13.87
2 CO 13.48 12.20 15.52 19.46 15.61
3 CH4 1.71 1.73 1.11 0.98 1.04
4 CO2 16.66 24.12 18.41 5.98 7.13
5 N2 53.96 51.49 54.39 59.53 62.35
Conclusions from gasification of Pongamia pellets(11.5 mm dia.)
• Tavg.)oxidation 831oC
• Tmax.)oxidation 1047oC
• Tavg.)reduction 700oC
• η gasification 87.1%
• ΔP)overall 98 to 111 mm H2O It was observed that gasification efficiency was high for 11.5 mm diameter pellets as compared to 17 mm diameter pellets.It was found that there was an agglomeration of cake pellets with 11.5 mm diameter and these chunks were choking the gasifier reactorPongamia de-oiled cake pellets were found to be not suitable for gasification in the downdraft wood gasifier.
Photograph of Engine Setup
Make Kirloskar
TypeFour -stroke direct injection naturally aspirated single cylinder,C.I. engine modified to operate in SI mode
Bore 87.5 mmStroke 110 mm
Cylinder capacity 661.5 cc
Compression ratio 10 (after modification)Power output 4.4 kW at 1500 rev/min for diesel operation
3.12 kW at 1450 rev/min
Maximum torque 30 Nm at full load at 1500 rev/min for diesel operationLoading device Electrical generator
Engine Specification
S No. SparkTiming (obtdc)
Shell pellets(11.5 mm) Mixture pellets(11.5 mm)
Power output(kW)
EGT(oC)
NOx(ppm)
CO(%vol)
Power output(kW)
EGT(oC)
NOx(ppm)
CO(%vol)
1 20 2.296 387 248 0.10 2.489 338 426 0.06
2 25 2.320 325 266 0.10 2.466 332 442 0.07
3 30 2.538 364 289 0.09 2.982 337 764 0.03
4 35 2.975 332 816 0.06 2.343 342 528 0.09
5 40 2.217 359 286 0.10 --- --- --- ---
Comparison of performance and emission characteristics of engine
Tar formation inside the re-circulating duct of reactor