proceq seminar 05 2013 covermeter upv and sonreb malcom lim
DESCRIPTION
Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom LimTRANSCRIPT
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
1/104
Proceq
Concrete Testing
Rebar DetectionCover Meter
Malcolm Lim General
Manager ProceqTechnical Services
May 5, 2013
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
2/104
2
What is Concrete?
Portland Cement - The cement and water form a paste that coats the aggregate
and sand in the mix. The paste hardens and binds the aggregates and sand
together.
Water- Water is needed to chemically react with the cement (hydration) and too
provide workability with the concrete. The amount of water in the mix in poundscompared with the amount of cement is called the water/cement ratio. The lower
the w/c ratio, the stronger the concrete. (higher strength, less permeability)
Aggregates-Sand is the fine aggregate. Gravel or crushed stone is the coarse
aggregate in most mixes.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQx5r1kJq5E
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQx5r1kJq5Ehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQx5r1kJq5E -
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
3/104
3
Basic Desired Properties
The concrete mix is workable. It can be placed and consolidated
properly by workers or equipment.
Desired qualities of the hardened concrete are met: for example,
resistance to freezing and thawing and deicing chemicals, water tightness
(low permeability) , wear resistance, and strength. Know what you aretrying to achieve with the concrete.
Economy. Since the quality depends mainly on the water to cement
ratio, the water requirement should be minimized to reduce the cement
requirement (and thus reduce the cost).
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
4/104
4
Concrete Admixtures
Accelerating admixture- accelerators are added to concrete to reduce setting
time of the concrete and to accelerate early strength. Calcium chloride is a lowcost accelerator, but specifications often call for a non-chloride accelerator to
prevent corrosion of reinforcing steel.
Retarding admixtures-Are often used in hot weather conditions to delay setting
time. They are also used to delay set of more difficult jobs or for special finishing
operations like exposing aggregate. Many retarders also act as a water reducer.
Fly Ash- Is a by product of coal burning plants. Fly ash can replace 15%-30% of
the cement in the mix. Cement and fly ash together in the same mix make up
the total cementious material.
Fly ash improves workability
Fly ash is easier to finish
Fly ash reduces the heat generated by the concrete
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
5/104
5
Reinforced Concrete
Although concrete is an excellent building material and is extremely strong in
compression, it has one limitation concrete is weak in tension. By combining
concrete with a material that is strong in tension, a structural element can be
created that can resist tension, moment (bending forces) and shear, as well ascompression
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
6/104
6
Steel Reinforced Concrete
The most common composite is steel-reinforced concrete, which utilizes steel
reinforcing bar, otherwise known as rebar, embedded in poured concrete.
Rebars most basic function is to resist the tension at the bottom of a beam or
slab that is subject to bending.
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
7/104
7
Wire Mesh Reinforced Concrete
Another type of steel reinforcement used in concrete is welded wire mesh
(WWM) or welded wire fabric (WWF). This type of reinforcement consists of
pieces of wire or rebar welded together to form a grid pattern. The size of the
grid pattern is typically 4-inch-by-4-inch up to 8-inch-by-8-inch. This type of
reinforcement is used to minimize shrinkage cracking in the surface of the
concrete.
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
8/104
8
Prestressed Concrete
Pre-tensioned concrete is manufactured with steel cables or bars, called
tendons, that have been pulled taut before the concrete is cast into shapes.
The steel, even when the member is not loaded, is pulling the concrete
together. Pre-tensioned concrete is manufactured in many of the same shapes
as pre-cast, reinforced concrete.
Post-tensioned concreteachieves the same result by running steel tendons
through specially designed ducts in the concrete member, then pulling them taut
and fastening them in the field. Post-tensioned concrete is most commonly used
in large building projects such as high-rises and bridges. Post-tensioned
concrete slabs-on-grade also can be found where there are unusual soil
conditions.
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
9/104
9
Precast Concrete
Precast concrete is typically manufactured in a shop and delivered, ready to
use, to the building site. Steel bars or mesh are often embedded where tensile
forces are expected.
