process operation

8/11/2019 Process Operation

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Process Operation

Ahmed RagabProcess Engineer

EPROM


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AGENDA

1. Equipment Startup, shutdown &troubleshooting

2. Commissioning, startup & shutdownconsideration.

3. Maintenance Strategies & Policies4. Isolation Philosophy.5. Safety principles and basic HAZOP.6. Basic Math and physics required.

7. Interpersonal Skills


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Equipment Startup & shutdown

Pumps. Compressors.

Heat exchangers. Fired heaters. Valves.


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Pumps

Priming: no centrifugal pump should ever be started

until it is fully filled with the liquid pumpedand all the air contained in the pump hasbeen allowed to escape


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Starting procedures:1.Prime the pump, opening the suction

valve, closing the drains, and so on, toprepare the pump for operation.

2.Open the valve in the cooling supply to thebearings, where applicable.


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3.Open the valve in the cooling supply if theseal chambers are liquid-cooled.4.Open the valve in the sealing liquid supplyif the pump is so fitted.5.Open the warm-up valve of a pumphandling hot liquids if the pump is notnormally kept at operating temperature.When the pump is warmed up, close thevalve.


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6.Open the valve in the recirculating line ifthe pump should not be operated againstdead shutoff.7.Start the motor.8.Open the discharge valve slowly.

9.For pumps equipped with mechanicalseals, check for seal leakage: there shouldbe none.


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10.For pump with shelf packing, observe theleakage from the stuffing boxes and adjustthe sealing liquid valve for proper flow toensure the lubrication of the packing. If thepacking is new, do not tighten up on thegland immediately, but let the packing run in

before reducing the leakage through thestuffing boxes.


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11.Check the general mechanical operationof the pump and motor.

12.Close the valve in the recirculating linewhen there is sufficient flow through thepump to prevent overheating.


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Shutting down procedures:1. Open the valve in the recirculating line.

2. Close the gate valve.3. Stop the motor.4. Open the warm-up valve if the pump is to

be kept at operating temperature.5. Close the valve in the cooling supply tothe bearings and seal chambers.


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6. If the sealing liquid supply is not requiredwhile the pump is idle, close the valve in thissupply line.

7. Close the suction valve, open the drainvalves, and so on, as required by theparticular installation or if the pump is to beopened up for inspection.


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Troubleshooting


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Compressors

TROUBLESHOOTING

GUIDE FORCOMPRESSOR

PROBLEMS


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Motor will not run1. Improper line voltage - Check line voltage,change lines as required.2. Poor contact on motor terminals or starterconnections Ensure good contact onmotor terminals and starter connections.3. Improper starter heaters - Install properstarter heaters.


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Oil in discharge gas1. Clogged or dirty inlet and/or dischargefilter - replace filter element.2. Oil viscosity too low - Drain existinglubricant from frame. Refill with properlubricant.3. Oil level too high - Drain lubricant fromframe to proper level.


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4. Detergent type lubricant being used -Drain existing lubricant from frame. Refillwith specified lubricant.5. Piston rings damaged or worn (broken,rough, scratched, excessive end gap or side{clearance) - Replace piston rings.


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6. Piston rings not seated, stuck in grooves,or end gaps not staggered.Clean and adjust piston rings. Replace asrequired.


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Oil in discharge gas7. Cylinder scratched, worn or scored. -Replace or repair as required.8. Piston scratched, worn or scored. - Repairor replace as required.


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Gas delivery has dropped off1. Clogged or dirty inlet and/or discharge filter -replace filter element.2. Gas leaks in piping (on compressor orexternal piping/system). -Check tubing andconnections. Repair or replace as required.3. Valves leaking, broken, carbonized or loose. -Check valves. Clean and replace as required.


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4. Automatic condensate drain valve defective -Inspect drain valve. Repair or replace asrequired.

