production of ammonia by industrial method2 (repaired)

8/16/2019 Production of Ammonia by Industrial Method2 (Repaired)

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“PRODUCTION OF AMMONIA BY INDUSTRIAL

METHOD”

Dissertation

Subitte!

For

T"e #artia$ %u$%i$ent o% t"e

A&ar! o% t"e !e'ree o%

MASTER OF SCIENCE TECHNOLO(Y

IN

BIOTECHNOLO(Y

to

De#artent o% Biote)"no$o'*

In+ertis Uni+ersit*, Barei$$* -U.P/

BY

ABRAR ALI 0HAN

Ro$$ no.1234546443


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Candidate’s Declaration

I "ereb* )erti%* t"at t"e !issertation entit$e! “ PRODUCTION OF AMMONIA BYINDUSTRIAL METHOD” &"i)" is bein' subitte! %or t"e #artia$ %u$%i$ent o% t"ere7uireent %or t"e a&ar! o% !e'ree o% Master o% Te)"no$o'* in Biote)"no$o'* is a re)or!

o% * o&n &or8 )arrie! out un!er t"e Su#er+ision o% MR.RAJ KAPOOR RAHI, IFFCOAONLA, and co guided ! "r. #ac$in #ri%asta%a, De&. O' (iotec$nolog!, In%ertis

)ni%ersit!, (areill!.

T"e atter #resente! in t"is !issertation "as not been subitte! e$se&"ere %or t"ea&ar! o% an* !e'ree9!i#$oa.

Date: *Arar Ali K$an+

P$a)e:

T"is is to )erti%* t"at t"e abo+e stateent a!e b* t"e )an!i!ate is )orre)t to be t"e best o% * 8no&$e!'e an! be$ie%.

A&&ro%ed !

Dr. #anee% Maur!a

Head, De&art-ent o' (iotec$nolog!

In%ertis )ni%ersit!, (areill! *).P+

Forarded !

Dr. R. K. #$u/la

Dean, In%ertis )ni%ersit!

(areill! *).P+

Co-Guided By:

Er. Sachin Srivastava

Asst. Prof., Dep of

Biotechnology

Invertis University, Bareilly

(U.P)

Guided By:Mr. RA !AP""R RA#I

I$$%", A"&'A


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Ac/noledge-ent

;e %ee$ #ro%oun! #$easure in brin'in' out t"is #ro


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.

Certi'icate

T"is is to )erti%* t"at Re#ort entit$e! “PROD)C2ION OF AMMONIA (1

IND)#2RIAL M"2HOD” &"i)" is subitte! b* ABRAR ALI 0HAN in #artia$ %u$%i$ent o%

t"e re7uireent %or t"e a&ar! o% !e'ree M.S). in Biote)"no$o'* to In+ertis Uni+ersit*, Barei$$*

is a re)or! o% t"e )an!i!ate o&n &or8 )arrie! out b* "er un!er *9our su#er+ision. T"e atter

ebo!ie! in t"is re#ort is ori'ina$ an! "as not been subitte! %or t"e a&ar! o% an* ot"er !e'ree.

Date3 #u&er%isor Na-e

MR.RAJ KAPOOR RAHI

#ignature3


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Contents

%aniates Declaration............................................................................................. *

Ac+nolege-ent......................................................................................................

%erti/cate...................................................................................................................0

A--onia plant......................................................................................................... 11

1. Des2lph2ri3ation............................................................................................ 1*

*. Stea- refor-ing............................................................................................ 1*

. Shift conversion............................................................................................. 10

#4S %"&5ER4ER................................................................................................ 10

0. %"* re-oval selection (a6sorption 7 regeneration)......................................10

8. ME4#A&A4I"&................................................................................................10

DESI9& PR"%ESS 9AS A&A':SIS..............................................................................18

Bioche-ical ";ygen De-an...................................................................................1<

Apparat2s..............................................................................................................1<

Reagents............................................................................................................... 1<

Action Details........................................................................................................1=

%alc2lation............................................................................................................ 1>

Analysis of total phosphate (P"0) as P.....................................................................*?

%he-ical o;ygen e-an.....................................................................................*1

%alc2lation............................................................................................................ **

A--onia analysis.................................................................................................... *

%alc2lation............................................................................................................ *S:&4#ESIS "$ UREA.................................................................................................*0

Physical an che-ical properties..........................................................................*0

Uses of 2rea.......................................................................................................... *8

Process 4echnology............................................................................................... *8

Striping process.....................................................................................................*@

http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/HYPERLINK%23_Toc451426595http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_7/HYPERLINK%23_Toc451426595


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4heory of Stripping................................................................................................*<

Eect of process varia6les.................................................................................... *=

Eect of %"*................................................................................................... *=

Eect of Cater%ar6on Dio;ie ratio.....................................................................*=

Eect of press2re an te-perat2re.......................................................................*=

Bi2ret in 2rea.........................................................................................................*>

.3 Ca$)u$ation...........................................................................................................*

>.? Cru!e #rotein et"o! -MAFF/ -8.@ Cru!e %at $i#i!s......................................................................................................0

>.6 Rea'ents ateria$ an! e7ui#ents..............................................................................0

>.6.1 Met"o!.............................................................................................................0

>.> Ca$)u$ation...........................................................................................................8

>.5 Cru!e Fiber .......................................................................................................... @

>.5.1 Rea'ents........................................................................................................... @

>.5.3 E7ui#ents........................................................................................................ @

>.5.? Met"o!.............................................................................................................<

>.5.2 Ca$)u$ation........................................................................................................ <

>. As" )ontent..........................................................................................................<>..1 Moisture............................................................................................................=

>..3 Per)enta'e nitro'en %ree e=tra)t -NFE/......................................................................=

=. 4otal availa6le car6ohyrates...............................................................................>

5.1 Rea'ents.............................................................................................................. >

5.3 Met"o!............................................................................................................... >

5.? Deterination....................................................................................................... 0?

5.2 Ca$)u$ation...........................................................................................................0?

Res2lt anDisc2ssion

.01

%oncl2sion

.0*


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Astract

T"is re+ie&s t"e "istor* o% t"e aonia in!ustr* an! its use as a nitro'en ri)" %erti$ier. Current

aonia in!ustries &ere ana$*e! e)onoi)a$$* an! en+ironenta$$*, an! t"e s#e)i%i)ations

%ro )urrent aonia #$ants &ere )o#are! &it" t"e #atente! #ro)ess i$$ustrate! o% t"e #ro


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Introduction3

In so$i! or $i7ui! states, aonia sa$ts an! so$utions are t"e a)ti+e )o#onents o% ost s*nt"eti)%erti$iers use! in a'ri)u$ture, &"i)" )onsue 5? o% t"e &or$!s aonia an! &arrant "i'"er !ean!s %or aonia #ro!u)tion. T"e #riar* in!ustria$ et"o! %or aonia s*nt"esis is t"eHaberBos)" #ro)ess, )reate! b* Frit Haber in 14@ an! !e+e$o#e! %or in!ustr* b* Car$ Bos)"in 114. T"e o+era$$ #ro)ess s*nt"esies aonia %ro o$e)u$ar nitro'en an! "*!ro'en b*%ee!in' t"e rea)tants o+er iron )ata$*sts at a "i'" #ressure an! te#erature, re7uirin' bu$8*,&e$$insu$ate! rea)tors to "ouse t"e #ro)ess. T"e Haber #ro)ess s*nt"esies a##ro=iate$* 1@4i$$ion tons o% aonia ea)" *ear an! "as a$$o&e! t"e eart" to sustain a #o#u$ation near$* %i+eties $ar'er t"an be%ore t"e #ro)e!ures in+ention. Ho&e+er, t"e use o% natura$ 'as as a sour)e

o% "*!ro'en an! ener'* nee!e! to !eri+e nitro'en %ro atos#"eri) air "a+e been t"e sub


