product environmental footprint …ec.europa.eu/environment/eussd/smgp/pdf/pilots/draft...1 1 2...
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PRODUCTENVIRONMENTAL2
FOOTPRINTCATEGORYRULESFOR3
OLIVEOIL-3RDDRAFT4
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PREPAREDBYTHETECHNICALSECRETARIATFOROLIVEOIL6
Editors:ErwinM.Schau(EuropeanCommission,JointResearchCentre),JuanAntonioPoloPalomino7(CO2Consulting),GeorgeMichalopoulos(RodaxAgro)&CarloRusso(UniversityofFoggia)8
Draftfor3rdpublicconsultationphase9
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Draft Version 0.5 15
22.09.201616
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Table of Contents 18
Table of Contents.......................................................................................................................219
Terms and definitions............................................................................................................620
GeneralinformationaboutthePEFCR...................................................................................................1221
TechnicalSecretariat.........................................................................................................................1222
Consultationandstakeholders..........................................................................................................1223
Dateofpublicationandexpiration....................................................................................................1324
Geographicregion.............................................................................................................................1325
Language(s)ofPEFCR........................................................................................................................1326
Methodologicalinputsandcompliance................................................................................................1327
PEFCRreviewandbackgroundinformation..........................................................................................1328
PEFCRreviewpanel...........................................................................................................................1329
ReviewrequirementsforthePEFCRdocument................................................................................1430
ReasoningfordevelopmentofPEFCR...............................................................................................1431
ConformancewiththePEFCRGuidance............................................................................................1432
PEFCRscope...........................................................................................................................................1433
Functionalunit..................................................................................................................................1434
Productclassification(NACE/CPA)....................................................................................................1535
Systemboundaries–life-cyclestagesandprocesses.......................................................................1636
SelectionoftheEFimpactcategoriesindicators..............................................................................1937
Additionalenvironmentalinformation.............................................................................................2038
Assumptions/limitations...................................................................................................................2139
LifeCycleInventory...............................................................................................................................2240
Screeningstep...................................................................................................................................2241
Dataqualityrequirements................................................................................................................2542
Requirementsregardingforegroundspecificdatacollection...........................................................2943
Requirementsregardingbackgroundgenericdataanddatagaps....................................................3544
Datagaps...........................................................................................................................................3545
Usestage...........................................................................................................................................3546
Logistics.............................................................................................................................................3647
End-of-lifestage................................................................................................................................3648
Requirementsformultifunctionalproductsandmultiproductprocessesallocation.......................3749
Benchmarkandclassesofenvironmentalperformance.......................................................................3850
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Interpretation........................................................................................................................................3951
Reporting,DisclosureandCommunication...........................................................................................3952
PEFDeclaration.................................................................................................................................4053
PEFperformancelabel......................................................................................................................4054
Publicationsinprofessionalpressandnon-professionalpress.........................................................4155
Verification............................................................................................................................................4156
Referenceliterature...............................................................................................................................4357
SupportinginformationforthePEFCR..................................................................................................4458
Listofannexes.......................................................................................................................................4559
ANNEXI. Representativeproduct.................................................................................................4560
ANNEXII. Supportingstudies.....................................................................................................4561
ANNEXIII. Benchmarkandclassesofenvironmentalperformance............................................4962
ANNEXI. Upstreamscenarios(optional).......................................................................................5063
ANNEXII. Downstreamscenarios(optional)..............................................................................5064
ANNEXIII. Normalisationfactors................................................................................................5065
ANNEXIV. Weightingfactors.......................................................................................................5066
ANNEXV. Defaultdata...............................................................................................................5167
ANNEXVI. Backgrounddata........................................................................................................7568
ANNEX VII. EoL formulas.....................................................................................................7869
ANNEX VIII. Background information on methodological choices........................8470
Selection of impact categories...............................................................................................8471
ANNEXIX. Geographicalscope....................................................................................................9072
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TableofFigures74
Figure1:CategoriesofOliveOilsintheEUmarket...............................................................................1575Figure2:SystemDiagram(circlewithdashedline=OliveFruitproductionprocesses,circlewithsolid76line=industrialprocesses)....................................................................................................................1777Figure3:Contributionofdifferentlifecyclestagesonthetotalimpactoftherepresentativeproduct78(avirtualproductconsistingof1litreofpackedoliveoil)....................................................................2379Figure0-2.Lifestagesanditsowners.....................................................................................................278081
ListofTables82
Table1:Functionalunit.........................................................................................................................1483Table2:.ImpactcategoriesthatshallbeincludedinPEFstudiesforoliveoil.....................................1984Table3.Mostrelevantlifecyclestagesandprocessesoftherepresentativeoliveoilstudiedinthe85screeningstudy......................................................................................................................................2386Table0-1.CriteriaforthedataqualityassessmentaccordingtothePEFGuide...................................2987
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Table0-1DatasetNeedsMatrix............................................................................................................3088Table0-2.Foregroundspecificactivitydatarequiredforolivefruitproduction..................................3289Table0-3.DQRguidanceforolivefruitproduction...............................................................................3290Table0-4.Foregroundspecificdatarequiredforoliveoilextraction...................................................3391Table0-5.Qualityratingfordatainoliveoilextractionprocessess......................................................3492Table0-6.Billofmaterials.....................................................................................................................3593Table0-1AveragerecyclingratesfromEurostat2012..........................................................................3794Table0-1Allocationkeysforfirstallocationafterpressingolivefruit..................................................3795Table0-2.Allocationkeysforsecondallocation(contentofwetpomace;ourelaborationonDi96Giovacchinoetal2006).........................................................................................................................3897Table0-3.Allocationkeysforthirdallocation(crudepomace;ourelaborationon).............................3898TableIII-1.DefaultEFnormalisationfactorsperperson.......................................................................5099TableV-1.AverageOlivesProductionEurope.......................................................................................51100TableV-2.OlivesProductionSpainandprocesses................................................................................51101TableV-3.OlivesProductionItalyandprocesses..................................................................................55102TableV-4.OlivesProductionGreeceandprocesses.............................................................................58103TableV-5.Averageoliveoil...................................................................................................................61104TableV-6.Averagevirginoliveoilextraction........................................................................................61105TableV-7.VirginoliveoilextractionGreece..........................................................................................62106TableV-8.VirginoliveoilextractionItaly..............................................................................................62107TableV-9.VirginoliveoilextractionSpain............................................................................................63108TableV-10.Disposingofleaves.............................................................................................................64109TableV-11.RefinedPomaceoliveoil....................................................................................................64110TableV-12.RefinedOliveOilproduction(EU).......................................................................................68111TableV-13.Averagepackaging..............................................................................................................70112TableV-14.Packagingglass...................................................................................................................71113TableV-15.Packagingtincan................................................................................................................72114TableV-16.PackagingPET.....................................................................................................................73115TableV-17.Transporttoconsumer.......................................................................................................74116TableV-18.UsePhase...........................................................................................................................74117
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Abbreviations and Units 123
B2B BusinesstoBusiness
B2C BusinesstoConsumers
BOM Billofmaterials
BREF BestAvailableTechniquesReferenceDocument
CF CharacterisationFactor
COD ChemicalOxygendemand
CPA StatisticalClassificationofProductsbyActivity
DC DistributionCenter
DNM DatasetNeedsMatrix(TableE-1in“PEFCRGuidanceProductsv.5.12015)
DQA DataQualityAssessment
DQR DataQualityRating
EF EnvironmentalFootprint
ELCD EuropeanreferenceLifeCycleDatabase
EMAS EnvironmentalManagementandAuditScheme
EoL EndofLife
EPD EnvironmentalProductDeclaration
FEVE EuropeanContainerGlassFederation
FRT SustainableConsumptionandProductionFoodRoundTable
GHG GreenhouseGases
GRI GlobalReportingInitiative
JRC EuropeanCommission’sJointResearchCentre
ha Hectare
HH Humanhealth(usedinionizingradiationHH)
hl hectoliter(100liter)
ILCD InternationalReferenceLifeCycleDataSystem
ISO InternationalOrganizationforStandardization
kWh kilowatthour
LCA LifeCycleAssessment
LCI LifeCycleInventory
LCIA LifeCycleImpactAssessment
MS MemberState
NACE NomenclatureGénéraledesActivitésEconomiquesdanslesCommunautésEuropéennes
NGO Non-GovernmentalOrganisation
OEF OrganisationEnvironmentalFootprint
OEFSR OrganisationEnvironmentalFootprintSectorialRule
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PAS PubliclyAvailableSpecification
PCF ProductCarbonFootprint
PCR ProductCategoryRule
PEF ProductEnvironmentalFootprint
PEFCR ProductEnvironmentalFootprintCategoryRule
PET PolyethyleneTerephthalate
RP RepresentativeProduct
RUaEP ResourceUseandEmissionProfile
SC SteeringCommittee
SME SmallandMediumEnterprise
TAB TechnicalAdvisoryBoard
TKm Ton-Kilometers
TS TechnicalSecretariat
WRI WorldResourceInstitute
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Terms and definitions 125
Aggregateddataset:Thistermisdefinedasalifecycleinventoryofmultipleunitprocesses(e.g.126materialorenergyproduction)orlifecyclestages(cradle-to-gate),butforwhichtheinputsand127outputsareprovidedonlyattheaggregatedlevel.Aggregateddatasetsarealsocalled“cumulative128inventory”or“Systemprocesses”(Ecoinvent)datasets.Theaggregateddatasetcanhavebeen129aggregatedhorizontallyand/orvertically.Dependingonthespecificsituationandmodellingchoicesa130"unitprocess"datasetcanalsobeaggregated.131
Activitydata:Thistermreferstoinformationwhichisassociatedwithinputoroutputprocesseswhile132modellingLifeCycleInventories.InthePEFguidelines,itisalsocalled“non-elementaryflows”.133Activitydata1ismultipliedbyanLCItoderivetheenvironmentalfootprintassociatedwithaprocess134oranoperation.Examplesofactivitydataincludekilowatt-hoursofelectricityused,quantityoffuel135used,outputofaprocess,hoursequipmentisoperated,distancetravelled,floorareaofabuilding,136etc.InthecontextofPEFthebillofmaterialshallalwaysbeconsideredasactivitydata.137
Backgroundsystem:Thistermreferstothoseprocessesintheproductlifecycleforwhichnodirect138accesstospecificinformationispossible.Thebackgroundprocessisoutsidethedirectinfluenceof139theproducerorserviceoperatoroftheanalysedsystem/product.140
Comparativeassertion–environmentalclaimregardingthesuperiorityorequivalenceofoneproduct141versusacompetingproductthatperformsthesamefunction(adaptedfromISO14025:2006).142
1BasedonGHGprotocolscope3definition
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Comparison–Acomparison,notincludingacomparativeassertion,(graphicorotherwise)oftwoor143moreproductsbasedontheresultsofaPEFstudy,andsupportingPEFCRs.144
Dataset-Adocumentorfilewithlifecycleinformationofaspecifiedproductorotherreference(e.g.,145site,process),coveringdescriptivemetadataandquantitativelifecycleinventoryand/orlifecycle146impactassessmentdata,respectively.147
DataQualityRequirements(DQR):Semi-quantitativeassessmentofthequalitycriteriaofadataset148basedonsixcharacteristics,fiverelatingtothedata(Technologicalrepresentativeness,Geographical149representativeness,Time-relatedrepresentativeness,Completeness,Parameteruncertainty)andone150tothemethod(MethodologicalAppropriatenessandConsistency).Thedataqualityshallbe151consideredbothasthequalityofthedatasetasdocumentedandthedataset’sappropriatenessand152accuracyfortheprocess/productitisintendedtorepresentinthespecificcase2.153
Defaultactivitydata:averagevaluesforactivitydata.Theaveragevaluescouldbeprovidedbytrade154associations,companies,expertsorcouldbederivedbyscientific/bibliographicreferenceslikeBREF155reports.Theyhavetobereviewedatleastthrougharoundofstakeholderconsultationwhen156drafting/revisingaPEFCR.157
Disaggregation:theprocessthatbreaksdownanaggregatedunitprocessdatasetintosmallerunit158processdatasets(horizontalorvertical).Thedisaggregationcanhelpmakingdatamorespecific.This159isparticularlyrelevantduringthePEF/OEFscreeninginordertohaveabetterdefinedhotspots160analysis.Theprocessofdisaggregationshouldnevercompromiseorthreattocompromisethequality161andconsistencyoftheoriginalaggregateddataset.162
Elementaryflow:Materialorenergyenteringthesystembeingstudiedthathasbeendrawnfromthe163environmentwithoutprevioushumantransformation,ormaterialorenergyleavingthesystembeing164studiedthatisreleasedintotheenvironmentwithoutsubsequenthumantransformation.165
Foregroundsystem:Thistermreferstothoseprocessesintheproductlifecycleforwhichdirect166accesstospecificinformationisavailable.Forexample,theproducer’ssiteandotherprocesses167operatedbytheproduceroritscontractors(e.g.goodstransport,head-officeservices,etc.)belongto168theforegroundprocesses.169
Greenclaim–Anyformofcommunicationregardingaproduct’senvironmentalperformance,suchas170reports,labels,environmentalproductdeclarations(EPDs),andpressreleases.Hereinclaimsrefer171exclusivelytothosebasedonalifecycleassessment,orLCA-basedclaims,suchasanEPD,PCForPEF.172Relatedtermsreferredtoasproductclaimsincludeenvironmentalclaimsorclaims.173
2Dataqualityofadatasetnecessarilyreferstothedatasetasitisdocumented,i.e.howwelldoesthedatasetinventoryrepresentthedeclaredprocess/product.Whenusingsuchadatasetforaspecificpurpose–heretoserveasbasisforasemi-specificdatasetofaprocess/product,whichwilloftenmoreorlessdiffer–inadditionthelimitationsofrepresentativenessfortheto-be-representedprocess/producthastobeconsidered.E.g.anexcellentqualitycarbonsteelsheetdatasetmaystillhavelimiteddataqualityifusedtorepresentastainlesssteelsheetassemi-specificdataset.
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Intermediateproduct:Outputfromaunitprocessthatisinputtootherunitprocessesthatrequire174furthertransformationwithinthesystem(ISO14040,44)3175
LifeCycleInventory(LCI)dataset:Adocumentorfilewithlifecycleinformationofaspecifiedproduct176orotherreference(e.g.,site,process),coveringdescriptivemetadataandquantitativelifecycle177inventory4.ALCIcouldbeaunitprocessdataset(UPR)oranaggregateddataset(alsocalledsystem178process(SP)).179
Oliveoil5istheoilobtainedsolelyfromthefruitoftheolivetree(OleaeuropaeaL.)totheexclusion180ofoilsobtainedusingsolventsorre-esterificationprocessesandofanymixturewithoilsofother181kinds.182
PEFGuide-CommissionRecommendation2013/179/EUontheuseoncommonmethodstomeasure183andcommunicatethelifecycleperformanceofproductsandorganizations,184
PEFCRGuidance-EnvironmentalFootprintPilotGuidancedocument(EuropeanCommission)(version1855.2,Sept.2015),alsocalled“PEFCRGuidance”.186
PEFCRSupportingstudy–aPEFstudydoneonthebasisofadraftPEFCR.Itisusedtoconfirmthe187decisionstakeninthedraftPEFCRbeforethefinalPEFCRisreleased.188
Pilotphase-EUPEF/OEFPilotphasewaslaunchedbytheCommissionin2013forthedevelopment189ofPEFsfor25selectedproducts,accordingtotheRecommendation2013/179/EUonTheuseof190commonmethodstomeasureandcommunicatethelifecycleenvironmentalperformanceof191productsandorganisations.192
Primarydata6:Thistermreferstodatafromspecificprocesswithinthesupply-chainofthecompany193applyingthePEFCR.Suchdatamaytaketheformofactivitydata,orLCIdataset.Primarydataare194site-specificorproducerspecific(ifmultiplesitesforasameproduct).Primarydatamaybeobtained195throughmeterreadings,purchaserecords,utilitybills,engineeringmodels,directmonitoring,mass196balance,stoichiometry,orothermethodsforobtainingdatafromspecificprocessesinthevaluechain197ofthecompanyapplyingthePEFCR.Alsocalled"specificdata".198
Secondarydata7:referstodatanotfromspecificprocesswithinthesupply-chainofthecompany199applyingthePEFCR.Thisreferstodatathatisnotdirectlycollected,measured,orestimated,but200rathersourcedfromathird-partylife-cycle-inventorydatabaseorothersources.Secondarydata201includesindustry-averagedata(e.g.,frompublisheddatabases,governmentstatistics,literature202
3PleasenotethatOECD2001,Glossaryofstatisticalterms;https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=1431hasanotherdefinition:.goodsandservicesconsumedasinputsbyaprocessofproduction,excludingfixedassets.4EuropeanCommission–JointResearchCentre–InstituteforEnvironmentandSustainability20095AccordingtotheEuropeanlegislationECREGNo1348/2013
6BasedonGHGprotocolscope3definition7BasedonGHGprotocolscope3definition
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studies,andindustryassociations),financialdata,proxydata,andothergenericdata.Primarydata203thatgothroughahorizontalaggregationstepareconsideredassecondarydata.204
TypesofoliveoilintheEuropeanUnion8:205
• sub-category‘Extravirginoliveoil’:virginoliveoilthathasafreeacidity,expressedas206oleicacid,ofnotmorethan0.8%,andtheothercharacteristicsofwhichcorrespondto207thosefixedforthiscategory.208
• sub-category‘Virginoliveoil’:Virginoliveoilthathasafreeacidity,expressedasoleic209acid,from0.8to2%andtheothercharacteristicsofwhichcorrespondtothosefixedfor210thiscategory.211
• sub-category‘Lampanteoliveoil’:virginoliveoilthathasafreeacidity,expressedas212oleicacid,morethan2%andtheothercharacteristicsofwhichcorrespondtothose213fixedforthiscategory.Lampanteoliveoilmaybesolddirectlytotheconsumeronlyif214permittedinthecountryofretailsale.Ifnotpermitted,thedesignationofthisproduct215hastocomplywiththelegalprovisionsofthecountryconcerned.Lampanteoliveoil216whichhasafreeacidity,expressedasoleicacid,ofmorethan3.3%isnotfitforhuman217consumption.Itisintendedforfurtherrefining.218
• sub-category‘Refinedoliveoil’:istheoliveoilobtainedfromvirginoliveoilsbyrefining219methodsthatdonotleadtoalterationsintheinitialglyceridicstructure.Ithasafree220acidity,expressedasoleicacid,ofnotmorethan0.3%anditsothercharacteristics221correspondtothosefixedforthiscategory.Thisdesignationmaybesolddirectlytothe222consumeronlyifpermittedinthecountryofretailsale.223
• sub-category‘Oliveoilcomposedofrefinedandvirginoliveoils’:isamixtureofvirgin224oliveoilandrefinedoliveoilandhasfreeaciditylessthan1.0%.225
• sub-category‘Crudeolive-pomace’istheresiduefromvirginoliveoilproduction.Itdoes226nothavealimitforacidity.Itisintendedforrefiningforuseforhumanconsumption,or227itisintendedfortechnicaluse.228
• sub-category‘Refinedolive-pomaceoil’istheoilobtainedfromcrudeolivepomaceoil229byrefiningmethodsthatdonotleadtoalterationsintheinitialglyceridicstructure.It230hasafreeacidity,expressedasoleicacid,ofnotmorethan0.3%.Thisproductmayonly231besolddirectlytotheconsumerifpermittedinthecountryofretailsale.232
• sub-category‘Olive-pomaceoil’istheoilcomprisingtheblendofrefinedolivepomace233oilandvirginoliveoilsfitforconsumptionastheyare.Ithasafreeacidityofnotmore234than1%.Thecountryofretailsalemayrequireamorespecificdesignation.235
Unitprocessdataset:Smallestelementconsideredinthelifecycleinventoryanalysisforwhichinput236andoutputdataarequantified(ISO14040:2006).InLCApractice,bothphysicallynotfurther237separableprocesses(suchasunitoperationsinproductionplants)andalsowholeproductionsitesare238coveredunder"unitprocess"(ILCDHandbook).239
8AccordingtotheEuropeanlegislationECREGNo1348/2013
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Supply-chain:referstoalloftheupstreamanddownstreamactivitiesassociatedwiththeoperations240ofthecompanyapplyingthePEFCR,includingtheuseofsoldproductsbyconsumersandtheend-of-241lifetreatmentofsoldproductsafterconsumeruse.242
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Terminology:shall,shouldandmay244
ThisPEFCRusespreciseterminologytoindicatetherequirements,therecommendationsandoptions245thatcouldbechosenwhendevelopingaPEF.246
Theterm“shall”isusedtoindicatewhatisrequiredinorderforaPEFtobeinconformancewiththis247PEFCR.248
Theterm“should”isusedtoindicatearecommendationratherthanarequirement.Anydeviation249froma“should”requirementhastobejustifiedwhendevelopingthePEFandmakingittransparent.250
Theterm“may”isusedtoindicateanoptionthatispermissible.Wheneveroptionsareavailable,the251PEFshallincludeadequateargumentationtojustifythechosenoption.252
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INTRODUCTION 256
ThisPEFCRshallbeusedinparallelwiththePEFGuide.AstherequirementsinthisPEFCRareinline257with,butatthesametimemorespecificthanthoseofthePEFGuide,suchspecificrequirementsshall258befulfilled.259
TheuseofthepresentPEFCRisoptionalforin-houseapplications,itisrecommendedforexternal260applicationswithoutcomparison/comparativeassertions,whileitismandatoryforexternal261applicationswithcomparisons/comparativeassertions.262
Inthelattertwoapplicationcontexts,organisationsaretofulfiltherequirementsofthisPEFCR263documentfromsection7to10.264
Asecondpublicstakeholderconsultationtookplacefrom13November2015until11December2652015.266
ThisPEFCRisbasedonthePEFscreeningstudy,performedontheRepresentativeProductand267updatedwithinsidesformthesupportingstudies.268
Thisdocumentisadraftforpublicstakeholderconsultationplacefrom23September2016until21269October2016.270
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GENERALINFORMATIONABOUTTHEPEFCR275
TECHNICALSECRETARIAT276
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TheTechnicalSecretariat(TS)responsibleforthedevelopmentofthePEFCRfortheoliveoilsectoris278composedofthefollowingorganisations:279
• AceitesdelSur280• Alcubilla2000S.L.Spain281• AmbienteItaliaSrl282• APOLIOsrl,283• AziendaAgricolaRitrovatoMatteo284• CAPOSoc.Coop.AgricolaperAzioni,Italy285• CastillodeCanenaOliveJuice,S.L.Spain286• CO2consultingS.L.Spain287• DetNorskeVeritas,Spain288• ECJointResearchCentre289• ELEONASCooperative,Greece290• EPEA.Asociationofandalusiancompanieswithorganicagrifoodsproducts291• MINERVASA292• MoniniS.p.A293• MinistryofAgriculture,FisheriesandRuralDevelopment,GovernmentofAndalusia294• NILEASGroupofFarmers,Greece295• OleificioCericolaEmilia,296• OlivareradelosPedrochesS.C.A,Spain297• RodaxAgroLtd,Greece298• UniversitàdeglistudidiChietiPescara“G.D’Annunzio”,Italy299• UniversityofFoggia,Italy300• IFAPA,TheAndalusianInstituteofAgriculturalandFisheriesResearchandTraining,Spain301• FEVE,EuropeanContainerGlassFederation302• SpanishInterprofesionaloliveoilassociation303• ANEO,Pomaceoilproducer,Spain304• INNOLIVA.305• CEIA3(AgrifoodCampusofInternationalExcellence,ceiA3).306