Typical examples of precast concrete include beams, panels and pipe.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.prestasi-concrete.com/images/T%20beam%202.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.prestasi-concrete.com/product%20range.htm&usg=__a_dOQfp150MRiGSno4SQAaBDS8k=&h=1118&w=950&sz=364&hl=en&start=1&tbnid=qnZFBqMFKRlkbM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=127&prev=/images?q=precast+concrete+beams&gbv=2&hl=enhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.shermandixie.com/products/pipe/pipe1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.shermandixie.com/products/pipe/index.php&usg=__fxlnHHuQCU2OSeNtk7kDsb6jRFc=&h=185&w=225&sz=12&hl=en&start=2&tbnid=QipmjqlRD5eDYM:&tbnh=89&tbnw=108&prev=/images?q=precast+concrete+pipe&gbv=2&hl=enhttp://www.osh.govt.nz/publications/series/ia26-precast-concrete1.jpg -
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
10/104
10
Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU)
Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU) also called concrete block, cement block or
foundation block is a large rectangular brick used in construction. Concrete
blocks are made from cast concrete, i.e. Portland cement and aggregate, usually
sand and fine gravel for high-density blocks. Lower density blocks may use
industrial wastes as an aggregate. Those that use cinders (fly ash or bottom ash)are called cinder blocks in the US and breeze blocks (breezeis a synonym of ash)
in Europe. Clinker blocks use clinker as aggregate. Concrete blocks that do not
contain cinders are often mistakenly called cinder or breeze blocks in everyday
speech. Lightweight blocks can also be produced using aerated concrete.
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
11/104
11
Concrete Damage
Physical During the construction and/or life of a concrete structure, a wide
range of man made and natural disasters can lead to physical damage to a
concrete structure. Some include:Man made -
Poor quality workmanship at the time of manufacture
Incorrect design factors
Incorrect construction materials
Abrasion, impacts or overloading
Poor subsurface conditions
Natural -
Earthquakes
Floods
Fire
Tornados
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
12/104
12
Concrete Damage
Carbonation -
Carbonation-initiated deterioration of concrete from Carbon dioxide in the air
can react with the calcium hydroxide in concrete to form calcium carbonate.
This process is called carbonation, which is essentially the reversal of the
chemical process of calcination of lime taking place in a cement kiln.
Carbonation of concrete is a slow and continuous process progressing from the
outer surface inward, but slows down with increasing diffusion depth.
Carbonation has two effects: it increases mechanical strength of concrete, but italso decreases alkalinity, which is essential for corrosion prevention of the
reinforcement steel. Below a pH of 10, the steel's thin layer of surface
passivation dissolves and corrosion is promoted. For the latter reason,
carbonation is an unwanted process in concrete chemistry.
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
13/104
Concrete Properties
What do Proceq Instrumentscover?
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
14/104
Product Line Concrete Testing
SilverSchmidt Concrete test hammer
Original Schmidt Concrete test hammer
Digi-Schmidt Concrete test hammer
Pundit Lab Ultrasonic instrument
Pundit Lab + Ultrasonic instrument
Profometer 5+ Rebar detector
Profoscope(+) Rebar detector
Canin+ Corrosion analyzer
Resipod Surface resistivity meter
Torrent Permeability tester
Dyna Pull-off tester
Hygropin Humidity tester
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
15/104
Profometer 5+ Rebar Detection System
Rebar detectors
For a user-friendly, compact and accurate way to detect reinforcement bars
and mesh, to measure their cover depth and estimate the bar diameter,
Profometer 5+is simply the best solution available!
Memory Non-volatile memory for 40000 measured values
Display LCD with backlight option
Interface RS232 or with adapter for USB port on PC
Software ProVista for downloading data and evaluation on PC
Batteries 6 x 1.5 V for 45 h operation; 30 h with backlight on
Universal probe
Measuring process:
eddy current with
pulse induction
Display Unit
Less sensitive to
electrical fields
fluctuations in temperature
ScanCar
For functions with
displacement measurement
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
16/104
Profometer Measurement Method - 1
PROFOMETER 5+ uses the pulse-induction method.