5. Piston rings damaged or worn (broken, rough,scratched, excessive end gap or side clearance) -Replace piston rings.

6. Piston rings not seated, stuck in grooves, orend gaps not staggered. Clean and adjust pistonrings. Replace as required.


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Gas delivery has dropped off7. Cylinder scratched, worn or scored. -Replace or repair as required.8. Piston scratched, worn or scored. - Repairor replace as required.


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Relief valve vents pressure1. Clogged or dirty inlet and/or dischargefilter - replace filter element.2. Valves leaking, broken, carbonized orloose. - Check valves. Clean and replace asrequired.3. Automatic condensate drain valvedefective. - Repair or replace as required.


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Compressor runs excessively hot1. Inadequate ventilation around belt wheel -Relocate compressor or add ventilation.2. V-belt pulled too tight - Adjust belttension.3. Wrong belt wheel direction of rotation. -Check motor wiring for proper connections.


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4. Valves leaking, broken, carbonized orloose. - Check valves. Clean and replaceas required.


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Gas and/or oil leaking from shaft seal 1. Shaft seal leaking, broken or improperly

seated - Repair or replace as required.


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Excessive lubricant consumption1. Piston rings damaged or worn (broken,rough, scratched, excessive end gap or sideclearance).2. Piston rings not seated, stuck in grooves,or end gaps not staggered- Clean and adjustpiston rings. Replace as required.


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3. Cylinder scratched, worn or scored -Repair or replace as required.

4. Piston scratched, worn or scored - Repairor replace as required.


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Heat exchangers

Procedure to Take a Heat Exchangerout of Service :-

1. The hot fluid must be shut off before thecold fluid.

2. After the hot fluid has been shut off, thecold fluid can be shut off on both inletand outlet valves.

3. Both shell and tube side should now bepumped out to slop or drained down.


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4.Both inlet and outlet lines should beblanked off for safety.

5.the exchanger should be water washedbefore opening to the atmosphere (sour oilservice case)


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Procedure to Place Heat exchanger inService:-

1-Cheek the exchanger carefully toensure that all plugs have beenreplaced and that all pipe work isready for the exchanger to be placedin service .

2-All valves should be in the shutposition.

3-Purging and testing


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4-Line up the system.5-Open hot and cold fluid vent valves 6-cold fluid inlet valve &vent all air when

liquid full, then Close cold fluid ventvalve.7-open hot fluid outlet valve and vent allthe air, then close hot fluid vent valve.


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8-At this stage, the exchanger is liquidfull of both hot and cold flowingfluids - open cold fluid inlet and hotfluid outlet valves fully.

9-The cold fluid valve outlet may beopened slowly until the cold fluid ispassing through the exchanger.


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10-Start opening the hot fluid inlet valveslowly.

11-Both valves, the cold fluid outlet valveand the hot fluid inlet should be openslowly until fully open.


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TROUBLESHOOTING CHECKLIST

1-Plugged Tubes Back flushing

Air bumping Acid cleaning vs. piping corrosion Upsetting cooling tower pH due to

acid cleaning


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2- Hydrocarbon Leaks Watch for hydrocarbon haze Rapid biological growth on cooling tower

cell decks Check for gas with test meter on cell decks Vibrating cooling water lines Check vent on exchanger channel head for

leaks


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3-Cooling Tower Deficiency Check wet bulb temperature Inspect Interior for damaged fill Eliminate large holes in distribution

decks Redistribute water to individual cells Unplug distribution holes Increase chlorination rate


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4-High Exchanger Water OutletTemperature

Cooling water pump deficiency Plugged cooling tower screen

Plugged exchanger tubes Plugged floating head


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5-Water-Side Fouling Hardness deposits Poor pH control Biological deposits Insufficient chlorine addition

Routine tabulation of heat transfercoefficient


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Review vendor's treatment program Cycles of concentration


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Fired Heaters

Fired HeatersTroubleshooting


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Heater Tube Failures

The design pressure of the tube is not theinlet operating pressure of the heater.