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CONSULTATIONANDSTAKEHOLDERS308
Thepublicstakeholderconsultationofthescope,functionalunitandrepresentativeproduct,took309placeinOctober–November2014.Commentswerereceivedfrom9differentorganisationsby310writingand8organisations(including6TSmembersand2stakeholders)participatedtotheface-to-311faceconsultationmeetingthatwasheldinBrusselson30October2014.312
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ThepublicstakeholderconsultationofthefirstdraftPEFCRdocumenttookplacefrom13November313to11December2015.Theconsultationwasopenforeverybodywhowasregisteredasastakeholder314fortheoliveoilpilotontheEFwikipage:315https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/wikis/display/EUENVFP/PEFCR+Pilot%3A+Olive+oil.Comments316fromsixorganisationswerereceived.317
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DATEOFPUBLICATIONANDEXPIRATION319
Versionnumber:Draft0.5320
Dateofpublication/revision:22.09.2016321
Dateofexpiration:tobecompleted322
GEOGRAPHICREGION323
ThePEFCRisvalidforalloliveoilproducedforconsumptioninEuroperegardlessofthecountryof324production.325
LANGUAGE(S)OFPEFCR326
PEFCRforoliveoilisinEnglish.TheoriginalEnglishversionsupersedestranslatedversionsincaseof327conflicts.328
METHODOLOGICALINPUTSANDCOMPLIANCE329
ThisPEFCRiscompliantwiththefollowingdocuments:330
- ProductEnvironmentalFootprint(PEF)Guide;AnnexIItotheRecommendation3312013/179/EU,9April2013,publishedintheOfficialJournaloftheEuropeanUnionVolume33256,4May2013:http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=OJ:L:2013:124:TOC184333
- GuidancefortheimplementationoftheEUProductEnvironmentalFootprint(PEF)during334theEnvironmentalFootprint(EF)pilotphase-version5.2.[Brussels],EuropeanCommission,335DGEnvironment.AnearlierPCRforvirginoliveoil,firstpublishedin2010bytheInternational336EPD(www.environdec.com),wasexaminedforconsistencyagainstthecriteriaofPEFGuide337andPEFCRGuidancedocuments,forthepossibilitytouseitasthebasisforthepresent338PEFCR.Fromtheresultsofthisexamination,theTShasconcludedthatitcanbeusedasa339basisforthePEFCRinsofartheproductionofvirginoliveoilisconcerned.Also,thatPCRfor340virginoliveoilandthepresentPEFCRcouldbecomparedtoeachotherandachievemutual341recognitionfortheircommonscope.342
PEFCRREVIEWANDBACKGROUNDINFORMATION343
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PEFCRREVIEWPANEL345
TheTShastoappointaPEFCRreviewpanel(pending).346
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REVIEWREQUIREMENTSFORTHEPEFCRDOCUMENT347
ThereportofthePEFCRReviewPanelshouldcoverthefollowingtopics:348
• ConsistencywithPEFGuideandPEFCRGuidancedocuments.349• Clarityanduserfriendlinessforthereader–LCA/PEFpractitioner.350• Noambiguityandroomforinterpretationsispresentforitsrequirements.351• Adequacyofguidanceforcommunicationoftheresultsandproductperformance.352• Suitabilityforusebyanypartyinterestedtouseitforthefinalproduct,includingany353
comparisonsandcomparativeassertions,aswellasforpartoftheoliveoillifecyclestages.354
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REASONINGFORDEVELOPMENTOFPEFCR356
ThemainreasonforthedevelopmentofthePEFCRforoliveoilwastheneedtocreateharmonised357rulesforLifeCycleAssessment(LCA)basedmethodsthatcouldbeusedforcomparativeassertions.358ThesecondreasonisanattempttoalignthePEFCRwiththeexistingEnvironmentalProduct359Declarations(EPDs)forvirginoliveoil.360
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CONFORMANCEWITHTHEPEFCRGUIDANCE362
Alltherequirementsofthepresentdocumentsareinlinewiththedocument“Environmental363FootprintPilotGuidance”(version5.2,Feb.2016)(EuropeanCommission).364
PEFCRSCOPE365
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FUNCTIONALUNIT367
Thefunctionalunitisalitreofpackedoliveoilusedbyconsumersassaladdressingandforcooking.368ThespecificationsofthedefinitionarepresentedinTable1.“Howlong”wasdeterminedbythe369commonexpirydateofoliveoil,whichisgenerallyset18monthsafterbottling370
Table1:Functionalunit371
WHAT Oliveoil(includingextravirgin,virgin,refinedand/orrefinedpomaceoliveoil
HOWMUCH 1litrepacked
HOWLONG Untilexpirydate(18months)
HOWWELL Suitableforhumanconsumption
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Virginoliveoils(extravirginandvirgin)andlampanteoliveoilareprimaryproductsobtainedby373pressingolives.Thetype(quality)ofoliveoilobtainedisdeterminedbyphysical,chemicaland374
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organolepticcharacteristicsoftheprimaryoliveoilandisrelatedtothequalityandthestorage375conditionsoftheolivefruitusedasinputtotheoliveoilmill.376
Extravirginandvirginoliveoilsaremarketedasfoodwithoutfurtherprocessing.Lampanteoliveoil377hastogothroughrefiningprocessbeforeitcanmarketedasfood.378
Inaddition,refinedpomaceoliveoilisasecondaryproductextractedfromtheleftoversofthe379pressingprocess(pomace)byusingrefiningmethods.380
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PRODUCTCLASSIFICATION(NACE/CPA)382
Oliveoilsareclassifiedinthe“StatisticalclassificationofeconomicactivitiesintheEuropean383Community”withNACEcode10.41(Manufactureofoilsandfats)9,andwithCPAcodesasshownin384Figure1.385
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Figure1:CategoriesofOliveOilsintheEUmarket388
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9AccordingtotheISIC–CPC2.0classificationitbelongstoClass:2153-Vegetableoils,crude(seehttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/docs/CPCv2_structure.pdf)
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SYSTEMBOUNDARIES–LIFE-CYCLESTAGESANDPROCESSES390
SYSTEMDIAGRAM391
Thesystemboundariesare“cradle-to-grave”,startingfromextractionofresourcesfromnatureand392endingtoemissionsfromthewastetreatment(Figure2).393
Dependingonthetypeoftheoliveoilandthetraderelationships,thecompanyresponsibleforthe394productmaybe:395
a) theoliveoilmill(ifittradestheextravirginandvirgin),396b) therefineryorthepomacefactoryfortherespectiverefinedproducts,inwhichcasetheoliveoil397
millisupstream,or398c) thepacker/blender(mixingthevariousoliveoiltypestostandardizeandpackanoliveoilwitha399
desiredcommercialquality)inwhichcaseallorsomeoftheabove,i.e.theoliveoilmill,the400refineryandthepomacefactoryareupstream.401
Thefourfacilitiesmayornotcoincideunderasingleownership/management.ItIalsopossibleand402quitecommoninsomeareasthatafarmers’group,acooperativeisthe‘owner’oftheproductfor403whichaPEFstudyistobemade.Inthiscasethefarmers’groupmaypossessorsub-contracttheolive404oilmill,whichinthiscaseis‘downstream’.Olive-fruitproductionmaythusbeeitherforegroundor405backgroundprocessdependingonthecase.Formoredetailsseesection5.2.Asaconsequenceofthe406above,theoliveoilproductionisexaminedastwobroadstages,thefieldstageandtheindustrial407stage.408
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Figure2:SystemDiagram(circlewithdashedline=OliveFruitproductionprocesses,circlewithsolidline=industrial410processes)411
412
FIELDPHASE:OLIVE FRUIT PRODUCTION PROCESSES 413
Olivefruitproductiontakesplaceintheolivegroves.Inthematureones,i.e.afterthe8th-10thyears414fromplanting,fruitproductionfollowsanannualcycletypicallystartingfromthenextdayafter415harvestingandendingthelastdayofharvestinginthenextyear(roughly,butalmostneverexactly416365days).Thesequenceoffarmingactionsthattakesplaceduringthisperiodincludesfertilization,417pruning,soil&weedmanagement,chemicalweedcontrolandapplicationsoffungicidesand418pesticides,irrigationand-intheend-harvesting.419
InthesystemboundariesfortheOlivefruitproductionthefollowingprocessesareincluded420
fromthecradletogateintheannualproductioncycle:421
o Useofagrochemicalinputsused,suchasfertilisersandplantprotectionproducts(pesticides422etc.)usedforsprayingthetrees.Spreadingofmanureandcompostisincludedinthisentity,423whiletheirproductionisexcludedsincetheyareconsideredtobeburden–free.424
18
o Useoffuelsforthefarmoperations(mainlysoilcultivation,pruning,sprayingand425harvesting)andfortransportation.426
o Useofagriculturalmachineryofvariablecomplexity(tractors,chainsawsetc.).427o Productionofelectricityusedforirrigation.428o Wastemanagement(pruningwaste,usedpackaging,usedlubricantsetc.).429o Wooduseasby-productofrenovationpruningorendoflifeofolivetrees.Inthiscontextthe430
typeofpruning–inrelationtotheamountandthefateofthewoodremoved-shallbe431described,asitcanvaryfromverylightpruningtoacomplete‘decapitation’ofsomeofthe432treesoftheolivegroveforrenovationpurposes.433
o Extractionanduseofwater.434o Auxiliarymaterialsforharvesting(nets,crates,detergentsetc.).435o Biogeniccarbonflows(includingolivefruit,soilandvegetation).(Thisisoption1inthe436
Climatechangemodellingissuepaper(DeScryveretal.2016))437o Transportationofinputstotheproductionsitesandtransportationofolivefruittotheolive438
oilmill439
Theaboveapproachisbasedonthefactthatolivegrovesareexpectedtohaveaproductivelifeover440100years,sotheusualperennialcroppingsystemisnotsuitable.Infact,mostoftheexistingolive441grovesinsouthEuropeareaged>50years,sothisPEFCRisfocusedonmatureolivegroves.442
443
Forthecasesthatneworyoungerolivetreeplantationsareassessed(olivetreeswereplantedless444than20yearsago)thefollowingactivitydatashallbeprovided.445
o Operationsforthetransformationofland.TheIPCCvaluesforcarbonstockchanges446shallbeused,takingaccountofthetypeoflandusebeforetheestablishmentofthe447newolivegrove.448
o Operationsfortheestablishmentoftheolivegroveincludingtheprovisionofseedlings/449youngtrees,theestablishmentoftheirrigationsystem.450
o Operationsforthegrowthoftheolivetrees(asdescribedin1-10above)andthesumof451theyieldsforalltheyearsoftheolivegroveuptothedayoftheassessment.452
453
454
INDUSTRIALPROCESSES/SCENARIOS455
o Cleaningandpossiblewashingofolivefruit,removalofleavesandforeignmaterials.456o Extraction,i.e.crushingofolivefruit,centrifugationandseparationofvirginoliveoilfrom457
solidsandwatersolublematerial,includingtheuseofwater(ifapplicable)andfiltering(if458applicable).459
o Refiningprocess460o Pomaceoilextractionprocess461o Managementofwasteorby-products(mainlypomace)462o Storageofoliveoil463o Wastetreatmentofwastegeneratedduringmanufacturing464o Wateruse465o BottlingandPackaging466
19
o Transportationofpackaging&rawmaterialsandenergywarestothebottlingplant467o Transportationofoliveoiltothepackagingunit468o Packagingofoliveoil(materialsofpackaging)469o Internaltransportation470
471
DOWNSTREAMPROCESSES/SCENARIOS472
Downstreamprocesses(backgroundsystem)includethefollowing:473
o Distribution474o Transportationfromfinalproduction/storagesitetoanaveragedistributionplatform,if475
applicable.476o Transportationtoretailer,ifapplicable477
Usephase478
o Energyrequirementforcooking.479o Energyrequirementfordeep-frying.480
Theend-of-life:481
o Endoflifeoftheoliveoilpackagingmaterials.482O Endoflifeofthewasteoliveoilleftafterdeep-frying. 483
484
SELECTIONOFTHEEFIMPACTCATEGORIESINDICATORS485
486
TheTSjudgedthenormalisedresultsnotrobustenoughtorelyonlyonthemfortheselectionofthe487EFimpactcategories.Thereforeinadditiontothefindingsofthescreeningstudy,alsothefindingsof488earlierLCAstudiesforEnvironmentalProductDeclarationaswellasonsocietalconcernswasusedin489theselectionprocess.Allthebackgroundinformationconcerningtherationalefortheselectionof490themostrelevantimpactcategoriesisprovidedinAnnexXI.ThePEFstudiesshallcontaintheimpact491categorieslistedinTable2.492
493
Table2:.ImpactcategoriesthatshallbeincludedinPEFstudiesforoliveoil494
EFImpactCategory EFImpactAssessmentModel EFImpactCategoryindicators Source
Recommen-dationlevel
ClimateChange Bernmodel-GlobalWarmingPotentials(GWP)overa100yeartimehorizon.
kgCO2equivalent IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange,2007
I
OzoneDepletion EDIPmodelbasedontheODPsoftheWorldMeteorological
kgCFC-11equivalent
WMO,1999 I
20
Organization(WMO)overaninfinitetimehorizon.
Ecotoxicityforaquaticfreshwater
USEtoxmodel CTUe(ComparativeToxicUnitforecosystems)
Rosenbaumetal.,2008 II/III
ParticulateMatter/RespiratoryInorganics
Humbert(2009)(USEtox(Rosenbaumetal.2008)isusedforprimaryPMandCO,Grecoetal.(2007)forsecondaryPMfromSO2andNOx,VanZelmetal.(2008)forsecondaryPMfromNH3andRiskPoll(RablandSpadaro2004)todifferentiateamonghigh-stack,low-stack,andground-levelemissionsofprimaryPMforurbanandruralconditions,respectively
kgPM2.5equivalent Humbert,2009
I
Acidification AccumulatedExceedancemodel molH+eq Seppäläetal.2006;Poschetal.2008
II
Eutrophication–terrestrial AccumulatedExceedancemodel molNeq Seppäläetal.,2006;Poschetal.,2008
II
Eutrophication–aquatic EUTRENDmodel freshwater:kgPequivalentmarine:kgNequivalent
Struijsetal.,2009asimplementedinReCiPe
II
ResourceDepletion–water SwissEcoscarcitymodel m3wateruserelatedtolocalscarcityofwater
Frischknechtetal.,2008 III
ResourceDepletion–mineral,fossil
CML2002model kgantimony(Sb)equivalent
vanOersetal.,2002 II
LandUse SoilOrganicMatter(SOM)model Kgcarbondeficit MilàiCanalsetal.,2007 III
495
Theclimatechangeimpactcategoryshallbeprovidedasfourresults:496
1) Climatechange-total(thesumofthefollowing)4972) Climatechange–fossil4983) Climatechange–biogenic4994) Climatechange–landuseandlandtransformationa(separatedintotransformationand500
occupation)10.501
502
ADDITIONALENVIRONMENTALINFORMATION503
10Fordetails,seeTechnicalAdvisoryBoardIssuePaperonbiogeniccarbonmodelling:https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/wikis/display/EUENVFP/Documents+of+common+interest#Documentsofcommoninterest-TABissuepapers
21
Soilcarbonstorage504
Longtermcarbonstorageinthesoilofolivegroveshasasignificantpotentialtogrow,assoilorganic505matterpercentageincrementindepthofsoilreachingupto120cm.Theannualnetbiogeniccarbon506flowstosoilandfromsoilsshallbereportedasadditionalenvironmentalinformation(seeAnnexXI507undertheentity“Modellinglongtermcarbonstorageinthesoilofolive-groves”fordetails).508
Biodiversity509
Regardingtheimpactsonbiodiversity,thePEFstudiesshallreportthepercentageofolivessupplied510fromorganicproductionsystemsandotherproductionsystemsthatareshowntohavehigherlevelof511biodiversitycomparedtothestandardoliveproductionpractices(seeAnnexXIformoredetails).In512thecasethattheoriginoftheolivesisnotknown,thepercentageofolivescomingfromunknown513systemsshallbereported.514
515
ASSUMPTIONS/LIMITATIONS516
517
Oliveproductionsystems518
Datainthescreeningstudyrefertotraditional-conventionalolivegrovewithmorethan30-50years519ofageandaplantingdensityofabout180treesperhectare.However,highvariationisknownto520existwithinthis‘mainstream’setofplantations,withregardtoboth:activitydataandyielddata.To521ensureelementaryaccuracyofdata,encompassingalsoothersituationssuchasnewplantation522withinthelast20years,super-intensiveoliveplantations,organicorbio-dynamicfarmingpractices,523etc.datashallbecollected.524
525
Geographicallimitations526
Inthescreeningstudy,onlyoliveproductionandoliveoilmillsystemsinSpain,ItalyandGreecewere527modelledrepresentingover95%ofEuropeanoliveoilproduction.Therefore,backgrounddatafor528productionsystemsinotherEUcountriesandoutsideoftheEUwerenotgenerated.Forcomparative529assertionsofoliveoilproducedoutsideEurope.,seeANNEXXI.530
531
Packagingmaterialsandunusedoliveoil532
Inthescreeningstudy,itwasassumedthattheshelflifeofoliveoilisthesameregardlessofthe533packagingmaterialused.Oliveoilshavelongshelflifeasexpirydateisgenerallyindicatedas18534monthsafterbottlingdate.Therefore,thelossesofunusedoliveoilfromsupermarketsand535householdswereassumedtobenegligible.Duetothelackofdatatoprovethatactuallossesof536unusedoliveoilvarydependingonthepackagingmaterialused,theimpactofpackagingmaterialon537theshelflifeofoliveoilwasnotaddressedinthisversionofthePEFCRdocument.Thismaybe538changedinthefutureversionsofthePEFCRinthecasethatsuitabledataisavailable.Accidental539
22
lossesofoliveoilfromsupermarketsandhouseholdsmaybeassumedtobenegligibleinPEFstudies540followingthisPEFCR.541
Theproducershallrelatetheshelflifetothepackagingmaterialused.542
Limitationrelatedtothemulti-functionalityofthepackaging543
PackagingisincludedinthescopeofthePEFCRasitisanintegralpartofthefinalpackedwater544products.InaccordancewiththePEFPilotGuidancev.5.2,paragraph2.3,“Meaningfulcomparisons545canonlybemadewhenproductsarecapableoffulfillingthesamefunction(asexpressedinthe546functionalunit)”and“anequallyimportantobjective[ofaPEFCR]istoenablecomparisonsand547comparativeassertionsinallcaseswhenthisisconsideredfeasible,relevantandappropriate”.548
Packagingisamulti-functionalproduct:accordingtoareportoftheUNEP/SETACLifeCycleInitiative,549“themostimportantroleofpackagingistoprotectandcontaintheproductduringdistributionand550storage.Whendesignedintelligently,itcanensureproductsafety—particularlyimportantforfood551andbeverages—andminimizelosses.Inthefoodandbeverageindustry,packagingalsoservesto552preservetheproductandpreventspoilage,provideinformation,provideconvenienceandportion553control,andmarkettotheconsumer”11554
However,itisrecognizedthatthemulti-functionalityofpackagingisnotfullycapturedbythecurrent555LCAandPEFmethodology1213withparticularrelevanceinthecontextofcomparisonorcomparative556assertions.InthePEFCRofoliveoil,thedescriptionofthefunctionalunitdoesnotcaptureadequately557thefunction(s)ofpackaging:e.g.,oliveoilcanbekeptlongerthan18monthsinsomepackaging558materials;thelevelofquality,“howwell”,isnotspecifictopackaging.559
Asaresult,thereisalimitationontheapplicationofcomparisonorcomparativeassertionbetween560differentpackagingmaterialsofoliveoils.561
LIFECYCLEINVENTORY562
SCREENINGSTEP563
AscreeningstudywasperformedbytheTechnicalSecretariatoftheoliveoilpilot,andthe564conclusionsarepresentedinAnnex1.Themostrelevantlifecyclestagesidentifiedinthescreening565studyarepresentedinFigure3andTable6.ThemostrelevantprocessesarepresentedinTable6.566
11UNEP/SETACLifeCycleInitiative,2013:AnAnalysisofLifeCycleAssessmentinPackagingforFood&BeverageApplications12Finkbeiner,M.,2016:HIGH-LEVEL-ANALYSISOFGAPSFORCOMPARABILITYOFPACKAGINGMATERIALSINTHEEUPRODUCTENVIRONMENTALFOOTPRINT(PEF),TECHNISCHEUNIVERSITÄTBERLIN13OutcomesoftheEFTABmeeting,31stMay2016
23
567
Figure3:Contributionofdifferentlifecyclestagesonthetotalimpactoftherepresentativeproduct(avirtualproduct568consistingof1litreofpackedoliveoil)569
570
Table3.Mostrelevantlifecyclestagesandprocessesoftherepresentativeoliveoilstudiedinthescreeningstudy571
Impactcategory Lifecyclestages Contributingprocesses
Globalwarming,inclbiogeniccarbon
Use-(48.88%) Oliveoilforsaladdressing<u-so>-Use-(23.04%)
Rawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(-19.94%)
Cooking-Use-(20.76%)
Productionofprimaryproduct-(10.2%) Olivesproduction(Europe)-Rawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(-18.47%)
Packaging-(8.67%) RefinedPomaceOliveOilproduction(EU)-Productionofprimaryproduct-(10.84%)
WasteOilfromdeep-fryingMulti-functionalityinEnd-of-LifeSituations(PEFguide,AnnexV,Copy)-Endoflife-(9.47%)
Globalwarming,exclbiogeniccarbon
Rawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(64.19%)
Olivesproduction(Europe)-Rawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(59.3%)
Packaging-(14.96%) Oliveoilpackaging-Packaging-
24
(13.82%)
Use-(11.2%) Cooking-Use-(8.12%)
Globalwarming(biotic)
Rawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(-48.07%)
Olivesproduction(Europe)-Rawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(-48.06%)
Use-(34.94%) Oliveoilforsaladdressing<u-so>-Use-(20.59%)
Cooking-Use-(14.23%)
Ozonedepletion
Rawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(51.78%)
Olivesproduction(Europe)-Rawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(51.78%)
Packaging-(17.85%) Oliveoilpackaging-Packaging-(17.85%)
Distribution-(11.71%) Transporttoconsumer(packedoliveoil)-Distribution-(11.71%)
Humantoxicitycancereffects
Packaging-(41.43%) Oliveoilpackaging-Packaging-(41.27%)
Rawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(30.79%)
Olivesproduction(Europe)-Rawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(30.67%)
Endoflife-(-14.0%) TinplateMulti-functionalityinEnd-of-LifeSituations(PEFguide,AnnexV)-Endoflife-(-11.13%)
Humantoxicitynon-canc.Effects
Rawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(66.24%)
Olivesproduction(Europe)-Rawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(66.24%)
Packaging-(13.64%) Oliveoilpackaging-Packaging-(13.64%)
Distribution-(10.97%) Transporttoconsumer(packedoliveoil)-Distribution-(10.97%)
Acidification
Rawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(60.52%)
Olivesproduction(Europe)-Rawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(60.52%)
Packaging-(15.88%) Oliveoilpackaging-Packaging-(15.88%)
Use-(8.51%) Cooking-Use-(6.24%)
Particulatematter/Respiratoryinorganics
Rawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(59.41%)
Olivesproduction(Europe)-Rawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(59.41%)
Packaging-(20.3%) Oliveoilpackaging-Packaging-(20.3%)
Distribution-(6.17%) Transporttoconsumer(packedoliveoil)-Distribution-(6.17%)
Ecotoxicityforaquaticfreshwater
Rawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(99.75%)
Olivesproduction(Europe)-Rawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(99.75%)
Ionisingradiation,humanhealtheffectmode
Rawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(71.9%)
Olivesproduction(Europe)-Rawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(71.9%)
25
Packaging-(10.02%) Oliveoilpackaging-Packaging-(10.02%)
Photochemicalozoneformation
Rawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(44.34%)
Olivesproduction(Europe)-Rawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(43.98%)
Productionofprimaryproduct-(27.06%) RefinedPomaceOliveOilproduction(EU)-Productionofprimaryproduct-(26.24%)
Packaging-(11.51%) Oliveoilpackaging-Packaging-(11.42%)
Terrestrialeutrophication
Rawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(70.28%)
Olivesproduction(Europe)-Rawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(70.19%)
Packaging-(10.22%) Oliveoilpackaging-Packaging-(10.21%)
FreshwatereutrophicationRawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(93.62%)
Olivesproduction(Europe)-Rawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(93.54%)
MarineeutrophicationRawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(96.83%)
Olivesproduction(Europe)-Rawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(96.3%)
LanduseRawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(94.92%)
Olivesproduction(Europe)-Rawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(94.92%)
ResourcedepletionwaterRawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(99.98%)
Olivesproduction(Europe)-Rawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(99.98%)
ResourceDepletion(fossilandmineral)
Rawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(47.08%)
Olivesproduction(Europe)-Rawmaterialacquisitionandprocessing-(47.03%)
Packaging-(25.31%) Oliveoilpackaging-Packaging-(25.28%)
Productionofprimaryproduct-(14.23%) OliveOilMill-Productionofprimaryproduct-(13.0%)
572
573
DATAQUALITYREQUIREMENTS574
5751. Dataqualityrequiredshallbethehighestpossiblefortheprocessesunderthedirector576
indirectcontrolofthecompanyapplyingthePEFstudy.Asthescopeoftheactivityofthe577companymaylayanywhereinthevaluechain,betweenoliveoilproductionandtrading,578accordingtothemodularityconcept,thefieldstagemaybedealtwithindependentlyofthe579nextstage(oilmill).Bearinginmindtheresultsofthescreeningstudy,aswellasLCAstudies580ofvariouspreviousoccasions,datasetsforthefieldstageshalltakeaccountofthefollowing:581• Crophusbandrypracticesthatleadtodifferentcarbonstoragepotentialinthesoil(see582
AnnexXI,2)shallbechosenamongthe4PEFcompliantdatasetstobeprovidedbythe583presentPEFCR.Thejustificationforthechoiceshallbedocumented.Foracompanythat584
26
correspondstosituation2or3ofDatasetsNeedMatrix(DNM)itisacceptabletousea585combinationofchoicesatvariousproportions,asitmaypurchaseolivefruitfromolive586producersthatfollowdifferentpractices.587
• Inordertoovercomethehighvariabilityofolivefruityieldsoftheolivegroves,suitable588PEFcompliantdatasetsperyieldclassshallbeavailablebythepresentPEFCR.The589justificationforthechoiceoftheyieldclassshallbedocumented.590Asasecondmeasuretheresultsshowingtheperformanceofthefinalproductshallbe591expressedindualmode.a)PEFscoreperfunctionalunitoftheproduct,allowingthus592productcomparisonstobemadeandb)perhectare(applicableonlyforthefieldstage)593whichprovidesenvironmentalinformationindependentoftheyieldachievedevery594year.595
ThepresentPEFCRcanbeusedforcomparativeassertionsorcomparisonsonlyifthefollowingtwo596requirementsarefulfilled,atleastonemodule(olivefruitsproduction,oliveoilprocessing,pomace597oilproduction,refining,blending,packaginganddistribution)isownbythecompanyperformingthe598PEFstudyandprimarydataisavailableforatleastoneofthesemodules.599
600
ThePEFstudyshalldeclarethelifecyclestagesandtheprocessesthatareunderthedirectorindirect601controlofthecompanyapplyingforPEF,asonlythese‘company-owned’processesmaydifferentiate602theperformanceofthefinalproductagainsttherepresentativeone,i.e.wherethecompanycan603focusforenvironmentalimprovement.Theymayormaynotcontainhighrelevanceprocessesandlife604cyclestages.Theactivitydataandthedatasetrequirementsaredetailedintable5-1.Examplesof605suchspecific‘ownership’oflifestagesareshownwithdifferentcoloursintheflowchartbelow.606
607
27
EVOO
OLIVEOILMILL
VOO LAMPANTDRY/WETPOMACE
OLIVEOILREFINERY POMACEREFINERY
REFINEDOLIVEOIL REFINEDPOMACEOIL
OLIVEOILBLENDINGFACILITY
POMACEOILBLENDINGFACILITY
OLIVEOIL POMACEOLIVEOILEXTRAVIRGINANDVIRGINOLIVEOIL
OLIVEOILPACKINGFACILITY
OLIVEOILPACKINGFACILITY
POMACEOILPACKINGFACILITY
OLIVESORCHARDS
MARKET
FARMERS
PRODUCERS
BOTTLERS
EXTRAVIRGINANDVIRGINOLIVEOIL
OLIVEOIL POMACEOLIVEOIL
608
Figure4:Lifestagesanditsowners609
610
Foralltheotherlifecyclestagesandprocesses(i.e.notinfluencedbythecompany,asinsituation3611ofDNM),comparisons&comparativeassertionsshallonlybemadeifthe-publiclyavailable-612secondarydatasetschosenarethedatasetsincludedinthisPEFCR.613
Processesthatarenotsubjecttochoicesuchaselectricitygridandtransportationmeans(e.g.byroad614foranisland,orbyboatforaninlandproducer)differentdatasetsareaccepted,butthedifference615shallbehighlighted.616
Company-ownedactivitydata,datasetsandevenresultsofLCA/PEFstudiesproducedbysuppliersof617intermediateproducts(socalledmodules)canbeusedbythecompanyapplyingforPEF,ifverifiedby618
28
areviewertobecomplyingwithPEFrules.InthecaseofLCA/PEFstudiestheseshallbefulli.e.not619restrictedtoonlythemostrelevantimpacts,processesandlifecyclesub-stages.Inthissensea“chain620ofcustody”(introducedbythecertificationschemeGLOBALGAP,butalsoanestablishedelementof621organiccertification,albeitnotnamedexactlyaschainofcustody)forintermediateproductscanbe622accepted,insofaraseachofthelinksofthevaluechaindeliversdatainPEFcompliantlevel.623
Environmentalperformanceofintermediateproductsshallnotbecommunicatedinrelationtothe624presentPEFCR..625
Itcanalsobeappliedbycompaniesthatonlytrade,butwishtoapplyforPEFlabelledoliveoilbased626ontheirsuppliersdata.Thisisanextensionofsituation3ofdnmforthewholeoflifecycle.Sucha627situationisprovidedforinRegulation834/07fororganicagriculture,andmaybeusedforoliveoil628promotedasorganicwithaquantifiedenvironmentalperformance.629
630
AccordingtotheEuropeanCommission(2013)(PEFGuide),thedataqualityofthedatasetsusedshall631beassessedbasedonthefollowingsixcriteria:632
•Fiverelatingtothedata:633
o Technologicalrepresentativeness(TeR)634o Geographicalrepresentativeness(GR)635o Time-relatedrepresentativeness(TiR)636o Completeness(C)637o Parameteruncertainty(P)638
Fivequalitylevelsaredefinedforeachcriterion:639
o Verygood(1);640o Good(2);641o Fair(3);642o Poor(4);643o Verypoor(5)644
TheoverallDataQualityRating(DQR)shallbecalculatedbysumminguptheachievedqualityrating645foreachofthequalitycriteria,dividedbythetotalnumberofcriteria(i.e.six).14646
647
Equation0-1.Dataqualityratingcalculation648
14By2016,allrequirementrelatedtothemethodologyshallbefulfilledaccordingtothePEFGuide(EC2013),however,inthepilotphase,ithasbecomeevidentthattheRecyclingEndofLifeformulamayneedsomeadjustment.Therefore,supportingstudiesshallclearlyindicatehowtheycalculatethedataqualityofthedatasetsused,andespeciallyhowtheonerequirementrelatedtomethodologyhasbeensolved.