Coils in the probe are periodically charged by current
pulses and thus generate a magnetic field. On thesurface of any electrically conductive material which is
in the magnetic field eddy currents are produced. They
induce a magnetic field in opposite direction. The
resulting change in voltage can be utilized for the
measurement.
Rebars that are closer to the probe or of larger size
produce a stronger magnetic field. The strongest signalalso results, when the centre line of the probe is parallel
to a bar.
During scanning the signals are
analyzed by the instrument and
corresponding information isindicated on the LCD.
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
17/104
Profometer 5+ Measurement Method - 2
Rebar detectors
When moving the probe across the concrete, the measured signal gets
stronger and weaker. The max. Signal Value signals the rebar.
For one single bar, e.g. the Test Block, the situation is easy. The Signal Value
starts from 0 and has a peak above the bar. For an arrangement of several
parallel bars the characteristics of the signal can be as shown above. If the
spacing of the bars is closer the curve gets rather straight or there is just one
peak in the middle of the bars. This means the bars cannot be detected individually anymore. For a clear
identification of bars a sufficient decrease of Signal Value is required.
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
18/104
Profometer 5+ Measurement of concrete cover depth
Rebar detectors
signal
strength
The signal value is converted
to a cover value in [mm].
The accuracy of the readingcan be improved by setting the
bar diameter.
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
19/104
Profometer 5+ Accuracy of the cover depth measurement
Rebar detectors
Profometer 5+ has two
detection ranges: : Bar diameter in mm
#: Bar diameter in Bar size
#
---: Lowest accuracy limit
required by the standardBS 1881: Part 204: 2 mm
or 5 %
PROFOMETER 5+
measures up to 50 % more
accurately than required bythis standard.
The accuracy of the
concrete cover indication
refers to individual bars.
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
20/104
Rebar detectors
Profometer 5+ Rebar Diameter ( ) Estimation
Diameters can estimated for cover depth not exceeding 64mm / 2.5 inch Neighbouring Bar space of 150 mm will influence measurements.
Compensation of Bar Spacing should be entered in Rebar Locators to improve
accuracy.
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
21/104
Profometer 5+ Resolution
Rebar detectors
The resolution defines how
close together the bars can beand still allow a measurement.
The spacing between the bars determines the maximum depth at which bars of
a specific diameter can be distinguished. This is for parallel bars in the same layer.
e.g. In order to distinguish a 10mm diameter bar at a depth of 100mm, the bar
spacing has to be at least 125mm when measuring on the large range.
magnetic
field
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
22/104
Profometer 5+ Determining the bar diameter
Rebar detectors
Locate and mark the rebar grid.
Place probe directly over a bar with sufficient spacing and press the up
arrow to record the bar diameter.
When measuring the diameter the influence of neighbouring parallel bars
can be corrected using neighbouring bar correction. correction.
(for spacing a from 50 mm to 130mm)
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
23/104
Profometer 5+ Corrections on the cover measurements
Rebar detectors
For certain rebar arrangements( see figure
beside) the Profometer 5+ allows the so
called 2-layer correction on the cover
measurements.
D1 is the diameter of the first layer
(closer to the surface)
D2 is the diameter of the second layer
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
24/104
Profometer 5+ Calibration of the equipment
Rebar detectors
A simple check can be carried
out by use of a Test Block.
Test Block
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
25/104
Profometer 5+ Model SCANLOG
Rebar detectors
Same display unit, but more functions The Scanlog model allows the
arrangement of rebars to be mapped out
Display of concrete cover of a large area Probe attached to ScanCar
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
26/104
ProVista Function CyberScan with Scanlog
Rebar detectors
Data Transfer &
Processing with ProVista,
allows a representation of
the grid to be displayed
showing the cover by
means of a colour code.