The design tube temperature is theanticipated or calculated maximum tubeskin temperature (at end-of-runconditions).


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The calculated tube skin temperature is

mainly a function of the fouling resistanceassumed inside the tube.

A typical process heater tube diameter is 4to 10 in. Tube thickness is usuallybetween 0.25 and 0.50 in.


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Heater tubes are often constructed out ofchrome steel, the chrome content increasesthe heat resistance of the tube.

For added corrosion and temperatureresistance, the nickel content of tubes andsometimes the Moly (molybdenum) content as

well are increased.


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If we just block in the leaking process tubesand fuel-gas supply, the flue-gas compositionenters the explosive region. The firebox will

now explode. The correct way to prevent this sort of firebox

explosion is to use firebox snuffing steam.

A typical heater firebox might have a halfdozen purge steam connections.


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Hot Spots Hot Spot Causes Flame impingement. Poor radiant-heat distribution. Interior tube deposits.

Dry-point deposits.


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Valves

Valvesoperation &

troubleshooting


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Operate the valve

NOTE

Nearly all valves follow the convention ofopening counterclockwise and closingclockwise, but it is always necessary to check

that the valve you are operating follows thisconvention. The following operatingguidelines are based on this convention.


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Operate a gate valve

To open:Turn the handwheelcounterclockwise allthe way.

Turn the valve one-quarter turn clockwiseto prevent the valvefrom freezing open.

To close: Turn the handwheel

clockwise all the way.

CAUTIONTurn the handwheel slowly to prevent waterhammer, so as to avoid damaging pipes andequipment.


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Operate a globe valve.

To open:Turn the handwheelcounterclockwise.

To throttle:Open the valve slightly past thedesired position, then throttleback to the desired position.

To close:Turn the handwheel clockwise.


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StartUp1. Valves should e started in a manner thatallow for controlled pressuringof the valve and the system.a. The valve should be pressured andvented.i. Bleed air off of the main valve coverii. Bleed air off of the controls1. Trapped air will give a false


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b. Bring pilots into service with pressure settinglower than the required.i. Adjust to higher pressures as system andvalve stabilizes.


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c. Pilot Adjustmentsi. Make all adjustments slowly, allowing forthe control, valve andsystem to read the change.ii. Clockwise adjustments always increasethe pressure setting.


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1. Turning the reducing control IN willINCREASE outlet pressure.2. Turning the relief/sustaining control IN willINCREASE the inletor relief set-point.


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iii. Counterclockwise adjustments alwaysLOWER/DECREASE thepressure setting.1. Turning the reducing control OUT willLOWER outlet pressure.2. Turning the relief/sustaining control OUTwill LOWER the inletor relief set-point.


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Troubleshooting


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Commissioning,startup & shutdown

consideration.


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Mechanical Completion,Pre Commissioning &

Commissioning


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Mechanical Completion

All design and engineering has beencompleted

All installation work for that system including

all equipment has been completed in accordance with Approved for

Construction drawings,

specifications, applicable codes andregulations and good engineering practices.

All instruments have been installed.


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All tie-in connections have been made. All factory acceptance tests and all other

testing and inspection activities have been completed. Contractor has obtained approvals, which

are the responsibility of the Contractor to obtain.


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Safety Studies have been completed andsatisfaction of all the Safety Studies requirements have been met and all

documentation put in place. All required documentation and certificationdocuments required by the Contract havebeen supplied.


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All operating procedures and maintenanceprocedures have been forwarded to theCompany well in advance for review.

All items for which Contractor is responsiblefor obtaining third party,

regulatory or Company approval have beenobtained and confirmation documentation hasbeen provided to Company.


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Pre-Commissioning

Performance of all remaining works otherthan commissioning and PerformanceTests.

Making operational and commissioning allsystems that can be made operationalbefore well fluids are introduced.