29
TheDataQualityRating(DQR)shallcorrespondtoadataqualityleveldefinedasfollows:649
o Overalldataqualityrating(DQR)≤1.6:excellentquality.650o Overalldataqualityrating(DQR)from1.6to2.0:verygoodquality.651o Overalldataqualityrating(DQR)from2.0to3.0:goodquality.652o Overalldataqualityrating(DQR)from3to4.0:fairquality.653o Overalldataqualityrating(DQR)>4:poorquality654
Thissemi-quantitativeassessmentshallbedoneatleastforthedatasetsrelatedtothemostrelevant655processesidentifiedinthehotspotanalysis.Thequalityscoringshallbeperformedbyusingthe656criteriapresentedinTable7.2-1.657
Table0-1.CriteriaforthedataqualityassessmentaccordingtothePEFGuide658
TECHNOLOGY(TeR) GEOGRAPHY(GR)
TIME(TiR)
VeryGood-1-
Thespecifictechnologyconsideredintheanalysis Countryspecificdata 2012-2015
Good
-2-Averagetechnologyusedinthecountry Datafromsimilarcountries 2010-2011
Fair
-3-AveragetechnologyusedintheEU EUaveragedata 2005-2009
Poor
-4-Averagetechnologyusedintheregionofassessmentforothersimilarproducts.
Datafromothersimilarregions 2000-2004
Verypoor
-5-Otherorunknown Globalaverage Before2000
659
660
AlltheotherparametersintheDQRformulashallremainasquantifiedintheoriginaldataset.661
REQUIREMENTSREGARDINGFOREGROUNDSPECIFICDATACOLLECTION662
Inthenexttable,thedatarequirementsperlifecyclestageandprocessesrelevancearedescribed663accordingtotheDatasetNeedsMatrixofPEFCRGuidance5.2(TableE-1).Companyinthistableis664meanttobetheoneapplyingthePEFCRforaPEFstudy.665
30
Table0-1DatasetNeedsMatrix.15666
MOST RELEVANT PROCESS OTHER PROCESS
SITUATION 1: PROCESS RUN BY THE COMPANY APPLYING THE PEFCR
OPT
ION
1 PROVIDE COMPANY-SPECIFIC DATA
(AS REQUESTED IN THE PEFCR) AND CREATE A COMPANY SPECIFIC DATASET PARTIALLY DISAGGREGATED AT LEAST AT LEVEL 116 (DQR ≤1.6).
PROVIDE COMPANY-SPECIFIC DATA (AS REQUESTED IN THE PEFCR) AND CREATE A COMPANY SPECIFIC DATASET PARTIALLY DISAGGREGATED AT LEAST AT LEVEL 154 (DQR ≤1.6).
OPT
ION
2
USE DEFAULT SECONDARY DATASET, IN AGGREGATED FORM (DQR ≤3.0)
SITUATION 2: PROCESS NOT RUN BY THE COMPANY APPLYING THE PEFCR BUT WITH ACCESS TO (COMPANY-)SPECIFIC INFORMATION
Option1
PROVIDE COMPANY-SPECIFIC DATA (AS REQUESTED IN THE PEFCR) AND CREATE A COMPANY SPECIFIC DATASET PARTIALLY DISAGGREGATED AT LEAST AT LEVEL 157 (DQR ≤1.6).
USE DEFAULT SECONDARY DATASET, IN AGGREGATED FORM (DQR ≤4.0) O
PTIO
N 2
STARTING FROM THE DEFAULT SECONDARY DATASET PROVIDED IN THE PEFCR, USE COMPANY-SPECIFIC ACTIVITY DATA FOR TRANSPORT (DISTANCE), AND SUBSTITUTE THE SUB-PROCESSES USED FOR ELECTRICITY MIX AND TRANSPORT WITH SUPPLY-CHAIN SPECIFIC PEF COMPLIANT DATASETS. THE NEWLY CREATED DATASET SHALL HAVE A DQR ≤3.0.
SITUATION 3: PROCESS NOT RUN BY THE COMPANY APPLYING THE PEFCR AND WITHOUT ACCESS TO (COMPANY)-SPECIFIC INFORMATION
OPT
ION
1
USE DEFAULT SECONDARY DATASET, IN AGGREGATED FORM (DQR ≤3.0)
15PEFCRGuidance5.2(TableE-1)16Theunderlyingsub-processesshallbebasedonPEF-compliantsecondarydatasets.
31
667
OLIVEPRODUCTION668
Olivefruitproductionisahotspotforthemajorityofimpactcategories.Therefore,thisstageshall669alwaysbeincludedinthescopeofthePEFstudy.Duetothefactthatoliveproductionphasecanbe670eitherforegroundorbackgroundprocess,therequirementsvarydependingonthecase.TheData671NeedMatrixapplies(cf.AnnexEinthePEFCRGuidancedocumentv.5.2).672
673
Thefollowingrequirementsshallbefollowedwhengeneratingcompanyspecificdatasets:674
• Fertilisers,plantprotectionandherbicidetreatments:priorityshallbegiventospecificdata675wheneverpossible.676
• Directemissionsatthefarm:methane(CH4),directandindirectnitrousoxide(N2O),677nitrogenoxide(NOx),ammonia(NH3),nitrate,phosphorusandphosphateemissionsfrom678fertilizationand/ormanuremanagement,emissionsoffrombiomassburning,shallallbe679included.680
• Landusechangeanddeforestation:TakingaccountthatOliveOrchardisanperennialcrop,681andoften,ithasreplacedarablecropsorgrasslandareas,emissionsand/orremovalofCO2682shallbeincludedaccordingwithAnnexVIofPEFrecommendation(EuropeanCommission6832013)orfurtheroperationalrecommendationsfromtheTAB.684
• CO2removalsbycropsandvegetationshallnotbeincluded685• StoredCO2insoils.Thefollowingcalculationsshallbeincluded:686
o CO2storageinsoilshallbeincluded.TheproposedCO2modeltoestimatethe687accumulationofCO2insoilistheRothamstedmodel(RothC)17688
Olivefruitsusedinoliveoilsgenerallycomefromseveralmethodsofcropsystems.Arepresentative689sampleoffarmsinthesupplychainshouldbedefined,inawaythatproperlyrepresentsthe690variabilityofthecropsystems.Mainaspectsinfluencingsuchvariability,andwhichshouldbe691consideredwhendefiningthesamplesare:692
o OliveVariety693o Density(treesperHa)694o Ageofplantation695o Irrigationorrain-feedsystem696o Conventionalororganiccrop697o Yieldperhectare698
699Yieldinitsturnisstronglydependentonfactorsotherthancroppingsystemandthe700intensityofinputs,i.e.onpruningquality,onweatherconditionsduringflowering,on701
17http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk/sustainable-soils-and-grassland-systems/rothamsted-carbon-model-rothc
32
autumnrainfallfortherainfedtreesandlastlyonunpredictablepestoutbreaks.Thusadirect702relationshipbetweeninputsandyieldistooriskytoquantify.703Duetotheabovesourcesofuncertainty,LCIAresultsaremostlycase-specific,areasonfor704which‘company-specificdatasets’shouldstrivetoincludeatleastthreeyearsofprimary705data.706Ifsuchdataarenotavailablethecompanyhastochoosefromthesetof‘default-datasets’707proposedwiththisPEFCR.Thedefaultdatasetsmayonlybealteredfortransportand708electricity.Furtherchangesthanthat,leadtothembeingconsideredasprimarydatasetsand709theirDQRshallbecalculatedanew.710ThedefaultdatasetsproposedbythisPEFCRcorrespondtofourdifferentolivetree711husbandrypracticesthataffectindifferentdegreelanduseandcarbonstorageinthesoil.712Thesepracticesandthecorrespondingdatasetsarepresentedinsection12.11.2.713
Giventheseasonalvariabilityofthiscrop,alldatashouldbecollectedforaminimumof1yearof714exploitationoracompletecampaign.Averagedatacollectedover3+yearsispreferable,when715available.Therepresentativenessfortheselectedyearshouldbejustified.716
Table0-2.Foregroundspecificactivitydatarequiredforolivefruitproduction717
Parameter Unit
GeneralInformation
Variety
Location
CropDensity NumberoftreesperHa
Ageofplantation Years
Previoususeofthisarea
Yield KgsolivefruitperHa
ProductionArea has
Inputparameters
Fertilizers KgofeachoneperHa
Phytosanitarytreatments KgofeachoneperHa
Useofmachinery HoursofeachmachineperHa
Irrigation CubicmetersperHa
StoredCO2 KgperHa
Fuelusebymachinery LperHa
Electricityusedonirrigation KwhperHa
Outputparameters
Olivesfruit KgperHa
Directfieldemissions KgperHa
718
Table0-3.DQRguidanceforolivefruitproduction719
Qualityrating
Timerepresentativeness Technologicalrepresentativeness Geographicalrepresentativeness
VeryGood-1-
Productionaverageover3+years,intheprevious5years,withrespecttodateofassessment.
Sourceofdatarepresents>80%oftotalsupplychain Allareasformpartofsupplychain
33
Good
-2-
Productionaverageover2+years,intheprevious5years,withrespecttodateofassessment.
Sourceofdatarepresents>60%oftotalsupplychain
Sourcedataareasrepresenting>50%ofsupplychain
Fair
-3-
Productionaverageover3+years,intheprevious10years,withrespecttodateofassessment.
Sourceofdatarepresents>40%oftotalsupplychain
Sourcedataareasrepresenting>30%ofsupplychain
Poor
-4-
Productiondataforasingleyear,intheprevious5years,withrespecttodateofassessment.
Sourceofdatarepresents>20%oftotalsupplychain
Sourcedataareasrepresenting<30%ofsupplychain
Verypoor
-5-
Productiondataforasingleyear,intheprevious10years,withrespecttodateofassessment
Singlefarm Unknownorproxy
720
721
OLIVEOILEXTRACTION722
Oncetheolivesarriveatthemill,itisnecessarytopreparetheolivesandremovetheremainsof723leaves,branches,mud,etc.thatmaybebroughtfromthefield.Forthis,ablowairpressureisapplied724totheolives,inwhichtheolives,theremainsofbranchesandleavesareseparated.Subsequently,the725leavesandforeignmaterialsareremoved,andolivesarewashedwhennecessary.726
Toobtaintheoil,olivesaremilledwithdoublescreenandspeedreducerwithoutheatingthedough.727Inthebatter,theolivepasteisremovedslowlyandinacontinuousmannerinstainlesssteel(mixers)728semi-cylindricalorhemisphericalshape,bearingasuitableheating.729
Themodernsystemofextractionnamedlike“twophases”includesahorizontalcentrifuge(decanter)730allowingsolid/liquidseparationandthen,thepomaceleavesoneendofthecentrifugeandtheoil731andwaterontheopposite.Inathreephasesystem,includingvirginoliveoil,pomaceandwater,are732extractedduringthecentrifugation.733
“Refinedoliveoil”isobtainedblendingtherefinedlampanteoliveoilwithafractionofvirginor734extravirginoliveoil.735
“OlivePomaceOil,isobtainedblendingtherefinedPomaceOliveOilwithafractionofvirginorextra736virginoliveoil.737
Giventhemultifunctionalityofoliveoilextractionprocesses,primarydatashallbeusedtomodelit738wheneveravailable.Themanufacturingofdifferenttypesofoliveoilistypicallyamulti-processes739activity,startingwithasinglecommoninput(olivefruit)andresultinginseveralproductswithvarious740chemicalandphysicalproperties.741
Table0-4.Foregroundspecificdatarequiredforoliveoilextraction742
Parameter Unit
Inputparameters
Olivesfruit Kgperyear
Electricityused Kwhperyear
Water Cubicmetersperyear
Gasoil Ltperyear
34
Transports Tkmofeachtypeperyear
Cleaningagents(cellulosefilters,diatomaceoussands,etc.) Kgperyear
Outputparameters
ExtraVirginOliveoil Kgperyear
VirginOliveOil Kgperyear
LampanteOliveOil Kgperyear
RefinedOliveOil Kgperyear
PomaceOliveOil Kgperyear
By-products(olivesbones,exhausteddrypomace,leaves,branches,etc) Kgofeachoneperyear
Wastewater Cubicmetersperyear
743
Table0-5.Qualityratingfordatainoliveoilextractionprocessess744
Qualityrating
Timerepresentativeness Technologicalrepresentativeness Geographicalrepresentativeness
VeryGood-1-
Productionaverageover3+years,intheprevious5years,withrespecttodateofassessment.
Allamountsandtypesofinputsandoutputsareknownandreported.Energyandwateruseareattributabletospecific
Products.
Originsofallingredientsareknownandreported
Good
-2-
Productionaverageover2+years,intheprevious5years,withrespecttodateofassessment.
Allamountsandtypesofinputsandoutputsareknownandreported.Energyandwaterusearereportedonanaggregateamountincludethewholeprocessordifferenttypesofoliveoil.
Originof>60%ingredientsareknownandreported
Fair
-3-
Productionaverageover3+years,intheprevious10years,withrespecttodateofassessment.
Amountsandtypesofmaininputs,outputsandby-productsareknownandreported.EnergyandwateruseareattributabletospecificProducts.
Originof>40%ingredientsareknownandreported
Poor
-4-
Productiondataforasingleyear,intheprevious5years,withrespecttodateofassessment.
Amountsandtypesofmaininputs,outputsandby-productsareknownandreported.Energyandwaterusearereportedonanaggregateamountincludethewholeprocessordifferenttypesofoliveoil.
Originof>20%ingredientsareknownandreported
Verypoor
-5-
Productiondataforasingleyear,intheprevious10years,withrespecttodateofassessment
Onlyamountsandtypesofolivefruits,andanyco-productsareknownandreported.Proxysareusedforallotherinputsoroutputs.
Originsareunknownandnotreported
745
746
PACKAGING747
748
Packaginggenerallytakesplaceattheoliveoilmill,andistherefore,aforegroundprocess.The749informationpresentedinTable13shallbecollectedperlitrepackagedoliveoilincludingsecondary750packaging.751
35
Table0-6.Billofmaterials752
Material Unit
Steelcan g
Tincanclosure g
Adhesivetape g
Cardboardbox g
Label g
PETbottle g
PETbottleclosure g
Glassbottle g
Glassbottleclosure g
Bag-in-boxclosure g
Bag(forbag-in-box) g
Nondripspout g
753
REQUIREMENTSREGARDINGBACKGROUNDGENERICDATAANDDATAGAPS754
Backgrounddataincludeproductionofinputmaterials,transportation,usephaseandendoflife755management.ThisPEFCRprovidesdefaultvaluestobeusedforthoseprocessesinAnnexV.756Transportationdistancesshouldbeadjustedwhenknown.757
758
DATAGAPS759
AccordingtoEuropeanCommission(2013),“datagapsexistwhenthereisnospecificorgenericdata760availablethatissufficientlyrepresentativeofthegivenprocessintheproduct’slifecycle”.Forsome761itemsnosecondarydatahavesofarbeenidenfiedforthefollowingitems:762
o Treereplacementprocesses.Thisisanerraticactivitytakenplacerandomlyifsomeofthe763treeshavebeendamagedbyfrostordisease.Thisisquiterare.764
o Productionofsimpleagriculturaltoolsandequipment(hand-saws,pruningscissors,ladders765etc.).766
o CalciumhydroxideusedforOil-MillWasteWater(OMWW)treatment(applicableonlyto767three-phaseoilmills).768
769
NOTE:TheTechnicalSecretariatisinterestedinreceivinginformationonavailablelifecycleinventory770dataorLCAstoclosethisdatagaps.771
USESTAGE772
773
Thescenariofortheusephaseshallbeincludedaccordingtothespecificationsoftheproduct,i.e.ifit774forsaladdressing,forcookingorfordeepfrying.Ifforsaladdressing,nofurtherdataarerequired,775
36
butifforcookinganddeepfryingtheelectricityconsumptionperprocesshastobeincludedinthe776model.777
Fordeep-fryingitisassumedthattheoiliscooked10minutesin180°C,whereasfornormalcookingit778isassumedthattheoiliscookedfor10minutesin100°C779
Thewasteoftheproductinuse(e.g.theoliveoilleftaftercookinganddeepfrying)isexludedfrom780theusestage,butispartoftheendoflifestage(c.f.5.8).781
LOGISTICS782
783
Calculationsoftransportationofpackedoliveoiltodistributioncentersandtheretailstorestoreach784theconsumershallbebasedonhistoricaverages(forestablishedmarkets)orperspectiveroutesfor785newones.Datashallbeonayearbasisandshalltakeintoaccountgrossweight(includingpallets786weight,ifapplicable),packagingtypesandsizes,distancesbyroadandbysea,vehiclesof787transportation.Forlorriesandtrucks,datashallbeprovidedontheirprevailingtransportcapacityin788tonsandtechnology,e.g.EURO4etc.ActivitydatashallbeexpressedinTkmperKgofoliveoil.789
Theconsumertransportstothestoreareexcluded.790
791
END-OF-LIFESTAGE792
793
ThePEFformulashallbeusedtomodeltheEoLoftheremainingoliveoilaftertheusephase(e.g.794productresiduesafterbeenusedfordeep-frying).Materialrecycling(R2)(e.g.esterificationof795vegetableoiltobiodiesel),energyrecovery(R3)anddisposal(withoutenergyrecovery)shallbe796modelled.Thedefaultvaluesifnoprimaryactivitydatacanbefound,isthatallusedoliveoilgoesto797energyrecovery(R3=1).798
ThePEFformulashallbeusedtomodeltheEoLofpackagingmaterialsandproductresidues(e.g.799afterbeenusedfordeepfrying).TheEoLformulashallbeappliedtothepartofdeepfryingoilthat800doesnotgointotheproduct.Ifnocompany/countryspecificdataareavailable,thegenericdataof801thedocumentavailableinthePEF-OEF_EOLDefaultData_V1.2availableontheEFwiki-spaceshallbe802used.803
Ifnoprimarydatacanbefound,theR2valueintherecyclingEoLformulashalltaketheaverage804recyclingratesofthepackagingmaterialsinthecountrywheretheproductissoldbasedonEurostat805statistics18.806
18http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=ten00063&language=fr
37
807
Table0-1AveragerecyclingratesfromEurostat2012808
Materials Recyclingrate
Glass 70.0%
Plastic 35.3%
Paper/cardboard 83.8%
Metal 72.5%
Wood 37.9%.
809
BasedondatafromEurostat,theaveragemanagementofnon-recycledwasteinEU-27consistsof81042%incinerationand58%landfill.811
812
REQUIREMENTSFORMULTIFUNCTIONALPRODUCTSANDMULTIPRODUCTPROCESSES813ALLOCATION.814
Theupstreamimpactshallbeallocatedbetweentheco-productsfromoliveoilmillbyusingeconomic815allocation.Site-specificdataforthemassfractionsandtheunitpricesprovidedinTable14-16shallbe816used.Inthecasethatalldataisnotavailableonsite,thedefaultvaluesprovidedinTables14-16shall817beused.818
819
820
821
Table0-1Allocationkeysforfirstallocationafterpressingolivefruit19822
Mass%ofcleanedolives
UnitvalueEuro/kg
Allocationfactor%
Extravirginoliveoil 9.14 1.88 46.14
Virginoliveoil 6.50 1.73 30.34
Lampanteoliveoil 4.67 1.61 20.26
Olivepits 9.30 0.07 0.95
Wetpomace(70%moisture) 70.40 0.01 2.32
19Salomone,R.,Cappelletti,G.M.,Malandrino,O.,Mistretta,M.,Neri,E.,Nicoletti,G.M.,Notarnicola,B.,Pattara,C.,Russo,C.,Saija,G.,2015.LifeCycleAssessmentintheOliveOilSector.In:Notarnicola,B.,Salomone,R.,Petti,L.,Renzulli,P.A.,Roma,R.,Cerutti,A.K.(Eds.),LifeCycleAssessmentintheAgri-foodSector:CaseStudies,MethodologicalIssuesandBestPractices.SpringerInternationalPublishing,pp.57-121.
38
823
Table0-2.Allocationkeysforsecondallocation(contentofwetpomace;ourelaborationonDiGiovacchinoetal200620)824
Mass%ofwetpomace
UnitvalueEuro/kg
Allocation%
Crudepomace 91.60 0.79 100
Drypomace 8.40 0 0
825
Table0-3.Allocationkeysforthirdallocation(crudepomace;ourelaborationon21)826
Mass%ofcrudepomace
UnitvalueEuro/kg
Allocation%
Refinedpomaceoliveoil 2.8 1.11 86.92
Drypomace 26.0 0.01 9.47
Olivepit 1.8 0.07 3.61
Wastewater 69.4 0.00 0.00
827
Duringthesupportingstudies,alternativeallocationcriteriawillbetested,basedonmassbalance,fat828contentinintermediateproductsandmixcriteriausingboth.829
BENCHMARKANDCLASSESOFENVIRONMENTALPERFORMANCE830
831
Thebenchmarkisperdefinitiontheresultsofthescreeningstudyoftherepresentative(average)832product.833
Therangeforthebenchmarkandclassesofenvironmentalperformancehavebeendeveloped834followingtheIssuePaperonDeterminingtheEFbenchmarkandperformanceclasses(Galatola,835KerkhofandWoutersfromMarch2016).836
20DiGiovacchino,L.,Prezioso,S.,2006.Utilizationofolivemillby-products.ProceedingsofOlivebioteq,379-389.
21Salomone,R.,Cappelletti,G.M.,Malandrino,O.,Mistretta,M.,Neri,E.,Nicoletti,G.M.,Notarnicola,B.,Pattara,C.,Russo,C.,Saija,G.,2015.LifeCycleAssessmentintheOliveOilSector.In:Notarnicola,B.,Salomone,R.,Petti,L.,Renzulli,P.A.,Roma,R.,Cerutti,A.K.(Eds.),LifeCycleAssessmentintheAgri-foodSector:CaseStudies,MethodologicalIssuesandBestPractices.SpringerInternationalPublishing,pp.57-121.
