product knowledge workshop
TRANSCRIPT
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Participant Expectations
What do you expect tolearn from this
w orkshop?
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Expectation setting
G eneric fabric kn ow ledg e Value Additions in fabric
manufacturing Denim
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Program Objective
Acquire product knowledge to
effectively
Use the knowledge to increasesales
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G eneric F abricKnow ledge
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Basic Concepts W hats a fib er?
S m allest part of a fabric H air-like substance F ibres are either found in
nature or m anm ade F ibres w hose length is
m easured in inches are calledstaple fibers
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Basic Concepts
A Filament All manmade fibres are
filaments
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Types of fibers
Types o ffibers
Man-MadeMade in factory
Natural FibersFoun d in nature
RegeneratedMix of cellulos e
+Chemicals
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Natural fibers O ccur in n ature O ldes t and o riginal bas e for fabrics Use of wool goes back over 4,000
years. O btained from
Plants: cotton, linen, jute,flax , ram ie, hemp
Animals: wool, silk etc. Minerals: asbestos etc
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Man-m ade fibers Made from c hem ical so lutions These have desired/ specific set of
properties based on their chemical
composi t ion Very recent - first commercial
prod uc tio n o f rayo n in 1910 Examples :
Nylon Polyester Acrylic etc
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C haracteristicsof fibers
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Natural F iber: Cotton
A bso rben t & Qu ick
drying Breathable Fair d rap e
Sum mer Fab ric Washable Dry-cleanable Comfortable and Long
lasting
BENEFITSFEATURES
Source :Cotton Plant
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Natural F iber: L inen
Absorbent & Quick
drying
G ood lus ter
Breathable
Tw ice as s t ron g as co t ton
C risp feel
Sum mer Fab ric Used as Evening
Wear Washable and Dry-
cleanable Comfortable
BENEFITSFEATURES
Source :Flax Plant
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Natural F iber: Ram ie
R edu ced p illing
Silk y luster
Resilience
Us ually b lended w ith o ther
fabrics
Even ing w ear Redu ced w rink ling Ho lds b od y shape
BENEFITSFEATURES
Source :Bast Plant
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Natural F iber: S ilk
E xc ellent luster Can be in soft or cr isp
hand feel Drapes w ell
Used as E vening Wear
Across types o f garments
E xcellent shine
BENEFITSFEATURES
Source :Silkworm
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Types of S ilk
Natural S ilkw orm s feed on m ulberry
leaves T riangular ,thin, lustrous
Tussa r W ild cultivated silk S ilkw orm s feed on oak or
cherry leaves B row n fiber produced is flat,
very non-uniform ,thicker less lustrous
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Types of S ilk
Dupion T wo silk worm s nes
together and form one cocoonm ade of double strand.
F ibers not separated and giva thick and thin appearance
Spun M ade of short fibers from
pierced cocoons, from thfirst and last part of thcocoon
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Natural F iber: Wool
Excellent insulation
property
G oo d resilience E asy to dye
Winter w ear
Natu rally w rink le-free
Available across co lou rs
BENEFITSFEATURES
Source :Animal hair
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Types of W ool
Cashmere From an As ian goat
E xtremely f ine and soft
Mohair From the Ango ra goat
Smo oth and s l ippery
High luster
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Synthetic F iber: Nylon,Polyester
L ightweight S trong G ood drapability A brasion resistant
L ighter on the body
Used for Outerwear
Used extensively for
sw im wear
BENEFITSFEATURES
Source :Chemicals
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Synthetic F iber:Lycra>>
Man-made fiber Retains shape o f garment Fashionable - body
hugg ing
Takes body sh ape
Durable
BENEFITSFEATURES
Source :Spandex
Spandex from Du pont called: Lycra
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Regenerated F iber:Rayon
Medium w eigh t Drapes w ell Highly abso rbent Dyes and pr ints w ell No static or piling
problems
Summ er wear
Soft to the bod y
BENEFITSFEATURES
Source :Cellulose + Chemicals
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Regenerated F iber:Polynosic
Man m ade fiber Drapes w ell E xcellent luster Breathable Can be dyed in br ight
colours
Summ er wear
Soft to the bod y
BENEFITSFEATURES
Source :Cellulose + Chemicals
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Regenerated F iber: T encel
Man-made fiber Ad ds sof tness Lux ur ious drape Breathable G ood absorbency
Summ er wear
Soft to the bod y
Evening wear
BENEFITSFEATURES
Source :Cellulose of Wood Pulp+ Chemicals
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High Perform anceFabrics
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High PerformanceF abrics
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Teflon K eeps fabrics look ing new er lon ger Innovative generation of stain
protection
Provide advanced stain protection forapparel, home furnishings, natural
leather, su ede More without changing the look
and feel of the products.