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The completion and testing of the plantequipment & systems

Testing of all parts and systems of theWorks including the communicationssystems (if required).


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Provision of initial fill of packing,chemicals, inhibitors, lubricants, glycol,water and other stocks have been made.

Checking, site modifications. Internal inspection of the vessels. Flushing/cleaning of vessels & piping. Calibration of PSVs .


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Calibration of all the instruments Loop checking. Complete checking of the safety system Checks on electrical system and other

vendor packages including DCS etc. The delivery, storage and cataloguing of

all spares


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Items for which a defect Notice are issuedto be rectified and all defect

Notices shall have been closed out. The Completion Documents along with all

Design Documents to As-Built The preparation of the commissioning plan

and submission to Company for review.


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The hydro testing and pneumatic testing ofvessels.

Training and briefing of the Companysand Contractors personnel involved incommissioning.

Removal of all debris and constructionequipment from Site.

C i i i


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Commissioning

Ready for Commissioning means the point atwhich the Company issues a certificate to theContractor saying that the system is ready

for commissioning. At this point all systems and equipment shall

be at a stage where hydrocarbons/ injection

water can be safely introduced and allequipment can be safely operated with allcontrols and safety devices in service.

PERFORMANCE TESTS FOR


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WORKS

The Contractor shall carry outPerformance Tests. The Contractor shalldevelop a detailed procedure for the

performance tests in accordance with therequirements of the Contract and submitthem to Company for Approval.

DOCUMENTS TO BE SUBMITTED


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DOCUMENTS TO BE SUBMITTED

Operating ManualThe following information shall be included: Design basis Description of facilities Pre-commissioning checks

Start-up, normal operation & shut downprocedures for each equipment.


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Plant start-up procedure. Plant normal operation procedure Plant shut down procedure

(normal/emergency) Vendor instructions for all equipment for

normal operation and troubleshooting.


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Emergency procedures. Operating parameters and set points of

different alarms and trip devices Summary of chemical consumption

including list of recommended Indianequivalent.

Summary of utilities consumption for eachequipment.

P h Li i M h d S


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Punch-Listing Method Statement

A system will be developed to identify,record and correct damaged, incompleteand incorrect installation and/or

fabrication. Items which are inaccessibleor unsafe will be incorporated into thissystem.


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The system will be able to allowcategorization of punch-list items asfollows:

Category A Items that must be clearedprior to start of Pre-commissioning

Category B Items that can be clearedduring pre-commissioning

Category C Commissioning Items

St t & Sh td


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Startup & Shutdown

Start-up Procedures will be prepared foreach Process Unit, a detailed OperatingManual.

Note:Start-up and shut-down procedure will includedetailed

equipment procedure. Systems will be dividedinto main equipment , such as turbines, specialmotors, etc., and common equipment .

START UP PROCEDURE


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START UP PROCEDURE

All necessary blinds are removed All relief valves installed and tested. Flare header purged and in service. Sewers in service Heaters steamed out

Fuel gas and fuel oil lines in service Pilot lit in all heaters.


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All instruments ready for service All drains and vents closed in operation

section.

Control valves and bypassed blocked in All compressors blocked in Flanges taped in an operation section. Nitrogen supply available and connected Steam jet ejectors connected.


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Evacuation and purging to remove air fromreactor circuits.

Steam out of vessels The loading shall be started at a level

lower than the design standard and shallbe gradually increased while observingpresence of problems in machinery andequipments


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At the time at which all the productsreached the desired specifications acomparison should be made between the

actual figures and the design figures In case of running a modern refinery plant

the remedial action taken to solve the

problem should be recorded.


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Maintenance

Strategies &Policies

Maintenance Strategy


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Maintenance Strategy

Maintenance Strategy Maintenance Approach Signification

BreakdownMaintenance Fix-it when broke

Large maintenancebudget

PreventiveMaintenance

ScheduledMaintenance

Periodic componentreplacement

PredictiveMaintenance

Condition-basedMonitoring

Maintenance decisionbased on equipmentcondition

ProactiveMaintenance

Detection of Sourcesof Failures

Monitoring andcorrecting failing rootcauses

Maintenance Policies


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Maintenance Policies

The policy is a certain rule-based for longterm according to the working conditions.