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Due to t"eir usa'e in t"e anu%a)turin' o% 'un#o&!er an! e=#$osi+es, Euro#ean )"eists in t"e$ate 1>44s !e+e$o#e! an interest in obtainin' an! s*nt"esiin' !i+erse nitro'enous )o#oun!ssu)" as nitri) a)i!, so!iu nitrate an! aonia, be'innin' resear)" into t"e s*nt"esis o% t"ese)o#oun!s t"at &ou$! $ast %or o+er a )entur*. In t"e 1524s, (eran )"eist Gustus +on Liebi'

!is)o+ere! nitro'en to be one o% se+era$ nutrients essentia$ to #$ant 'ro&t", $ea!in' to t"e&i!es#rea! use o% nitro'enous )o#oun!s in %erti$iers.5 Nitro'en &as ori'ina$$* ta8en %ronatura$ !e#osits in t"e eart", su)" as t"e Ata)aa Desert o% Peru an! C"i$e -ri)" in “C"i$eansa$t#eter” t"at )ou$! be )on+erte! to nitri) a)i!/. Ho&e+er, in t"e 15>4s, aonia &as %irst)reate! in!ustria$$* as a b*#ro!u)t in t"e #ro!u)tion o% )o8e, t"ou'" t"is et"o! o% aonias*nt"esis )ou$! *ie$! on$* t&ot"ir!s o% t"e nitro'en e=#orte! %ro Sout" Aeri)a.In t"e $ate 1544s, )"eists a'ree! t"at t"e !ean! %or nitro'enous )o#oun!s &ou$! $i8e$* soone=)ee! t"e natura$ su##$*, )ata$*in' t"e sear)" %or ore e%%e)ti+e in!ustria$ #ro)esses. T"e)reation o% t"e Haber #ro)ess in 14@, an! its subse7uent in!ustria$ s)a$eu# b* Car$ Bos)" in114, ar8e! t"e %irst #ra)ti)a$ #ro)e!ure %or s*nt"esiin' an"*!rous $i7ui! aonia %ro"*!ro'en an! atos#"eri) nitro'en. T"is #ro)ess is sti$$ use! in!ustria$$* to!a*. T"is #ro)e!ure

"as #ro+en su%%i)ient %or eetin' s*nt"eti) aonia !ean!s an! t"e abun!an)e o% bot"rea)tants su''ests t"at t"e Haber #ro)ess a* be t"e ost sustainab$e o#tion #ossib$e, t"ou'"in)rease! !ean!s an! a s)ar)it* o% resour)es a* en)oura'e t"e !e+e$o#ent o% a$ternati+eet"o!s.To in)rease t"e rate o% aonia s*nt"esis to #ro!u)e t"e ne)essar* aount o% #ro!u)t, t"ete#erature ust be raise! to t"e ran'e o% 244 @44C, &it" #ressure in)rease! to 1@ 3@ MPato )o#ensate %or t"e "i'" te#erature. T"e Haber #ro)ess a$so re$ies on "eate! iron )ata$*sts to brea8 t"e bon!s o% o$e)u$ar nitro'en, an! re7uires %re7uent )oo$in' #"ases to aintain aana'eab$e e7ui$ibriu )onstant an! re#eate! re)*)$in' o% unrea)te! "*!ro'en an! nitro'en toa)"ie+e a "i'"er o+era$$ )on+ersion -a##ro=iate$* 15 o% rea)tants are )on+erte! to aoniain ea)" #ass/. T"ese )on!itions )an on$* be et &it" t"e #rote)tion o% e=#ensi+e rea)tion+esse$s, t"at are stren't"ene! an! insu$ate! to &it"stan! t"e ne)essar* #ressures an!te#eratures, an! t"e "i'" )onsu#tion o% e$e)tri)it*, an! in an* )ases, t"e rea)tion b*#ro!u)t)arbon !io=i!e is re$ease! into t"e atos#"ere &"ere it is !etrienta$ as a 'reen"ouse 'as.Frit Haber an! Car$ Bos)", t"e !e+e$o#ers o% t"e HaberBos)" #ro)ess &ere ea)" a&ar!e! Nobe$ #ries %or t"eir &or8, on t"e basis t"at t"e* "a! o+er)ae an* !i%%i)u$ties asso)iate!&it" re$iab$e %erti$ier anu%a)turin' an! "i'"#ressure te)"no$o'* at an in!ustria$ s)a$e. T"esi'ni%i)an)e o% t"eir )ontribution be)ae )$ear as a'ri)u$ture i#ro+e! a)ross t"e &or$!,a$$o&in' t"e '$oba$ #o#u$ation to in)rease %ro 1.6 bi$$ion #eo#$e in 144 to o+er > bi$$ion a$i+eto!a*. Ho&e+er, an* sus#e)t t"at, i% #o#u$ation in)reases at t"e sae rate as it "as o+er t"e #ast)entur*, t"e )arr*in' )a#a)it* o% eart" &i$$ be teste! an! eart"s #o#u$ation )ou$! e=#an! to t"e #oint &"ere %oo! !ean! e=)ee!s su##$*, ensurin' !eat" %or an* &"o &i$$ star+e !ue toinsu%%i)ient %oo!. E+en to!a*, t"e '$oba$ #o#u$ation re$ies 'reat$* on a )onsistent su##$* o% %oo! bein' #ro!u)e!, an! an* $ar'e instabi$it* in )ro# *ie$!s is )a#ab$e o% $ea+in' a noti)eab$e #er)enta'e o% t"e #o#u$ation &it"out %oo!. Due to t"e !e#en!en)e o% )ro# #ri)es on %erti$ier #ri)es, it )an be assue! t"at t"e %irst #eo#$e to $ose a))ess to %oo! &i$$ be t"ose &"o )an no$on'er a%%or! to %ee! t"ese$+es.Mo!ern a'ri)u$tura$ *ie$!s are sii$ar %ro season to season !ue to t"e )onsistent #er%oran)eo% s*nt"eti) %erti$iers an! t"eir un)"an'in' )o#osition, a8in' nitro'enous %erti$iers a orere$iab$e )"oi)e t"an or'ani) %erti$iers &"i)" +ar* in nutrient )ontent. About @4 o% nitro'en


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a##$ie! to )ro#s is absorbe! &"i$e t"e reain!er is $ost to t"e soi$ an! be)ause t"is nitro'en iseasi$* anu%a)ture!, %erti$ier is abun!ant$* rea##$ie! to assure t"at t"e iniu re7uire!nitro'en &i$$ be a+ai$ab$e to a$$ #$ants. Ho&e+er, nitro'enous )o#oun!s su)" as aonia an!nitri) a)i! )an #o$$ute soi$ an! 'roun!&ater &"en use! in e=)ess, an! t"e runo%% is #otentia$$*"ar%u$ to #$ants an! ania$s !e#en!in' on t"e nitro'en )on)entration. Huans, #arti)u$ar$*

sa$$ )"i$!ren, "a+e been 8no&n to su%%er "ea$t" )o#$i)ations %ro $i+in' in areas &it" "ea+*use o% s*nt"eti) %erti$ier !ue to t"e e=)ess nitro'en in t"e areas soi$ an! &ater, or %ro eatin'%is" t"at &ere )ontainate!.T"e en+ironenta$ )onse7uen)es o% %erti$ier anu%a)turin' )onsist not on$* o% 'roun!

