product lifecycleassessment[1]
TRANSCRIPT
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Product Life Cycle Assessment
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Life Cycle Flowchart
Adapted from Industrial Designers Society of America - Okala
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Premanufacture
• Raw Material
Extraction
• Material Processing
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Premanufacture: Raw Material Extraction
• All consumer products depend on the natural
environment for raw materials
• Some form of energy is required
• Typically produces large quantities of outputs
(wastes and emissions)
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Premanufacture: Material Processing
• Often material-intensive
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Premanufacture: Material Processing
• Often material-intensive
• Energy is required
Material Energy Cost
(MJ/kg)
Extracted from
Titanium 900 - 940 Ore concentrate
Aluminum 227-342 Bauxite
Polystyrene 87 - 115 Crude oil
Polyvinylchloride (PVC) 85 - 107 Crude oil
Paper 25-50 Standing timber
Glass 18-35 Sand, etc.
Wood 3 – 7 Standing timber
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Premanufacture: Material Processing
• Often material-intensive
• Energy is required
• Processing often produces wastes and other
outputs
– Example: Aluminum refining waste products
• Red mud
• Greenhouse gases
• SPL – spent potlining
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Manufacture
• Component Manufacture
• Assembly
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Manufacture
• Additional energy and material required
• Various outputs created
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Product Delivery
• Packaging
• Distribution
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Product Delivery: Packaging
• Creates waste, emissions, and other releases
• Very short lifetime
• Large amount of material turned directly to waste
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Product Delivery: Distribution
• Consumes large amounts of energy
• Creates large amounts of emissions
• Large distances between manufacturer and
consumer can create barriers to recycling
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Use
• Installation & Use
• Maintenance
• Up-grading
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Use
• Products remain at this stage as long as they
are usable or repairable
• Powered consumer products have a large
environmental impact
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End of Life/Disposal
• Land Fill
• Incineration
• Material Recycling
• Component
Reuse
• Product Reuse
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Why We Throw Things Away
Do consumers throw something away because it has stopped
working or because they want something different?
Industrial Designers Society of America - Okala
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Reduce
Reuse
Recycle
Disposal
End of Life
most
favorable
least
favorable
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Recycling
• Downcycling
– Converting waste materials into new materials of
lesser quality and reduced functionality
• Reduces consumption of raw materials
• Reduces energy usage
• Reduces the volume of waste material
• Reduces air and water pollution
– Examples:
• Office paper to toilet paper
• Plastic recycling
• Aluminum recycling
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Recycling
• Upcycling
– Converting waste materials into new products of
better quality or higher environmental value without
degrading the material
• Reduces consumption of raw materials
• Reduces energy usage
• Reduces the volume of waste material
• Reduces air and water pollution
– Examples:
• Tires to steps
• Drink pouches into backpacks
• Skateboards into bookcases
• Fire hoses into belts, bags, and cufflinks
• Old clothes into quilts and blankets
• Toothbrushes into a welcome mat
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Environmental Concerns
• Global climate change
• Human organism damage
• Water availability and quality
• Depletion of fossil fuels
• Loss of biodiversity
• Stratospheric ozone depletion
• Land use patterns
• Depletion of non-fossil fuel resources
• Acid disposition
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Ecological DesignA method of design that is environmentally benign and
economically viable.
Economically
Viable
ECOLOGICAL
DESIGN
Environmentally
Benign
Economically Viable: Design is competitive in the marketplace.Environmentally Benign: Design demonstrates obvious or
measurable environmental benefits.Industrial Designers Society of America - Okala
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Sustainable DesignDesign that is environmentally benign, economically
viable, and socially equitable.
Economically
Viable
SUSTAINABLE
DESIGN
Environmentally
Benign
Socially Equitable
Socially Equitable:
Design considers all
people participating in
production, use, disposal
, or reuse.
Industrial Designers Society of America - Okala
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Design for Sustainability
Economically
Viable
SUSTAINABLE
DESIGN
Environmentally
Benign
Social Equity
• Sustainable product design involves . . .
– Minimizing the consumption of materials, energy, and
water
– Avoiding toxic or hazardous materials and processes
– Recycling or reusing materials
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Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
INPUTS OUTPUTS
Natural
Environment
• Identifies and quantifies the environmental
impacts of a product, process, or service
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Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Economically
Viable
SUSTAINABLE
DESIGN
Environmentally
Benign
• A technique used to assess the environmental
aspects and potential impacts of a
product, process, or service throughout the life of
a product
• LCA includes:
– Goal definition and scoping
– Inventory analysis of inputs and outputs
– Environmental impacts assessment
– Interpretation
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ChemicalsSolvents
Biological Agents
Electricity Water
Fossil Fuels
Raw Material
Parts
Components
Finished Components
Finished Parts
Non-hazardous Outputs
Hazardous Material Outputs
Liquid
Gaseous
Solid
PROCESS
Product Life Cycle Flow Diagram
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Life Cycle Stage Materials Energy Solid Liquid Gaseous Total
Premanufacture
Manufacture
Product Delivery
Use
End of Life/ Disposal
Total
Inventory Analysis
Score: 0 - 40: Poor environmental practices. Serious environmental concerns.
4: Excellent environmental practices. No serious environmental concerns.
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Life Cycle Stage Materials Energy Solid Liquid Gaseous Total
Premanufacture 0 1 1 2 1 5Manufacture 1 1 1 1 1 5Product Delivery 3 2 2 4 2 13Use 2 1 3 3 1 10End of Life/ Disposal 1 1 1 3 2 8Total 7 6 8 13 7 51
Inventory Analysis – Desktop Computer and CRT
Score: 0 - 40: Poor environmental practices. Serious environmental concerns.
4: Excellent environmental practices. No serious environmental concerns.
0
4 2
1
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Image Resources
Industrial Designers Society of America. (2009). Okala:
Learning ecological design. Phoenix, AZ
Microsoft, Inc. (n.d.). Clip art. Retrieved from
http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/clipart/default.aspx
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Resources
Gutowski, T. G. Design and manufacturing for the environment. (2004).
Retrieved from
http://web.mit.edu/ebm/www/Publications/Gutowski%20Mech%20En
g%20Handbook%20Ch%20Dec%206%2020041.pdf
Scientific Applications International Corporation. (2006). Life cycle
assessment: Principles and practice. Retrieved from
http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/lcaccess/lca101.html.