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Taslon New age Nylon Quick-dry T ear- and w eather-resistan t pro p erties Colorfast Machine w ashable Suitable for sportswear, wetsuits,
bags and camping tents
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WoolPolyester
Poly Wool
45%55%
Blending
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Blending
Mixing of two or more types of
fibers B lending is d on e by weigh t only To benef i t f rom unique
propert ies of each const i tuent
fiber Contr ibutes to the cost of the
garment
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C VC / C otton R ich : C hief value co t ton Terryco t/ Po lyco t : Po lyester : cotton Terryw oo l/ Po lyw o o l : Polyester : wo o l Po lyvisco se : Polyester : visc o se
.% o f first material > seco nd o r as
mentioned in the product descript ioncard
BlendingCommon B lends
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F iber to Fabric- ValueA ddition
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Fabric Raw cotton
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Fabric
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Spinning P rocess
Fibers are usually grouped and
twisted into a continuous
strand called yarn s Made by twisting fibers while
simultaneously pull ing or
drawing the f iber ou t
Did you kno w?
Th e first yarns pre-date recorded history
and w ere prob ably made in a cave accidentally
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Carding & Combing
Process o f making
co tton fibers into
lo ng leng ths o f fibers
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Value Addition: Cost
Why is com bed co t ton mo re expensive
than carded co t ton ?
Les ser im pu rities Longer fibers (shorter ones are
eliminated)
Combing an addi t ional processafter carding, therefore adds tothe cos t
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Benefits of C ombed Yarn
Fabric lo o ks bet ter Feels smoother
Is s t ronger
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Yarn
Ply 2 or more single yarns
tw isted together 2 X 2
2 ply yarn in both w arp &w eft
2 X 1 2 ply in w arp & singles in
w eft
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Benefits of P lying
Stronger Durability enhanced
Su rface lo o k & feel improves Reduced tend ency to pill
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Value Addition: P lying
Ply yarns requ ire: B etter fiber M ore labor S pecial machinery hence m or
expensive
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Count in W oven Us ed to express relation sh ip between
un it leng th and w eigh t of yarns The yarn count is inversely
prop ort ion al to w eigh t E.g.
A 50s count spun yarn has
two times more weight(thickness) than a 100s count
yarn Metho d o f exp ressing
50/1 or 50 s yarn 60/2 - two ply 60 s yarn
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Count: C otton T ypes
Cambric A lightw eight cotton cloth
used as fabric for lace and
needlew ork. C ambric, also known as
batist in a large part of thw orld
Drill M edium weight tw ill cotton
fabric
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Types of F abric
T ypes O fFabrics
Woven Knits N onw ovens
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W oven Fabrics
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Fabric-W ovens
Yarn on 2 s ides of
Fabric W arp (V ertical)
W eft (Horizontal)
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Fabric-W ovens
E PI( E nd s p er Inch )
Number of warps per inch
PP I(Picks per In ch )
Number of wefts per inch
Imp act the finen ess of the fabric
Directly proportional relationship
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Fabric-W eaves
The mos t commonly used
weaves P lain w eave M atte w eave F il-a-fil C hambray T will weave
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Plain W eave
Firm and du rable Interlacement of yarns is very
high hence, resists snagging
and pu lling
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Matte W eave
A ls o k n o w n as B A S K E T W E A V E
Variatio n o f plain w eave Uses doubled yarn to produce a
basket l ike design on the face of the
fabric
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Twill Weave Creates a diagonal effect on the face of
the fab ric
Im po rtant features
C ompact S trong H eavy D urable U sed for work clothes, suiting
fabrics and dress fabrics
E xam ple; den im, gab ardine etc.