#o$$ution, but in)$u!e eissions into t"e atos#"ere. T"e a'ri)u$tura$ in!ustr* is res#onsib$e %or

14 o% tota$ 'reen"ouse 'as eissions &or$!&i!e, a))or!in' to t"e EPA, not in)$u!in' t"e

re$ease o% )arbon !io=i!e as a b*#ro!u)t or an* #o$$utants eitte! !ue to aonia s*nt"esis.


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A--onia &lant

N69Na#"t"a

Ra& &ater NH?

Atos#"eri) air CO3

E$e)tri) #o&er

N6 Anal!sis Lean 'as Ri)" 'as

Met$ane @.4>@ 54.23"t$ane 3.6 .56Pro&ane 4.65 ?.2>(utane 4.31 1.34Pentane 44.44 4.33He7ane 4.416 4.4>CO8 1.3? 2.62N8 4.45 4.45Loer $eating %alue 5153 115Caron No. 1.42> 1.31@5#&eci'ic gra%it! 4.@ 4.>4

For #ro!u)tion o% NH? %ro N69 Na#"t"a in+o$+es %o$$o&in' ste#s

1. Desu$#"uriation

3. Stea re%orin'

?. S"i%t )on+ersion

2. CO3 reo+a$ se$e)tion

@. Met"anation

6. NH? s*nt"esis

AMMONIA

PLANT


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>. Re%ri'eration

1. Desulphurization: N69 Na#"t"a )ontainin' Su$#"ur )o#oun!s u# to 149>4 ##.

Su$#"ur is #oisonous %or Priar* re%orer an! LTS )on+erter )ata$*st so N69 Na#"t"a ust be

!esu$#"urise!.

1. H*!ro'enation

3. H3S absor#tion

H*!ro'enation: N6 #re"eat ?54 ℃ in E?342, be%ore enterin' HDS H3 re7uire! %or

"*!ro'enation -%ro re)*)$e 'as s*nt"esis 'as )o#oun!/ a!!e! stea.

RSH J H3 RH J H3S

COS J H3 CO J H3S

C2H2S J 2H C2 H14 J H3S

E=it o% HDS

H3S Absor#tion ?8' -)3 ',?4 ℃ , #asse! t"rou'" KnO

H3S is absorbe! b* KnO

KnO J H3S KnS JH3O Su$#"ur is reo+e! u# to 4.4@

KnO J COS KnS J CO3

2. Steam reforming

CnH3n J3 JH3O J "eat Cn1H3n3J?H3OJCO

3CH2J?H3OJ "eat COJCO3J>H3

COJH3O CO3JH3J"eat

re%orer %ee! 'as %ro KnO absorber is i=e! &it" #ro)ess stea at ?54 ℃ , i=e! %ee! is

#re"eate! to te#erature o% 24

℃

, in i=e! %ee! )oi$ $o)ate! in ;HS o% #riar* re%orer.

A!iabati) #rere%orer

A!iabati) #rere%orer re7uire! &"en na#"t"a is use! as %ee! sto)8 NC base! )ata$*st %or $o& te#erature o#eration. A$$ "i'"er "*!ro)arbons are !e)o#ose! in H3, CO, CO3, an! CH2.


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Te#erature 24 ℃ , an! 2>4 ℃ , %or i=e! %ee!.

For N( en!ot"eri) rea)tion an! %or na#"t"a e=ot"eri).

Priar* re%orer

Pre"eate! "*!ro)arbon an! stea i=ture -25@24 ℃ / #asse! !o&n&ar!s

t"rou'" +erti)a$ tubes )ontainin' Ni base! )ata$*st. MP stea %ro #ro)ess )on!ensate stri##er a$so i=e! to #ro)ess stea $ine to

#riar* re%orer Priar* re%orer is a %ire! "eater "a+in' @>6 si!e %ire! burns su##$* "eat is )ata$*st

%i$$e! tubes -355 tubes/. Fue$ %or #riar* re%orer %urna)e is nora$$* a i=ture o% N( an! tai$ 'as %ro

PCR #$ants. H*!ro)arbon %ee! to #riar* re%orer is )on+erte! H3 an! )arbon o=i!es.

E=it 'ases )ontain 1411 et"ane an! $ea+e t"e tubes at 544 ℃

.

Fue$ 'ases %ro P.R at 4 ℃ are )oo$e! to 1@4 ℃ an! !i+ert to %ue$ 'as #at".

Se)on!ar* re%orer

Pro)ess 'ases are i=e! &it" #re"eate! -@@4 ℃ / air.

Partia$ o=i!ation ta8es #$a)e in to# se)on!ar* re%orer &"i)" )ause! )onsi!erab$e

in)rease in te#erature to e=tents o% 11441344 ℃ .

(as %ro )obustion )"aber #asse! t"rou'" N( base! )ata$*st be!. Re%orin' ta8es #$a)e &it" siu$taneous )oo$in' o% 'as.

Pro)ess 'as %ro e=ist se)on!ar* re%orer te#erature 4 ℃ .

Met"ane )ontaine! is a##ro=iate$* 4.?. Aount o% *ear %$o& to se)on!ar* re%orer a!


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3. Shift conersion Pro)ess 'as $ea+in' re%orin' se$e)tion )ontains a##ro=iate$* 1? CO &"i)" is

)on+erte! in to CO3 an! H3 eans o% s"i%t rea)tion.CO J H3O CO3 J H3 J "eat

S"i%t )on+ersion ta8es #$a)e in t&o CO s"it )on+ersion HTS LTS.

#4S %"&5ER4ER

Contains )o##er #roote! iron base! )ata$*st &"ere CO is re!u)e! to about 3.>2.

In$et te#erature is ?@4 ℃ an! 422 ℃ .

HTS (UARD REACTOR

Contains )"$ori!e 'uar! an! Cun base! )ata$*st. Co is re!u)e! to about 6> in #ro)ess 'as.

Out$et te#erature is 332 ℃ .

LTS CONERTER

CuKn base! )ata$*st. CO is %urt"er re!u)e! to about 4.12 in #ro)ess 'as. LTS )ata$*st is +er* sensiti+e to su$#"ur #oisonin'.

!. C"2 remoal selection #a$sorption % regeneration&

CO3 reo+a$ se$e)tion )o#rises o% +etro)o8e absorber an! t&o re'enerators. CO3 in #ro)ess 'as is absorbe! in $i7ui! #"ase in E so$ution at "i'" #ressure in absorber

an! is a'ain trans%erre! in 'as #"ase in t&o re'enerators o#eratin' at $o& #ressure. E so$ution )onsist o% 3> H3CO?, 1 DEA, 1 '$*)ine an! 4.@ 3O@.


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($*)ine is an! DEA a)t as a)ti+ators an! 3O@ as )orrosion in"ibiter #asse! to absorber

"a+in' be!s )ontainin' SS #a)8in' ateria$s In absorber, 'as %$o&s u#&ar!s a'ainst a !es)en!in' strea o% E so$ution T"e so$ution $ea+in' t"e Absorber to $oa!e! &it" CO3 an! is 8no&n as ri)" so$ution.

T"e stea9CO3 i=ture $ea+es %ro t"e to# o% re'enerator an! is )oo$e! u# to 6> ℃ .