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(2) Time-Based Preventive (PM): - Calendar:

Weekly

Monthly :: - Running:

1000 R.H. 1000 K.M. ::


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(3) Condition-Based Predictive (PdM): Oil analysis Vibration analysis

Temperature analysis

Pressure analysis

Wear analysis

Efficiency analysis ::


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(4) Risk-Based Proactive (PaM): - RCFA (The Root Cause Failure Analysis )

- FMEA (Failure mode & effet analysis) FMECA (Failure mode & cause and effet analysis)

- HAZOP

- RCM (Reliability centered maintenance)

- RBI (Risk Based Inspection )


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5) Total-Based Global (GM): - OSM

- TPM ::


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Policy Approach Goals

Reactive Run to failure (fix-it whenbroke). Minimize maintenance costsfor non-critical equipment.

Preventive Use-based maintenance

program.

Minimize equipment

breakdown.

Predictive Maintenance decisionbased on equipmentcondition.

Discover hidden failuresand improve reliability forcritical equipment.

Proactive Detection of sources offailures. Minimize the risk of failuresfor critical systems.

Global Integrated approach. Maximize the systemproductivity.


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Policy Approach Goals

RCFA Identification of root causesof failures. Eliminate failures.

FMECA Identification of criticality offailures. Improve equipmentavailability.

HAZOP Identification of hazards andproblems associated withoperations.

Improve HSE effect.

RCM Determination of bestmaintenance requirements forcritical systems.

Preserve system function &

improve reliability.

RBI Determination of an optimuminspection plan for criticalsystems.

Improve system HSE andavailability.


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Policy

Approach

Goals

OSM Optimization approach for the

global maintenance system.

Maximize reliabilitymeasures and minimizemaintenance cost rates.

TPM Comprehensive productive-maintenance system. Maximize planteffectiveness and resourceproductivity.


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IsolationPhilosophy


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cover common isolation applicationsrelated to

the project. The philosophy coversprocess and utility piping and equipment

along with instrumentation isolationrequirements. It also addresses the


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positive isolation requirements for vesselentry etc.

Requirements for ducting systems andpiping systems containing air or flue

gases under low pressure are excludedfrom this philosophy

Responsibilities.


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Safetyprinciples


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Occupational accidents and diseases not onlycause great pain, suffering and death tovictims

Occupational accidents and diseases also resultin: loss of skilled and unskilled but experienced

labour; material loss, i.e. damage to machinery and

equipment well as spoiled products.


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high operational costs through medicalcare, payment of compensation, andrepairing or replacing damaged machinery

and equipment.

Engineering control and housekeeping


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Engineering control and housekeeping

Engineering control involves controllingthe hazard at the source. The competentauthority should ensure that exposure to

hazardous substances is prevented orcontrolled by prescribing engineeringcontrols and work practices which afford

maximum protection to workers

Work practices and organizationalh d


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methods

reduce the source of the hazard, so thatrisks are confined to certain areas whereengineering control measures can be

applied effectively; adopt adequate work practices and

working-time arrangements so that

workers exposure to hazards is effectivelycontrolled; and


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minimize the magnitude of exposure, thenumber of workers exposed and theduration of exposure, e.g. carry out noisy

operations at night or during the weekend,when fewer workers are exposed.

Personal protective equipment


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Personal protective equipment

When none of the above approaches isfeasible, or when the degree of safetyachieved by them is considered

inadequate, the only solution is to provideexposed persons with suitable personalprotective equipment and protective

clothing.


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Employers should consult workers or theirrepresentatives on suitable personalprotective equipment and clothing, having

regard to the type of work and the typeand level of risks.