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Types of T will weave
Twill
Herringbone
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Twill: Chino/ K hakis Chino/Khakis
L ightweight tw ill fabric O riginally used in British and
F rench m ilitary uniforms in them id-1800s, today it is also usedto m ake civilian clothingD id you know ?
C hino pants gained popularity in the U S in the 1950s after militarym en returning from the
Philippines after the S panish-A merican War brought back their cottonmilitary trousers.
These pants were originally m ade in C hina. "Chino" is the Spanish term for Chinese , hence the fabric and
these pants picked up the nam e.The first chinos sold in the U S w ere US Arm y m ilitary issuepants and in order to save fabric during W W I I era constraints,
they had no pleats and w ere tapered at the bottom of the leg.T he originally military pants w ere khaki in color.
T oday, chino pants in the U S are com monly referred to as "khakis",althou h b definition "chino is a t e of fabric and "khaki" is
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Satin W eave
Warpfloat
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Special w eaves
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Special Weave:P ile Weave Deco rative w eave Pile is formed by addit ional warp
interlaced to form loops on the surface
face of th e fabric Loops may be lef t uncut , or they may be
cut to expo se yarn ends and produ ce cu t
p ile fabric. E xam ple; co rduroy , velvet etc. Im po rtant features
S oft, absorbent
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Pile Weave
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Corduroy Wo rd us ed to d escribe a type of fabric that has
parallel, leng thw ise cord s o r ridges Derived from the French word for Cord of the
King. Originally made of cotton, the fibers of the
fabric are normally tw isted as they are wo ven. When the weaving is finished, the fibers create
the lon g, parallel co rduro y pattern Today, corduroy can st i l l be made from cotton
or any number of other fabricated fibers
including po lyester, rayon an d acrylic. The thickness of the corduroy cords provides
for a g enerally w arm m aterial Used for pants and jackets to be worn in
cold clim ates, but its durability alsomakes it good upholstery for chairs andsofas.
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Corduroy: Wales The width of a corduroy cord is
co mm on ly called the wale T h e wideness of the wale often
dictates the capacity in whichco rdu roy w ill be u sed
For instance, corduroy w ithnarrow wales is usually softerto the touch, slightly lessdurable and often used forshirts, jackets or caps.
Corduroy w ith wide wales iscommonly found on pants or
furniture.
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Moleskin & Corduroy Moleskin
Woven w itha tw illedweave toform a thickdense cloth
A cut napon one side.
Fabric isbrushed toform thenap
Corduroy I s longer
wearing,thanmoleskin
Bothhowever arerugged longlastingmaterialsprovidinggreatcom fort and
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Velvet / Velour Velvet is one in which the cut threads
are very evenly distributed, with ashort dense pile, giving it its distinctfeel
Made from any fiber Woven on a special loom
Velvet's k nitted c o un terpart is velour
Velvet was very expensive and wasconsidered to be among the luxurygo od s to gether w ith s i lk
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Popular Weaves
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Chambray
G ives two tone loo k
Us ed in : A ll types o f garments
H is to ry : N am ed after
Chambrai provincein France
C olour Warp Yarn
Wh ite Weft Yarn
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Fil a - F il
Gives two tonelook
Alternate C olour & W hite WarpYarn
Wh ite Weft Yarn
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Hounds tooth
Houndstooth
Weave : Houndstooth
Pattern lo ok s l ike the teeth o f a dog
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Oxford
Weave :Oxford
Matt feel fabric
O f two types :
- C lassic O xford ( Larger heads)
- Pin Po int O xford PPO (Sm all heads)
Us ed in :Shirts - ligh t weig hts
Trous ers - heavy weights
B en efit :H ard w earin g
H is to ry :P o pu larised in the US A asproper executive wear byB rooks B rothers
Classic PPO
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Chiffon Weave : C h iffo n Fine crinkly fabric made of Polyester
or Silk or any other fine yarn
Us ed in : Ladiesw ear
B en efit :L ig h t feel
Fu ll drape an d fall
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Popular Weave Weave : G eo rg ette Light crinkly fabric like chiffon made
of Polyester or Silk or any other fine
yarn
Us ed in :Ladiesw ear
B en efit :L ig h t feel
Fu ll drap e and fall
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Popular Weave Weave : C rep e A group of fabrics made up of yarns
w hich have been h igh ly twisted b efore
weaving Particular appearance considerable
suppleness Enormous number of variet ies of
crepe, including crepe de Chine,Moroc can crepe, crepe g eorgette.
