Production and consumption of horticultural products in Korea and cancer chemopreventive activity of fruit and vegetables

Mok, Il-Gin1 and Hyong Joo Lee 2

1 National Horticultural Research Institute, Korea2 Seoul National University, Korea

Joint FAO/WHO Workshop on fruit and vegetablesAug. 15, 2006. Coex, Seoul

1974

apples

pears

peaches

grapes

citrus

persimmons

others

1984 1994 2004

52%

10%15%

10%5%7%1%

44%

8%8%

10%

22%6% 2%

32%

8%6%

11%

28%

9% 6%

15%

19%

8%15%

25%

12%6%

3,000

2,000

1,000(582)

(1,229)

(1,930)

(2,411)

Fru

it pr

oduc

tion

(1,0

00M

/T)

Years

0

Fruit production in Korea

0

apple

s

pear

s

grap

escit

rus

pers

imm

ons

swee

t per

simm

ons

oran

ges

bana

nas

Export

Import

20

40

60

80

100

120Q

ua

ntity

of f

resh

fru

it tr

ade

s (1

,000

M/T

)

Fruit trade of Korea

0

5

10

15

20

'80

'85

'90

'95

'00

'03

Years

Fru

it co

nsum

ptio

n (k

g)applespearspeachesgrapes

citruspersimmonsothers

Fruit consumption in Korea

Vegetable production in Korea

Vegetable consumption per capita

in Korea

Production of fruit vegetables in Korea

(production value, 2004)

Production of spice vegetables in Korea

(production value, 2004)

Production of leafy and root vegetables in Korea

(production value, 2004)

Function of foods

Function Effects Components

1’ function

(Nutritional)

Physical

strength

Nutrients

(CHO, prot, lipid, vitamin, mineral)

2’ function

(Sensory)

Pleasant sensation

Flavor, color, texture

3’ function

(Physiological)

Health

promoting

Phytochemicals,

Peptides, lipids, probiotics, etc

Phytochemicals and their bioactivities

Phytochemicals Bioactivities

Flavonoids daidzein, genistein, glycitein

Antioxidant, Lowering cholesterol, Preventing cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and osteoporosis

Polyphenolscatechin, quercetin, epigallocatechin gallate,  phytosterol, curcumin,  proanthocyanidins

Antioxidant, antifungal, antivirus, and preventing inflammation, cancer, and CVD

Terpenes β & α-carotene, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin

Cancer chemoprevention

Sulfur compounds

thioallyls, isothiocyanates, glucosinolates

Preventing hypertension, cancer, and thrombosis

Others saponins, ginkgolides, inositol phosphates

Improving blood circulation, cancer chemoprevention

Total deaths from cancer and heart disease

J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2003

Factor Estimated % of all cancer deaths

Major causes of cancer

Diet 35Tobacco 30Infection 10 Reproductive & sexual behavior 7Occupation 4Alcohol 3Geophysical factors 3 Pollution 2Industrial products 1Medicines & medical procedures 1Food additives < 1

Cancer chemoprevention

“Use of agents that are designed to

inhibit, reverse, or retard carcinogenesis” A Promising and ultimate strategy to

prevent cancer

Multistage Carcinogenesis

Secretion

Initiation Promotion Progression

Normal InitiatedCell Cell Cell Cell

Preneoplastic Neoplastic

(1-2 days) ( >10 years) ( >1 years)

Procarcinogen

Ultimate Carcinogen

Detoxification

Metabolic Activation

Initiation Promotion Progression

Modification of epigenetic events

Cancer chemopreventive mechanisms of food components

Carcinogen Oxidative stress

Inhibition of cell-to cell communication

Initiation Promotion

Inflammation

Progression

MMP production

Cell proliferation

Lee KW et al., Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 2004

Many studies on intracellular signaling cascades as common molecular targets for chemopreventive phytochemicals in food

Lee KW et al. Mec. Aging Dev. 127- 424 (2006)

Major phenolics in apple and their contribution to the total antioxidant activity

 

PhytochemicalsConcentrationmg/100 g fresh

Relative VCEAC values

Total antioxidant activity

(mg VCEAC/100 g)

Relative contribution

(%)

Vitamin C 12.80 1 12.80 10.1

Chlorogenic acid 9.02 0.97 8.75 6.9

Epicatechin 8.65 2.67 23.10 19.2

Phloretin glycosides 5.60 1.63 9.13 7.2

Procyanidin B2 9.34 2.36 22.04 17.3

Quercetin glycosides 16.78 3.06 51.35 40.4

Total 61.25   127.17  

Apple antioxidants exert combined chemoprotective effects against ROS-mediated carcinogenesis.

Tumor promotion mediated by ROS may be involved in ROS-induce

d inhibition of GJIC and activation of MMP.

Vitamin C and quercetin restored H2O2-inhibition of GJIC by blocking

hyperphosphorylation of Cx 43 and activation of ERK 1/2 in a rat live

r epithelial cell line.

Vitamin C and quercetin protects ROS-mediated activation of MMP-

2 and increase of motility in a fibrosarcoma cell line.

Chemopreventive effects of apple phenolics

Exp. Biol. Med. 231- 322 (2006)

Exp. Biol. Med. 231- 421 (2006)

5 A Day for Better Health is a national program and partnership that seeks to increase the number of daily servings of fruits and vegetables Americans eat to five or more. The 5 A Day program provides easy ways to add more fruits and vegetables into your daily eating patterns.