39
ThebestandworstcasehavebeendeterminedwiththefollowinginputdefinedinTable7.3-5and837withthehelpoftheresultsfromthescreeningstudyoftheaveragerepresentativeproduct.838
Table0-5.Inputtothedefinitionoftheperformanceclasses839
Input(activitydata) Unit Lifecyclestage WorstcaseBestcase
Resonableaverage(forcheckingclassC)
Nitrogen(N) kg/ha FieldStage 325 0 69
Phosporus(P) kg/ha FieldStage 187 0 21
Electricity kwh/ha FieldStage 8667 0 76
Water m3/ha FieldStage 14444 0 180
Copper(Cu) kg/ha FieldStage 9.11 0 0.16
Organo-Phosporous(O-Ps) kg/ha FieldStage 19.50 0 0.09
Pyrethroids kg/ha FieldStage 0.58 0 0
Glyphosate kg/ha FieldStage 6.55 0 0.40
Dimetheoate kg/ha FieldStage 12.5 0 0
Electricitykwh/100kg
olives Industrialstage 5.24 0.36 3
Waterkg/100kg
olives Industrialstage 124.6 10 30
840NOTE:TheTechnicalSecretariatisinterestedinreceivingfeedbackfromstakeholders841iftheyhaveinput(activitydata)higherthanworstcaseandlowerthanthebestcase842andafeedbackonthereasonableaverage(forcheckingclassC).843
TheresultingperformanceclassescanbefoundinannexIII.844
NOTE:Theperformanceclassesandbenchmarkneedtobeupdatedwiththeremodelingandtheuse845ofthenewEFdata.Inthiscontext,alsoadditionallythreedifferentbenchmarksfortheproductsextra846virginoliveoil,oliveoilandpomasseoliveoilwilbetestedwithasimilarapproachasdescribedin847AnnexIII.848
INTERPRETATION849
TheinterpretationofthePEFresultsshallincludethefollowing:850
• AssessmentoftherobustnessofthePEFmodel851• Identificationofhotspots852• Estimationofuncertainty853• Conclusions,limitationsandrecommendations854
ComparativeassertionsofPEFfollowingthisPEFCRareallowedforproductswhichdifferinatleast855onePEF-compliantcompany-dataset(s)basedonhighquality(DQR>1.6)primarydata.Allother856datasetsusedinthePEFsshallbeidenticalforthecomparedproducts,i.e.thedefaultdatasets857providedbythePEFCR.858
859
REPORTING,DISCLOSUREANDCOMMUNICATION860
40
ThischapterdescribesthreewaysofcommunicatingtheresultsofaPEF-profileforoliveoilbusiness861tobusinessandbusinesstoconsumer.Theseshallbetestedinthesupportingstudies.Each862supportingstudyshalltest1-2ofthedescribedcommunicationvehicles.863
Theimpactcategoriesthatshallbecommunicatedandtestedbythesupportingstudiesinthe864communicationtestingare:ClimateChange,EcotoxicityforaquaticfreshwaterandResource865Depletion–water.AlsotheadditionalenvironmentalinformationofSoilcarbonstorageshallbe866testedinthecommunicationtestingphase.867
NOTE:Thispartwillbefinishedwhenthecommunicationtestingisready.868
PEFDECLARATION869
ThePEFprofilecanbecommunicatedthroughaPEFdeclarationpubliclyavailableoravailableupon870request.ThePEFdeclarationshallbebasedonthePEFCRforoliveoilandshallbesupportedbya871specificPEFstudy.872
ThePEFdeclarationshallinclude:873
• Identificationanddescriptionoftheorganizationmakingthedeclaration,874• Type(s)ofoliveoilcoveredbythePEFandproductidentificationi.e.tradename,packsizes875
andmaterials,876• PEFCRidentification,877• Dateofpublicationandperiodofvalidityofthedeclaration,878• ResultsofthePEFcalculationatleastfortheEFimpactcategoriesidentifiedasmostrelevant879
inthePEFCR,880• Additionalenvironmentalinformation,881• InformationonthespecificscopecoveredbytheLCA/PEF(see#7.3)declaringwhichlife882
cyclestagesareconsidered,ifthedeclarationisnotbasedonanPEFstudycoveringalllife883cyclestages,884
• Statementthatenvironmentaldeclarationsfromdifferentprogrammesmaynotbe885comparable,886
• Websiteaddresswhereexplanatorymaterialandallsupportinginformationrelatedtothe887calculationsdoneisavailable,888
• Informationabouttheverification.889
890
PEFPERFORMANCELABEL891
PEFlabelshallbeusedonpackedoliveoilbatches(lots)thatcanbetracedbacktotheactivitydata892usedfortheLCA.Therequirementsfortheuseofthelabel,itscontentanditslayoutwillbedescribed893atalaterstage.894
IfpossibletheperformancelabelcanbecombinedwithQRcode,leadingtoadedicatedwebpage895withfurtherenvironmentalinformation896
TheBackgroundDocumentfortheTestingofCommunicationVehiclesintheEnvironmentalFootprint897PilotPhase2013-2016v1.1providesinAnnexIfurtherguidanceonthePEFperformancelabel.898
41
899
PUBLICATIONSINPROFESSIONALPRESSANDNON-PROFESSIONALPRESS900
Thecriteriaforthepubliccommunicationthroughmassmedia,andsocialmedia(includingsocial901networks)willbedevelopedduringthesupportingstudyphase.902
903
904
VERIFICATION905
906
Inthischapter,therequirementsfortheverificationdependingontheintendedapplicationand907communicationvehiclesused,willbeendescribed908
Theobjectivesoftheverificationare:909
o ToassesscomplianceofthePEFanditsresultswiththepresentPEFCR;910o Toverifythetraceabilityandvalidityoftheinformation/data,bothprimaryandcomingfrom911
suppliers,andotherformsofsecondarydatausedinthesupportingstudies.Thistaskmight912involvecross-checkcomparisonofdocuments(e.g.invoices,billsofsale,etc.)bothprovided913bytheorganisationproducingthePEFprofileandthesuppliers;914
o ThepresentationofenvironmentalperformanceincludedinthePEFprofile;915o OtheradditionalenvironmentalinformationincludedinthePEFprofile,ifany.916
917
Inverifyingtheunderlyingdataofthelifecycleinventory,theverifierwillexaminethat:918
o TheunitprocessesaredefinedasspecifiedinthepresentPEFCR;919o Thesourceofinputandoutputdata(thatis,referencedliterature,vendor-supplied920
databases,andLCIdatabases)usedforaunitprocess/moduleofspecifiedunitprocessesare921atleastofthequalityrequestedinthepresentPEFCR;922
o Allrelevantinformationisdocumentedforeachunitprocess/informationmodule/PEFCR923module,i.e.beingconsistentandunderstandabletoenableanindependentevaluationof924therelevanceofthedatainaccordancetothereferencePEFCR.Inparticulartheverifier925shouldcheckthatanyadditionaldocumentationoftheLCAprocessdata(sources,926correspondence,traceablereferencestoorigin,andsoforth)isprovided,especiallyifthis927informationinfluencedLCAprocessdataselection;Tothiseffectitisrequiredthatthe928companyapplyingthePEFCRhasestablishedaQualityorEnvironmentalManagement,929equivalenttothecurrenteditionofISO9001orISO14001,orEMAS,certifiedornot,butin930anycasewitharobustsystemformonitoringandfordocumentcontrol.Forolivefruit931producingcompaniesGLOBALGAPisalsoconsideredadequate.932
o TheDataQualityRequirementsaremet.933
934
42
IncaseofexistenceofsecondarydataintheLCAresultswhichhavebeenalreadyverifiedaccording935torulesinthePEFGuide,theseshallnotbesubjectforfurtherverificationregardingthecriteria936methodologicalconsistency,completenessanduncertainty.Howevertheappropriatenessoftheuse937ofthesedataforthespecificproductneedstobeverified.Thisverificationsneedstocoverthe938aspectsoftime,geographicalandtechnologicalrepresentativenessofthesecondarydatafortheuse939inthespecificPEFprofile.940
Inverifyingtheresultsfromtheimpactassessment,theverifiershallcheckthatthecalculationsare941madeinacorrectwaybasedonthelifecycleinventoryandrecommendedcharacterisation,942normalisationandweightingfactors.943
Withregardtocheckinginformationofthelifecycleinventory,theverifiershallmakeuseofsample944checksfortheunitprocesses/informationmodules/PEFCRmodulestochecktheirconformanceto945originaldatasources.Theorganisationshallprovidetheverifierwithinformationaboutthe946underlyingdataandcalculationscarriedoutuponrequest.947
Samplechecksmaypreferablybecarriedoutforthoseunitprocesses/informationmodules/PEFCR948moduleshavingasignificantinfluenceonthelifecycleinventory,andrandomlychosenunit949processes/informationmodules/PEFCRmodules.950
Whenalargevarietyofproducts(e.g.seriesofproducts)aresubjectforverification,sampling951methodsfortheLCAstudyshallbeused.Ifaspecificsamplingmethodhasbeendevelopedbyan952organisation,thismethodshallbeverifiedbyathirdpartyverifierandspecifiedinthePEFprofile.953
Insummary,theverifierisduetoexamineandconfirm:954
o Theaccuracyandreliabilityoftheactivitydataused955o Thevalidityofassumptionsforthesecondarydataused956o ThepropermodelimplementationinLCAsoftware957o Thevalidityofthecalculations958o Therelevanceoftheinterpretationagainsttheresults959
960
Theverificationprocessshallbeperformedintwostages,a)internallybythecompanyaspartofthe961internalauditandb)byathirdpartyverifier.962
Verifiers,bothinternalandthirdpartyshallhavedemonstratedcompetencetoperformthework963accordingtoPEFGuide,section9.3Theirrecordsdocumentingcompetenceshallbeavailabletothe964reviewer.965
Ifexternaltothecompany,verifiersshallhavesignedaconfidentialityagreement.966
Verifiersshallnothavebeeninvolvedinthepartofthestudythattheyverify.967
Internalverificationshallbebasedondocumentedrecordsbythecompanyorbythesupplying968companyorotherthathascontractobligationorcommitmenttomakeavailableallprimarydata969used.970
Theinternalverificationreportshallbeendorsedbythecompany’smanagementbeforethirdparty971verificationisperformed.972
43
973
974
REFERENCELITERATURE975
O 12.LIFEPROJECTOLIVECLIMA,-LIFE11ENV/GR/942–OLIVECLIMA,976«INTRODUCTIONOFNEWOLIVECROPMANAGE-MENTPRACTICESFOCUSEDON977CLIMATECHANGEMITIGATIONANDADAPTATION».(AVAILABLEAT:978WWW.OLIVECLIMA.EU)979
O DESCHRYVER,A.,GALATOLA,M.,SCHAUE.M.,BENINIL.,PANTR.,2016:GUIDANCE980ANDREQUIREMENTSFORBIOGENICCARBONMODELLINGINPEFCRS,VERSION2.2–981FEBRUARY2016982
O EUROPEANCOMMISSION(2013)."ANNEXIITORECOMMENDATION(2013/179/EU)983ONTHEUSEOFCOMMONMETHODSTOMEASUREANDCOMMUNICATETHELIFE984CYCLEENVIRONMENTALPERFORMANCEOFPRODUCTSANDORGANISATIONS.985
o FINKBEINER,M.,2016:HIGH-LEVEL-ANALYSISOFGAPSFORCOMPARABILITYOFPACKAGING986MATERIALSINTHEEUPRODUCTENVIRONMENTALFOOTPRINT(PEF),TECHNISCHE987UNIVERSITÄTBERLIN988
O LIFEPROJECTSAGE10,LIFE09/ENV/GR/000302-SAGE10,“ESTABLISHMENTOF989IMPACTASSESSMENTPROCEDUREASATOOLFORTHESUSTAINABILITYOF990AGROECOSYSTEM:THECASEOFMEDITERRANEANOLIVES”,(AVAILABLEAT:991WWW.SAGE10.GR)992
O LORENZOBENINI,LUCIAMANCINI,SERENELLASALA,SIMONEMANFREDI,ERWINM.993SCHAU,RANAPANT(2014).NORMALISATIONMETHODANDDATAFOR994ENVIRONMENTALFOOTPRINTS,JOINTRESEARCHCENTREINSTITUTEFOR995ENVIRONMENTANDSUSTAINABILITY,REPORTEUR26842EN996(HTTP://EC.EUROPA.EU/ENVIRONMENT/EUSSD/SMGP/PDF/JRC_NORMALISATION_997METHOD_AND_DATA_EF_WEB.PDF)998
O NARDINO,M.,PERNICE,F.,ROSSI,F.,GEORGIADIS,T.,FACINI,O.,MOTISI,A.,&999DRAGO,A.(2013).ANNUALANDMONTHLYCARBONBALANCEINANINTENSIVELY1000MANAGEDMEDITERRANEANOLIVEORCHARD.PHOTOSYNTHETICA,51,63-74.1001
O O.M.NIETO1,J.CASTRO,E.FERNÁNDEZANDP.SMITH,SIMULATIONOFSOIL1002ORGANICCARBONSTOCKSINAMEDITERRANEANOLIVEGROVEUNDERDIFFERENT1003SOIL-MANAGEMENTSYSTEMSUSINGTHEROTHCMODEL.SOILUSEAND1004MANAGEMENTVOLUME26,ISSUE2,PAGES118–125,JUNE20101005
O REGULATION(EC)NO451/2008OFTHEEUROPEANPARLIAMENTANDOFTHE1006COUNCILOF23APRIL2008ESTABLISHINGANEWSTATISTICALCLASSIFICATIONOF1007PRODUCTSBYACTIVITY(CPA)ANDREPEALINGCOUNCILREGULATION(EEC)NO10083696/931009
44
O SOFOA,NUZZOV,PALESEAM,XILOYANNISC,CELANOG,ZUKOWSKYJP,DICHIOB1010(2005)NETCO2STORAGEINMEDITERRANEANOLIVEANDPEACHORCHARDS.1011SCIENTIAHORTICULTURAE107(1):17-241012
o UNEP/SETACLIFECYCLEINITIATIVE,2013:ANANALYSISOFLIFECYCLEASSESSMENTIN1013PACKAGINGFORFOOD&BEVERAGEAPPLICATIONS1014
1015
SUPPORTINGINFORMATIONFORTHEPEFCR1016
1017
Openstakeholderconsultations1018
https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/wikis/display/EUENVFP/PEFCR+Pilot%3A+Olive+oil1019
1020
45
1021
1022
LISTOFANNEXES1023
1024
ANNEXI. REPRESENTATIVEPRODUCT1025
Therepresentativeproductisdescribedindetailinthescreeningstudyforoliveoilthatisprovidedin1026aseparatedocumentintheEFwikipageforoliveoilpilotstakeholders.1027
Therepresentativeproducthasbeenmodelledasavirtualoliveoilbasedon:1028
• theaveragemixofdifferenttypesofoliveoilsconsumedinEurope(Table2),1029• thedifferentagriculturalpractices(percountry)inthefield,1030• thedifferentoliveoilprocessingtechnologies(Table3)1031• thedifferentpackagingmaterials(Table4)1032
1033
TheaverageoliveoilconsumedinEuropewasmodelledbasedondatafromSpain,ItalyandGreece1034asthosecountriesproduceover95%ofalloliveoilproducedinEuropeandmoreoliveoilthanis1035consumedinEurope.1036
1037
1038
Oilmills %
Threephase 75%
Twophase 25%
1039
Packaging %
Glass 60
PET 20
Steelcan 20
1040
ANNEXII. SUPPORTINGSTUDIES1041
SevensupportingstudieshavebeencarriedoutfortestingthedraftPEFCRforcalculatingthe1042environmentalfootprintof7products:fiveExtraVirginOliveOilproducts,oneOliveOilproductand1043
Oliveoiltype % Spain Italy Greece
Extravirginandvirgin 70.00 39.41% 17.43% 13.16%
RefinedOliveOil 20.70 17.60% 1.84% 1.26%
OlivePomaceOil 9.30 3.25% 4.92% 1.13%
TOTAL 100.0 60.26% 24.19% 15.55%
46
oneOlivePomaceOilproductthatareproducedinSpain,GreceandItalyandexportedtoalloverthe1044world.TheError!Referencesourcenotfound.showstheprincipalcharacteristicsoftheassessed1045products.1046
Therearenotrerelevantdifferencesbetweenresultsoftheimpactcategories.Theresultsare1047homogeneousandareintotheperformanceclasses.Evensomeresultsarelowerthan1048“A”performanceclasse.Nocategoryshowsavaluehigherthan“E”performanceclasse.1049
Theimpactcategoriesreportedinthesomesupportingstudiesarenotthecategorieslistedinthe1050PEFCR.Insomecases,theresultsreportedareonlypercentagevalues.1051
ThefollowingaspectsweresuggestedforimprovingthisPEFCR:1052
- 501:ClearestinformationregardingDataqualityassessment.Ittakesalotoftimeto1053understandtheproposedmethodologytogetherwithinformationinPEFGuidanceandPEF1054Recommendation(e.g.indicationsonthecriteriaEoL).1055
- 440and498:toputinorderinthesamewayimpactcategories.1056
- 440and1060:impactcategoriesaredifferentinbothtables(e.g.in440Photochemical1057ozoneformationismissing).1058
- Numerationoftablesisnotcorrect.1059
1060
Limitationsonthestudy:1061
- Thedatafortheolivefruitcultivationoperationsarecollectedonlyfromafewfarmsthatin1062somecaseshaveestimateddata.1063
- Backgrounddatasetsdonotprovidesufficientdataforallprocesses,andtherefore,proxies1064wereusedinsomecases(e.g.capitalgoodsoftheoliveoilmill).1065
- Theimpactofdistributioncentresandretailarenotincludedintheassessment.1066
Therearelimitationsregardingtheimpactassessmentmethodsandnormalisationfactors.1067
Recommedationofthestudy:1068
- PEFCRforoliveoildoesnotcontainaproposalforperformanceclassesperse,butonlya1069proposalfor“performancelabel”consideredasasynonym.Inthisrespect,weproposeto1070useamarkonthebottleindicatingthelowestperformanceclass.1071
Infact,themarkshouldmakeacleardistinctionbetweenthePEFvalueforthefunctionalunit(the1072primarymessage)andtheperformanceoffieldlifestage.1073
ItisproposedthataratiobetweenthePEFvalueandthePerformancevalueperHectareshouldbe1074usedinthecontextofperformanceclasses,asadditionalenvironmentalinformation.Themilderthe1075interventionsinthefield,thelowertheratiowouldbe.1076Infactthisratiocouldbecomeanincentivefortheolivegrowerstoincreasetheiryieldswithout1077investingininputs,butonlyinthenon-inputfarmingpracticeslikepruning,composting,green1078
47
manureetc.inthelineofahighyieldingorganicoliveculture.Ithasbeenrepeatedlyshownthatolive1079treeishighlyresponsivetoproperorganicpractices,soincreasedfarmer’sattentionmayjustsuffice1080forincreasedyields,evenvsconventional(non-organic)olivegroves.1081
So,withregardtothesingle-farmerorganicXVOOthatisthesubjectofthissupportingstudytheratio1082betweenfieldvalueandPEFforthethreeselectedimpactcategoriesisasfollows,comparedtothe1083othertwooptionsavailable.1084
- Itisproposedthattheprimarydataobtainedinarepresentativesurfaceinfieldshouldbe1085usedtodeterminatethefunctionalunitandtheyshouldbeextrapolatedtotherestof1086farmland.Sincethelandbelongingtothesamecompanyhavesimilarcultivationpractices1087andsoilmanagementtoproducethefinalagronomicproduct.1088
- Inthecasethattherearemultipleprovidersofproductsinthelifecycle,weproposetouse1089therepresentativesupplier,thatistosay,thesedatashouldbeusedtocalculatethe1090functionalunit.1091
48
1092
TablaII-1.Characteristicsoftheproductsassessedinthesupportingstudies.1093
Product ExtraVirginOliveOil
ExtraVirginOliveOil
ExtraVirginOliveOil
ExtraVirginOliveOil
ExtraVirginOliveOil OliveOil OlivePomaceOil
NACECode 10.41-Manufactureofoilsandfats
CPAcode 10.41.23-VirginandExtraVirginOliveOil 10.41.53-OliveOil 10.41.59-OlivePomaceOil
Producedby Innoliva(Portugal-Spain)
BorgesInternationalGroup(Spain)
DCOOP(Spain)
KANAKIS(Grece)
Monini(Italy)
Acesur(Spain)
S.O.LEDIVINCENZOPETRONIeCSNC
(Italy)
Geographicvalidity Portugal,Spain,France,Italy
EE.UU.,Brazil,France,Russia,Spain,China,SouthKorea,ReinoUnido,NewZealand
(Backgrounddatasets)
France World
UK,Finland,Norway,Australia,EE.UU.Sweden,
Singapore,Ecuador
World
PERCRapplied PEFCRforOliveOil(Draftversion0.5-June2016).
49
ANNEXIII . BENCHMARKANDCLASSESOFENVIRONMENTALPERFORMANCE1094
1095Theperformanceclassesareincludedinthefollowingtable.ClassCisthebenchmarkandtheresultofthescreeningstudyiswithinthisC-range.1096
TableIII-1.TheBenchmarkandclassesofenvironmentalperformance.1097
PerformanceclassesPEFoliveoil
Impactcategories
Units
A B C-Benchmark D E
Best from to from to from to Worst(lowerthan) (higherthan)
Climatechange(fossil) kgCO2-Equiv. < 3.31 3.31 3.74 3.74 5.30 5.30 8.00 > 8.00
Ozonedepletion kgCFC-11eq < 3.25E-07 3.25E-07 3.75E-07 3.75E-07 5.23E-07 5.23E-07 7.69E-07 > 7.69E-07
Humantoxicitycancereffects(withoutlongterm) CTUh < 3.19E-08 3.19E-08 3.53E-08 3.53E-08 4.43E-08 4.43E-08 5.90E-08 > 5.90E-08
Humantoxicitynon-canc.effects(withoutlong-term)
CTUh < 2.43E-06 2.43E-06 2.79E-06 2.79E-06 3.10E-06 3.10E-06 3.36E-06 > 3.36E-06
Acidification MoleofH+eq. < 0.026 0.026 0.030 0.030 0.040 0.040 0.057 > 0.057
Particulatematter/Respiratoryinorganics kgPM2,5-Equiv. < 3.46E-03 3.46E-03 3.88E-03 3.88E-03 4.84E-03 4.84E-03 6.33E-03 > 6.33E-03
Ecotoxicityforaquaticfreshwater(withoutlong-term)
CTUe < 95 95 282.1 282 377 377 381 > 381
Ionisingradiation,humanhealtheffectmodel kgU235eq < 5.37 5.37 7.39 7.39 19.11 19.11 40.53 > 40.53
Photochemicalozoneformation kgNMVOC < 0.029 0.029 0.032 0.032 0.037 0.037 0.045 > 0.045
Terrestrialeutrophication MoleofNeq. < 0.097 0.097 0.106 0.106 0.136 0.136 0.187 > 0.187
Freshwatereutrophication kgPeq < 5.00E-04 5.00E-04 6.61E-04 6.61E-04 1.49E-03 1.49E-03 2.99E-03 > 2.99E-03
Marineeutrophication kgN-Equiv. < 6.89E-03 6.89E-03 7.38E-03 7.38E-03 1.01E-02 1.01E-02 1.49E-02 > 1.49E-02
Landuse(SOM) kgCdeficiteq < 62.5 62.5 63.4 63.4 65.3 65.3 68.1 > 68.1
Resourcedepletionwater,SwissEcoscarcity m³eq. < 0.457 0.457 1.371 1.371 4.837 4.837 10.86 > 10.86
ResourceDepletion,fossilandmineral kgSb-Equiv. < 5.43E-04 5.43E-04 6.19E-04 6.19E-04 7.18E-04 7.18E-04 8.40E-04 > 8.40E-04
50
ANNEXI. UPSTREAMSCENARIOS(OPTIONAL)1098
Reportdescribingupstreamscenariosa1099
ndprocessesasaresultofthe1stvirtualconsultationmaybeaddedlater.1100
1101
ANNEXII. DOWNSTREAMSCENARIOS(OPTIONAL)1102
Reportdescribingdownstreamscenariosandprocessesasaresultofthe1stvirtualconsultationmay1103beaddedlater.1104
1105
ANNEXIII . NORMALISATIONFACTORS1106
ListofnormalisationfactorstobeusedinthePEFCRpilotphase:1107
1108
TableIII-1.DefaultEFnormalisationfactorsperperson1109
Impactcategory UnitNormalisationFactorperPerson(domestic)
OverallRobustness
Climatechange kgCO2eq 9.22E+03 VeryHigh
Ozonedepletion kgCFC-11eq 2.16E-02 Medium
Humantoxicity-cancereffect CTUh 3.69E-05 Low
Humantoxicity-noncancereffect CTUh 5.33E-04 Low
Acidification molH+eq 4.73E+01 High
Particulatematter kgPM2.5eq 3.80E+00 VeryHigh
FreshwaterEcotoxicity CTUe 8.74E+03 Low
Ionizingradiations kBqU235eq 1.13E+03 Medium
Photochemicalozoneformation kgNMVOCeq 3.17E+01 Medium
Terrestrialeutrophication molNeq 1.76E+02 Medium
Freshwatereutrophication kgPeq 1.48E+00 MediumtoLow
Marineeutrophication kgNeq 1.69E+01 MediumtoLow
Landuse kgCdeficit 7.48E+04 Medium
Resourcedepletionwater m3watereq 8.14E+01 MediumtoLow
Mineral,fossil&renewableresourcedepletion kgSbeq 1.01E-01 Medium
1110
1111
1112
ANNEXIV. WEIGHTINGFACTORS1113
51
Alternativeweightingfactorswerenottested.1114
1115
ANNEXV. DEFAULTDATA1116
1117
TableV-1.AverageOlivesProductionEurope1118
OlivesProductionEurope
INPUT UNIT perFU % OUTPUT UNIT perFU %
OlivesproductionGR kg 5.42E-01 15.01 OlivesEU kg 3.61E+00 100
OlivesproductionES kg 2.31E+00 63.99
OlivesproductionIT kg 7.58E-01 21.00
1119
1120
TableV-2.OlivesProductionSpainandprocesses1121
OlivesProductionSpain
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
Harvesting sqm 9.48E+00 Olives kg 2.31E+00
Irrigating sqm 9.48E+00Carbondioxide(biotic)[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg -2.12E+00
PPP&Herbicides sqm 9.48E+00
SoilManagement sqm 9.48E+00
Pruning sqm 9.48E+00
Fertilisers sqm 9.48E+00
Harvesting
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
Dembling[workprocesses] sqm 9.48E+00Harvesting(Raccolta)[workprocesses]
sqm 9.48E+00
transport,tractorandtrailer,agricultural[allocatableproduct]
tkm 1.20E-01Carbondioxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 1.59E-01
GLO:petrol,two-strokeblend[allocatableproduct]
kg 1.27E-02Carbondioxide(biotic)[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 8.39E-03
GLO:polyethylene,linearlowdensity,granulate[allocatableproduct]
kg 9.48E-04Carbonmonoxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 5.32E-03
GLO:yarn,jute[allocatableproduct]
kg 9.48E-04Nitrogenmonoxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 1.08E-03
NMVOC(unspecified)[GroupNMVOCtoair]
kg 4.55E-04
Dust(PM2.5)[Particlestoair]
kg 2.57E-04
52
Nitrogendioxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 5.68E-05
Benzene[GroupNMVOCtoair]
kg 3.19E-05
Methane[Organicemissionstoair(groupVOC)]
kg 2.45E-05
Nitrousoxide(laughinggas)[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 5.28E-06
Ammonia[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 1.52E-06
Sulphurdioxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 1.07E-06
Dembling
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
GLO:lubricatingoil[allocatableproduct]
kg 1.39E-03 Pruning[workprocesses] sqm 9.48E+00
GLO:petrol,two-strokeblend[allocatableproduct]
kg 1.27E-03Carbondioxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 1.59E-02
Carbondioxide(biotic)[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 8.39E-04
Carbonmonoxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 5.32E-04
Nitrogenmonoxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 1.08E-04
NMVOC(unspecified)[GroupNMVOCtoair]
kg 4.55E-05
Dust(PM2.5)[Particlestoair]
kg 2.57E-05
Nitrogendioxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 5.68E-06
Benzene[GroupNMVOCtoair]
kg 3.19E-06
Methane[Organicemissionstoair(groupVOC)]
kg 2.45E-06
Nitrousoxide(laughinggas)[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 5.28E-07
Ammonia[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 1.52E-07
Sulphurdioxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 1.07E-07
Irrigating
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
ES:electricity,lowvoltage[allocatableproduct]
MJ 9.95E-01Irrigation[workprocesses]
sqm 9.48E+00
53
GLO:polyethylene,linearlowdensity,granulate[allocatableproduct]
kg 2.92E-02
GLO:polyethylene,highdensity,granulate[allocatableproduct]
kg 8.31E-03
Water(groundwater,regionalized,ES)[Water]
kg 1.04E+03
PPP&Herbicides
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
applicationofplantprotectionproduct,byfieldsprayer[allocatableproduct]
sqm 1.90E-01 Pesticides[Pesticide] sqm 9.48E+00
Water(groundwater,regionalized,ES)[Water]
kg 1.90E-02Dimethoate[Pesticidestofreshwater]
kg 1.84E-02
GLO:organophosphorus-compound,unspecified[allocatableproduct]
kg 1.84E-02Glyphosate[Pesticidestofreshwater]
kg 5.96E-04
transport,freight,inlandwaterways,bargetanker[allocatableproduct]
tkm 1.74E-03Glyphosate[Pesticidestoair]
kg 3.94E-05
transport,tractorandtrailer,agricultural[allocatableproduct]
tkm 9.83E-04Dimethoate[Pesticidestoagriculturalsoil]
kg 1.29E-05
GLO:glyphosate[allocatableproduct]
kg 6.35E-04Glyphosate[Pesticidestoagriculturalsoil]
kg 4.45E-12
GLO:pyrethroid-compound[allocatableproduct]
kg 9.48E-06
SoilManagement
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
tillage,harrowing,byspringtineharrow[allocatableproduct]
sqm 9.48E+00Soilmanaging[workprocesses]
sqm 2.00E+00
tillage,ploughing[allocatableproduct]
sqm 9.48E+00
tillage,rotarycultivator[allocatableproduct]
sqm 9.48E+00
mowing,byrotarymower[allocatableproduct]