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Popular Patterns
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Other patterns:Tartan/P laid
T artan / P laid A specific woven pattern that often
signifies a particular Scottish clanin the modern era
Pattern is m ade with alternatingbands of coloured (pre-dyed) threadswoven as both w arp and weft aright angles to each other
Distinctive pattern of squares andlines known as a sett. .
Kilts almost always have tartans Tartan is also known as plaid in
North America, but in Scotland this
word m eans a tartan cloth slung
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Gingham checks
G ing ham: Yarn dyed com bed or
carded cotton fabric woven in
checks, s tr ipes and plaids or
two or mo re colors Made fro m dyed co tton yarn
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Dobby
Motif over a fabricbase through extrayarns
Contains s imple
geometric forms ormotifs
Similar in principle toJacquard
Less complex designs
than Jacqu ard Less expensive as
com pared to Jacquard
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Jacquard Extra yarns for patterning within the
weave Contains very detailed, intricate
motifs
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Other w ovens
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Worsted Name of a yarn and cloth usually
made from w oo l The name derives from the vil lage of
Wo rstead [1]in No rfolk, E ng land The yarn is well twisted and spun of
long s taple wool ( though nowadaysalso medium and short f ibres areused).
Th e wo ol is co mb ed so that the fibreslie parallel
Th e cloth h as a hard, smo oth texture
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Khadi
A special type o f hand w oven cloth in Ind ia The raw materials may be cotton, si lk or wool,
which are spun into threads on a spinningw heel called a c harka
The spinning of khadi was Mahatma Gandhismain means of providing self employment tothe rural po pu lace o f Ind ia
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Seersucker A thin all-cotton fabric, commonly
striped Used to make clothing for summer
wear Wo ven w ith w rink les in i t O rig inally dev elo p ed in Ind ia Became popular in the American
south
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Flannel Usually made from either cotton or
w oo l and syn thetic fabric The term "flannel" is also often used
to refer d irectly to the c lo thing createdfro m the fabric
Clothing made from it is usually worn
in cold weather climates due to the
w armn ess that the fabric is k no w n for
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Gabardine Tough, t ight ly woven fabric used to
make s ui ts , overcoats and trou sers or
a garmen t mad e from the m aterial
Fibre used to make the fabric istraditionally worsted (a woolen yarn),
but may also be cot ton, synthet ic or
mixed.
Fabric is s mo oth o n o ne s ide and h asa diagonally ribbed surface on the
other
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Denim
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Denim : F its Straight-leg:
Cut to fit more snuggly to the leg fromhip to ankle. No flaring
B oot cu t: Wider at the bottom quarter of the leg to
allow for the pant to fit over boots A good pick for girls w ith larger hips,as it makes you look more proportionate
Low r ise: Offers a lower waist. A good pick for those with a shor
torso, as it offers the illusion of alonger midsection
Hipsters: Jeans rest on the hips instead of the
waist. Good pick for those with sm aller waists
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Denim : F its Carpenter:
A style of jean that has many pocketsand flared legs from hip to ankle.