Technological change


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Technological change

Technological progress can play animportant role in improving workingconditions and job content, but it can also

introduce new hazards. The hazards associated with technologies

(equipment, substances and processes)

used at the work site must be identifiedand effective measures taken to eliminateor control them


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The introduction of new technology shouldbe accompanied by adequate informationand training. Furthermore, potentially

dangerous machinery, equipment orsubstances should not be exported withoutadequate safeguards being put in place,

including information on safe use in thelanguage of the importing country.

HAZOP


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HAZOP There are many techniques to highlighthow hazards can occur in the processindustries.

They also provide a clearer understanding ofhazards nature and possible consequences,thereby improving the decision making

process. These techniques assures more safe andoperable design.


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What is a HAZOP study HAZOP is a systematically structuredtechnique for identifying hazards, failuresand operability problems resulting frompotential malfunctions in the process(process deviation).


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Why do a HAZOP study HAZOP study generates a list of identified

process and operability problems.

In addition to suggestions for improvement of thesystem under study.

Alert operators from possible processdeviations and what to do in such cases. HAZOP review is very cost effective, as it

appears from the following example.


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Case study


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Feed supply system to a process reactor. A light study is to identify offsite hazards. HC reagent is pumped from a Nitrogen

blanketed buffer tank (T-1), which suppliesthe process reactor.

A Piping and Instrument Diagram (P&ID)is used for the HAZOP study.


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The instruments include: Pressure indicator. (PI) Pressure indicator controller. (PIC) Flow indicator controller. (FIC) No alarms were included at this stage.

Starting with (T-1), and applying guidewords as shown in the following table.


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Basic Math and

physics

required.

Fluid Dynamics


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y

Velocity is a measure of speed anddirection of an object.


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Laminar flow of a liquid occurs when itsaverage velocity is comparatively low andthe fluid particles tend to move smoothly in

layers.


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Turbulent flow occurs when the flowvelocity is high and the particles no longerflow smoothly in layers and turbulence or a

rolling effect occurs.


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The Reynolds number R is a derivedrelationship combining the density andviscosity of a liquid with its velocity of flow

and the cross-sectional dimensions of theflow and takes the formR = VD /


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Flow rate is the volume of fluid passing agiven point in a given amount of time

Q = VA


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Bernoulli equationThe Bernoulli equation gives the relation

between pressure, fluid velocity, andelevation in a flow system.

Pressure


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pressure the force exerted by gases and liquids due to theirweightDynamic pressure

is the pressure exerted by a fluid or gas when itimpacts on a surface or an object due to its motion orflow.

Impact pressure (total pressure)the sum of the static and dynamic pressures on a

surface or object.


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Total vacuumzero pressure or lack of pressure, as would be experienced in

outer space.

Vacuum

pressure measurement made between total vacuum and normalatmospheric pressure (14.7 psi).

Atmospheric pressurethe pressure on the earths surface due to the weight of the

gases in the earths atmosphere and is normally expressed atsea level as 14.7 psi or 101.36 kPa. It is however, dependanton atmospheric conditions.


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Absolute pressurethe pressure measured with respect to a vacuum

Gauge pressure

the pressure measured with respect to atmosphericpressure.

Differential pressurethe pressure measured with respect to anotherpressure


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PUMP HORSEPOWER The handiest pump horsepower formula is

where HP = pump horsepower GPM = gallons per minute

AP = delivered pressure (discharge minus suction), psi Eft. = pump efficiency

Thermodynamics


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Temperature definitions

Temperature is a measure of the thermal energy in abody, which is the relative hotness or coldness of amedium and is normally measured in degrees usingone of the following scales; Fahrenheit (F), Celsiusor Centigrade (C), Rankine (R), or Kelvin (K).

Absolute zero is the temperature at which allmolecular motion ceases or the energy of themolecule is zero.