sqm 9.48E+00
transport,freight,lorry7.5-16metricton,EURO5[allocatableproduct]
tkm 1.61E-05
Pruning
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
transport,tractorandtrailer,agricultural[allocatableproduct]
tkm 7.70E-04 Pruning[workprocesses] sqm 9.48E+00
GLO:agriculturalmachinery,unspecified[allocatableproduct]
kg 6.64E-05Wasteheat[Otheremissionstoair]
MJ 1.46E+00
Carbondioxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 9.99E-02
Nitrogenoxides[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 1.25E-03
Dust(PM2.5)[Particlestoair]
kg 1.54E-04
54
Carbonmonoxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 1.28E-04
NMVOC(unspecified)[GroupNMVOCtoair]
kg 7.61E-05
Sulphurdioxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 3.24E-05
Zinc(+II)[Heavymetalstoagriculturalsoil]
kg 4.69E-06
Methane[Organicemissionstoair(groupVOC)]
kg 4.15E-06
Nitrousoxide(laughinggas)[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 3.85E-06
Ammonia[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 6.43E-07
Benzene[GroupNMVOCtoair]
kg 2.35E-07
Polycyclicaromatichydrocarbons(PAH,carcinogenic)[GroupPAHtoair]
kg 1.06E-07
Copper(+II)[Heavymetalstoair]
kg 5.47E-08
Zinc(+II)[Heavymetalstoair]
kg 3.21E-08
Lead(+II)[Heavymetalstoagriculturalsoil]
kg 8.05E-09
Nickel(+II)[Heavymetalstoair]
kg 2.25E-09
Cadmium(+II)[Heavymetalstoagriculturalsoil]
kg 1.80E-09
Chromium[Heavymetalstoair]
kg 1.60E-09
Benzo{a}pyrene[GroupPAHtoair]
kg 9.62E-10
Cadmium(+II)[Heavymetalstoair]
kg 3.21E-10
Selenium[Heavymetalstoair]
kg 3.21E-10
Fertilising
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
fertilising,bybroadcaster[allocatableproduct]
sqm 3.80E-01Fertilizers[mineralfertiliser]
sqm 9.48E+00
transport,freight,inlandwaterways,bargetanker[allocatableproduct]
tkm 5.48E-02Nitrate[Inorganicemissionstofreshwater]
kg 1.26E-01
GLO:nitrogenfertiliser,asN[allocatableproduct]
kg 2.84E-02Potassium[Inorganicemissionstofreshwater]
kg 3.30E-03
GLO:potassiumfertiliser,asK2O[allocatableproduct]
kg 1.14E-02Nitrogen(atmosphericnitrogen)[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 2.56E-03
55
GLO:borax,anhydrous,powder[allocatableproduct]
kg 2.60E-03Ammonium[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 5.69E-04
transport,freight,lorry7.5-16metricton,EURO5[allocatableproduct]
tkm 1.16E-03Nitrousoxide(laughinggas)[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 3.56E-04
transport,tractorandtrailer,agricultural[allocatableproduct]
tkm 2.64E-04Nitrogenoxides[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 7.47E-05
1122
1123
TableV-3.OlivesProductionItalyandprocesses1124
OlivesProductionItaly
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
Harvesting sqm 2.79E+00 Olives kg 7.58E-01
Irrigating sqm 2.79E+00Carbondioxide(biotic)[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg -6.95E-01
PPP&Herbicides sqm 2.79E+00
SoilManagement sqm 2.79E+00
Pruning sqm 2.79E+00
Fertilisers sqm 2.79E+00
Harvesting
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
transport,tractorandtrailer,agricultural[allocatableproduct]
tkm 2.10E-02Harvesting(Raccolta)[workprocesses]
sqm 2.79E+00
GLO:lubricatingoil[allocatableproduct]
kg 1.12E-04Carbondioxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 2.63E-02
Nitrogenoxides[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 3.68E-04
Carbonmonoxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 3.34E-05
Dust(PM2.5)[Particlestoair] kg 3.31E-05
NMVOC(unspecified)[GroupNMVOCtoair]
kg 2.28E-05
Sulphurdioxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 8.49E-06
Zinc[Heavymetalstoair] kg 1.43E-06
Methane[Organicemissionstoair(groupVOC)]
kg 1.09E-06
Nitrousoxide(laughinggas)[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 1.01E-06
Ammonia[Inorganicemissionstoair] kg 1.69E-07
Benzene[GroupNMVOCtoair] kg 6.15E-08
Polycyclicaromatichydrocarbons(PAH,unspec.)[GroupPAHtoair]
kg 2.77E-08
56
Copper[Heavymetalstoair]
kg
1.43E-08
Zinc[Heavymetalstoagriculturalsoil] kg 8.43E-09
Lead[Heavymetalstoagriculturalsoil]
kg 2.37E-09
Nickel[Heavymetalstoair] kg 5.89E-10
Cadmium[Heavymetalstoagriculturalsoil]
kg 5.42E-10
Chromium[Heavymetalstoair] kg 4.22E-10
Benzo{a}pyrene[GroupPAHtoair] kg 2.53E-10
Selenium[Heavymetalstoair]
kg
8.43E-11
Cadmium[Heavymetalstoair] kg 8.43E-11
Irrigating
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
IT:electricity,lowvoltage[allocatableproduct]
MJ 2.93E-01 Irrigation[workprocesses] sqm 2.79E+00
GLO:polyethylene,linearlowdensity,granulate[allocatableproduct]
kg 8.61E-03
GLO:polyethylene,highdensity,granulate[allocatableproduct]
kg 2.44E-03
Water(groundwater,regionalized,IT)[Water]
kg 3.07E+02
PPP&Herbicides
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
applicationofplantprotectionproduct,byfieldsprayer[allocatableproduct]
sqm 1.27E+01 Pesticides[Pesticide] sqm 2.79E+00
Water[Water] kg 5.31E-01Copper(+II)[Heavymetalstoagriculturalsoil]
kg 2.29E-03
GLO:copperoxide[allocatableproduct]
kg 2.54E-03Dimethoate[Pesticidestofreshwater]
kg 4.49E-04
transport,freight,lorry7.5-16metricton,EURO5[allocatableproduct]
tkm 5.52E-04 Glyphosate[Pesticidestofreshwater] kg 3.22E-04
GLO:organophosphorus-compound,unspecified[allocatableproduct]
kg 4.50E-04Paraffinoil[Organicemissionstoagriculturalsoil]
kg 2.21E-04
RER:insecticides,atregionalstorehouse[Pesticide]
kg 4.40E-04Cyclohexanone[Hydrocarbonstofreshwater]
kg 3.27E-05
GLO:glyphosate[allocatableproduct]
kg 3.43E-04Copper(+II)[Heavymetalstofreshwater]
kg 2.54E-05
GLO:paraffin[allocatableproduct]
kg 2.33E-04 Glyphosate[Pesticidestoair] kg 2.13E-05
57
GLO:cyclohexanone[allocatableproduct]
kg 4.74E-05 Cyclohexanone[GroupNMVOCtoair] kg 1.47E-05
transport,tractorandtrailer,agricultural[allocatableproduct]
tkm 1.55E-05Dimethoate[Pesticidestoagriculturalsoil]
kg 3.15E-07
Glyphosate[Pesticidestoagriculturalsoil]
kg 2.40E-12
SoilManagement
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
mowing,byrotarymower[allocatableproduct]
sqm 2.44E+00 SoilManagement sqm 2.00E+00
tillage,harrowing,byspringtineharrow[allocatableproduct]
sqm 1.96E+00
tillage,rotarycultivator[allocatableproduct]
sqm 1.47E+00
GLO:lubricatingoil[allocatableproduct]
kg 4.16E-04
Pruning
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
GLO:lubricatingoil[allocatableproduct]
kg 4.09E-04 Pruning[workprocesses] sqm 2.79E+00
GLO:petrol,two-strokeblend[allocatableproduct]
kg 3.74E-04Carbondioxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 6.42E-03
Carbondioxide(biotic)[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 3.38E-04
Carbonmonoxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 2.14E-04
Nitrogenmonoxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 4.35E-05
NMVOC(unspecified)[GroupNMVOCtoair]
kg 1.83E-05
Dust(PM2.5)[Particlestoair] kg 1.04E-05
Nitrogendioxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 2.29E-06
Benzene[GroupNMVOCtoair] kg 1.28E-06
Methane[Organicemissionstoair(groupVOC)]
kg 9.88E-07
Nitrousoxide(laughinggas)[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 2.13E-07
Ammonia[Inorganicemissionstoair] kg 6.12E-08
Sulphurdioxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 4.32E-08
Fertilising
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
fertilising,bybroadcaster[allocatableproduct]
sqm 2.44E+00 Fertilizers[mineralfertiliser] sqm 2.79E+00
GLO:nitrogenfertiliser,asN[allocatableproduct]
kg 2.11E-02Nitrate[Inorganicemissionstofreshwater]
kg 5.79E-02
58
GLO:potassiumfertiliser,asK2O[allocatableproduct]
kg 1.95E-02Potassium[Inorganicemissionstofreshwater]
kg 5.66E-03
GLO:phosphatefertiliser,asP2O5[allocatableproduct]
kg 9.67E-03Nitrogen(atmosphericnitrogen)[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 1.90E-03
transport,freight,lorry>32metricton,EURO5[allocatableproduct]
tkm 3.88E-03Phosphate[Inorganicemissionstofreshwater]
kg 6.99E-04
transport,tractorandtrailer,agricultural[allocatableproduct]
tkm 7.77E-05Ammonium[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 4.22E-04
Nitrousoxide(laughinggas)[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 2.64E-04
Nitrogenoxides[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 5.54E-05
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
TableV-4.OlivesProductionGreeceandprocesses1130
OlivesProductionGreece
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
Harvesting sqm 2.00E+00 Olives kg 5.42E-01
Irrigating sqm 2.00E+00Carbondioxide(biotic)[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg -4.97E-01
PPP&Herbicides sqm 2.00E+00
SoilManagement sqm 2.00E+00
Pruning sqm 2.00E+00
Fertilisers sqm 2.00E+00
Harvesting
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
GLO:lubricatingoil[allocatableproduct]
kg 1.66E-05Harvesting(Raccolta)[workprocesses]
sqm 2.00E+00
transport,freight,lorry7.5-16metricton,EURO5[allocatableproduct]
tkm 3.62E-05Carbondioxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 1.34E-02
GLO:yarn,jute[allocatableproduct]
kg 2.00E-04Carbondioxide(biotic)[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 7.08E-04
transport,freight,inlandwaterways,bargetanker[allocatableproduct]
tkm 4.94E-04Carbonmonoxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 4.49E-04
GLO:petrol,two-strokeblend[allocatableproduct]
kg 9.65E-04Nitrogenmonoxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 9.10E-05
transport,tractorandtrailer,agricultural[allocatableproduct]
tkm 2.71E-03NMVOC(unspecified)[GroupNMVOCtoair]
kg 3.84E-05
59
Dust(PM2.5)[Particlestoair] kg 2.17E-05
Nitrogendioxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 4.79E-06
Benzene[GroupNMVOCtoair] kg 2.69E-06
Methane[Organicemissionstoair(groupVOC)]
kg 2.07E-06
Nitrousoxide(laughinggas)[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 4.46E-07
Ammonia[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 1.28E-07
Sulphurdioxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 9.03E-08
Irrigating
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
GR:electricity,lowvoltage[allocatableproduct]
kWh 2.53E-02 Irrigation[workprocesses] sqm 2.00E+00
Water(groundwater,regionalized,GR)[Water]
kg 3.28E+01
PPP&Herbicides
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
applicationofplantprotectionproduct,byfieldsprayer[allocatableproduct]
sqm 9.64E-01 Pesticides[Pesticide] sqm 2.00E+00
Water[Water] kg 7.24E-02Dimethoate[Pesticidestofreshwater]
kg 2.40E-05
transport,freight,inlandwaterways,bargetanker[allocatableproduct]
tkm 2.89E-04Glyphosate[Pesticidestofreshwater]
kg 7.69E-06
transport,freight,lorry7.5-16metricton,EURO5[allocatableproduct]
tkm 4.13E-05 Glyphosate[Pesticidestoair] kg 5.08E-07
GLO:organophosphorus-compound,unspecified[allocatableproduct]
kg 2.40E-05Dimethoate[Pesticidestoagriculturalsoil]
kg 1.68E-08
RoW:wastepolyethylene[Waste]
kg 1.80E-05Glyphosate[Pesticidestoagriculturalsoil]
kg 5.74E-14
GLO:polyethylene,linearlowdensity,granulate[allocatableproduct]
kg 8.44E-06
GLO:glyphosate[allocatableproduct]
kg 8.20E-06
transport,tractorandtrailer,agricultural[allocatableproduct]
tkm 1.32E-06
SoilManagement
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
60
tillage,rotarycultivator[allocatableproduct]
sqm 5.53E-01 Soilmanaging[workprocesses] sqm 2.00E+00
mowing,byrotarymower[allocatableproduct]
sqm 3.14E-01
tillage,harrowing,byspringtineharrow[allocatableproduct]
sqm 7.08E-02
GLO:lubricatingoil[allocatableproduct]
kg 2.98E-04
transport,freight,lorry7.5-16metricton,EURO5[allocatableproduct]
tkm 8.03E-05
Pruning
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
GLO:petrol,two-strokeblend[allocatableproduct]
kg 3.90E+00 Pruning[workprocesses] sqm 1.00E+04
transport,freight,inlandwaterways,bargetanker[allocatableproduct]
tkm 2.58E+00Carbondioxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 5.04E+01
transport,tractorandtrailer,agricultural[allocatableproduct]
tkm 1.94E+00Carbondioxide(biotic)[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 2.66E+00
GLO:lubricatingoil[allocatableproduct]
kg 1.85E+00Carbonmonoxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 1.68E+00
transport,freight,lorry7.5-16metricton,EURO5[allocatableproduct]
tkm 3.69E-01Nitrogenmonoxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 3.41E-01
NMVOC(unspecified)[GroupNMVOCtoair]
kg 1.44E-01
Dust(PM2.5)[Particlestoair] kg 8.13E-02
Nitrogendioxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 1.80E-02
Benzene[GroupNMVOCtoair] kg 1.01E-02
Methane[Organicemissionstoair(groupVOC)]
kg 7.75E-03
Nitrousoxide(laughinggas)[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 1.67E-03
Ammonia[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 4.80E-04
Sulphurdioxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 3.39E-04
Fertilising
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
fertilising,bybroadcaster[allocatableproduct]
sqm 1.75E+00 Fertilizers[mineralfertiliser] sqm 2.00E+00
transport,freight,inlandwaterways,bargetanker[allocatableproduct]
tkm 2.07E-02Nitrate[Inorganicemissionstofreshwater]
kg 3.01E-02
GLO:nitrogenfertiliser,asN[allocatableproduct]
kg 8.11E-03Nitrogen(atmosphericnitrogen)[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 7.30E-04
61
transport,freight,lorry7.5-16metricton,EURO5[allocatableproduct]
tkm 2.96E-03Potassium[Inorganicemissionstofreshwater]
kg 6.97E-04
GLO:phosphatefertiliser,asP2O5[allocatableproduct]
kg 2.41E-03Phosphate[Inorganicemissionstofreshwater]
kg 1.75E-04
GLO:potassiumfertiliser,asK2O[allocatableproduct]
kg 2.40E-03Ammonium[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 1.62E-04
GLO:magnesiumsulfate[allocatableproduct]
kg 1.08E-03Nitrousoxide(laughinggas)[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 1.01E-04
transport,tractorandtrailer,agricultural[allocatableproduct]
tkm 2.96E-04Nitrogenoxides[Inorganicemissionstofreshwater]
kg 2.13E-05
GLO:borax,anhydrous,powder[allocatableproduct]
kg 9.28E-05
GLO:ironsulfate[allocatableproduct]
kg 7.70E-05
GLO:polyethylene,linearlowdensity,granulate[allocatableproduct]
kg 5.91E-05
GLO:zincoxide[allocatableproduct]
kg 7.70E-06
1131
1132
1133
TableV-5.Averageoliveoil1134
Averageoliveoil
INPUT UNIT perFU % OUTPUT UNIT perFU %
Virginoliveoil kg 6.44E-01 70.04 Oliveoil kg 9.20E-01 100
Pomaceoliveoil kg 1.90E-01 20.66
Refinedoliveoil kg 8.55E-02 9.30
RoW:oilmill[allocatableproduct]
Numberofpieces
5.11E-09
1135
1136
TableV-6.Averagevirginoliveoilextraction1137
Virginoliveoilextraction(Europe)
perliterofEVO perFU Averageoliveoil
Virginoliveoilextraction(Italy) Virginoliveoil(kg) 0.229 0.1603 24.89%
Virginoliveoilextraction(Spain) Virginoliveoil(kg) 0.518 0.3626 56.30%
Virginoliveoilextraction(Greece) Virginoliveoil(kg) 0.173 0.1211 18.80%
0.920 0.644 100.00%
1138
1139
62
TableV-7.VirginoliveoilextractionGreece1140
Oliveoilextraction
INPUT UNITperliterofEVO
perFU OUTPUT UNITperliterofEVO
perFU
Virginoliveoilfromthreephases
kg 0.156 1.09E-01Virginoliveoil(IT)
kg 0.173 1.21E-01
Virginoliveoilfromtwophases
kg 0.0173 1.21E-02
Oliveoilextraction(threephase)
INPUT UNITperliterofEVO
perFU OUTPUT UNITperliterofEVO
perFU
Cleanedolives kg 0.823 5.76E-01 Wastewater kg 0.00122 8.54E-04
GR:electricity,lowvoltage[allocatableproduct]
kWh 0.0363 2.54E-02 Pomace kg 0.373 2.61E-01
Water(groundwater,regionalized,GR)[Water]
kg 1.03 7.21E-01 Oliveoil kg 0.156 1.09E-01
Leaves kg 0.105 7.35E-02
Oliveoilextraction(twophase)
INPUT UNITperliterofEVO
perFU OUTPUT UNITperliterofEVO
perFU
Cleanedolives kg 0.0757 5.30E-02 Wastewater kg 0.000027 1.86E-05
GR:electricity,lowvoltage[allocatableproduct]
kWh 0.000272 1.90E-04 Pomace kg 0.0801 5.61E-02
Water(groundwater,regionalized,GR)[Water]
kg 0.0563 3.94E-02 Oliveoil kg 0.0173 1.21E-02
Leaves kg 0.00805 5.64E-03
1141
1142
TableV-8.VirginoliveoilextractionItaly1143
Cleaningandrinsing
INPUT UNITperliterofEVO
perFU OUTPUT UNITperliterofEVO
perFU
HarvestedOlives kg 5.68 3.98E+00 Stones kg 0.397 2.78E-01
IT:electricity,lowvoltage[allocatableproduct]
kWh 0.0119 8.33E-03 Leaves kg 0.17 1.19E-01
Water(groundwater,regionalized,IT)[Water]
kg 0.511 3.58E-01 Wastewater kg 0.511 3.58E-01
Cleanedolives kg 5.11 3.58E+00
Oliveoilextraction
INPUT UNITperliterofEVO
perFU OUTPUT UNITperliterofEVO
perFU
Virginoliveoilfromthreephases kg 0.1603 1.12E-01 Virginoliveoil(IT) kg 0.229 1.60E-01
Virginoliveoilfrompressing kg 0.0687 4.81E-02
63
Oliveoilextraction(threephase)
INPUT UNITperliterofEVO
perFU OUTPUT UNITperliterofEVO
perFU
Cleanedolives kg 0.919 6.43E-01 Wastewater kg0.475423913
3.33E-01
IT:electricity,lowvoltage[allocatableproduct]
kWh0.011001957
7.70E-03 Pomace kg0.469721739
3.29E-01
Water(groundwater,regionalized,IT)[Water]
kg1.386445652
9.71E-01 Oliveoil kg 0.1603 1.12E-01
Oliveoilextraction(pressing)
INPUT UNITperliterofEVO
perFU OUTPUT UNITperliterofEVO
perFU
Cleanedolives kg 0.802 5.61E-01 Wastewater kg 0.77 5.39E-01
IT:electricity,lowvoltage[allocatableproduct]
kWh 0.00631 4.42E-03 Pomace kg 0.2033 1.42E-01
Water(groundwater,regionalized,IT)[Water]
kg 1.28 8.96E-01 Oliveoil kg 0.0687 4.81E-02
1144
1145
1146
TableV-9.VirginoliveoilextractionSpain1147
Eliminationofleavesandstones
INPUT UNITperliterofEVO
perFU OUTPUT UNITperliterofEVO
perFU
HarvestedOlives kg 3.02 2.11E+00 Stones kg 0.116 8.12E-02
ES:electricity,lowvoltage[allocatableproduct]
kWh 0.0084 5.88E-03 Leaves kg 0.0725 5.08E-02
Cleanedolives kg 2.83 1.98E+00
Washing
INPUT UNITperliterofEVO
perFU OUTPUT UNITperliterofEVO
perFU
Cleanedolives kg 2.83 1.98E+00 Wastewater kg 0.925 6.48E-01
ES:electricity,lowvoltage[allocatableproduct]
kWh 0.00787 5.51E-03 Cleanedolives kg 2.83 1.98E+00
Water(groundwater,regionalized,ES)[Water]
kg 0.925 6.48E-01
Oliveoilextraction(twophases)
INPUT UNITperliterofEVO
perFU OUTPUT UNITperliterofEVO
perFU
Cleanedolives kg 2.83 1.98E+00 Pomace kg 2.312 1.62E+00
ES:electricity,lowvoltage[allocatableproduct]
kWh 0.05513 3.86E-02 Oliveoil kg 0.518 3.63E-01
Water(groundwater,regionalized,ES)[Water]
kg 0.105 7.35E-02
cellulosefibers kg 0.0007268 4.09E-04
1148
1149
64
TableV-10.Disposingofleaves1150
Disposingofleaves
INPUT UNITperliterofEVO
perFU OUTPUT UNIT perliterofEVO perFU
LeavesIT kg 0.170 1.19E-01 ThermalEnergy kWh 0.347 2.43E-01
LeavesGR kg 0.113 7.92E-02ThermalEnergyfromNaturalGas
kWh -0.347 -2.43E-01
LeavesES kg 0.073 5.08E-02
1151
TableV-11.RefinedPomaceoliveoil1152
Refinedpomaceoliveoil
INPUT UNITperliterofPRO
perFU OUTPUT UNITperliterofPRO
perFU
RefinedpomaceoliveoilIT kg 0.321 6.64E-02RefinedpomaceoliveoilEU
kg 0.920 1.91E-01
RefinedpomaceoliveoilES
kg 0.488 1.01E-01
RefinedpomaceoliveoilGR
kg 0.112 2.31E-02
RefiningpomaceoliveoilIT
INPUT UNITperliterofPRO
perFU OUTPUT UNITperliterofPRO
perFU
crudepomaceoliveoil[Olive&Oil]
kg 0.3308 6.85E-02RefinedpomaceoliveoilIT
kg0.32067192
6.64E-02
IT:electricity,lowvoltage[allocatableproduct]
MJ 0.0502 1.04E-02Carbondioxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg0.00435175
9.01E-04
Water(groundwater,regionalized,IT)[Water]
kg 0.0331 6.85E-03Carbonmonoxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg0.00000096
1.99E-07
GLO:steam,inchemicalindustry[allocatableproduct]
kg 0.0274 5.67E-03
COD,ChemicalOxygenDemand[ecoinventlong-termtofreshwater]
kg0.95622047
1.98E-01
GLO:naturalgas,frommediumpressurenetwork(0.1-1bar),atservicestation[allocatableproduct]
kg 0.0015 3.08E-04Fattyacid[Organicintermediateproducts]
kg0.00430299
8.91E-04
GLO:phosphoricacid,industrialgrade,withoutwater,in85%solutionstate[allocatableproduct]
kg 0.0007 1.35E-04Methane[Organicemissionstoair(groupVOC)]
kg0.00000045
9.24E-08
GLO:activatedbentonite[allocatableproduct]
kg 0.0006 1.32E-04Nitrogenoxides[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg0.00002155
4.46E-06
GLO:sodiumhydroxide,withoutwater,in50%solutionstate[allocatableproduct]
kg 0.0005 1.10E-04Phospolidesandgum[Olive&Oil]
kg0.00555564
1.15E-03
Waste(deposited)[Stockpilegoods]
kg0.00076498
1.58E-04
wastewater,average[Waste]
m30.05151797
1.07E-02
65
PomaceoliveoilextractionIT
INPUT UNITperliterofPRO
perFU OUTPUT UNITperliterofPRO
perFU
Pomacefromthreephasessystem[Olive&Oil]
kg 6.8791 1.42E+00crudepomaceoliveoil[Olive&Oil]
kg0.330785348
6.85E-02
Pomacefrompressing[Olive&Oil]
kg 1.7198 3.56E-01Exhaustedpomace[Olive&Oil]
kg3.955503779
8.19E-01
Exhaustedpomace[Olive&Oil]
kg 1.3842 2.87E-01Ash[Wasteforrecovery]
kg0.062774177
1.30E-02
IT:electricity,lowvoltage[allocatableproduct]
MJ 0.5820 1.21E-01Carbondioxide(biotic)[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg0.954153386
1.98E-01
Water(groundwater,regionalized,IT)[Water]
kg 0.4129 8.55E-02Carbonmonoxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg6.73146E-09
1.39E-09
transport,freight,lorry16-32metricton,EURO3[allocatableproduct]
tkm 0.1652 3.42E-02Dust(combustion)[Particlestoair]
kg5.60799E-08
1.16E-08
GLO:hexane[allocatableproduct]
kg 0.0129 2.67E-03Hexane(isomers)[GroupNMVOCtoair]
kg0.012898382
2.67E-03
Hydrogenchloride[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg5.34086E-08
1.11E-08
Iron[Heavymetalstoindustrialsoil]
kg7.93185E-06
1.64E-06
Mineraloil(tetradecane)[Organicemissionstoindustrialsoil]
kg9.91482E-07
2.05E-07
Nitrogenoxides[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg1.6824E-07
3.48E-08
Steam[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg0.412913389
8.55E-02
Sulphurdioxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg8.07925E-09
1.67E-09
Totalorganicboundedcarbon[Analyticalmeasurestofreshwater]
kg8.92334E-06
1.85E-06
VOC(unspecified)[Organicemissionstoair(groupVOC)]
kg2.46939E-09
5.11E-10
Watervapour[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg4.29946063
8.90E-01
Zinc(+II)[Heavymetalstoindustrialsoil]
kg1.98296E-06
4.11E-07
RefiningpomaceoliveoilES
INPUT UNITperliterofPRO
perFU OUTPUT UNITperliterofPRO
perFU
crudepomaceoliveoil[Olive&Oil]
kg 0.5062 1.05E-01RefinedpomaceoliveoilES
kg0.48776903
1.01E-01
ES:electricity,lowvoltage[allocatableproduct]
MJ 0.0769 1.59E-02Carbondioxide[Inorganicemissionsto
kg0.00652945
1.35E-03
66
air]
Water(groundwater,regionalized,ES)[Water]
kg 0.0506 1.05E-02Carbonmonoxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg0.00000144
2.98E-07
GLO:steam,inchemicalindustry[allocatableproduct]
kg 0.0419 8.68E-03
COD,ChemicalOxygenDemand[ecoinventlong-termtofreshwater]
kg1.46330709
3.03E-01
GLO:naturalgas,frommediumpressurenetwork(0.1-1bar),atservicestation[allocatableproduct]
kg 0.0023 4.72E-04Fattyacid[Organicintermediateproducts]
kg0.00658488
1.36E-03
GLO:phosphoricacid,industrialgrade,withoutwater,in85%solutionstate[allocatableproduct]
kg 0.0010 2.06E-04Methane[Organicemissionstoair(groupVOC)]
kg0.00000067
1.38E-07
GLO:activatedbentonite[allocatableproduct]
kg 0.0010 2.02E-04Nitrogenoxides[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg0.00003229
6.69E-06
GLO:sodiumhydroxide,withoutwater,in50%solutionstate[allocatableproduct]
kg 0.0008 1.68E-04Phospolidesandgum[Olive&Oil]
kg0.00850181
1.76E-03
Waste(deposited)[Stockpilegoods]
kg0.00117065
2.42E-04
wastewater,average[Waste]
m30.07883811
1.63E-02
PomaceoliveoilextractionES
INPUT UNITperliterofPRO
perFU OUTPUT UNITperliterofPRO
perFU
Pomacefromtwophasessystem[Olive&Oil]
kg 13.1771 2.73E+00crudepomaceoliveoil[Olive&Oil]
kg0.50620182
1.05E-01
Exhaustedpomace[Olive&Oil]
kg 2.1211 4.39E-01Exhaustedpomace[Olive&Oil]
kg6.061450424
1.26E+00
ES:electricity,lowvoltage[allocatableproduct]
MJ 0.8918 1.85E-01Ash[Wasteforrecovery]
kg0.096195728
1.99E-02
Water(groundwater,regionalized,ES)[Water]
kg 0.6328 1.31E-01Carbondioxide(biotic)[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg1.462153437
3.03E-01
transport,freight,lorry16-32metricton,EURO3[allocatableproduct]
tkm 0.2531 5.24E-02Carbonmonoxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg1.03154E-08
2.14E-09
GLO:hexane[allocatableproduct]
kg 0.0198 4.09E-03Dust(combustion)[Particlestoair]
kg8.59374E-08
1.78E-08
Hexane(isomers)[GroupNMVOCtoair]
kg0.019765599
4.09E-03
Hydrogenchloride[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg8.18439E-08
1.69E-08