A good pick for those wanting to make astatem ent or show their style
Cargo: Similar to the Carpenter style w ithout the
widely-flared legs. A good pick for those wanting to hide
or add a little shape to skinny legs. Loo se Fi t:
Room ier in the seat and thigh to keepjeans from having the painted on look
Good pick for those with a sm aller wais
but larger bottom half
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Denim : F its Relaxed:
A looser fit all over. Offer a "relaxed" fit for casual
days or for when more room isneeded for activity.
Good pick for those who don'like tight-fitting jeans but stillwant a good, flattering fit
Flared: Wider and longer at the bottom
quarter of the leg
A good pick for shorter girls
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Denim : Patterns
Crosshatch: The fabric base of denim. Resembles a grid- like pattern in the denim
weave. Vintage:
A blast from the past. A vintage wash m akes the denim look worn and old.
Polished: Denim in its purest form w ithout any tints or blasts.
Frayed:
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Denim : Patterns
Whiskered: Blasts around the front fly provide the appearance of cat whiskers.
Distressed: Beat-up appearance may include raw edges and seam s, as w ell as
released hem s. Ring-spun:
Highlights the vertical pattern in the denim weave found at the base
of the fabric.
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Types of F abric
T ypes O fFabrics
Woven Knits N onw ovens
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Courses
Knits Fabric made by one or
mo re threads dispos ed ina complex interlockingpattern
T hreads are draw nthrough previouslyform ed loops andthem selves form newloops
Wales
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Benefits of K nits
Knits are made by interlocking
the yarn K n its s tretch in all directio n s
T ake the shape of the body This contrasts w ith w oven
cloth , w hich o n ly stretchesacros s the bias
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Knit F abrics
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Knits
Terms G SM
G ram s per square m eter
M easures the w eight ofknitted fabric
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Jersey Also known as s ingle
knit Fabric has a definite
face and back Tend ency to curl a t the
edges Similar stretch
proper ty on both the
length and widthdirection
Used to make t-shirts,men s u nd erw ear etc .
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Rib-knit Distinct length-wise rib
effect on both s ides ofthe fabric
Does not curl a t the
edges Greater elasticity in their
w idth then leng th Used in sweater
waistbands, knit cuffs,knit hats, mens hosieryetc
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Purl-knit F abrics Loo k the same on both s ides of
the fabrics. Stretches in the lengthwise
direction Tends to l ie f la t and does not
curl at the edg es. Good elastici ty in the length
w ise d irection . Uses: infants wear, fancy
sweaters and fancy garments
parts.
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Interlock Knits Variatio n o f the rib kn it Smooth, s table and more
expensive.
Used for boluses, dresses, anddressy t-shirts
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Knitted Terry Lo op piles o n the fabric Knitted terry is softer, more
flexible and usually more
abso rben t than w o ven terry Uses :
robes, beachw ear, etc.
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Knitted V elour
Made in the same way as the
kn itted terry Loop pile on the fabric is cut
and then brus hed Velours have a soft , downy
su ede like textu re Uses :
dresses, pantsuits, etc.
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Miss S titch
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Tuck S titch
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Tricot Knit A warp knit fabric in which the fabric
is formed by interloping adjacentp arallel yarns.