T"e )on!ensate %or is se#arate! an! tota$$* re)*)$e! )o3 reo+a$ unit b* 'ra+it*.

'. ()*+,,*"

T"e %ina$ #art o% t"e 'as #uri%i)ation is t"e et"anation &"ere resi!ua$ o=i!es o% )arbon are

)on+erte! into et"ane as o=i!es o% )arbon are #oisonous to aonia s*nt"esis )ata$*st.

Met"ane a)ts $i8e as an inert 'as in t"e aonia s*nt"esis $oo# .Met"anation ta8es #$a)e in

et"anation "a+in' Nibase! )ata$*st. T"e rea)tion in+o$+e! are in+erse o% re%orin'.

COJ?H3 CH2JH3OJ"eat

CO3J2H3 CH2J3H3J"eat

T"e #ro)ess 'as-?5 ℃ 3> 8'9)3/ %ro et"anator )ontainin' about >2 H3, an! 3@ N3

an! soe aount o% et"ane an! Ar. is )a$$e! s*nt"esis 'as )o#ression an! aonia s*nt"esis

D"#I6N PROC"## 6A# ANAL1#I#

#.NO. POIN2# CO8 CO H8 CH9 Ar:H8

; E=it #re

re%orer

1?.65 4.3? 3?.?6 64.@6 3.1>

8 E=it #riar*re%orer

13.3 14.3? 66.13 14.36 4.@

< E=it see

re%orer

5.>4 1?.>6 @2.@ 4.?4 33.6@

9 E=it HTS 1>.22 3.5> @5.? 4.3> 34.24 E=it LTS 1.@@ 4.12 @.1> 4.@> 34.@?= In$et

et"anator

44.4? 44.?4 >2.@3 4.?? 32.53

5 E=it

et"anator

>2.3@ 4.6> [email protected]

> Con+erterin$et @.@NH? 62.3@ @.5@ 32.?1

? Con+erter

out

1.@6NH

?

2.5@ .6 34.6?

;@ S@4

)on+erter

out

33.5NH

?

26.2 14.32 1.>


16/45

?H3JN3 3NH?J "eat


17/45

(ioc$e-ical O7!gen De-and

,pparatus

B.O.D in)ubator

B.O.D bott$es

o$uetri) %$as8


18/45

Titration %$as8

/eagents

So!iu "*!ro=i!e so$ution1N -A##/

H*!ro)"$ori) a)i!1N -A##/

Di$ution &ater!isti$$e! &ater

P"os#"ate bu%%er so$utionDisso$+e 5.@ ' #otassiu !i"*!ro'en #"os#"ate,31.>@ !i#otassiu

"*!ro'en #"os#"ate,??.2 ' o% !iso!iu "*!ro'en #"os#"ate "e#ta"*!rate an! 1.> ' o%

aoniu )"$ori!e in about @44 $ o% &ater an! !i$ute to 1 $iter .T"e #H o% t"e so$ution s"ou$!

be >.3.Disso$+e 33.@ ' o% a'nesiu su$#"ate in &ater an! !i$ute to 1 $iter. Ca$)iu )"$ori!e

so$ution Disso$+e 3>.@ ' o% )a$)iu )"$ori!e in &ater an! !i$ute to 1 $itre. Ferri) )"$ori!e

so$ution Disso$+e 4.3@ ' o% %erri) )"$ori!e in &ater an! !i$ute to 1 $iter. See!in' ateria$

Su#ernatant $i7uor o% !oesti) se&a'e store! %or 32?6 "ours at 34C.

,ction Details

Store t"e !i$ution &ater at 34 C. For e+er* 1 $iter o% &ater 1$ o% ea)" o% #"os#"ate bu%%er

so$ution a'nesiu su$#"ate so$ution )a$)iu )"$ori!e so$ution an! %erri) )"$ori!e so$ution is

a!!e!. See! t"e !i$ution &it" see!in' ateria$. T"e 7uantit* o% see!in' ateria$-4.1 1 o%

sett$e! se&a'e/a!!e! s"ou$! be su)" t"at o=*'en !e#$etion in t"e !i$ution &ater )ontro$ is

bet&een 4.34.5 '9$iter a%ter in)ubation at 34 C %or @ !a*s. Di$ute t"e sa#$e, i% ne)essar* so

as to obtain a !e#$etion o% at $east 3'9$iter o% !isso$+e! o=*'en a%ter in)ubation %or @ !a*s.

Usua$$* @3@ %or treate! e%%$uent so$ution is ta8en. Fi$$ t"e 3 '$ass BOD bott$es &it" #re#are!sa#$e &ater an! sto##er on it. Sii$ar$* #re#are su))ee!in' !i$ution o% $o&er )on)entration.

Deterine t"e !isso$+e! o=*'en in 1 bott$e as #er et"o!. Deterine t"e !isso$+e! o=*'en in t"e

sa#$e in b$an8 or !eterine t"e !isso$+e! o=*'en b* usin' !isso$+e! o=*'en ana$*er OI?3?.

;ater sea$s t"e ot"er bott$es an! in)ubates at 34 C %or @ !a*s. A$so ta8e t"e !i$ution &ater a$one

into 3 '$ass sto##er bott$es an! !eterine t"e b$an8 in 1 an! in)ubate t"e ot"er at 34 C %or @

!a*s, a%ter in)ubation %or @ !a*s.

Tria$ no. Da* o$ue o%

sa#$e-$/

Initial %ina$ o$ue o%

titrent-$/

Disso$+e!

o=*'en-'9$

/

B$an8 4 344 4 5.3 5.3 5.3

?. 4 344 4 >. >. >.

2. 4 344 4 >. >. >.


19/45

B$an8 @ 344 4 5.4 5.4 5.4

1. @ 344 4 ?.3 ?.3 ?.3

3. @ 344 4 ?.3 ?.3 ?.3

/esult:

Initia$ DO o% t"e !i$ution sa#$e, Do Q >. $

DO at t"e en! o% @ !a*s %or t"e !i$ution sa#$e Q ?.3 $

B$an8 )orre)tion Q C4C@,BC Q 4.3 $

Initia$ DO o% t"e b$an8,C4 Q 5.3 $

DO at t"e en! o% @ !a*s %or t"e b$an8, C@ Q 5.4 $

Bio$o'i)a$ o=*'en !ean! Q -D1 D3/ --C1 C3/ F/

P

Bio$o'i)a$ o=*'en !ean! Q ->.?.3.4.3/ 344914Q 2.@344914

Q 4 '9L

CalculationBio$o'i)a$ o=*'en !ean! Q -D1 D3/ --C1 C3/ F/

P;"ere,D1Q Initia$ !isso$+e! o=*'en )ontent o% !i$ute! sa#$e.D3QDisso$+e! o=*'en )ontent o% !i$ute! sa#$e a%ter in)ubationC1QInitia$ !isso$+e! o=*'en )ontent o% see!e! !i$ution &ater a%ter in)ubationC3QDisso$+e! o=*'en )ontent o% see!e! !i$ution &ater a%ter in)ubationFQRatio o% t"e see! in t"e sa#$e to t"at in t"e )ontro$ t"at is #er)ent see! in D19#er)ent see! inC1

PQ!e)ia$ %ra)tion o% t"e sa#$e use!