Iron[Heavymetalstoindustrialsoil]
kg1.21548E-05
2.52E-06
Mineraloil(tetradecane)[Organicemissionstoindustrialsoil]
kg1.51936E-06
3.15E-07
Nitrogenoxides[Inorganicemissionsto
kg2.57812E-07
5.34E-08
67
air]
Steam[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg0.63275228
1.31E-01
Sulphurdioxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg1.23807E-08
2.56E-09
Totalorganicboundedcarbon[Analyticalmeasurestofreshwater]
kg1.36742E-05
2.83E-06
VOC(unspecified)[Organicemissionstoair(groupVOC)]
kg3.78411E-09
7.84E-10
Watervapour[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg6.588533069
1.36E+00
Zinc(+II)[Heavymetalstoindustrialsoil]
kg3.03871E-06
6.29E-07
RefiningpomaceoliveoilGR
INPUT UNITperliterofPRO
perFU OUTPUT UNITperliterofPRO
perFU
crudepomaceoliveoil[Olive&Oil]
kg 0.1158 2.40E-02RefinedpomaceoliveoilGR
kg0.11155906
2.31E-02
GR:electricity,lowvoltage[allocatableproduct]
MJ 0.0176 3.64E-03Carbondioxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg0.00126455
2.62E-04
Water(groundwater,regionalized,GR)[Water]
kg 0.0116 2.40E-03Carbonmonoxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg0.00000028
5.78E-08
GLO:steam,inchemicalindustry[allocatableproduct]
kg 0.0096 1.98E-03
COD,ChemicalOxygenDemand[ecoinventlong-termtofreshwater]
kg0.33467717
6.93E-02
GLO:naturalgas,frommediumpressurenetwork(0.1-1bar),atservicestation[allocatableproduct]
kg 0.0005 1.08E-04Fattyacid[Organicintermediateproducts]
kg0.00150605
3.12E-04
GLO:phosphoricacid,industrialgrade,withoutwater,in85%solutionstate[allocatableproduct]
kg 0.0002 4.71E-05Methane[Organicemissionstoair(groupVOC)]
kg0.00000013
2.68E-08
GLO:activatedbentonite[allocatableproduct]
kg 0.0002 4.62E-05Nitrogenoxides[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg0.00000626
1.30E-06
GLO:sodiumhydroxide,withoutwater,in50%solutionstate[allocatableproduct]
kg 0.0002 3.83E-05Phospolidesandgum[Olive&Oil]
kg0.00194447
4.03E-04
Waste(deposited)[Stockpilegoods]
kg0.00026774
5.54E-05
wastewater,average[Waste]
m30.01803129
3.73E-03
PomaceoliveoilextractionGR
68
INPUT UNITperliterofPRO
perFU OUTPUT UNITperliterofPRO
perFU
Pomacefromtwophasessystem[Olive&Oil]
kg 3.0138 6.24E-01crudepomaceoliveoil[Olive&Oil]
kg0.115774872
2.40E-02
Exhaustedpomace[Olive&Oil]
kg 0.4851 1.00E-01Exhaustedpomace[Olive&Oil]
kg1.386331731
2.87E-01
GR:electricity,lowvoltage[allocatableproduct]
MJ 0.2040 4.22E-02Ash[Wasteforrecovery]
kg0.022001201
4.56E-03
Water(groundwater,regionalized,GR)[Water]
kg 0.1447 3.00E-02Carbondioxide(biotic)[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg0.334413311
6.92E-02
transport,freight,lorry16-32metricton,EURO3[allocatableproduct]
tkm 0.0579 1.20E-02Carbonmonoxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg2.35925E-09
4.89E-10
GLO:hexane[allocatableproduct]
kg 0.0045 9.36E-04Dust(combustion)[Particlestoair]
kg1.9655E-08
4.07E-09
Hexane(isomers)[GroupNMVOCtoair]
kg0.004520647
9.36E-04
Hydrogenchloride[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg1.87188E-08
3.88E-09
Iron[Heavymetalstoindustrialsoil]
kg2.77997E-06
5.76E-07
Mineraloil(tetradecane)[Organicemissionstoindustrialsoil]
kg3.47496E-07
7.20E-08
Nitrogenoxides[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg5.8965E-08
1.22E-08
Steam[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg0.144718591
3.00E-02
Sulphurdioxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg2.83163E-09
5.86E-10
Totalorganicboundedcarbon[Analyticalmeasurestofreshwater]
kg3.12747E-06
6.48E-07
VOC(unspecified)[Organicemissionstoair(groupVOC)]
kg8.65475E-10
1.79E-10
Watervapour[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg1.506882316
3.12E-01
Zinc(+II)[Heavymetalstoindustrialsoil]
kg6.94992E-07
1.44E-07
1153
1154
TableV-12.RefinedOliveOilproduction(EU)1155
RefinedOliveOilproduction(EU)
INPUT UNITperliterofRO
perFU OUTPUT UNIT perliterofRO perFU
RefinedoliveoilIT kg 0.082 7.60E-03 RefinedoliveoilEU kg 0.920 8.55E-02
RefinedoliveoilES kg 0.782 7.27E-02
RefinedoliveoilGR kg 0.056 5.21E-03
69
RefinedoliveoilIT
INPUT UNITperliterofRO
perFU OUTPUT UNIT perliterofRO perFU
lampanteoliveoil[Olive&Oil] kg 0.0849 7.89E-03 RefinedoliveoilIT kg 0.08178800 7.60E-03
IT:electricity,lowvoltage[allocatableproduct]
MJ 0.0129 1.20E-03Carbondioxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 0.00111651 1.04E-04
Water[Water] kg 0.0085 7.89E-04Carbonmonoxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 0.00000025 2.29E-08
GLO:steam,inchemicalindustry[allocatableproduct]
kg 0.0070 6.53E-04
COD,ChemicalOxygenDemand[ecoinventlong-termtofreshwater]
kg 0.24533333 2.28E-02
GLO:naturalgas,frommediumpressurenetwork(0.1-1bar),atservicestation[allocatableproduct]
kg 0.0004 3.55E-05Fattyacid[Organicintermediateproducts]
kg 0.00110400 1.03E-04
GLO:phosphoricacid,industrialgrade,withoutwater,in85%solutionstate[allocatableproduct]
kg 0.0002 1.55E-05Methane[Organicemissionstoair(groupVOC)]
kg 0.00000011 1.06E-08
GLO:activatedbentonite[allocatableproduct]
kg 0.0002 1.52E-05Nitrogenoxides[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 0.00000553 5.14E-07
GLO:sodiumhydroxide,withoutwater,in50%solutionstate[allocatableproduct]
kg 0.0001 1.26E-05Phospolidesandgum[Olive&Oil]
kg 0.00142539 1.32E-04
Waste(deposited)[Stockpilegoods]
kg 0.00019627 1.82E-05
wastewater,average[Waste]
m3 0.01321774 1.23E-03
RefinedoliveoilES
INPUT UNITperliterofRO
perFU OUTPUT UNIT perliterofRO perFU
lampanteoliveoil[Olive&Oil] kg 0.8118 7.54E-02 RefinedoliveoilES kg 0.78218400 7.27E-02
ES:electricity,lowvoltage[allocatableproduct]
MJ 0.1233 1.15E-02Carbondioxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 0.01047173 9.73E-04
Water[Water] kg 0.0812 7.54E-03Carbonmonoxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 0.00000235 2.18E-07
GLO:steam,inchemicalindustry[allocatableproduct]
kg 0.0672 6.25E-03
COD,ChemicalOxygenDemand[ecoinventlong-termtofreshwater]
kg 2.34680702 2.18E-01
GLO:naturalgas,frommediumpressurenetwork(0.1-1bar),atservicestation[allocatableproduct]
kg 0.0037 3.40E-04Fattyacid[Organicintermediateproducts]
kg 0.01056063 9.81E-04
GLO:phosphoricacid,industrialgrade,withoutwater,in85%solutionstate[allocatableproduct]
kg 0.0016 1.48E-04Methane[Organicemissionstoair(groupVOC)]
kg 0.00000109 1.02E-07
GLO:activatedbentonite[allocatableproduct]
kg 0.0016 1.45E-04Nitrogenoxides[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 0.00005179 4.81E-06
GLO:sodiumhydroxide,withoutwater,in50%
kg 0.0013 1.21E-04Phospolidesandgum[Olive&Oil]
kg 0.01363495 1.27E-03
70
solutionstate[allocatableproduct]
Waste(deposited)[Stockpilegoods]
kg 0.00187745 1.74E-04
wastewater,average[Waste]
m3 0.12643814 1.18E-02
RefinedoliveoilGR
INPUT UNITperliterofRO
perFU OUTPUT UNIT perliterofRO perFU
lampanteoliveoil[Olive&Oil] kg 0.0582 5.41E-03 RefinedoliveoilGR kg 0.05602800 5.21E-03
GR:electricity,lowvoltage[allocatableproduct]
MJ 0.0088 8.21E-04Carbondioxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 0.00063583 5.91E-05
Water[Water] kg 0.0058 5.41E-04Carbonmonoxide[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 0.00000014 1.30E-08
GLO:steam,inchemicalindustry[allocatableproduct]
kg 0.0048 4.48E-04
COD,ChemicalOxygenDemand[ecoinventlong-termtofreshwater]
kg 0.16818246 1.56E-02
GLO:naturalgas,frommediumpressurenetwork(0.1-1bar),atservicestation[allocatableproduct]
kg 0.0003 2.43E-05Fattyacid[Organicintermediateproducts]
kg 0.00075682 7.03E-05
GLO:phosphoricacid,industrialgrade,withoutwater,in85%solutionstate[allocatableproduct]
kg 0.0001 1.06E-05Methane[Organicemissionstoair(groupVOC)]
kg 0.00000007 6.04E-09
GLO:activatedbentonite[allocatableproduct]
kg 0.0001 1.04E-05Nitrogenoxides[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg 0.00000315 2.92E-07
GLO:sodiumhydroxide,withoutwater,in50%solutionstate[allocatableproduct]
kg 0.0001 8.65E-06Phospolidesandgum[Olive&Oil]
kg 0.00097714 9.08E-05
Waste(deposited)[Stockpilegoods]
kg 0.00013455 1.25E-05
wastewater,average[Waste]
m3 0.00906111 8.42E-04
1156
1157
TableV-13.Averagepackaging1158
Packaging
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
Oliveoil[Olive&Oil] kg 9.20E-01 Oliveoil[Olive&Oil] kg 9.20E-01
Oliveoil1Lglassbottle[Olive&Oil] pcs. 6.00E-01
Oliveoil5LTincan[Olive&Oil] pcs. 4.00E-02
Oliveoil5LPET[Olive&Oil] pcs. 4.00E-02
1159
1160
71
TableV-14.Packagingglass1161
1Lglassbottlepackaging
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
Oliveoil[Olive&Oil] kg 5.52E-01Oliveoil1Lglassbottle[Olive&Oil]
pcs. 6.00E-01
GLO:glassbottle1L[Flows] kg 4.00E-01 Oliveoil[Olive&Oil] kg 5.52E-01
GLO:cardboardBox[Flows] kg 6.00E-02
GLO:glassBottleClosure[Flows] kg 6.00E-03
GLO:adhesivetape[Flows] kg 3.00E-03
GLO:nondripspout[Flows] kg 1.50E-03
GLO:label[Flows] kg 6.00E-04
GLO:glassbottle1L[Flows]
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
GLO:packagingglass,green[allocatableproduct]
kg 4.00E-01 GLO:glassbottle1L[Flows] kg 4.00E-01
transport,freight,lorry>32metricton,EURO3[allocatableproduct]
tkm 1.40E-01GLO:packagingglass,green[allocatableproduct]
kg 4.00E-01
GLO:cardboardBox[Flows]
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
GLO:corrugatedboardbox[allocatableproduct]
kg 6.00E-02 GLO:cardboardBox[Flows] kg 6.00E-02
transport,freight,lorry>32metricton,EURO3[allocatableproduct]
tkm 4.20E-03GLO:corrugatedboardbox[allocatableproduct]
kg 6.00E-02
GLO:glassBottleClosure[Flows]
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
GLO:sheetrolling,aluminium[allocatableproduct]
kg 6.00E-03 GLO:glassBottleClosure[Flows] kg 6.00E-03
transport,freight,lorry>32metricton,EURO3[allocatableproduct]
tkm 1.80E-03GLO:sheetrolling,aluminium[allocatableproduct]
kg 6.00E-03
GLO:adhesivetape[Flows]
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
GLO:extrusion,plasticfilm[allocatableproduct]
kg 3.00E-03 GLO:adhesivetape[Flows] kg 3.00E-03
GLO:polypropylene,granulate[allocatableproduct]
kg 2.85E-03GLO:polypropylene,granulate[allocatableproduct]
kg 2.85E-03
transport,freight,lorry>32metricton,EURO3[allocatableproduct]
tkm 4.20E-04GLO:syntheticrubber[allocatableproduct]
kg 1.50E-04
GLO:syntheticrubber[allocatableproduct] kg 1.50E-04
GLO:nondripspout[Flows]
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
GLO:injectionmoulding[allocatableproduct] kg 1.50E-03 GLO:nondripspout[Flows] kg 1.50E-03
GLO:polyethylene,highdensity,granulate[allocatableproduct]
kg 1.50E-03GLO:polyethylene,highdensity,granulate[allocatableproduct]
kg 1.50E-03
transport,freight,lorry16-32metricton,EURO3[allocatableproduct]
tkm 5.25E-04
GLO:label[Flows]
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
transport,freight,lorry7.5-16metricton, tkm 1.50E-02 GLO:label[Flows] kg 6.00E-04
72
EURO5[allocatableproduct]
GLO:printedpaper,offset[allocatableproduct]
kg 6.00E-04GLO:printedpaper,offset[allocatableproduct]
kg 6.00E-04
1162
TableV-15.Packagingtincan1163
5Ltincanpackaging
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
Oliveoil[Olive&Oil] kg 1.84E+00 Oliveoil5LTincan[Olive&Oil] pcs. 4.00E-02
GLO:oliveoiltinCAN[Flows] kg 2.20E-01 Oliveoil[Olive&Oil] kg 1.84E+00
GLO:cardboardBox[Flows] kg 6.00E-02
GLO:oliveOilTincanClosure[Flows]
kg 2.40E-03
GLO:adhesivetape[Flows] kg 2.00E-03
GLO:label[Flows] kg 4.00E-04
oliveoiltinCAN
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
transport,freight,lorry16-32metricton,EURO3[allocatableproduct]
tkm 5.50E+00 GLO:oliveoiltinCAN[Flows] kg 2.20E-01
GLO:sheetrolling,steel[allocatableproduct]
kg 3.83E-01 GLO:sheetrolling,steel[allocatableproduct] kg 3.83E-01
GLO:tinplatedchromiumsteelsheet,2mm[allocatableproduct]
sqm 2.20E-02GLO:tinplatedchromiumsteelsheet,2mm(modified)[allocatableproduct]
kg 3.43E-01
cardboardBox
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
GLO:corrugatedboardbox[allocatableproduct]
kg 6.00E-02 GLO:cardboardBox[Flows] kg 6.00E-02
transport,freight,lorry>32metricton,EURO3[allocatableproduct]
tkm 4.20E-03GLO:corrugatedboardbox[allocatableproduct]
kg 6.00E-02
oliveOilTincanClosure
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
transport,freight,lorry3.5-7.5metricton,EURO3[allocatableproduct]
tkm 6.00E-01 GLO:oliveOilTincanClosure[Flows] kg 2.40E-03
GLO:injectionmoulding[allocatableproduct]
kg 2.40E-03GLO:polyethylene,highdensity,granulate[allocatableproduct]
kg 1.20E-03
GLO:polyethylene,highdensity,granulate[allocatableproduct]
kg 1.20E-03GLO:polyethylene,linearlowdensity,granulate[allocatableproduct]
kg 1.20E-03
GLO:polyethylene,linearlowdensity,granulate[allocatableproduct]
kg 1.20E-03
adhesivetape
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
GLO:extrusion,plasticfilm[allocatableproduct]
kg 2.00E-03 GLO:adhesivetape[Flows] kg 2.00E-03
GLO:polypropylene,granulate[allocatableproduct]
kg 1.90E-03GLO:polypropylene,granulate[allocatableproduct]
kg 1.90E-03
73
transport,freight,lorry>32metricton,EURO3[allocatableproduct]
tkm 2.80E-04 GLO:syntheticrubber[allocatableproduct] kg 1.00E-04
GLO:syntheticrubber[allocatableproduct]
kg 1.00E-04
label
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
transport,freight,lorry7.5-16metricton,EURO5[allocatableproduct]
tkm 1.00E-02 GLO:label[Flows] kg 4.00E-04
GLO:printedpaper,offset[allocatableproduct]
kg 4.00E-04GLO:printedpaper,offset[allocatableproduct]
kg 4.00E-04
1164
1165
TableV-16.PackagingPET1166
5LPETpackaging
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
Oliveoil[Olive&Oil] kg 1.84E+00 Oliveoil5LPET[Olive&Oil] pcs. 4.00E-02
GLO:PETBottle[Flows] kg 2.72E-02 Oliveoil[Olive&Oil] kg 1.84E+00
GLO:PETBottleClosure[Flows] kg 2.00E-03
GLO:label[Flows] kg 4.00E-04
PETBottle
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
transport,freight,lorry16-32metricton,EURO3[allocatableproduct]
tkm 6.80E+00 GLO:PETBottle[Flows] kg 2.72E-02
GLO:polyethyleneterephthalate,granulate,bottlegrade[allocatableproduct]
kg 2.72E-02GLO:polyethyleneterephthalate,granulate,bottlegrade[allocatableproduct]
kg 2.72E-02
GLO:injectionmoulding[allocatableproduct]
kg 2.72E-02
PETBottleClosure
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
GLO:injectionmoulding[allocatableproduct]
kg 2.00E-03 GLO:PETBottleClosure[Flows] kg 2.00E-03
GLO:polyethylene,highdensity,granulate[allocatableproduct]
kg 2.00E-03GLO:polyethylene,highdensity,granulate[allocatableproduct]
kg 2.00E-03
transport,freight,lorry16-32metricton,EURO3[allocatableproduct]
tkm 5.00E-04
Label
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
transport,freight,lorry7.5-16metricton,EURO5[allocatableproduct]
tkm 1.00E-02 GLO:label[Flows] kg 4.00E-04
GLO:printedpaper,offset[allocatableproduct]
kg 4.00E-04GLO:printedpaper,offset[allocatableproduct]
kg 4.00E-04
1167
74
TableV-17.Transporttoconsumer1168
Transporttoconsumer
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
transport,freight,lorry16-32metricton,EURO3[allocatableproduct]
tkm 1.09E+00 Oliveoil[Olive&Oil] kg 9.20E-01
Oliveoil[Olive&Oil] kg 9.20E-01
transport,freight,inlandwaterways,bargetanker[allocatableproduct]
tkm 6.40E-01
1169
TableV-18.UsePhase.1170
UsePhase
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
Oliveoil[Olive&Oil] kg 9.20E-01 Oliveoilforfrying[Olive&Oil] kg 6.44E-02
Oliveoilforcooking[Olive&Oil] kg 3.50E-01
Oliveoilforsaladdressing[Olive&Oil]
kg 5.06E-01
Deepfrying
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
Oliveoil[Olive&Oil] kg 6.44E-02
oliveoillosses(evaporation)[Renewableresources]
kg2.90E-03
RoW:electricity,lowvoltage[allocatableproduct]
MJ 4.17E-01
Carbondioxide(biotic)[Inorganicemissionstoair]
kg8.12E-03
ExhaustedOliveoil(afterfrying)[Olive&Oil]
kg6.15E-02
Cooking
INPUT UNIT perFU OUTPUT UNIT perFU
GLO: natural gas, from medium pressure
network (0.1-1 bar), at service station
[allocatable product]
kg 5.07E-02
Methane [Organic emissions to air (group VOC)]
kg 2.66E-05
Olive oil for cooking [Olive & Oil]
kg 3.50E-01
Carbon monoxide [Inorganic emissions to air]
kg 5.73E-05
Nitrogen oxides [Inorganic emissions to air]
kg 1.29E-03
olive oil losses (evaporation) [Renewable resources]
kg 1.57E-02
Carbon dioxide [Inorganic emissions to air]
kg 2.60E-01
Exhausted Olive oil (after cooking) [Olive & Oil]
kg 3.34E-01
75
Carbon dioxide (biotic) [Inorganic emissions to air]
kg 2.67E-01
Salad dressing
INPUT
per FU OUTPUT
per FU
Olive oil for salad dressing [Olive & Oil] kg 5.06E-01 Carbon dioxide (biotic)
[Inorganic emissions to air] kg 3.87E-01
1171
ANNEXVI. BACKGROUNDDATA.1172
1173
Data Backgrounddataset Source Comment
electricity,lowvoltage ES:electricity,lowvoltage[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1 Usesupplierspecificorcountryspecificelectricitymix
activatedbentonite GLO:activatedbentonite[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1
agriculturalmachinery,unspecified
GLO:agriculturalmachinery,unspecified[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1
borax,anhydrous,powder GLO:borax,anhydrous,powder[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1
borax,anhydrous,powder GLO:borax,anhydrous,powder[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1
borax,anhydrous,powder GLO:borax,anhydrous,powder[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1
corrugatedboardbox GLO:corrugatedboardbox[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1 Is100%virginmaterial
cyclohexanone GLO:cyclohexanone[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1
extrusion,plasticfilm GLO:extrusion,plasticfilm[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1
glyphosate GLO:glyphosate[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1
hexane GLO:hexane[allocatableproduct] Ecoinventv.3.1
injectionmoulding GLO:injectionmoulding[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1
ironsulfate GLO:ironsulfate[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1
lubricatingoil GLO:lubricatingoil[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1
naturalgas,frommediumpressurenetwork(0.1-1bar),atservicestation
GLO:naturalgas,frommediumpressurenetwork(0.1-1bar),atservicestation[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1
naturalgas,frommediumpressurenetwork(0.1-1bar),atservicestation
GLO:naturalgas,frommediumpressurenetwork(0.1-1bar),atservicestation[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1
nitrogenfertiliser,asN GLO:nitrogenfertiliser,asN[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1
76
nitrogenfertiliser,asN GLO:nitrogenfertiliser,asN[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1
organophosphorus-compound,unspecified
GLO:organophosphorus-compound,unspecified[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1
packagingglass,green GLO:packagingglass,green[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1 Is99.99%recycledglass
paraffin GLO:paraffin[allocatableproduct] Ecoinventv.3.1
petrol,two-strokeblend GLO:petrol,two-strokeblend[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1
phosphoricacid,industrialgrade,withoutwater,in85%solutionstate
GLO:phosphoricacid,industrialgrade,withoutwater,in85%solutionstate[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1
polyethyleneterephthalate,granulate,bottlegrade
GLO:polyethyleneterephthalate,granulate,bottlegrade[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1 Is100%virginmaterial
polyethylene,highdensity,granulate
GLO:polyethylene,highdensity,granulate[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1 Ifsuitablefor1)Irrigationpipes,2)Harvestingnets
polyethylene,linearlowdensity,granulate
GLO:polyethylene,linearlowdensity,granulate[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1 Ifsuitableforbottlecapclosure?
polypropylene,granulate GLO:polypropylene,granulate[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1
potassiumfertiliser,asK2O GLO:potassiumfertiliser,asK2O[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.2
potassiumfertiliser,asK2O GLO:potassiumfertiliser,asK2O[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1
printedpaper,offset GLO:printedpaper,offset[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1
pyrethroid-compound GLO:pyrethroid-compound[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1
sheetrolling,aluminium GLO:sheetrolling,aluminium[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1
sheetrolling,steel GLO:sheetrolling,steel[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1
sodiumhydroxide,withoutwater,in50%solutionstate
GLO:sodiumhydroxide,withoutwater,in50%solutionstate[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1
steam,inchemicalindustry GLO:steam,inchemicalindustry[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1
syntheticrubber GLO:syntheticrubber[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1
tinplatedchromiumsteelsheet,2mm
GLO:tinplatedchromiumsteelsheet,2mm[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1 Isamixofrecycledandvirginchromiumsteel
yarn,jute GLO:yarn,jute[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1 Harvest
zincoxide GLO:zincoxide[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1
electricity,lowvoltage[allocatableproduct]
GR:electricity,lowvoltage[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1 Usesupplierspecificofcountryspecificelectricitymix
mowing,byrotarymower mowing,byrotarymower Ecoinventv.3.1
77
[allocatableproduct]
insecticides,atregionalstorehouse
RER:insecticides,atregionalstorehouse[Pesticide]
Ecoinventv.3.1
electricity,lowvoltage RoW:electricity,lowvoltage[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1 Usesupplierspecificofcountryspecificelectricitymix
oilmill RoW:oilmill[allocatableproduct] Ecoinventv.3.1
ThermalEnergyfromNaturalGas
ThermalEnergyfromNaturalGas Thinkstep Usesupplierspecificofcountryspecificmixifavailable
tillage,harrowing,byspringtineharrow
tillage,harrowing,byspringtineharrow[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1
tillage,ploughing tillage,ploughing[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1
tillage,rotarycultivator tillage,rotarycultivator[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1
transport,freight,inlandwaterways,bargetanker
transport,freight,inlandwaterways,bargetanker[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1
transport,freight,lorry>32metricton,EURO3
transport,freight,lorry>32metricton,EURO3[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1
transport,freight,lorry7.5-16metricton,EURO5
transport,freight,lorry7.5-16metricton,EURO5[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1
transport,tractorandtrailer,agricultural
transport,tractorandtrailer,agricultural[allocatableproduct]
Ecoinventv.3.1
Water(groundwater,regionalized,ES)
Water(groundwater,regionalized,ES)[Water]
Ecoinventv.3.1 Useregionalisedonwatersheedoratleastcountry
1174
78
1175
ANNEXVII. EoLformulas1176
DefaultEnd-of-lifeformulaprovidedinthePEFguideshallbeused.1177
EoLBACKGROUNDDATA1178
(Qp = quality of the primary material; Qs = quality of the secondary material)1179
Waste Oil from deep-frying Multi-functionality in End-of-Life Situations (PEF guide. Annex V)
End of life formula paramenters
INPUT per FU OUTPUT per FU Flows in OUTPUT modified respect to the process of Ecoinvent or PE dataset
per FU R1 R2 R3 Qs/ Qp
Exhausted Olive oil (after frying) [Olive &
Oil] kg 6.15E-02 RoW: Landfill of deep-
frying oil (Ecoinvent) kg 3.26E-02 Methane (biotic) [Organic emissions to air (group
VOC)] kg 1.73E-02 0% 40% 27% 1
Electricity mix EU MJ -9.70E-02 Carbon dioxide (biotic)
[Inorganic emissions to air] kg 4.57E-02 Thermal energy from
natural gas MJ -2.20E-01 U-27: Incineration (PE) kg 1.66E-02 Electricity [Electric power] MJ 9.70E-02
RER: Market for diesel kg -1.34E-02 Steam (MJ) [steam] MJ 2.20E-01
Carbon dioxide (biotic)
[Inorganic emissions to air] kg 4.65E-02
RoW: treatment of waste deep-frying oil. purified. esterification (Ecoinvent)
kg 1.23E-02 Carbon dioxide (biotic) [Inorganic emissions to air] kg 3.45E-02
Tin plate Multi-functionality in End-of-Life Situations (PEF guide. Annex V)
INPUT per FU OUTPUT per FU R1 R2 R3 Qs/ Qp
GLO: tin plated chromium steel sheet.