Fabrics are porous and permeable to
w ater vapo r and air More com fortable
Less w eight So fter, w rin kle resistan t G oo d drapability Do no t run or fray
More stronger
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Fully F ashioned Knit
A dvantages of fully fashion ed Grains perfectly matched No cutting and sewing product is linked after being
knitted and engineered No unraveling and curling and
skewing
Patterns ach ieved u singfully fashion ed kn it
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Knitted FabricDesigns
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Knitted Designs
D o b b y Jacquard Pique
W affle K n its Feeder strip es A uto s t ripes E n g in eered s tripes / t ipp ed k nit R eversible two co lo ur Argyle Cable
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Pique
A honey combstructure on thesurface of thefabric
Very popularw ith T -sh irts
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Auto
Stripes
Knitted Designs
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EngineeredStripes
Knitted Designs
Argyle
Cable
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Types of F abric
T ypes O fFabrics
Woven Knits N onw ovens
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Non Woven F abrics
Fibers pasted tog ether by H eat / glue / pressure
Used as l inings, interlining andfilling s in jack ets
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Fiber to F abric-Value addition
D yeing & Printing
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Dyeing
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Dyeing
Is im p arting co lo ur to fab rics Tw o ways of im part ing color:
D yeing Use chemical dyes called
dyestuffs Treatment of fabric in water
solutions P igments
Microscopic- sized insolublecolored particles m ade toadhere to fabric
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Cost E xam ple
Example 1 Example 2Yarn Cotton Carded Yarn 10 Cotton Combed Yarn 12
Silk Yarn 20Blending All cotton 10 Cotton 40 4.8
Silk 60 1210 16.8
Dyeing Piece dyeing 10 Yarn dyeing 15
20 31.8
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Dyeing-T ypes
D ifferent po p ular class es o f d yes: VA T
M ainly dark but brighterhues
Sulphur D ark and dull hues
Reactive F ull range of colors
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Dyeing-M ethods
A fabric can be dyed in 3
d ifferent w ays: S tock and Top dyeing Y arn dyeing P iece dyeing
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Dyeing-M ethods
Stock and To p d yeing : H ere, the fibers are dyed
then they are spun intoyarns
I t is the most expensiveand effective dyeing process
Exam ple is woolens arestock dyed
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Dyeing-M ethods
Yarn dyeing : Here, the yarn
is dyed and
then it iswoven intofabric
Yarn dyeing isvery popular tomake stripes,checks andplaids
This dyeing isconsidered to
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Dyeing-M ethods
Piece dy eing : Here, the am oun
of fabric requiredin a particularcolour is dyed bydifferent methodsand then convertedinto garments
Most of the dyedfabrics in themarket are piecdyed
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Printing
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Printing
Dyeing in a localized patterned
design A design imprinted or s tamped
o n to th e fabric after it has been
kn it ted o r w o ven
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Printing-methods
Po pu lar pr int ing m etho ds : Sc reen p rin tin g B lo ck p rint ing
R o ller p rin tin g Heat tran sfer p rin tin g
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Printing-Methods
Screen p rinting: This process was
earlier done by handbut now machinesare used.
Screens are made insuch way that whereever the colour needsto be applied, they
space is left and theother areas arecovered
Then, colours areput on the screen.
Those areas where
h d
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Printing-Methods
B lock pr int ing : T his is an old method o
printing by hand H ere, the design is firs
carved out on blocks of w oodor metal T hen, the dye is applied on
the face of the block andpressed against the fabriw hich leaves the print on thfabric
Nowadays, block prints arused for decorative designsand are expensive
ii h d
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Printing-Methods
R o ller Printing : D esign put on copper
engraved rollers E nable printing of delicat
designs E.g. :C losely detailed paisley
prints S eparate engraved roller
required foe each colour M ore expensive
P ii M h d
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Printing-Methods
H eat-Tran sfer Printing : Design is firs
printed onpaper(called transferpaper) with printing
inks Passed through
heat transfermachine at a hightemperature
Used to move thedesign from onesurface to other
Transfer printing isgenerally used to
print figures,
P i T
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Prints-T ypes
Typ es o f prints D irect prin ts D isc h arg e p rin ts R esist prin ts
P i T
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Prints-T ypes
D irect Prin ts: An application print Design directly printed on a
white or dyed fabric How to recognise:
Background is w hite Printed design lighter in shade
on the back of the fabric
P it T
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Prints-T ypes
D isc harge P rint: Fabrics w hich are dyed to solid
colour prior to printing When printing is done, the
design is applied w ithscreen/roller with chemical whichremoves the color of the
P it T
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Prints-T ypes
D isc h arg e Prin t: E .g: a w hite polka dot on a
blue background can be m adfirst by dyeing the fabriblue, then printingappropriate dots w ith thchemical w hich rem oves thblue color.