20/45

Anal!sis o' total &$os&$ate *PO9+ as P

Ta8e 3@4 $ bea8ers

(lan/ #a-&le

144$ DM ;ater Sa#$e 144$

J@$ ?> H3SO2 @$ ?> H3SO2

J@ $ aoniu o$eb!ate @ $ aoniu o$eb!ate


21/45

J@ $ aino so$ution %or PO2 @ $ aino so$ution %or PO2

S"a8e #ro#er$* to ea)" bea8er a%ter ea)" ste#

A##earan)e o% b$ue )o$our

See absorban)e at Q 6@4 n b* U. S#e)tro#"otoeter.

PO2 -##/ Q Con)entration 1444 4.?36

Sa#$e o$ue

Chemical o0ygen demand

O=*'en in !rin8in' &ater is 5 ##. Sa#$e )o$$e)t in '$ass bott$e %or ana$*sis o% COD.

For #reser+ation o% sa#$e &e a!! soe )on)entrate! H3SO2 in sa#$e -@14$/. Ta8e

3@4 $ %$at botto roun! %$as8.


22/45

B$an8 Sa#$eTa8e @$ Disti$$e! &ater Ta8e sa#$e a))or!in' to COD )on)entration

3 $ @ $ 9 3 $ J J

A!! 1 ' er)uri) su$#"ate A!! 1 ' er)uri) su$#"ate, s"a8e J J

A!! @$ )on)entrate! H3SO2 A!! @$ )on)entrate! H3SO2, s"a8e J J

A!! 4.@ ' si$+er su$#"ate A!! 4.@ ' si$+er su$#"ate, s"a8eA!! @4 $ 4.1 N 0 3Cr 3O> A!! @4 $ 4.1 N 0 3Cr 3O>, s"a8eA!! >4 $ )on)entrate! H3SO2 A!! >4 $ )on)entrate! H3SO2%ro )on!enser s$o&$* an! )are%u$$* %ro )on!enser s$o&$* an! )are%u$$*Arran'e !isti$$ation unit an! #ut on t"e %$as8 in !isti$$ation unit

Fi'1. Disti$$ation Unit

Raise t"e te#erature o% !isti$$ation unit an! 'i+en t"e &ater %$o& to )on!enser.

Di'est u# to ?2 "ours. A%ter !i'estion, $et to )oo$ t"e %$as8. Titrate a'ainst 4.1N FAS &it"

%erroien in!i)ator-3? !ro#s/. En! #oint bri)8 $i8e re!.


23/45

Calculation

COD-##/ Q burette rea!in' N o% 0 3Cr 3O> %a)tor o% 0 3Cr 3O> 5 1444

Sa#$e o$ue

,

A--onia anal!sis

Ta8e t&o @4 $ +o$uetri) %$as8.

B$an8 Sa#$e

Ta8e soe DM &ater Ta8e soe DM &ater


24/45

Ta8e sa#$e a))or!in' to aonia

)on)entration su)" as @ or 14 $

3 or ? !ro#s o% so!iu #otassiu titrate 3 or ? !ro#s o% so!iu #otassiu titrate

Ma8e u# ar8 &it" DM &ater Ma8e u# ar8 &it" DM &ater

A!! 1 $ Ness$ers rea'ent A!! 1 $ Ness$ers rea'ent

S"a8e an! &ait @inutes an! see absorban)e at Q264n

Calculation

Aonia -##/ Q Con)entration %ro s#e)tro#"otoeter 1444

Sa#$e o$ue

#1N2H"#I# OF )R"A

Urea s*nt"esis iso% "istori)a$ i#ortan)e, it bein' t"e %irst or'ani) )o#oun! to be s*nt"esie!%ro inor'ani) )o#oun!s in a $aborator* $oler in 1535, obtaine! urea %ro aoniu

)*anate. Pre+ious to t"is, urea "a! been se#arate! %ro urine an! t"e e=#erient b* ;"o$er

s"o&e! t"at or'ani) ateria$ )ou$! be #re#are! %ro an inor'ani) )"ei)a$. Coer)ia$

#ro!u)tion o% urea &as starte! in 134, b* I .Farben in (eran* base! on aoniu )arbaate

#ro)ess, sin)e t"en, )onsi!erab$e in'enuit* &as use! to o+er)oe #ro)ess !i%%i)u$ties su)" as

)orrosion #rob$es re)o+er* o% o%%'ases an! e)onoi)s #ro)ess roots &"i)" resu$te! in #resent


25/45


26/45

%in!s e=tensi+e use in #re#aration o% a!"esi+es, te=ti$e, antis"rin8 )o#oun!s an! in t"e

e=)"an'e o% resins an! as in intere!iate in t"e #re#aration o% #i'ents

rocess *echnology

Urea is #ro!u)e! b* s*nt"esis %ro $i7ui! aonia an! 'aseous )arbon!io=i!e. Aonia an!

CO3 rea)t to %or aoniu )arbaate,a #ortion o% &"i)" !e"*!rates to %or urea an! &ater.

T"e %ra)tion o% aoniu )arbaate t"at !e"*!ratesis !eterine! b* ratio o% +arious rea)tants,

t"e o#eratin' #ressures te#erature an! t"e resi!en)e tie in re)tor. T"e rea)tiono% aonia

an! CO3 to #ro!u)e urea ta8es #$a)e in t&o sta'es at e$e+ate! #ressure an! te#erature.

3NH? J CO3 QQQQQQ NH3COONH2 J ?5.10)a$9'.o$

Li7ui! (aseous AoniuAonia Carbaate

NH3COONH2 QQQQQQ NH3CONH3 J H3O

Aoniu Urea ;ater Carbaate >.10)a$9'.o$

T"e %irst rea)tion is stron'$* e=ot"eri) an! t"ere%ore "eat is $iberate! as t"is rea)tion o))urs.;it" e=)ess NH? an! CO3 )on+ersion to )arbaate is a$ost 144, #ro+i!e! so$ution #ressure is'reater t"an !e)o#osition #ressure.T"e !e)o#osition #ressure is t"e #ressure at &"i)")arbaate &i$$ !e)o#ose ba)8 into CO3 an! NH?, i.e. NH3COONH2 QQQQQ 3 NH? J CO3De)o#osition #ressure is a %un)tion o% NH? )on)entration in t"e %ee! an! t"e so$utionte#erature an! in)reases i% eit"er te#erature or NH? re)*)$e is in)rease!. It is !esirab$e too#erate at "i'"er #ressure an! t"e "i'" o$e ratio o% NH? to CO3 #ro+i!e! rea)tor o#eratin' #ressure is 7uite "i'"enou'" to #re+ent )arbaate %ro !e)o#osition into NH? an! CO3.T"is&i$$ a=iie CO3 )on+ersion to urea an! to&ar!s t"e rea)tion.T"e se)on! rea)tion isen!ot"eri) t"ere%ore "eat is re7uire! %or t"is rea)tion to start. T"e "eat %or t"is rea)tion )oes%ro t"e %oration o% )arbaate. T"is rea)tion is a %un)tion o% te#erature an! aonia)on)entration in t"e %ee!. T"e so$ution e%%$uent %ro t"e rea)tor bein' a i=ture o% urea so$ution,aoniu )arbaate, unrea)te! aonia &ater an! CO3 is e=tree$* )orrosi+e in nature. T"esubse7uent sta'es o% #ro)ess )onsist o% !e)o#osition o% un)on+erte! )arbaate, re)o+er* o% resu$tin' aonia an! )arbon !io=i!e %or re)*)$e, )on)entration an! #ri$$in' o% urea so$ution.