2 mm (modified) [allocatable product]
kg 1.72E-02 treatment of scrap tin sheet. sanitary landfill kg 1.08E-02 0% 74% 0% 1
GLO: market for tin plated chromium steel
sheet. 2 mm kg -6.36E-03 GLO: scrap tin sheet
[Waste] kg 6.36E-03
79
1180
Steel Multi-functionality in End-of-Life Situations (PEF guide. Annex V)
INPUT per FU OUTPUT per FU
per FU R1 R2 R3 Qs/ Qp
GLO: sheet rolling. steel [allocatable product]
kg 1.91E-02
CH: treatment of scrap steel. inert material
landfill kg 1.20E-02 0% 74% 0% 1
GLO: market for sheet rolling. steel ecoinvent
kg -7.07E-03 GLO: market for scrap
steel kg 7.07E-03
Aluminum Multi-functionality in End-of-Life Situations (PEF guide. Annex V)
INPUT per FU OUTPUT per FU Flows in OUTPUT modified respect to the process of Ecoinvent or PE dataset
per FU R1 R2 R3 Qs/ Qp
GLO: sheet rolling. aluminium [allocatable
product]
kg 3.00E-03
RoW: treatment of waste aluminium. sanitary
landfill kg 1.55E-03 0% 70% 14% 1
Electricity mix EU MJ -2.40E-03
Thermal energy from natural gas
MJ -5.47E-03 U-27: Incineration (PE) kg 4.12E-04 Electricity [Electric power] MJ 2.40E-03
GLO: market for sheet rolling. aluminium
ecoinvent
kg -1.04E-03 Steam (MJ) [steam] MJ 5.47E-03
GLO: aluminium scrap. post-consumer [Recyclable]
kg 1.04E-03
Paper Multi-functionality in End-of-Life Situations (PEF guide. Annex V)
INPUT per FU OUTPUT per FU Flows in OUTPUT modified respect to the process of Ecoinvent or PE dataset
per FU R1 R2 R3 Qs/ Qp
GLO: printed paper. offset [allocatable product]
kg 3.40E-04
RoW: treatment of waste graphical paper. sanitary
landfil kg 1.73E-04 0% 85% 7% 0.85
Electricity mix EU MJ -1.34E-04
Thermal energy from natural gas
MJ -3.05E-04 U-27: Incineration (PE) kg 2.30E-05 Electricity [Electric power] MJ 1.34E-04
GLO: market for printed paper. offset ecoinvent
kg -1.23E-04 Steam (MJ) [steam] MJ 3.05E-04
GLO: waste graphical kg 1.45E-04
80
paper [Waste]
1181
Cardboard Multi-functionality in End-of-Life Situations (PEF guide. Annex V)
INPUT per FU OUTPUT per FU Flows in OUTPUT modified respect to the process of Ecoinvent or PE dataset
per FU R1 R2 R3 Qs/ Qp
GLO: corrugated board box [allocatable
product] kg 3.30E-02
RoW: treatment of waste paperboard. inert material
landfill kg 1.68E-02 0% 84% 7% 0.85
Electricity mix EU MJ -1.39E-02 Thermal energy from
natural gas MJ -3.15E-02 U-27: Incineration (PE) kg 2.38E-03 Electricity [Electric power] MJ 1.39E-02 GLO: market for
corrugated board box ecoinvent
kg -1.18E-02 Steam (MJ) [steam] MJ 3.15E-02
GLO: waste paperboard
[Waste] kg 1.39E-02
PET Multi-functionality in End-of-Life Situations (PEF guide. Annex V)
INPUT per FU OUTPUT per FU Flows in OUTPUT modified respect to the process of Ecoinvent or PE dataset
per FU R1 R2 R3 Qs/ Qp
GLO: polyethylene terephthalate.
granulate. bottle grade [allocatable
product]
kg 1.36E-03 EU-27: Landfill of plastic waste PE kg 7.24E-04 0% 36% 29% 0.9
Electricity mix EU MJ -2.30E-03 Thermal energy from
natural gas MJ -5.24E-03 U-27: Incineration (PE) kg 3.95E-04 Electricity [Electric power] MJ 2.30E-03 GLO: market for
polyethylene terephthalate.
granulate. bottle grade ecoinvent
kg -2.07E-04 Steam (MJ) [steam] MJ 5.24E-03
DE: Plastic granulate secondary (simplified. non
specific) [p-agg] kg 2.41E-04
81
1182
1183
Rubber Multi-functionality in End-of-Life Situations (PEF guide. Annex V)
INPUT per FU OUTPUT per FU Flows in OUTPUT modified respect to the process of Ecoinvent or PE dataset
per FU R1 R2 R3 Qs/ Qp
GLO: synthetic rubber [allocatable product] kg 8.00E-05 EU-27: Landfill of plastic
waste PE kg 4.26E-05 0% 36% 29% 1
Electricity mix EU MJ -1.36E-04 Thermal energy from
natural gas MJ -3.08E-04 U-27: Incineration (PE) kg 2.32E-05 Electricity [Electric power] MJ 1.36E-04 GLO: market for synthetic rubber
ecoinvent kg -1.35E-05 Steam (MJ) [steam] MJ 3.08E-04
DE: Plastic granulate secondary (simplified. non
specific) [p-agg] kg 1.42E-05
PP Multi-functionality in End-of-Life Situations (PEF guide. Annex V)
INPUT per FU OUTPUT per FU Flows in OUTPUT modified respect to the process of Ecoinvent or PE dataset
per FU R1 R2 R3 Qs/ Qp
GLO: polypropylene. granulate [allocatable
product] kg 1.52E-03 EU-27: Landfill of plastic
waste PE kg 8.09E-04 0% 36% 29% 1
Electricity mix EU MJ -2.58E-03 Thermal energy from
natural gas MJ -5.86E-03 U-27: Incineration (PE) kg 4.41E-04 Electricity [Electric power] MJ 2.58E-03 GLO: market for polypropylene.
granulate ecoinvent kg -2.56E-04 Steam (MJ) [steam] MJ 5.86E-03
DE: Plastic granulate secondary (simplified. non
specific) [p-agg] kg 2.70E-04
1184
82
1185
PE-LD Multi-functionality in End-of-Life Situations (PEF guide. Annex V)
INPUT per FU OUTPUT per FU Flows in OUTPUT modified respect to the process of Ecoinvent or PE dataset
per FU R1 R2 R3 Qs/ Qp
GLO: polyethylene. linear low density.
granulate [allocatable product]
kg 6.00E-05 EU-27: Landfill of plastic waste PE kg 3.19E-05 0% 36% 29% 1
Electricity mix EU MJ -7.40E-04 Thermal energy from
natural gas MJ -1.68E-03 U-27: Incineration (PE) kg 1.74E-05 Electricity [Electric power] MJ 7.40E-04 DE: Polyethylene Low
Density Granulate (LDPE/PE-LD) PE
kg 1.01E-05 Steam (MJ) [steam] MJ 1.68E-03
DE: Plastic granulate secondary (simplified. non
specific) [p-agg] kg 1.07E-05
Glass Multi-functionality in End-of-Life Situations (PEF guide. Annex V)
INPUT per FU OUTPUT per FU per FU R1 R2 R3 Qs/ Qp
GLO: packaging glass. green [allocatable
product] kg 2.00E-01 EU-27: Landfill for inert
matter (Glass) PE kg 7.28E-02 0% 70% 0% 1
GLO: market for packaging glass. green ecoinvent
kg 7.28E-02
GLO: market for glass
cullet. sorted kg 1.27E-01
1186
1187
83
1188
PE-HD Multi-functionality in End-of-Life Situations (PEF guide. Annex V)
INPUT per FU OUTPUT per FU Flows in OUTPUT modified respect to the process of Ecoinvent or PE dataset
per FU R1 R2 R3 Qs/ Qp
GLO: polyethylene. high density.
granulate [allocatable product]
kg 9.10E-04 EU-27: Landfill of plastic waste PE kg 4.84E-04 0% 36% 29% 1
Electricity mix EU MJ -1.54E-03 Thermal energy from
natural gas MJ -3.51E-03 U-27: Incineration (PE) kg 2.64E-04 Electricity [Electric power] MJ 1.54E-03 GLO: market for
polyethylene. high density. granulate
ecoinvent
kg 1.54E-04 Steam (MJ) [steam] MJ 3.51E-03
DE: Plastic granulate secondary (simplified. non
specific) [p-agg] kg 1.62E-04
1189
84
1190
ANNEXVIII . BACKGROUNDINFORMATIONONMETHODOLOGICALCHOICES1191
1192
SELECTION OF IMPACT CATEGORIES 1193
DuetothehighuncertaintyrelatedtotheILCDnormalisationfactors,thenormalisedresultsofthe1194
screeningstudywereusedonlyasastartingpointintheselectionofthemostrelevantimpact1195
categories.PreviousEnvironmentalProductDeclarationstudiesdoneforoliveoilandsociety’s1196
interestincertainenvironmentalimpactcategorieswereusedasadditionaljustifications.1197
1198
Themostrelevantimpactcategoriesselected1199
1200
Climatechange:accordingtotheresultsofthe409Eurobarometerreport,halfofEuropeansthink1201
climatechangeisoneofthemostseriousproblemsthattheworldfaces,againplacingthirdbehind1202
poverty,hungerandlackofdrinkingwater,andtheeconomicsituation.Oliveplantationsstore1203
carbonandthecarbonstorageinsoilscanbeincreasedbyusingcertainolivegrovemanagement1204
practices.OliveproducerscanalsoinfluenceintheamountofGHGemissionsthroughmanagement1205
decisionsrelatedtouseoffertilisersandsoilmanagementpractices.1206
1207
Resourcedepletion,wateruse:Oliveproductiontakesplaceinareaswherewaterresourcesare1208
limited.Irrigationofolivegroveshasmajorcontributiontothewaterwithdrawalinthoseareas.Olive1209
groverscaninfluenceintheamountofirrigationneededbymanagementpractices.Thesoilwater1210
retentioncanbeimprovedbypropermulchingpruning,andsoilmanagement(zerotillage)practices.1211
Irrigationisnotusedinallolivegroves.1212
1213
Freshwaterecotoxicitywasthemostcontributingprocessinthenormalisedresultsandthereforeis1214
selectedasamostrelevantimpactcategory.Oliveproducerscaninfluenceinthisimpactcategoryby1215
adjustingthequantitiesandtypesofplantprotectionproductsandherbisidesused.1216
1217
Eutrophication(includingterrestrial,freshwaterandmarine)isimportantimpactcategoryin1218
agriculturalprocessesasmostofthetotalimpactinEuropeiscausedbyagriculture.1219
AcidificationwasselectedasitisacommonimpactcategoryincludedinagriculturalLCAstudies.1220
Landuse:Sinceolivetreeshaveexpandedinthelongpasttoalmostalltheavailablelandin1221
MediterraneanBasin,landusealsoconsideredasamostrelevantimpactcategory.Thepotentialof1222
olivetreestoprotectthesoilfromerosion(beingevergreen)andtofeedsoilwithorganiccarbonisof1223
greatimportancenotonlyforremovingCO2fromtheatmospherebutalsotostoreitinthesoil,1224
contributingtoitslong-termfertility.Olivetreescanbemanagedinsuchawayastobeclosertoa1225
85
forest,anenvironmentalimprovementofgreatimportance,asitmightcontributetoimproved1226
biodiversitytoo.1227
Resourcedepletion(fossilandmineral)withregardtofossilfuelsandmineralshasanintermediate1228
importanceasitrelatestofertilizersuseandtotheuseoffuelsforsoilcultivationandtoalesser1229
extentforpruning,harvestingandspraying.Also,fortheoliveoilmillandrefinementprocesses1230
(electricity)andfortheproductionofpackagingmaterials.Thefieldphaseuse-andimpacts-canbe1231
reducedinacourseofenvironmentalimprovement.Resourcedepletion(fossilandmineral)hadalso1232
relativelycontributiontothetotalimpactafternormalisationandweighting.1233
OzonedepletionandPhotochemicalOzoneFormationcanberelevanttooliveoilasburningof1234
branchesandleavesinoliveplantationsstillhappensinsomeregions.1235
1236
Impactcategoriesnotconsideredrelevant1237
1238
Humantoxicity(noncancereffect)appearrelativelyhighinthenormalizedresultsrather1239
unjustifiably,asthemethodologyisconsiderstheinherentpropertiesoftheagrochemicalsandnot1240
theactualexposurerisk.InthecountriesofsouthEuropethedegreeoffarmers;conformancewith1241
labelprecautionsandtheuseofPersonnalProtectionEquipmentdonotjustifyfortheresult.In1242
additionhumantoxicityimpactassessmentmethodsandnormalisationfactorshavelowlevelor1243
robustness.1244
ParticulatematterandIonizingradiationhadlowcontributiontothetotalimpactafternormalisation1245
andweighting.Asalloftheseimpactcategorieshavehighormediumleveloftheirimpactassessment1246
methodsandnormalisationfactorstheresultisrelativelyreliable.1247
Impactcategoriesforcommunicationpurpose1248
Especiallyconsumercanonlyhandlealimitedamountofinformationatonetime,thereforetheTS1249
selected(basedonaTSsurvey)amongthemostrelevantimpactcategoriesthesethreeplusoneto1250
becommunicated:Climatechange,Resourcedepletion-wateruseandfreshwaterEcotoxicity.Also1251
theadditionalenvironmentalinformationonSoilcarbonstorageshallbecommunicated.1252
1253
1254
Additionalenvironmentalinformation1255
1256
Modellinglong-termcarbonstorageinthesoilofolive-groves1257
Carbonstorageinsoilisanissuefortwoimpactcategories:climatechangeandlanduse.Therefore,1258
theTSoftheoliveoilpilotisworkingonthedevelopmentofactivitydataforannualnetcarbon1259
updatebysoilsofolivegroves.Thisinformationcanbeusedtoaccountthebiogeniccarbonflows1260
includedintheClimatechange(biotic)impactcategory.Thesameinformationwillalsobeusedfor1261
86
developmentoflandusecharacterizationfactorsfordifferentolivegrovemanagementtypes.The1262
currentlandusecharacterizationfactorsprovideonlyonevalueforpermanentcropsandthereforeit1263
isnotpossibletodistinguishbetweendifferentsoilmanagementpractices.1264
1265
Theapproachusedhereforquantificationoftheendpointisbasedonassumptionsbasedona1266
reviewoftheavailableliterature(Sofoetal2005,Testietal2008,Nietoetal2013,Nardinoetal1267
2013).1268
Thenetcarbonassimilatedbyolivetreesrangescloseto30TonsCO2/Ha/y[14].Another15Tons1269
1000CO2/Ha/yisaddedbywinterweeds/covercrops.1270
WithregardtoCO2removalsfromtheolivegrove,oliveoilperseremovesaverysmallamountof1271
carbon.Foranominalproductionof1000Kgofoliveoil/Hathecarbonthatisremovedinthefinal1272
productisequivalentto2,8TonsCO2/Ha/y22.TheamountofCO2removedintheolivefruitis1273
approximately5timesmore,i.e.14TonsCO2/Ha/y[14].Exceptfortheoliveoilthatisremovedfrom1274
thesystem,alltherestoftheprocesswaste/byproductisreturnabletotheolivegroveasafertilizer-1275
soilconditioner.Thispracticecouldbeadvocatedwhenitspriceasbyproductsisnegligible.1276
TheremainingoftheassimilatedCO2staysintheolivegrove.Partofit,estimatedtobeabout191277
Tons/Ha/yisdistributedto:growthofthecanopy,increaseofthemassoftrunkandrootsoftheolive1278
trees.About25TonsCO2/Ha/ywillenduponsoil,asdeadleavesandweeds,prunedwoodand1279
returnedoilmillsludgeorpomace.Allthisorganicmaterialisasubstratefortopsoilmicro-fauna1280
scavengerstobreakitdown.So,itisestimatedthatabout20ofthe25TonsCO2/Ha/ywilleventually1281
enterthesoilandapartofitwillcontributetoSoilOrganicMatter(SOM),mainlyintheformof1282
humus(underthepresentclimaticconditions).Although-underaconventional-butconservative-soil1283
cultivationregime-alargepartofthisorganicmatterwillre-entertheatmosphereviathecarbon1284
cycle,asmallpartwillgraduallybecomestablehumuswithalifetimeofmorethan500years,soit1285
maycountaslong-termcarbonstorage.Theproportiontobetransformedtostablehumuscanbe1286
calculatedbyRothCmodelinrealcases.Assumingthoughthat5%ofthe20Tonswillbeeventually1287
stabilized,itcanbeconcludedthat1TonCO2/Ha/ywillbecomeunavailabletotheyearlycarbon1288
cycle,remainingpermanentlyboundintheground(Clong-term-storage).Consideringthatasoilwith1289
2,5%organicmatter(avaluethatcorrespondswiththefindingsforSOMfoundinseveralGreekolive1290
groves,asshowninfigureXX,whichsummarizespartoftheresultsofLIFE09/ENV/GR/00302SAGE101291
2010-2014)containsabout200TonsofCO2/Ha,theincrementis0,5%,overtheexistingvalue.1292
Therefore,theannualnetcarbonuptakebysoilforconventionalbutconservativesoilcultivationuse1293
oflandisproposedtobe-1TonCO2/Ha/y,insteadof0.0thatiscurrentlysetbyIPCC.1294
1295
22ThenumberisbasedonthemolecularformulaC18H34O2foroleicacid,theprincipalconstituentof
oliveoil.Thus,carbonis0,766Tonsor2,8tonsofCO2.
87
1296
1297
TheproportionofsoilcarbonthatismineralizedandthenoxidizedtoreturnasCO2tothe1298
atmosphereisinfluencedbysoilcultivationpracticesandmaybeminimizedbyminimumorzero1299
tillage,usingalternativemethodstocontrolunwantedvegetation(weeds,shrubsetc.).1300
Thismethodenhancessoilbiodiversityandconsequentlytherateoforganicmatterincorporationin1301
thesoil,evenwithoutitsdisturbance.Additionally,theamountoforganicmatterthatisdepositedon1302
thesoiloftheolivegrovecanbeenhancedbytheuseofcompost,manureetc.Thecombinationof1303
minimum/zerotillagewithdedicatedenrichmentoftheolivegrovefloorwithorganicmatteris1304
estimatedtodoubletherateofincreaseofSOM%andconsequentlyofthepartthatwillbecome1305
stablehumus.Thusforthistypeoflandusei.e.enhancedenrichmentofsoilwithorganicmatter1306
underzerotillage,thelongtermcarbonstorageisestimatedtobeatleast1%increment23ofcarbon1307
storedperyear.Therefore,theannualnetcarbonuptakebysoilofzerotillagesystemsisproposedto1308
be-2TonsCO2/Ha/y.Aproperresolutionoftheabovehypotheticalcalculationsisexpectedthrough1309
theLIFEprojectLIFE11/ENV/GR/942oLIVECLIMA(Partner:UniversityofBasilicata,Prof.Xiloyannis)1310
runningcurrently(2012-2017)inGreece.1311
Accordingtotheabove,5typologiesofcrophusbandrycanbeproposed.Foreachofthemadistinct1312
carbonuptakecanbeproposed.1313
a)Intensivesoilcultivation,e.g.ploughing,rotatingordiscingandtinecultivatingformorethan1-21314
timesperyear.Inthiscaseitisproposedthatacarbondeficit(mainlyduetoerosionoftopsoil)of1-1315
2%peryear,belowtheexistingvalues.1316
b)Conventional‘mild’olivegrovehusbandry,inwhichamixtureofalighttinecultivation,contact1317
herbicidesandmowingispracticed.Insuchacaseitcouldbethatcarbonissoilwillremainrelatively1318
constant,ifnotinaslightdeclineofc.0,2%-0,5%/y,dependingonthedegreeof(bare)soilexposure1319
toerodingfactors,i.e.forhowlongisthesoilsurfaceunprotectedbymulch.1320
c)Lowinput,rain-fedoliveculture:Thistypecorrespondstosemi-abandonment,orreturntothewild1321
olive-foreststate,inwhichtheonlyhumaninterventionisoccasionalharvesting.Aforest-like1322
23Thisvalueisjustindicative,basedonobservationsinGreeceduringthelast15years.Systematic
measurementshavestartedin2011inthecourseofLIFESAGE10andmorespecificallyonthe
comparisonbetweentypes(includingtypeeofnextparagraph)havestartedin2013andwillbe
finalizedin2017inthecourseofLIFEoLIVECLIMAproject.
88
behaviorofthetreesmarginallyincreasessoilorganicmatterduetothesenescentleavesandtwigs1323
aswellastothenaturalvegetation,coupledtothelackofsoildisturbance.1324
d)Organicagriculture.AccordingtotherequirementofReg.834/07anorganicgrowerhastotake1325
measuresinordertomaintainorincreasesoilorganiccarbon.Asthisisnotalways‘dedicatedSOC1326
increase’,aslightincreaseofSOMabout0.5%–1,0%peryearisproposed.Itshouldbestressedthat1327
thereisnoprovisioninReg.834/07andinReg.889/08againstintensivesoilcultivation,exceptfora1328
vaguerequirementfororganicfarmerstotakemeasuresagainstsoilerosion.Thisisusually1329
interpretedasonlyasuggestiontocultivateverticallytotheslope!1330
e)Dedicatedenrichmentofsoilwithorganicmatterincombinationtominimum/zerotillage1331
(practicesuggestedintheLIFEprojectoLIVECLIMA).TheacronymD.E.S.OM.0.Tisproposed.The1332
expectedincreaseofsoilorganicmatterisintherangeof1,0%to2,0%peryear.Noequilibriumpoint1333
isenvisagedforaperiodof100years.1334
1335
Thetwocriticalfactorsintheabovetypologiesare,byorderofimportance:1336
1. Eliminationoftheyearlysoildisturbancebycultivation,and1337
2. Externaladditionoforganicmattertothesoil.1338
Otherparameterssuchasirrigation,treeage&cropdensity,slope&erosioncontrol,soilbiodiversity1339
etc,andothersnotdependentonfarmers’choicelikeclimaticconditionsplayaroleinthe1340
accumulationoforganicmatterontopsoilandeventuallyincreaseofSOM.1341
Aformulatolinkallthoseparametersinapredictivesense,basedontheRothCmodelisproposedas1342
follows.1343
TheconsideredCarbonflowsshallbe:1344
1.Removalsbytheolivetreesisquantifiedindirectlybyassessingthemassofthefollowingoutputs:1345
1a.Olivefruitremovedbyharvesting.1346
1b.Woodformedasrootandabovegroundgrowth,partlyremovedbypruning.1347
1c.Deadleavesfallingoffthetreetothegroundbynaturalsenescence1348
2.Sequestrationcovercropsendinguponandinsoil.1349
1350
Severaldataas(soilcontents,depth,specificgravity,etc)areneededforthecharacterizationandfor1351
theassessmentofCarboncontentinsoil.1352
1353
Withthesedata,thefirststepiscalculatingtheinitialTotalOrganicCarboninthesoil,IOM.1354
1355
UsingtheRoth-cmodel,climatescenariosforeachcampaignmustbebuilt,usingtheweatherdata.1356
89
1357
TheproposedformulatocalculatetheincreaseofSOCinsoilis:1358
TOC*change(t/Ha)= 1359
1360
Where:1361
• “CII”isacultivationIntensityIndex24expressedin(t/Ha/year).ThevaluesforCIIdepending1362
oftheintensityandfrequencyofagriculturalpracticesascanbeobtainedfromthenext1363
table:1364
Heavy Light Reduced Zero
-0,2 -0,1 -0,02 0,2
1365
Where:Heavy(frequency>2-3/y,depth>10cm),Light(1-2/y,depth<10cm),Reduced(<1/y,depth1366
<5cm),Zero(never)1367
1368
• “Ry”istheyearlynetTOCincrease,obtainedfromRoth-cmodelwiththeassumptionsthat1369
only50%oftheorganiccarbonaddedonthesoilsurfacewillfinditswayinthetopsoil,tobe1370
exposedtomoreintensefungalandbacterialdecomposition.This50%willbeeventually1371
foundtocontributetothe1-30cmmeasuredSoilOrganicCarbon(SOC)orTotalOrganic1372
Carbon(TOC).1373
1374
ItisimportantthatifPEFstudiesclaimcreditsforlongtermcarbonstorageinthesoil,calculations1375
shallbebasedonlyonprimarydataontheorganicmaterialsadditionandoncultivationactivities,as1376
wellassoilanalysisdataonSOM%shallbeprovided.1377
DEVELOPMENT OF BIODIVERSITY INDICATORS FOR OLIVE PRODUCTION 1378
ThemethodforaddressingbiodiversityisbasedontheissuepaperAddressingbiodiversityinthe1379
EnvironmentalFootprintpilotsversion2.3FinalavailableonEFwikipage1380
(https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/wikis/display/EUENVFP/Documents+of+common+interest).As1381
olivegrovesdominatethelandscapeinthemainoliveproductionareas,oliveproductionhasamajor1382
impactonbiodiversityinthoseareas.Thelevelofbiodiversityinolivegrovesisinfluencedby1383
24approvedbyTechnicalSecretariatinFeb,2016.
90
managementpractices.Generally,organic farminghasbeenshowntohavehigherlevelof1384
biodiversitythanconventionalfarming25.However,alsointegratedfarmingpracticesandcertain1385
specificpracticesincludedinthecommonagriculturalpolicies(especiallyagri-environmental1386
schemes)canenhancethelevelofbiodiversity.Therefore,thepefforoliveoilshallreportthe1387
percentageofolivescomingfromorganicfarmingandfromothersystemsthatenhancethelevelof1388
biodiversity.Thepefreportshallprovideevidencewhycertainpracticesorsystemsareseento1389
improvethelevelofbiodiversity.Thepefreportsshallalsoreportthepercentageofolivescoming1390
fromsourceswheretheinformationabouttheoliveproductionsystemisnotsufficienttodetermine1391
thelevelofbiodiversity. 1392
ANNEXIX. GEOGRAPHICALSCOPE1393
1394
ThisPEFCRhasbeendevelopedonthedataandinformationprovidedbythemostimportant1395
producerareasintheEuropeanUnion.Thesareasrepresentsover95%offeuropeanoilveoil1396
production,whileadditionallytheycoversufficientlytheproductioninTurkey(quitesimilartothe1397
Aegeanislandoliveculture)andthemajorityofTunisianolivegroves,whichareveryclosetothe1398
easterCrete’sones,insouthernGreece.1399
WhenPEFstudiesareperformedforsystemsthatuseolives/oliveoilproducedinthirdcountries,1400
primarydatashallbecollectedoralternatively,secondarydatashallbeadaptedtothecountry1401
specificconditionsbyregionalisingwater,electricityandfuelinputs,adjustingyields,andagricultural1402
inputs,andbyselectingoliveoilmilltypesrepresentativeofthecountry.1403
Anyway,thedataqualityrequirementsestablishedinAnnexEoflatestversionofProductGuidance1404
shallbefulfilled.1405
Thenextgraphshowstheevolutionofproduction,consumption,exportantionandimportantion1406
extraUEinthecampaigns2013/14to2015/16.TheimportationextraEUoverEUCconsumptionis1407
only8%betweencampaigns2013/14to2015/16.1408
25Tuomisto,H.L.,Hodge,I.D.,Riordan,P.andMacdonald,D.W.(2012c).Doesorganicfarmingreduce
environmentalimpacts?–Ameta-analysisofEuropeanresearch.JournalofEnvironmental
Management,112,309-320.