C annot make discharge printsby heat transfer method
P it T
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Prints-T ypes
R esist Prin ts: I nvolve two step procedure:
Printing a pattern design ona white fabric with achemical that will preventpenetration of dyes
Piece dyeing the fabric R esist print include batik,
tie& dye etc.
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Fiber to F abric-Value addition
Wash es & Finish es
W shes
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Washes
Washes refer to finished
g arm ents treated w ith catalys ts
to g et th e req u ired effect
Usual ly done on 100% Cotton
or C ot ton b lends Normally Semiformal/casual
garments are wash ed
Washes -R easons for
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washing C han ge in fabric for:
S oftness/handle D rape
A bsorbency C reasing A ppearance
Luster Color Abrasion
C reate sh rink age and p uc kering
TypesofW ashes
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Types of W ashes
So ftener Wash : S implest type of wash D oes not use enzym es and is
not harsh on the garm ent Stone Wash:
U sed on trousers to get thfaded look
G arments are washed withstones in presence of specialenzym es
TypesofW ashes
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Types of W ashes
E nzyme Wash: This wash is
similar to stonewash in effect
I ts more popularand cheaper thanstone wash
The fabric/garmen
washed withenzym es so thathe enzymes eaaway the fabric,
dyeetc
Finishes
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Finishes
Finishes refer toprocesses/treatments a fabric is put
through after i t has been made and
dyed Main purpose To make the fabric
mo re su itable fo r its intend ed en d u se Might be given for aesthetic purposes
o r for func tion al pu rpo ses (referred toas a treatmen t)
TypesofF inishes
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Types of F inishes
Mercerisation: C hem ical finish D one only on cotton
I mparts luster and strength I t also enhances fabric hand
feel and drapability
TypesofF inishes
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Types of F inishes
Microsanding L ow er degree of emerising P hysical process and does
not involve chemicals G ives a sm ooth hand feel to
the fabric Peaching:
A stronger process obrushing the fabric usingfine wire brushes
TypesofF inishes
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Types of F inishes
Sand B last: J eans are blasted w ith sand
at a very high speed w ith a
sand gun T his results in uneven
fading of the jeans thagives it a used look
SpecialT reatments
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Special T reatments
W rin k le Free 100% cotton trousers w hich
are given a special chem ical
treatm ent. S uch trousers feel softer,
have enhanced breathability,
do not shrink or wrinkle P erfect for business m eetings
and travel
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Fiber to F abric-Value addition
Embel l ishments
Appliqu/Patchwork
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Appliqu /Patch work
A pattern or shape applied to the
surface of another material fordecoration
Us ually o f a different s had e
C utw ork
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C utw ork
Badges
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Badges
MachineE m broidery
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Machine E m broidery
Sequins
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Sequins
Flock
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Flock
Felt flock
Multi- flock
Single flock
Laces
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Laces
FeltEm broidery
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Felt Em broidery
Metallics
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Metallics
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Leather
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Leather: S ources
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Lam bskin - soft, classy andfashionable.
Sheep and lamb are all categorized as
lambskin
Items m ade from lambs kin are very so ft andnicely grained
G ives them a gloss y smo oth f lat surface
Cowhide - durable and rugged andvery stylish.
C ow sk ins are thick, hard and durable sk ins. It is tou gh and d ense, wh ich w ill help i t hold
up to everyday wear
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Types of L eather
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yp
F ull G rain /Top G rain Leather that uses the natural surface
of the animal's skin after the hair has
been removed
O nly full grain/top grain c an b e markedas g enu ine leather
A ll top grains are no t full grains To p g rain is us ed w hen the real grain is
sanded away and an imitation grain isstamped o nto the leather
Types of L eather
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yp
Nubuck N atural colour leathers wher
the surface has been brushedand polished
Creates a velvet like texturewith lush appearance
Like velvet, the textured
surface shows difference inshading w hen you run yourhand over it.