Striping process

E%%orts to %in! soe a!!itiona$ !ri+in' %or)e be*on! t"e usua$ a!!ition o% "eat an! re!u)tions in #ressure to !e)o#ose )arbaate %ro urea rea)tor e%%$uents "a+e et &it" 'reat su))ess. In t"is #ro)ess !e)o#osition o% aoniu )abaate is !one at t"e s*nt"esis #ressure b* usin' eit"er


27/45

CO3 -Stai)arbon CO3 stri#in' #ro)ess/ or NH? +a#ors -SNAM PRO(ETTI NH? STRIPIN(PROCESS/ in a %a$$in' %i$ t*#e !e)o#oser, nora$$* )a$$e! stri#er. T"e rea)tor e%%$uents area$$o&e! to %a$$ t"rou'" t"e stri#er tubes in t"e %or o% $i7ui! %i$ %ro t"e to# &"i$e t"e stri#in'a'ent is intro!u)e! %ro t"e botto &"i)" tra+e$s u#&ar!s. Me!iu #ressure stea )on!ensin'on t"e s"e$$ si!e o% t"e stri#er su##$ies "eat %or !e)o#osition o% aoniu )arbaate.

Current$*, Sna#ro'etti #ro)ess !oes not re7uire in e


28/45

)ect of process aria$les

Carbaate %oration ta8es #$a)e &it" $iberation o% "eat an! urea %oration ta8es #$a)e &it"absor#tion o% "eat. T"e %orer rea)tion is ra#i! an! t"e $atter is s$o&. T"e e7ui$ibriu )on+ersionto urea &i$$ be %a+ore! un!er t"e %o$$o&in' )on!itions:

i. Hi'"er NH? )on)entrationii. Less H3O )on)entration

iii. Hi'"er te#eraturei+. In)rease! resi!en)e tie

)ect of +34C"2

T"eoreti)a$ ratio o% NH


29/45

)ect of 5ater4Car$on Dio0ide ratio

;ater is a #ro!u)t o% urea %oration. One o$e o% &ater is %ore! &"en 1 o$e o% urea is

#ro!u)e! b* t"e #resen)e o% e=)ess &ater, e7ui$ibriu rea)tion s"i%ts in re+erse !ire)tion an!*ie$! o% urea is #oor. Ho&e+er &ater "as to be a!!e! %or re)*)$in' un)on+erte! NH? an! CO3 ba)8 to rea)tor. Lo&er t"e aount o% &ater in rea)tor "i'"er is t"e *ie$! o% urea. Too $o& &ater )on)entration in $o& #ressure re)o+er* se)tion resu$ts in "i'"er )arbaate )on)entration an! t"is)auses #u#in' #rob$e an! )$o''in' in #i#in' s*ste. E=)ess &ater in rea)tor a$so re!u)ese%%e)ti+e +o$ue %or urea %oration an! a!!itiona$ ener'* is re7uire! to 'et ri! o% t"is &ater.Stu!* s"o& t"at #resen)e o% 1 o$e o% e=)ess &ater #er o$e o% )arbaate re!u)es e7ui$ibriu*ie$! o% urea to "a$%.

)ect of pressure and temperature

As #er Le C"at$iers #rin)i#$e "i'"er #ressure %a+ors )arbaate %oration. At t"e o#eratin')on!ition )arbaate %oration is a$ost instantaneous an! rea)tion ten!s to )o#$etion, #ro+i!e! rea)tion "eat is reo+e! siu$taneous$*. Lo&er te#erature %a+ors )arbaate%oration, bein' an e=ot"eri) rea)tion. In )ase o% urea %oration, "i'"er te#erature is%a+orab$e be)ause t"e rea)tion is en!ot"eri). T"e re$ation is su)" t"at &"en te#eraturein)reases t"e )on+ersion in)reases #ro#ortiona$$*. Ma=iu e7ui$ibriu )on+ersion is a)"ie+e!at aroun! 14 to 344 C. Rea)tants are "i'"$* )orrosi+e at "i'"er te#erature. O#eratin' #ressure is tota$$* !e#en!ent on te#erature at &"i)" )on+ersion ta8es #$a)e. Urea )on+ersionta8es #$a)e in $i7ui! #"ase. So e7ui$ibriu #ressure be)oes in)reasin'$* "i'"er &"en t"ete#erature rises.

Urea )on+ersion rea)tion is s$o& an! ta8es 34 inutes to attain e7ui$ibriu. Consi!erin' t"es$o&ness o% t"e rea)tion, urea re)tor is so !esi'ne! t"at resi!en)e tie s"ou$! be ore t"an 34inutes. Hi'"er resi!en)e tie %a+ors e7ui$ibriu )on+ersion an! nora$$* rea)tors are!esi'ne! %or resi!en)e tie o% ?4 inutes to 1 "our !e#en!in' u#on o#eratin' #araeters. 65urea )on+ersion ta8es #$a)e &it" resi!en)e tie o% ?4 inutes at a o$e ratio o% 2:1 an!te#erature o% 155 C &"ereas to a)"ie+e 64 )on+ersion &it" a o$e ratio o% 3:5:1 at 151 Ca$ost a resi!en)e tie o% @@ inutes is re7uire!. Resi!en)e tie in urea rea)tor #$a*s ani#ortant #art on e7ui$ibriu )on+ersion, &"ere o#eratin' #araeters in)$u!in' o$e ratio are

not %a+orab$e %or a 'oo! *ie$! "i'"er resi!en)e tie )o#ensates to soe e=tent to a)"ie+e a better *ie$!. But t"is is !one b* #ro+i!in' "i'"er rea)tor +o$ue &"i)" in)reases )a#ita$in+estent.

Biuret in urea

A #rob$e is %a)e! b* e+er* urea anu%a)turer in t"e %oration o% biuret !urin' t"e#ro!u)tion #ro)ess. It is not a !esirab$e substan)e as it is to=i) to t"e #$ants. It s"ou$! not e=)ee! ore t"an


30/45

1.@ in urea as #er %erti$ier )ontro$ or!er. ;"en urea so$ution is "eate! in t"e absen)e o% %reeaonia an! ob


31/45


32/45

5. D)CK""D *HARA#ONA+ ANAL1#I#

.

5.; Crude &rotein -et$od

1 ' !r* sa#$e in 8 ' o% er)uri) o=i!e

J

34 $ )on). H3SO2

P$a)e t"e %$as8 %or !i'estion -%$as8 ust be ti$te!/

Heat u# to B.P aintain

Unti$ so$ution is )$ear

E=tra "eat ?4in ore.


33/45

I% %oain' is #resent a!! #ara%%in &a=.

A%ter !i'estion $ea+e to )oo$ -a!!in' t"en 4 $ DM;./

J

3@$ 2 so!iu su$#"ate so$ution

Stir an! a!! '$ass bea!s

J

54$ o% NaOH-24 so$ution/ 8ee#in' t"e %$as8 ti$e!.

3 $a*ers &i$$ %or

Conne)t t"e %$as8 to !isti$$ation unit.

Co$$e)t @4$ !isti$$ate )ontainin' aonia in @4$ o% bori) a)i! -1/ &it" i=e! in!i)ator

Titrate t"e )o$$e)t !isti$$ate &it" st!. 4.1 N HC$

5.8 Calculation

nitro'en in sa#$e Q 100 (BR×N ×F×0.014) 9sa#$e &ei'"t -'/

)ru!e #rotein Q N3 in sa#$e ×625.


