product design features of mobile devices for …€¦ · 25.1.2018 karsten schischke,...
TRANSCRIPT
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25.1.2018 Karsten Schischke, Environmental and Reliability Engineering
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PRODUCT DESIGN FEATURES OF MOBILE DEVICES FOR EXTENDED PRODUCT LIFE MODULARITY AS AN APPROACH FOR BETTER REPARABILITY, UPGRADEABILITY AND CUSTOMIZATION
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Karsten Schischke
Fraunhofer IZM, Berlin, Germany
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25.1.2018 Karsten Schischke, Environmental and Reliability Engineering
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Modularity is Green! Really?
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Modularity: Categorization, Archetypes, Examples
Add-on modularity n Range of peripheral functionalities can be attached to a given core (display-CPU unit)
n Examples: LG G5, Thuraya’s SatSleeve, Moto Mods for Moto Z (Play), and many more add-on modules
25.1.2018 Karsten Schischke, Environmental and Reliability Engineering
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Modularity: Categorization, Archetypes, Examples
Material modularity n Some materials, such as covers and batteries can be easily separated
n Examples: Fairphone 1 and many more
25.1.2018 Karsten Schischke, Environmental and Reliability Engineering
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Modularity: Categorization, Archetypes, Examples
Platform modularity n Product can be configured for a range of individual specs, configuration requires a basic
technical knowledge
25.1.2018 Karsten Schischke, Environmental and Reliability Engineering
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Modularity: Categorization, Archetypes, Examples
Platform modularity n Product can be configured for a range of individual specs, configuration requires a basic
technical knowledge
n Click ARM tablet, RePhone
25.1.2018 Karsten Schischke, Environmental and Reliability Engineering
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Modularity: Categorization, Archetypes, Examples
Repair modularity n Key components can be easily exchanged
25.1.2018 Karsten Schischke, Environmental and Reliability Engineering
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Modularity: Categorization, Archetypes, Examples
Repair modularity n Key components can be easily exchanged
n Example: Fairphone 2
25.1.2018 Karsten Schischke, Environmental and Reliability Engineering
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Modularity: Categorization, Archetypes, Examples
Mix & match modularity n Range of specs for all modules, upgradeable, joint backbone and/or standardized module
interfaces, ultimately hot-swapping is an option, maximum flexibility; includes repair modularity
n Examples: Puzzlephone, Google ARA (2015, spiral 2)
25.1.2018 Karsten Schischke, Environmental and Reliability Engineering
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Modularity: Categorization, Archetypes, Examples
Modularity and conventional DfR approaches
Modularity Design for… Add-on modularity n.a.
Material modularity … Recycling
Plattform modularity
…Repair and Refurbishment*
Repair modularity … Repair and Refurbishment
Mix & match modularity
… Repair and Refurbishment
*in case connection technology is reversible
25.1.2018 Karsten Schischke, Environmental and Reliability Engineering
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Modular Smartphones and the Circular Economy
Modularity and user requirements
Modularity Design for… Build to need Upgradable Add-on modularity n.a. (yes) limited
Material modularity … Recycling
no no
Plattform modularity
…Repair and Refurbishment*
yes yes*
Repair modularity … Repair and Refurbishment
no no
Mix & match modularity
… Repair and Refurbishment
yes yes (DIY)
*in case connection technology is reversible
25.1.2018 Karsten Schischke, Environmental and Reliability Engineering
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Modular Smartphones and the Circular Economy
Smartphones Smartphones
[Wieser 2015]
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Life Cycle Impact Profile of Fairphone 2
n Production is the dominant phase: Retain the embedded value as long as possible n Side observation: battery and display replacement should not limit the use time of all other parts
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Modular Smartphones and the Circular Economy
Fairphone 2 Recyclability Study
Copper / Precious Metal Smelter Plastics Recycling Light-metal Recycling Battery Recycling
Further details: Fairphone’s Report on Recyclability: Does modularity contribute to better recovery of materials? MARAS (study authors), February 2017
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25.1.2018 Karsten Schischke, Environmental and Reliability Engineering
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The Ecological Price of Modularity
(1) Gold finish of board-to-board connectors (2) Additional printed circuit board footprint (3) Additional module housing § Approximately 10% higher production impact than a
conventional device
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Fairphone 2: Assessing Modular Repair Scenario
n Increasing the use-time by two years (5 instead of 3) decreases the yearly GHG emissions by ~30%
n Cost of modularity is caused by increased printed circuit board space and gold in connectors
25.1.2018 Karsten Schischke, Environmental and Reliability Engineering
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Environmental Conclusions
Modular mobile devices… n …require a sound modularity strategy: Which parts need to be repaired, upgraded
n …support environmentally benign use patterns (DIY repair, upgrade when really needed, longer lifetime through „growing device“)
n …might require initially an additional footprint (environmentally and technically)
n …limit over-dimensioning of devices‘ functionality
n …might yield significant rebound effects (buy more modules than actually needed – the “app effect“)
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25.1.2018 Karsten Schischke, Environmental and Reliability Engineering
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Policy Conclusions
sustainablySMART Policy Brief No. 1 released today at
www.sustainably-smart.eu
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Policy Conclusions
n Modularity to be incentivized, if modularity acts as enabler for repairability, upgradeability, customization n Longer lifetime to be considered in Product Environmental Footprints n ErP Directive:
n Reparability Score, n Removable battery (unless battery is not a lifetime limiting factor), n Disassembly time threshold for some key components (such as the display unit) with
standard tools n modular Designs = BAT
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Policy Conclusions
n Batteries n ErP Directive:
n Requirements regarding internal battery power management n Information requirements:
n Mandatory feature to charge only up to a certain State-of-Charge limit unless this feature is intentionally disabled by the user (or battery ageing is proven not to be accelerated at high SoC)
n Battery lifespan under a defined set of charging regimes (fast charging, normal charging between 0 and 100% SoC, and between 20 and 80% SoC) [test standards to be developed]
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Policy Conclusions
n Critical Raw Materials: n for several there is no economically viable way to recycle; Design for Disassembly is good for
higher recycling rates in general, but not for CRMs n ErP Directive / Conflict Minerals Regulation:
n Information / transparency requirements: n Declare the content of recycled content / non-conflict sourced metals to incentivize
substitution and recycling as a CSR measure
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Thanks for your attention
The project sustainablySMART has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 680640. Contact: Karsten Schischke Fraunhofer IZM Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25 13355 Berlin, Germany [email protected]