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Fahrenheit scale was the first temperature scale togain acceptance. It was proposed in the early 1700sby Fahrenheit (Dutch). The two points of referencechosen for 0 and 100 were the freezing point of a

concentrated salt solution (at sea level) and theinternal temperature of oxen .This eventually led to theacceptance of 32 and 212 (180 range) as thefreezing and boiling point, respectively of pure water at

1 atm (14.7 psi or 101.36 kPa) for the Fahrenheitscale. The temperature of the freezing point andboiling point of water changes with pressure.


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Celsius or centigrade scale (C) was proposed in mid1700s by Celsius (Sweden), who proposed thetemperature readings of 0 and 100 (giving a 100 scale) for the freezing and boiling points of pure waterat 1 atm.

Rankine scale (R) was proposed in the mid 1800s byRankine. It is a temperature scale referenced toabsolute zero that was based on the Fahrenheit scale,

i.e., a change of 1 F = a change of 1 R. The freezingand boiling point of pure water are 491.6 R and671.6 R, respectively at 1 atm, see Fig. 8.1.


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Kelvin scale (K) named after Lord Kelvin wasproposed in the late 1800s. It is referenced to absolutezero but based on the Celsius scale, i.e., a change of1C = a change of 1 K. The freezing and boiling point

of pure water are 273.15 K and 373.15 K, respectively,at 1 atm, see Fig. 8.1. The degree symbol can bedropped when using the Kelvin scale.


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Heatis a form of energy; as energy is

supplied to a system the vibration amplitudeof its molecules and its temperatureincreases. The temperature increase isdirectly proportional to the heat energy inthe system.


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A British Thermal Unit (BTU or Btu) isdefined as the amount of energyrequired to raise the temperature of 1

lb of pure water by 1F at 68

F and atatmospheric pressure. It is the most

widely used unit for the measurement

of heat energy.


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Heat Transfer Basics

Radiation

Convection

Conduction


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Radiation Transfer of heat by direct waves Direct from heat source or reradiated from reflecting

source Driving force is difference in absolute temperature to

4thpower

e: Emissivity : Stephan-Boltzmann (5.6697 x 10-8 W/m2.K4) A: area


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Convection

Heat transfer by flow of liquid or vapor Contact required Driving force is temperature difference Depends on fluid properties and geometry


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Conduction

Heat transfer within a substance Depends on thermal conductivity of

material Driving force is temperature difference


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InterpersonalSkills


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Communication Skills

Conflict resolution

Creative Thinking

C.V writing

Cover letter writing

Interview Skills (C.V Discussion) Team Working (Cooperation)

COMMUNICATION SKILL


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WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?

The word communicate comes

from the Latin word communicare meaning to share, or to make

common.


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7 communication Barriers1. Physical2. Perspective

3. Emotional4. Cultural Educational5. Language

6. Gender7. Interpersonal skills


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What Makes People Listen? Self-interest.

Who's telling it.

How it's told.


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Positive Speaking StylesWarm

Exciting

KnowledgeableCreativeInspiring

Honest

AuthenticFriendly

InterestingOrganizedConfident

Open


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Negative Speaking Styles

ARROGANTComplex

Unsure

IrrelevantMonotonous { dull}

Nervous

UnenergizedBelittling

Formal

StuffyClosed

Conflict resolution


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What is Conflict? Perception of mutual interference

A process that begins when goals of one partyare frustrated by another

Requires interdependence/interaction


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Sources of Conflict Conflict arises from resource scarcity Goals of parties are incompatible Other structural factors (size, routinization,

specialization, reward systems) Conflicting perceptions, ideas, or beliefs Differences between people Conflicting thoughts/needs within an individual Lack of communication (maybe)


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Goal of Conflict Resolution

Confront problems, communicate openly and

respectfully with someone of opposing opinion toprovide optimal patient care.