34/45

5.< Crude &rotein -et$od *MAFF+ */elda$l -et$od+

;ei'"t 1' o% sa#$e -!r*/

J

16' #otassiu su$#"ate

J

4.6 to 4.>' o% er)uri) o=i!e

J

3@$ )on). H3SO2 a %e& 'rains o% #ui)e stone .

Heat %$as8 o!erate$* at %irst, s"a8in' o))asiona$$* unti$ t"e ateria$ is )arbonie! an! t"e

bubb$es "a+e !isa##eare!. T"en rise t"e te#erature an! brin' to 'ent$e boi$. Do not a$$o& t"e

%$as8 &a$$s to o+er"eat so t"at or'ani) #arti)$es !o not a!"ere to t"e.

;"en t"e so$ution $oo8s )$ear an! )o$or$ess, )ontinue to boi$ %or 3 "ours $on'er, t"an )oo$. I%

a%ter !i'estion an! )oo$in' t"e so$ution )r*sta$$ies, re#eat t"e ana$*sis o% )r*sta$$iation )ontinue

to o))ur. Re#eat t"e ana$*sis usin' ore su$#"uri) a)i!.

A!! 3@4?@4 $ DM; in %$as8 ,stirrin' t"e )ontents at t"e sae tie. Let )oo$ an! a!! a %e&

in) #e$$ets.

Trans%er 3@$ 4.1 N H3SO2 in a bea8er %or )o$$e)t !isti$$ate &it" et"*$ re! in!i)ator

J

144$ NaOH so$ution -24/

J

14$ so!iu su$#"ate so$ution


35/45


36/45

1. Reo+e e=tra)tion %$as8s %ro 8i$n &it"out tou)"in' t"e &it" %in'ers, )oa$ in a !r*er

an! &ei'"t to &it"in i$$i'ras

3. ;ei'"t ? to @ 's o% sa#$e to &it"in 's in an e=tra)tion t"ib$es, "an!$in' it &it"

$on's an! #$a)e in t"e e=tra)tion unit. Conne)t t"e %$as8 )ontainin' #etro$eu eit"er at

39? o% tota$ +o$ue to t"e e=tra)tor.

?. Brin' to boi$ an! a!


37/45

So8"$et e=tra)tion 6 "ours

;it" #etro$eu eat"er

5.> Crude Fier

5.>.; Reagents

• H3SO2 4.3@@ N

• NaOH 4.?1? N

• Anti %oa

• Et"*$ a$)o"o$ -@ 9+/

• Petro$eu et"er

• 1 HCL so$ution -9+/

5.>.8 "Bui&-ents

• 644 $ %$at bottoe! ba$$oon %$*

• Con!ensation unit

• 11 8itaate %$as8

• Bu)"ner %unne$

• Fi$tration )ru)ib$e

• Rubber )ones

• ;"atann %i$ter #a#er

• @44 $ retort !r*er

• Laborator* 8i$n

• Cru)ib$e %urna)e

)liminate

solent in

3-' gm sample

5eight

6as7

Cool in dryerCalculate


38/45

5.>.< Met$od

• ;ei'"t 3? ' !e%atte! ,!r* sa#$e in %$as8, a!! 344 $ "ot H3SO2-4.3@@ $/

• Atta)" t"e )on!enser an! brin' to boi$in' #oints in 1 inute, o% ne)essar*, a!! anti%oa.

Boi$ %or e=a)t$* ?4 inutes, aintainin' t"e +o$ue o% !isti$$e! &ater )onstant an!

s&ir$in' t"e %$as8 #erio!i)a$$* to reo+e #arti)$es a!"erin' to t"e si!e.

• Line t"e Bu)"ner %unne$ &it" t"e %i$ter #a#er an! #re"eat &it" boi$in' &ater. At t"e sae

tie ,at t"e en! o% t"e boi$in' #erio! reo+e t"e %$as8, $et rest one inute %i$ter t"e

)ontents )are%u$$*, usin' su)tion , %i$tration s"ou$! be )arrie! out in $ess t"an 14 inutes.

;as" t"e %i$ter #a#er &it" boi$in' &ater.

• Trans%er t"e resi!ue to %$as8 usin' a retort )ontainin' 344 $ o% boi$in' NaOH so$ution

an! boi$ %or ?4 inutes as in ste# 3

• Pre"eat t"e %i$tration )ru)ib$e &it" boi$in' &ater an! )are%u$$* %i$ter t"e "*!ro$*e!

i=ture a%ter $ettin' it rest %or 1 inutes.• ;as$+ t"e resi!ue &it" boi$in' &ater, &it" t"e HCL so$ution an! t"en a'ain &it" t"e

boi$in' &ater, %inis"in' &it" t"ree &as"es &it" #etro$eu et"er #$a)e t"e )ru)ib$e in a

8i$n set at 14@ ℃ %or 13 "ours t"en )oo$ in !r*er.

• Wui)8$* &ei'"t t"e )ru)ib$e &it" t"e resi!ue insi!e an! #$a)e in t"e )ru)ib$e %urna)e at

@@4 ℃ %or ? "ous. Lea+e to )oo$ in a !r*er an! &ei'"t t"e a'ain.

5.>.9 Calculation

Cru!e %ibre )ontent -/ Q 144 -AB/ C

A Q &t o% )ru)ib$e &it" !r* resi!ue -'/

B Q &t o% )ru)ib$e &it" as" -'/

C Q &t o% sa#$e -'/

5.? As$ content

3.@ to @.4 ' sa#$e in )ru)ib$e -#re+ious$* )a$)ine! an! brou'"t to )onstant &t./

P$a)e t"e )ru)ib$e in a %urna)e an! "eat at @@4 ℃ %or a 13 "ours.

Lea+e to )oo$ an! trans%er to a !r*er


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Care%u$$* &ei'" t"e )ru)ib$e &it" as"

As" )ontent Q 144 -AB/ C

A Q &t o% )ru)ib$e &it" sa#$e -'/

B Q &t o% )ru)ib$e &it" as" -'/

C Q &t o% sa#$eQ144 -BA/-CA/

BA

5.?.; Moisture

• ;ei'"t out a##ro= @14 ' o% #re+ious$* 'roun! sa#$e

• P$a)e sa#$e in !r*in' o&n at 14@ ℃ %or at $east 13 "rs.

• ;ei'"t a'ain

Moisture )ontent Q 144 -BA/-CA/ BA

A Q &t o% t"e )$ean !r* s)a$e #an -'/

B Q &t o% t"e )$ean !r* s)a$e #an -'/ J &t sa#$e -'/

C Q &t o% t"e )$ean !r* s)a$e #an -'/ J !r* sa#$e

5.?.8 Percentage nitrogen 'ree e7tract *NF"+

NFC -/ Q 1OO−( A +B+C + D+ E)

A Q Hui!it* )ontent -/

B Q Cru!e #rotein )ontent -/

C Q Cru!e $i#i! )ontent -/

D Q Cru!e %ibre )ontent -/

E Q As" )ontent -/


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A!! 1? $ o% #er)"$ori) a)i! so$ution -34 inutes starrin' &it" '$ass ro!/

Trans%er, %i$ter a8e u# t"e +o$ue to 3@4 $ in .F -DM;/-a8e u# as8/

>.< Deter-ination

• Di$ute -abo+e #re#are! sa#$e/ 14 $ to 144 $ in .F, s"a8e an! trans%er 1 $ o% t"is

sa#$e in a test tube an! 1 $ DM; %or b$an8.