S hould not be confused w ith
suedeorreversedleather
Types of L eather
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yp
Suede I nner side of the hide or
skin next to the meat of thanimal
B uffed to a sm ooth finish S uede m ay also be spli
from a thick hide
Types of L eather
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yp
Im itatio n /sy n thetic leather M aterials so made and
finished as to resemblleather,like
Coated fabric Rubber and rubber
com positions
Plastic materials T rade nam es often seen are
Plastic calf," "plasticleather," "Compo- leather,"
"leatherlike" or"leatherette"
Leather-F inishes
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E m b o s s e d To permanently imprint a unique
effect Printed
To make designs or patternsonto the surface
Foiled
By adding a colored metallic foil Laminated
To other materials
Characteristics of leather
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Breath ability Pores in the leather permits
fresh air into the shoe Moisture A bso rbency
Absorbs m oisture from the footand vents it out of the shoe
Customizat ion Assumes the shape of the feet
Durability Resists tearing and puncturing
C haracteristics of I m itationL eather
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L eather
B enefits are lo w er material co st G oo d f in ishes E asy maintenance Th e tw o d isadv antages are:
I nability to breathe M em ory retention
Leather: C are T ips
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Why ? H igh w ear areas may be
penetrated by: Body oils Dirt Perspiration
C ause treatment coats to
separate from the leathersurface
Leather: C are T ips
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T ip s to increase th e lo n gev ity K eep the leather pores fre
from dust particles Wipe the leather
weekly /monthly dependingon use
Use a cloth dam pened w ithdistilled /purified w ater toavoid leaving lime scaleresidue, and dry w ith a sofcloth
D ont place leather near a
Leather: C are T ips
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T ip s to increase th e lo n gev ity A void spraying hairspray or
perfumes w hile w earingleather garment
T o m aintain the perfect fit Do not loan your leather
pieces to others
Avoid carrying heavy objectsin your pockets
K ey chains, Wallets etc.,
Leather Care T ips
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Storing Yo ur Leather D on't store your leathers in
plastic Water can condense inside
the plastic and m ildew yourleather
Once leather gets m ildewed, iusually cannot be saved
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Product C ode
Product C oding
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The article code can be divided in 4 or 5 fields that give basicinform ation abo ut the style. Fo r exam ple in style #3 680 E 1439,wo uld give the following information :
Field (i) : 3 ~ Pro ductio n D ivis io n Field (ii) : 680 ~ Yarn o r fab ric co d e
Field (iii) : E 1439 represen t the s tyle co de - In a few cases, there may be certain suffixes added to the style
code. These could be - # means reorder or f lash BKJ (used individually or in combination) referring to the sizes
being d one in the part icular O12 style.
Fabric code
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Th e B enetton system g ives each yarn/ fabric a uniquecode, incorporated in the style code. Some of thecommonly used yarns/ fabrics in each division arement ioned b elow
DIV 1 (trico t)1 092/ 292/ 392/ 492 -100% Cotton2 222 -Cotton Acrylic
(55-45%)
DIV 1 (wo ol)1 009/ 209 -A crylic Wool (50-50% )]2 021/ 221/ 321 -Lam bs wool
Nylon (80-20% )
Note that the same yarn may start with a 0, 2, 3 or 4.This depends on the number of pl ies of the yarn usedin the garment. For 1 ply cotton, it would be 092, for 2ply it would be 292, for 3 ply it would be 392, and so
Fabric code
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D IV 3- K nits094-100% Cotton, single jersey, 180
gsm
096-100% Cotton, single jersey, 150
gsm751-100% Cotton, single jersey, 240
gsm
089-100% Cotton, P ique, 210 gsm
(2ply yarn)680-95% C otton 5% Spandex, S ingle
J ersey, 180 gsm
669-93% C otton 7% Spandex, S ingle
J ersey, 240 gsm
Fabric code
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D IV 2, 4, 5 (W ov ens )029-2 ply chinos
027-100% C otton T will
211-S tretch tw ill 97% Cotton, 3%
spandex037-100% C otton S heeting
036-11 w ale corduroy, 100% C otton
Z10 -S tretch cord
212-S tretch Poplin
060-100% C otton poplin
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Thank you