Strategies for ConflictResolution


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1. Withdrawal little or no significance to eitherparty (lose-lose)2. Forcing force outcome regardless of the

desire of one party (win-lose)

3. Conciliation giving in to preserve relationshipwith other party (lose-win)

4. Compromise concerned with both outcomeand relationship (?-?)

5. CONFRONTATION meet the problem headon (win-win)


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LEEN--A Model for Conflict Resolution

L- Listen E- Empathize E- Explain

N- Negotiate


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Confrontation is an Assertive means ofConflict Resolution

Respectful negotiation Effective Conflict resolution is what is right

not who is right. Never Aggressive. Use to explain

perspectives. If handled appropriately maybe an opportunity to educate the otherparty involved.

Creative Thinking


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Creative thinking barriers One line tram thinking

One and only one right answer Fear thoughts Conservative thinking (Lack of

imagination)


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Creative Thinking Techniques Brain storming

Mind mapping Lateral thinking( Edward de

Bono )

C.V writing
http://www.google.com.eg/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=Lateral%20thinking&source=web&cd=9&cad=rja&ved=0CF8QFjAI&url=http://edwdebono.com/debono/worklt.htm&ei=CGhkUZvJLum70QWOuoD4CA&usg=AFQjCNEcv4DxJ7iZ2bAMVsya6wOGi2LI-ghttp://www.google.com.eg/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=Lateral%20thinking&source=web&cd=9&cad=rja&ved=0CF8QFjAI&url=http://edwdebono.com/debono/worklt.htm&ei=CGhkUZvJLum70QWOuoD4CA&usg=AFQjCNEcv4DxJ7iZ2bAMVsya6wOGi2LI-ghttp://www.google.com.eg/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=Lateral%20thinking&source=web&cd=9&cad=rja&ved=0CF8QFjAI&url=http://edwdebono.com/debono/worklt.htm&ei=CGhkUZvJLum70QWOuoD4CA&usg=AFQjCNEcv4DxJ7iZ2bAMVsya6wOGi2LI-ghttp://www.google.com.eg/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=Lateral%20thinking&source=web&cd=9&cad=rja&ved=0CF8QFjAI&url=http://edwdebono.com/debono/worklt.htm&ei=CGhkUZvJLum70QWOuoD4CA&usg=AFQjCNEcv4DxJ7iZ2bAMVsya6wOGi2LI-g


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It is targeted on the specific job It is carefully and clearly laid out It is informative but concise It is accurate in content, spelling and

grammar

Be honest


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Job Skills You Should List on YourResume Communication Interpersonal Skills Research and Planning

Organizational Skills Management Skills

Cover letter writing


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What is a cover letter?

A cover letter is a formal letter that

accompanies your rsum. Use it tointroduce yourself to potential employers,and to convince them that youre the right

person for the job.


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What information to include in your coverletter

Your cover letter should give an employer anidea of who you are, and explain what skillsyou could bring to the job.


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Content Paragraph 1: a positive, formal introduction

outlining how you heard about the opportunity,listing the documents you have enclosed (such

as your CV). Paragraph 2: outline why you are interested in

the role and the organization, demonstrating indepth research and mature reflection on howthe opportunity fits into your career plans.
http://www.prospects.ac.uk/example_cvs.htmhttp://www.prospects.ac.uk/example_cvs.htm


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Paragraph 3: highlight your key skills andexperiences.

Paragraph 4: end positively outliningwhen you will be available for interview

Interview Skills (C.VDiscussion)


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Dress for the Job or Company Listen Don't Talk Too Much Don't Be Too Familiar Use Appropriate Language Don't Be Cocky Take Care to Answer the Questions

Ask Questions Don't Appear Desperate

Team Working (Cooperation)


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Team working Ethics:

Share information Emotional intelligence Minimum social hypocrisy Avoid Overlapping personal relationships

with labor relations


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Team working skills1. Listening2. Questioning

3. Persuading4. Respecting5. Helping

6. Sharing7. Participating


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Q & A


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Thanks