91
1409
FiguraIX.1.OliveOilNetTradeinEU.1410
*ImportextraEUoverEUCconsumisexpressedinpertentageinthesecongaxisofthegraph.1411
92
1412
ANNEXX.SUPPORTINGSTUDIES´SUMMARIES1413
SummaryofthesupportingstudyforINNOLIVA´SExtraVirginOliveOil1414
ThesupportingstudyispartofthePEF/OEFpilotphaseandincludesthefollowinggoals:1415
i. TotestthedraftPEFCR1416ii. To validate the outcomes of the screening study (such as the selection of relevant impact1417
categories,lifecyclestages,processesandelementaryflows)1418iii. Tohelpdefiningperformanceclasseswherepossible1419iv. ToperformsupplementaryanalysislistedinthedraftPEFCR1420v. ToprovideresultsthatcanbeusedasthebasisforcommunicatingthePEFprofile.1421
ThereareseveralreasonswhyInnolivaS.L.hascommissionedtoCO2Consultingthisstudyare1422essentiallythree:1423
• ImproveandoptimizetheefficiencyofprocessesandproductmanagementinInnoliva.1424
• Tocontributeinthedevelopingoftheharmonizedmethodologytocommunicatetomarket1425thebenefitsfortheenvironmentthroughtheconsumptionofExtraVirginOliveOil.1426
• To be the first Portuguese olive oil producers to communicate the environmental1427performanceofextravirginoliveoil.1428
ThefunctionalunitisonelitreofpackedExtraVirginOliveOilusedbyconsumersassaladdressing1429andforcooking.Thespecificationsofthedefinitionarepresentedhere.1430
ü WHAT ExtraVirginOliveOil
ü HOWMUCH 1litrepacked
ü HOWLONG Untilexpirydate(18moths)
ü HOWWELL Suitableforhumanconsumption
Innolivawasestablishedin2004.Theytrackthefruitfromwhenitfirstsproutsuntilitisconverted1431intotheoliveoil.ThissystemguaranteestheTraceabilityoftheirproduct.1432
Todaytheyhavemorethan5,000hectaresoftheirownolivegrovesinSpainandPortugal,countries1433withagreatolive-growingtraditionandcultureinwhichtheenvironmentandtheclimateensurethat1434theolivetreesarewelllookedafterthroughouttheyear,providingthemwithexcellentsensoryand1435healthqualities.Theyhave9millionolivestreesandproducing8millionkilosofExtraVirginOliveOil.1436
Thesystemboundariesare“cradletograve”,startingfromtheplantationofolivetreesandending1437withtheemissionsformtheendoflifeoftheproduct,asshowedinthenextfigure:1438
93
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AlluseddataforfieldphaseoflifecycleinventoryareprimarydataprovidedbyInnoliva.Collected1456datafromthreelastcampaignsforeachfarmwasused.Allneededolivesfruitsforproducetheevoo1457includeinthefunctionalunitareobtainedfromthesethreefarms.1458
Innolivahavetwooliveoilmills.Primarydatafromeachfacilitywascollectedforoliveoilproduction1459phase.1460
Thedatainputinthemodelwastheweightedaveragerelatedtotheamountofoliveoilproducedby1461eachmill,becausetheprocessandthetechnologyarethesamebetweentwosites.1462
Giventhattheagronomicalpracticesarethesameforeachfarm,theactivitydataincludedinthe1463inventoryhavebeentheamountofeachinputdividedintothefarm´ssurface.1464
TheobtainedaggregatedaveragevalueforDQRis1,83asindicatedinAnnex2.1465
Thekeyallocationrulesforthecalculationofmultifunctionalitywerebasedonamixcriterion1466betweeneconomicvalueandmassbalance,asindicatedinPEFCR.1467
Thenextpictureshowsthecharacterizedresults(beforeweightingandnormalisation)forallimpact1468categories.1469
94
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Thesupportingstudyendeavourstobecompliantwiththerequirementsofthe‘Product1471EnvironmentalFootprint(PEF)Guide’(AnnexIItoRecommendation(2013/179/EU),the“Guidance1472fortheimplementationoftheEUPEFduringtheEFPilotPhase”(versionno.5.0.)andthePEFCR1473ProductEnvironmentalFootprintCategoryRulesforOliveOil(Draftforsupportingstudies,version0.51474datedon8June2016).1475
SummaryofthesupportingstudyforBORGES´ExtraVirginOliveOil1476
ThesupportingstudyispartofthePEF/OEFpilotphaseandincludesthefollowinggoals:1477
vi. TotestthedraftPEFCR1478vii. Tovalidatetheoutcomesofthescreeningstudy(suchastheselectionofrelevantimpact1479
categories,lifecyclestages,processesandelementaryflows)1480viii. Tohelpdefiningperformanceclasseswherepossible1481ix. ToperformsupplementaryanalysislistedinthedraftPEFCR1482x. ToprovideresultsthatcanbeusedasthebasisforcommunicatingthePEFprofile.1483
ThereareseveralreasonswhyBorgeshascommissionedtoCO2Consultingthisstudyareessentially1484two:1485
• ImproveandoptimizetheefficiencyofprocessesandproductmanagementinBorges.1486
• Tocontributeinthedevelopingoftheharmonizedmethodologytocommunicatetomarket1487thebenefitsfortheenvironmentthroughtheconsumptionofExtraVirginOliveOil.1488
ThefunctionalunitisonelitreofpackedExtraVirginOliveOilusedbyconsumersassaladdressing1489andforcooking.Thespecificationsofthedefinitionarepresentedhere.1490
ü WHAT ExtraVirginOliveOil
ü HOWMUCH 1litrepacked
95
ü HOWLONG Untilexpirydate(18months)
ü HOWWELL Suitableforhumanconsumption
BorgesisafoodandagriculturalfamilyGroupthat,fromitsfoundationin1896,hasremainedfaithful1491toitsorigins,totheland,toitsfamilytraditionandtosomevaluesinharmonywiththe1492MediterraneanLifeStyle.Fromthebeginningtheyhavechasedtheexcellenceandhavebeenableto1493maintainboththefamilycharacterandahighdegreeofprofessionalismthatmaintainaconstant1494spiritofgrowthandexcellence.1495
Theirproductsarecurrentlypresentin111countriesonvecontinentsbymeansoftheirbranches,1496whichconsistof14commercialsofcesand12productivecenterslocatedintheoriginsandstrategic1497marketsfortheGroup,inadditiontoanextensivecollaboratornetworkintherestoftheworld.1498
Thisinternationalvisionhasbeenpartoftheiridentityaswellaspartoftheirteams’since1957when1499theyinitiatedtheinternationalizationprocessofthecompany.Todaytheycanrelyonanetworkof1500morethan6.000professionals,bothinternalandexternal,whoattendtheirclientsandconsumers1501aroundtheworldeveryday,allowingthebrandBorgestohavethemostimportantinternational1502presenceinthesector.1503
69%ofthevalueofBorges´salescomesfromtheinternationalmarkets.BorgesareMediterranean1504becauseoftheirorigin,theircultureandtheirproducts.It´spermanenttargetisthecreationof1505sustainablevaluesforclientsandstake-holders,withaclearbetforqualityandinnovation.1506
Withit,Borgesgivesconsumersthepossibilitytoenjoythestandardsandqualitiesofthe1507MediterraneanLifeStyleasaglobalculturalconceptthatdefinesfoodasasourceofhealthand1508pleasure,auniqueculturalexperience:TheMediterraneanLifeStyleandQuality.1509
Borgesbuyoliveoilfromalargelistofsuppliersaroundtheworld,sonfieldphaseisconsideredlike1510background.1511
Regardingindustrialphase,amethodologytoimprovethequalityrateforactivitydatainoliveoil1512extractionhasbeenproposedinthissupportingstudy.1513
However,theaggregatedDQRwas2,12,“Good”.1514
Theusedallocationrulesforthemulti-functionalitycriteriawasthespecifiedinScreeningstudy.1515
Thesystemboundariesare“cradletograve”,startingfromtheplantationofolivetreesandending1516withtheemissionsformtheendoflifeoftheproduct,asshowedinthenextfigure:1517
96
1518
Thenextpictureshowsthecharacterizedresults(beforeweightingandnormalistion).1519
1520
97
Thesupportingstudyendeavourstobecompliantwiththerequirementsofthe‘Product1521EnvironmentalFootprint(PEF)Guide’(AnnexIItoRecommendation(2013/179/EU),andthe1522“GuidancefortheimplementationoftheEUPEFduringtheEFPilotPhase”(versionno.5.0.)andthe1523PEFCRProductEnvironmentalFootprintCategoryRulesforOliveOil(Draftforsupportingstudies,1524version0.5datedon8June2016).1525
SummaryofthesupportingstudyforDCOOP´SExtraVirginOliveOil1526
ThesupportingstudyispartofthePEF/OEFpilotphaseandincludesthefollowinggoals:1527
xi. TotestthedraftPEFCR1528xii. To validate the outcomes of the screening study (such as the selection of relevant impact1529
categories,lifecyclestages,processesandelementaryflows)1530xiii. Tohelpdefiningperformanceclasseswherepossible1531xiv. ToperformsupplementaryanalysislistedinthedraftPEFCR1532xv. ToprovideresultsthatcanbeusedasthebasisforcommunicatingthePEFprofile.1533
ThereareseveralreasonswhyThefoodgroupDCOOPhascommissionedtoCO2Consultingthisstudy1534areessentiallytwo:1535
• ImproveandoptimizetheefficiencyofprocessesandproductmanagementinDCOOP.1536
• Tocontributeinthedevelopingoftheharmonizedmethodologytocommunicatetomarket1537thebenefitsfortheenvironmentthroughtheconsumptionofExtraVirginOliveOil.1538
ThefunctionalunitisonelitreofpackedExtraVirginOliveOilusedbyconsumersassaladdressing1539andforcooking.Thespecificationsofthedefinitionarepresentedhere.1540
ü WHAT ExtraVirginOliveOil
ü HOWMUCH 1litrepackedinPET
ü HOWLONG Untilexpirydate(18moths)
ü HOWWELL Suitableforhumanconsumption
Productclassification(CPA)basedonthelatestCPAlistversionavailable:Oliveoilsareclassifiedin1541the“StatisticalclassificationofeconomicactivitiesintheEuropeanCommunity”Productclassification1542(CPA)basedonthelatestCPAlistversionavailable:Oliveoilsareclassifiedinthe“Statistical1543classificationofeconomicactivitiesintheEuropeanCommunity”withNACEcode10.41(Manufacture1544ofoilsandfats)26,andwithCPAcodeas10.41.23(ExtraVirginOliveOil).1545
ThefoodgroupDcoopisalarge,second-degreecooperative,asitspartnersarecompaniesandnot1546individuals.Mostofthemarecooperativeswhoseownersaremorethan75,000farmersinsouthern1547Spain.1548
26AccordingtotheISIC–CPC2.0classificationitbelongstoClass:2153-Vegetableoils,crude(see
http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/docs/CPCv2_structure.pdf)
98
Dcoopistheworld’slargestoliveoilproducerandisalsoaleaderinwines,inadditiontooperatingin1549thesectorsofsupplies,livestockandgrains.1550
Theyoffertheoildirectlyfromtheproducer,ofthe75,000familiesoffarmerswhodedicatedallyear1551roundtomakingthisoiltoofferitinoptimalfreshnessandflavor.1552
InDcooptakecareofthefruitfromblossomtoharvesting(intheirprimeripeness);thisisthefirst1553stepinachievingagoodolivesandconsequently,optimusqualityofextravirginoliveoil.The1554combinationoftraditionalmethodsofharvesting–beatingwithastickandhandpicking–withthe1555mosttechnologicallyadvancedonesenablesustostarttheelaborationprocessofoliveswhile1556harvestingisstillinprogress.Thus,theirfruitsareprocessedrightafterbeingpickedfromthetree,1557whichisessentialtoachieveanexcellentconditionsforextravirginoliveoil.1558
Thesystemboundariesare“cradletograve”,startingfromtheplantationofolivetreesandending1559withtheemissionsformtheendoflifeoftheproduct,asshowedinthenextfigure:1560
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AlluseddataforfieldphaseoflifecycleinventoryareprimarydataprovidedbyDCOOP.Collected1580datafromthreelastcampaignsforeachfarmwasused.Allneededolivesfruitsforproducetheevoo1581includeinthefunctionalunitareobtainedfromthesethreefarms.1582
DCOOPfacilityprimarydataforoliveoilproductionphasefromtheiroliveoilmills.Thedatainputin1583themodelwastheweightedaveragerelatedtotheamountofoliveoilproducedbyeachmill,1584becausetheprocessandthetechnologyarethesame.1585
Giventhattheagronomicalpracticesarethesameforeachfarm,theactivitydataincludedinthe1586inventoryhavebeentheamountofeachinputdividedintothefarm´ssurface.1587
TheobtainedaggregatedaveragevalueforDQRis1.91asindicatedinAnnex2.1588
Thekeyallocationrulesforthecalculationofmultifunctionalitywerebasedonamixcriterion1589betweeneconomicvalueandmassbalance,asindicatedinPEFCR.1590
Thenextpictureshowsthecharacterizedresults(beforeweightingandnormalisation)forallimpact1591categories.1592
1593
Thesupportingstudyendeavourstobecompliantwiththerequirementsofthe‘Product1594EnvironmentalFootprint(PEF)Guide’(AnnexIItoRecommendation(2013/179/EU),the“Guidance1595fortheimplementationoftheEUPEFduringtheEFPilotPhase”(versionno.5.0.)andthePEFCR1596ProductEnvironmentalFootprintCategoryRulesforOliveOil(Draftforsupportingstudies,version0.51597datedon8June2016).1598
1599
1600
100
SummaryofthesupportingstudyforACESUR´SOliveOil1601
ThesupportingstudyispartofthePEF/OEFpilotphaseandincludesthefollowinggoals:1602
xvi. TotestthedraftPEFCR1603xvii. To validate the outcomes of the screening study (such as the selection of relevant impact1604
categories,lifecyclestages,processesandelementaryflows)1605xviii. Tohelpdefiningperformanceclasseswherepossible1606xix. ToperformsupplementaryanalysislistedinthedraftPEFCR1607xx. ToprovideresultsthatcanbeusedasthebasisforcommunicatingthePEFprofile.1608
ThereareseveralreasonswhyBorgeshascommissionedtoCO2Consultingthisstudyareessentially1609two:1610
• ImproveandoptimizetheefficiencyofprocessesandproductmanagementinBorges.1611
• Tocontributeinthedevelopingoftheharmonizedmethodologytocommunicatetomarket1612thebenefitsfortheenvironmentthroughtheconsumptionofExtraVirginOliveOil.1613
ThefunctionalunitisonelitreofOliveOilusedbyconsumersforcooking.Thespecificationsofthe1614definitionarepresentedhere.1615
ü WHAT OliveOil
ü HOWMUCH 1litrepacked
ü HOWLONG Untilexpirydate(18moths)
ü HOWWELL Suitableforhumanconsumption
Productclassification(CPA)basedonthelatestCPAlistversionavailable:Oliveoilsareclassifiedin1616the“StatisticalclassificationofeconomicactivitiesintheEuropeanCommunity”withNACEcode161710.41(Manufactureofoilsandfats)27,andwithCPAcodeas10.41.53(OliveOil).1618
ACESURhasbeenactiveformorethan150yearsproducing,packagingandmarketingofoliveoil,1619since1840,asweallasalongtraditioninvegetableoilssector.Thisaccumulatedexperience1620reinforcesACESURasaleadinggroupwithinthenationaloliveoilsectorinSpain,alsoexportingits1621productstomorethan90countriesaroundtheworld.1622
ACESURheadofficeisinDosHermanas,Seville.TheyalsohaveotherfacilitiesinMadrid,Toledo,1623CuencaandJaen.ACESURcoversallprocessesandmarketswithintheoilsector.ACESURproduces,1624refines,packs,marketsandexportsoliveoilandothervegetableoils,aswellasolives,vinegars,1625dressingsandsauces.1626
27AccordingtotheISIC–CPC2.0classificationitbelongstoClass:2153-Vegetableoils,crude(see
http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/docs/CPCv2_structure.pdf)
101
Forthepurposeofthisstudy,ACESURbuyvirginandextravirginoliveoil,andlampantoliveoilfrom1627suppliersandtheyhaven´taccesstoactivitydata.Theprocesswhichrunundertheircontrolare:1628packinganddistributionprocesses.1629
However,theaggregatedDQRwas2,17“Good”.1630
Theusedallocationrulesforthemulti-functionalitycriteriawasthespecifiedinScreeningstudy.1631
Thesystemboundariesare“cradletograve”,startingfromtheplantationofolivetreesandending1632withtheemissionsformtheendoflifeoftheproduct,asshowedinthenextfigure:1633
1634
Thenextpictureshowsthecharacterizedresults(beforeweightingandnormalisation)forallimpact1635categories.1636
102
1637
Thesupportingstudyendeavourstobecompliantwiththerequirementsofthe‘Product1638EnvironmentalFootprint(PEF)Guide’(AnnexIItoRecommendation(2013/179/EU),the“Guidance1639fortheimplementationoftheEUPEFduringtheEFPilotPhase”(versionno.5.0.)andthePEFCR1640ProductEnvironmentalFootprintCategoryRulesforOliveOil(Draftforsupportingstudies,version0.51641datedon8June2016).1642
SummaryofthesupportingstudyforKANAKISextravirginoliveoilbio1643
Theobjectiveofthepresentstudyistoidentifyandquantifytheenvironmentalperformanceof1644organicextravirginoliveoilproducedbyKANAKISFamilyinSouth-westernPeloponnese,Itisto1645besoldinFrancebyalocaldistributorbasednearParis.1646
Theoliveoilisproducedfromolivefruitofoneolivegrower(4olivegroves,8.1Ha)whoinvests1647incontinuousenvironmentalimprovement.So,withinthecontextoftherulesfortheorganic1648oliveculture28aspecialefforthasbeendevotedtostoringcarbonintheolivegrovesoilby1649dedicatedenrichmentofsoilwiththeorganicdebrisofthecrop,suchasprunedwood,1650compostedolivetreeleavesetc.Thus,the‘extended’objectiveisnotonlytominimizedamage1651totheenvironment,butalsotolinktheproducedoliveoilwiththeeffortagainstglobalwarming.1652ThisispursuedbyenhancingtheannualremovalofCO2fromtheatmosphere,andby1653establishingworkingpracticestostoreeveryyearinsoilasmuchahigherproportionofthis1654removedCO2aspossible.Onaverage,almost3Tofcarbonperhectarearereturnedtosoilevery1655year,increasingthesoilorganicmatter(SOM)whichcurrentlyisabout2.7%.This,relativelyhigh1656SOMcontenthasbeenbuiltafterinitiatingazerotillagepracticeduringthelast15yearsandthe1657dedicatedadditionoforganicmatterduringthelast4yearsofimplementationoftheLIFE165811ENV/GR/942projectoLIVECLIMA.AsmallproportionoftheSOMbuilt(0.20to0.40tC/Ha/y)1659isexpectedtocontributetothelong-termcarbonstorage,i.e.permanentremovalofcarbon1660
28Reg.834/2007,article12,1a
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dioxidefromtheatmosphere.Albeitseeminglyatinyamount,thelargeareaofolivecropinthe1661Mediterraneanbasin,makesthesizethisremovalconsiderable,sothecommitmentoftheolive1662growerstothistypeofcrophusbandry(zerotill+additionoforganicmattertosoil)asignificant1663contributiontoclimatechangemitigation.1664
Forthefieldlifecyclestagethestudyisbasedonprimaryactivitydatarecordedforthelast51665years.Thiswasachievedmostlyaspartofthequalitysystemimplementedbythefarmers’group1666NILEASforovertenyears,andrecentlyinthecontextoftwoLIFEprojectsi.e.SAGE10andoLIVE1667CLIMA.Primaryactivitydataofboth,thecoreandthesupplementarystudy(seebelow)are1668traceabletoeacholivegroveofeacholivegrower.1669
Activitydataforthesecondlifecyclestageinvolved,i.e.extractionofoliveoil,arebasedon1670primaryinformationfromtheoliveoilmillsubcontractedbyolivegrower,whileforthethirdlife1671cycle:packaging/distribution,primarydataaresourceddirectlyfromtheKANAKISFamily1672activity.Allactivitydatausedrankinqualityscore<1.6.1673
Asupplementarystudywasmadeforthefarmers’groupNILEASwherealargerareawithabout1674200-250olivegrovesofmixedorganicandconventionalolivegroves.Qualityofactivitydatais1675exactlythesame.Comparisonwasbasedmainlyonthefieldpart,astheindustrialpartisnot1676differentiated.AlthoughtheNILEASoliveoilisdeliveredtomultipledestinations,theassumption1677wasmadethattransportationwouldbesimilartoFrance.1678
Activitydatacollectioninagricultureseemstobeapotentialsourceofsignificantbias(even1679unintended),duetothehighinherentspatial(principally)andtemporaluncertaintywithregard1680toinputsandmoresotoyields.Olivetreesarepronetohighyieldvariation,duetotheirbiennial1681bearing.So,traceabilityofdataisofutmostimportanceandhasabsorbedsignificantresources.1682Hence,tofacilitatePEFexpansion,amethodforthedeterminationofrepresentativevaluesof1683inputsandyieldshastobeagreedbetweenstakeholdersbeforecomparisonsandcomparative1684assertionscouldbemade.Consideringthatavailabilityofverifiedhistoricdataisquestionable,1685andevenso,historicdatacannotbeverifiedretrospectively,athree-yearpreparatoryperiod1686(temporaryPEF)shouldbeintroduced,togivethetimeforcredibledatatobecollectedundera1687robustcontrolsystem.1688
DatasetsusedaretakenfromlibrarieslikeEcoinvent,foundviaSIMAPRO1.07whichwasused1689forthecalculations.1690
Resultsofthecorestudysufferabitfromdatagapsrelatedtohome-developedprocessessuch1691ascomposting,spreadingshreddedwoodonsoiletc.Thus,underestimationofCO2andN2O1692emissionscannotbeexcluded.Ontheotherhand,extrafuelconsumptionhasbeenaccounted1693forinordertobridgethedifferenceofactualconsumptioninGreeceandtheoneincludein1694Ecoinventlibraries.1695
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Characterizationresultsofthecorestudyinthefigure1below,showthatolivefruitproduction1696phase-followedbypackagingmaterial(glass)-hasthehighestcontribution,inspiteofthe1697absenceofmanufacturedNfertilizersinorganicfarming.1698
1699
ShowninTable1andFigure2belowarethemostprominentoftheimpactcategories.Aspecial1700noteisgiventotheharvest-crewtransportbypassengercarwhichcontributestofreshwater1701ecotoxicity3,2%ofthetotalimpactofthefieldstage),triggeredbyscrapmetaldisposal.1702
1703
Table1 FIELD INDUSTRIAL TRANSPORT
LifeCycleStages: Units Field Extraction Packaging Transportation
Delivery/Use
TOTAL
ClimateChange(CC)total
kgCO2eq
6,5E-01 1,4E-01 7,2E-01 6,0E-01 2,1E+00
FreshwaterAquaticEcotoxicity
CTUe 7,1E+00 2,7E+00 3,7E+00 3,7E+00 1,7E+01
LandUsekgCdeficit
6,1E+02 -7,3E-01 1,2E+00 1,7E+00 6,2E+02
ResourceDepletionWater
m3watereq
4,9E-01 3,0E-01 4,6E-01 1,7E-01 1,4E+00
1704
105
1705
ComparisonofKANAKISorganicoliveoilwiththeoliveoilofNILEASexaminedinthe1706supplementarystudy,itisobviousthatorganicoliveoilhasmildereffectonenvironment,with1707mainimpactsbeingfreshwaterecotoxicityandwateruse,whileitseffectonclimatechangeis1708lowtomoderate.Onthecontrary,landuseisaffectedbytheloweryieldsoforganic.Resultsare1709showninnormalizedform,inthefigure3below.1710
SummaryofthesupportingstudyforMONINI’SBIOSorganicExtraVirginOliveOil1711
ThesupportingstudyforMoniniSpA’sBIOSorganicExtraVirginOliveOil,preparedwiththeexternal1712supportofAmbienteItaliaSrl,ispartofthePEF/OEFpilotphaseandincludesthefollowinggoals:1713
• TotestthedraftPEFCR;1714
• To validate the outcomes of the screening study (such as the selection of relevant impact1715categories,lifecyclestages,processesandelementaryflows);1716
• Tohelpdefiningperformanceclasseswherepossible;1717
• ToperformsupplementaryanalysislistedinthedraftPEFCR;1718
• ToprovideresultsthatcanbeusedasthebasisforcommunicatingthePEFprofile.1719
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Thefunctionalunitisonelitreofpacked29BIOSorganicExtraVirginOliveOilusedbyconsumersfor1720dressingfish,whitemeat,vegetablesandalldelicateandbalanceddishes.1721
BIOS Extra Virgin Olive Oil is milled at the SIO oil mill in Carpino (in the province of Foggia), an1722organizationthatisinpartcontrolledbyMonini.BIOS iscompletelyguaranteedorganicfromstartto1723finish;soil,olivegroves,harvestingandoilextractionsystems,everythingcomplieswiththeprinciplesof1724organicagriculture.TheolivesproductionareasareinthesouthofItaly,inFoggia,Bari,andBarletta-1725Andria-Traniprovinces.AcrosstheTavoliereplainandonthehillsofGargano,olivegrowingisaform1726of specialized farmingwith a regular line configuration, incorporating an irrigation systemwith the1727vasepruningsystem;hereolivegrovesaremature,withhigherthan25years.1728
Thesystemboundariesare“cradle-to-grave”,startingfromextractionofresourcesfromnature(fruit1729production in the olive orchard) and ending with emissions from the end of life of the product.1730Followingasimplifiedsystemdiagram.1731
BACKGROUND
AUXILIARIESANDPACKAGINGMATERIALSPRODUCTION
OLIVEFRUITPRODUCTION(FIELDPHASE)
OLIVEFRUITPROCESSING
FOREGROUND OLIVEOILEXTRACTION
OLIVEOILBOTTLINGANDPACKAGING
DISTRIBUTION
BACKGROUND USEPHASE
ENDOFLIFE
TheinventoryanalysiswasconductedusingprimarydatafromMoniniandbythecompaniesinvolved1732inthestudywithregardtothecultivationandharvestingofolives,oilextraction,bottling,packaging1733anddistributionphaseoftheproduct.Insteadselectedsecondarydatawereusedfrom:1734
29Packedina750mlglassbottle,untilexpirydate(18months),suitableforhumanconsumption
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§ international databases (particularly Ecoinvent 3.1) with regard to the processes of1735productionofsemi-finishedproducts,packagingmaterials,electricalandthermalenergyand1736transportation,aswellasrelatedtowatersupplyandtheendoflife;1737
§ Eurostatdatafortherecyclingrateandwastedisposal.1738
Thedataon transport distanceswere calculatedwith theonline calculatorsGoogleMaps and Sea-1739Distancesrespectivelyforthecalculationoftransportdistancesbylandandbysea.1740
Theaverageoveralldataquality resultedVerygood forprimarycontext-specificdataandGood for1741secondarydata(thedetailedbreakdownofthedataqualityscoringispresentedinthechapter5.1.5).1742
The allocation rules for the calculation of the inputs and outputs of specific data were on an1743economicbasis(sellingprice),forBIOSextravirginoliveoilandtheolivepulpproducedatSIOmill.1744
Followingafigurewithcharacterisedresults(notnormalizedandnotweighted)oftheorganicBIOS1745oliveoil forall the15PEF impactcategories.Thefigureshowsthat formost impact categories the1746dominatinglifecyclestagesincludeolivefruitproduction(fieldphase),packagingandtheendoflife.1747The negative biogenic carbon removal during olive production stage includes the carbon that is1748removed by harvesting the olive fruit; this carbon is released back to the atmosphere during1749consumptionofoliveoilandendoflifemanagement.1750
In general theolive production (field phase) and Bottling and packaging are themost impacting1751phases of the BIOS olive oil life cycle. The Use phase is just relevant for Climate change impact1752categoryduetothebiogenicCO2.1753
1754
AccordingtotheGuidancethemostrelevantlifecyclestages,processesandelementaryflowswere1755identifiedasthosethattogethercontributeover80%tothebaselineimpact.Thesearepresentedin1756thefollowingtable.1757
Mostrelevantprocesses(perlifecyclestage)
OliveproductionûIrrigation
ü Soilmanagement
108
Mostrelevantprocesses(perlifecyclestage)
ûCO2fixation
Oliveoilextraction
ü Energyconsumption
ûWastewatertreatment
ûFiltration
ü Mill(infrastructure)
Bottlingandpackaging
ü 0,75Lglassbottle
ûCardboardbox
ûAluminumbottleclosure
ûLabel
ûNondripspout
ü Electricity(ITmarket)
Distribution -
Use -
Endoflife
ûCardboardMulti-functionalityinEoLsituations
ûPE-HDMulti-functionalityinEoLsituations
ûPaperMulti-functionalityinEoLsituations
ü GlassMulti-functionalityinEoLsituations
Thestudyendeavorstobecompliantwiththerequirementsofthe‘ProductEnvironmentalFootprint1758(PEF)Guide’(AnnexIItoRecommendation(2013/179/EU),the“Guidancefortheimplementationof1759the EU PEF during the EF Pilot Phase” (version no. 5.2.) and the PEFCR Product Environmental1760FootprintCategoryRulesforOliveOil(Draftforsupportingstudies,version0.58June2016).1761
SummaryofthesupportingstudyforS.O.LEI’SOlivePomaceOil1762
Thegoalandthescopeofthissupportingstudyis:1763
• TotestthedraftPEFCR;1764• Tovalidatetheoutcomesofthescreeningstudy;1765• Tohelpdefiningperformanceclasseswherepossible;1766• ToperformsupplementaryanalysislistedinthedraftPEFCR1767• ToprovideresultsthatcanbeusedasthebasisforcommunicatingthePEFprofile.1768
Dataqualitycanbeassuredifanaccurateprocessofdatacollectioniscarriedoutwiththeagreement1769ofalltheactorsoftheoliveoilchain.Datauncertaintymustbestilldiscussedespeciallyforwhat1770concernsthefieldstage.Asforallocationprocedure,adifferentapproach,basedontheenergy1771contentoftheco-productswastested,buteconomicallocationseemstobethemostproper.1772
Anaccuratedatabaseofbackgrounddatacouldbeveryusefultoimprovedataqualityofeachstage1773ofthelifecycle.Thefieldstageremainsthecrucialstepofthelifecycle,itisthephasewithhighest1774variabilityanduncertaintybutitisthephasewhichentailshighestcontributioninthealmostallthe1775impactcategories,too.Forthesereasons,futuredevelopmentsintheimplementationofthePEFin1776thesectoroftheoliveoilshouldfocusontheseaspects,bytakinginconsiderationmethodological1777solutionscapabletosolvethelimitationsarisenfromthisstudy.1778
1779