• Ta8e t&o 1 $ !u#$i)ate b$an8s usin' t"e !i$ute '$u)ose so$ution.-'$u)ose stan!ar!/

• Wui)8$* a!! %res"$* #re#are! ant"rone rea'ents in a$$ t"e tubes. Ca# t"e tube an! i=

+i'orous$*.

• P$a)e in &ater bot" an! "eat %or 13 inutes.

•

Coo$ ra#i!$* to roo te#erature - T"e 'reen )o$our o))urre! an! stab$e %or 3 "ours/• See absorban)e at XQ 6?4 n a'ainst b$an8.

>.9 Calculation

Tota$ a+ai$ab$e )arbo"*!rates - o% '$u)ose/ Q 25.B

A.;

; Q &t o% sa#$e in '

aQ Absorban)e o% !i$ute! stan!ar!

bQ Absorban)e o% sa#$es


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/)S8* % DSCSS"

In t"e interest o% !e+e$o#in' %uture o#tions %or aonia #ro!u)tion, t"is #ro43 i$$ion %i=e! )a#ita$ )ost o%

t"e #$ant )ou$! in rea$it* a))ount %or as $itt$e as 21.2 i$$ion. T"is re!u)tion in )a#ita$ )osts

&ou$! resu$t in a brea8e+en #oint at a##ro=iate$* 1.6 *ears o% o#eration. A))or!in' to t"e #ro


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Conclusion

;. Ad%antages

4he technological avantage of a--onia is that it re2ires only s-allFi-ensione

piping an throttle cross sections. At the sa-e ti-e, asse-6ling copper piping is

part of the aily ro2tine of technicians. B2t 2e to a--onias inco-pati6ility ith

copper, ierent technologies have to6e 2se for 62iling a--onia syste-s G a

Ho6 hich so far can only 6e -astere 6y a fe speciali3e co-panies. In general,

a--onia is a nat2ral refrigerant ith only -inor ris+ potential.

• In nat2re, a--onia is pro2ce 6y 6iological processes, is nat2rally

eco-pose, an oes not a to the glo6al greenho2se eect.

• "nly of the a--onia e;isting on this planet res2lts fro- h2-an activity,

even tho2gh it is pro2ce in large 2antities for fertili3ers. A--onia is

reaily sol26le in aterJ the sol2tion is calle sal a--oniac, hich is ellF

+non in ho2sehols.

• 4he oor of a--onia has a highly alerting eect. Even the slightest traces of

a--onia in the air can 6e perceive easily. Refrigerant lea+s are therefore

etecte at once

8. Disad%antages

;"en in 'aseous %or, aonia "as a s"ort atos#"eri) $i%etie o% about 32 "ours an! usua$$*

!e#osits near its sour)e -t"e a


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Nationa$ Par8, "as been !o)uente!. De#osition o% t"ese N ri)" #arti)u$ates in t"e Par8 "as

)ause! )"an'es in t"e Par8s +e'etation, $a8es, an! natura$ e)os*stes

Re'erences3. C"a+is, Gason C. ZT"e E%%e)ts an! Uses o% Aonia in A'ri)u$ture.Z 2 Gune 3412. ;eb. 33Ma* 341@. "tt#:99&&&.bri'"t"ub.)o9en+ironent9s)ien)een+ironenta$9arti)$es9>?363.as#=.Histe!t, Heat", A$on . M)Cori)8, an! E!&ar! L. Cuss$er. ZSa$$S)a$e Pro!u)tion o%Aonia Fro a Cobine! Rea)torMebraneA!sorber.Z 5 No+. 341?. ;eb. 32 Ma* 341@."tt#s:99ai)"e.)on%e=.)o9ai)"e9341?9&eb#ro'ra9Pa#er?3@1?@."t$.. Si$, a)$a+. ZDetonator o% t"e Po#u$ation E=#$osion.Z 1>. ;eb. 33 Ma* 341@.

"tt#:99&&&.+a)$a+si$.)o9)ontent9u#$oa!s9!o)s9si$arti)$e1nature>.#!%.. Ru!er, Gon, an! E!&in Bennion. Z(ro&in' Dean! %or Ferti$ier 0ee#s Pri)es Hi'".Z Ma*341?. ;eb. 3? Ma* 341@. "tt#:99&&&.b$s.'o+9o#ub9btn9+o$ue39'ro&in'!ean!%or%erti$ier8ee#s#ri)es"i'"."t.. O+erann, Ste#"en R. Z;ater Po$$ution b* A'ri)u$tura$ C"ei)a$s.Z Sout"east Missouri StateUni+ersit*, 3441. ;eb. 1 Gune 341@."tt#:99s.#ren"a$$.)o9s9e!ia9ob914@34@@9Re'iona$[U#!ates9u#!ate?4."t.. Cata$ano, Ga)o#o, Fe!eri)o (uaone, I+an P. Mar!i$o+i)", Ni8o$aos 0. 0aantis, an! Yi HuaMa. Hydrogen Production in a Large Scale Water-Gas Shift Pd-Based Catalytic Membrane Reactor. ;or)ester Po$*te)"ni) Institute, 31 De). 3411. ;eb. 3 A#r. 341@."tt#:99#ubs.a)s.or'9!oi9abs914.14319ie343@445.

. Unite! States. En+ironenta$ Prote)tion A'en)*. Te)"ni)a$ Su##ort Di+ision. Bacground Re!ort "P-#$ Section %.$& Synthetic "mmonia. Resear)" Trian'$e Par8, NC. Ro#er, L. Da+i!. Z;or$! Aonia Pro!u)tion.Z 11 Gan. 341@. ;eb. 1> Ma* 341@."tt#:99&&&.ro#er$!.)o9s)ien)e9inera$s9aonia."t.. rooen, Harr*. ZNatura$ (as an! t"e U.S. Ferti$ier In!ustr*.Z 1@ Gu$* 3414. ;eb. 1> Ma*341@. "tt#:99)onsuerener'*a$$ian)e.or'9)ontent9u#$oa!s9341494>9rooenCEA Natura$(asCoitteeGu$*1@3414#resentationatTFI"+.#!%.. Ba$$, Ge%%. ZBa)8 to Basi)s: T"e Ro$es o% N, P, 0 an! T"eir Sour)e!.Z Gan. 344>. ;eb. 33 Ma*341@. "tt#:99&&&.nob$e.or'9a'9soi$s9ba)83basi)s9.. ZFerti$ier Re7uireents in 341@ an! 34?4.Z Roo! an! A'ri)u$ture Or'aniation o% t"e Unite! Nations, 3444. ;eb. 14 Ma* 341@. %t#:99%t#.%ao.or'9a'$9a'$$9!o)s9bar%ina$.#!%

. Unite! States. En+ironenta$ Prote)tion A'en)*. 'n(entory of ).S. Greenhouse Gas *missionsand Sins& +,,$+$. 1@ A#r. 3412. ;eb. 3? Ma* 341@. %t#:99%t#.%ao.or'9a'$9a'$$9!o)s9bar%ina$.#!% .. an Der P$oe', R. R., ;. Bo", an! M. B. 0ir8"a. ZHistor* o% Soi$ S)ien)e: On t"e Ori'in o% t"e T"eor* o% Minera$ Nutrition o% P$ants an! t"e La& o% t"e Miniu.Z ;eb. 1> Ma* 341@."tt#:99a)a!ei).u#r.e!u9!sotoa*or9a'ro6@4@9an!erP$oe'[eta$[sssa


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production of ammonia by industrial method2 (repaired)

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