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
27/104
ProVista Measurement with Grid Model Scanlog
Rebar detectors
Data Transfer &
Processing with
ProVista, allows a large
areas to be displayed
showing the cover by
means of a colour code.
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
28/104
Profoscope(+) Overview of Major Selling Features
Rebar detectors
Unique Mid-Point Detection
Fully Integrated Handheld Device
Real Time Bar Detection
Differential Measuring Technology based on Pulse Induction Method
Interactive Bar Searching Aid
Supports European, Americas and Asian Markets
Complies with BS1881:204 Standard
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
29/104
Profoscope(+) Overview
Rebar detectors
Control Unit 4 Buttons Sight, Sound and Intelligence
Power on / off
Zeroing
Navigation Keys
Function
Measurement
Centre
LED Indicator
Display
Center line
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
30/104
Profoscope(+) Icon Settings Menu
Rebar detectors
Measuring
Range
Bar
Diameter
Audio
Settings
Regional
Settings
Neighboring Bar
Correction
Minimum
Cover
Memory
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
31/104
Profoscope(+) Display Measuring Screen
Rebar detectors
Range
active
Default Bar
Diameter
Cover ValueBar Diameter
Battery
Status
Measuring
Unit
CenterlineRebar
Position
Rebar
space / Cover
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
32/104
Profoscope(+) Rebar detection
Rebar detectors
Searching for Rebars Rebar has been centered
Arrows indicate proximity ofrebars off-screen
Diameter Estimation
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
33/104
Profoscope(+) Distinguish between balanced Situations
Rebar detectorsCrossing a rebar Crossing a Midpoint
Signal from Bars
Display
Scope from right
Arrow up
Scope moves left
Arrow down Scope moves rightArrow up
Arrow undefined above rebar
Scope from leftArrow down
Arrow undefined above rebar
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
34/104
Profoscope(+) Rebar Location / Mid Point
Rebar detectors
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
35/104
Profoscope+ with Profolink
Rebar detectors
Memory key
Up to 500 measuring
series can be stored
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
36/104
Reinforcing Bar Cover
Rebar detectors
f C
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
37/104
Reinforcing Bar Cover
Rebar detectors
R i f i B C
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
38/104
Concrete Cover
Survey
Reinforcing Bar Cover
Testing
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
39/104
Testing
How am I planning to present the data?
What is my client expecting?
Questions to Ask
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
40/104
Questions to Ask
Know your client:
Learn all about your client as you can
Use the internet
What is important to the client?
Offer something that makes you stand out
Build a relationship that goes beyond client/vender
Communicate regularly talk rather than text
Use the same style of communication a picture tells a million words
Questions to Ask
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
41/104
Questions to Ask
Client Expectation
Education: The First Line of Defense
Keep a Proper Perspective
Know your instruments
Expect the unexpected
A li ti Pi t
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
42/104
Application Pictures
Rebar detectors
Profometer 5+Profometer 5+
Profoscope (+) Profoscope (+)
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
43/104
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
44/104
Ultrasonic Testing of Concrete
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
45/104
CNS Electronics
launched the first Pundit
in 1972
In 1997 CNS Farnell was formed and
the Pundit evolved unti l
Pundit 6
Pundit PC
Pundit
Plus
Pundit 7
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
46/104
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
Described in ASTM C597 Pulser sends a short-duration, high voltage to the transducer which
vibrates at it resonant frequency
A switch records when the pulse is generated
The transducer vibration is then transferred to the concrete through the
couplant material
The vibrational pulse than travels through the concrete and is picked up
by a receiver on the other face of the structure
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
47/104
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
Typical measurement is the time of flight of the pulse from one transducer to
the other Attenuation of the ultrasonic requires an oscilloscope to display the signal
The pulse velocity (Dist/time) is proportional to the square root of the elastic
modulus and inversely proportional to the square root of the pass density of
the concrete
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
48/104
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
The principle of test is that the velocity of sound in a solid
material, V, is a function of the square root of the ratio of itsmodulus of elasticity, E, to its density (p),
V = f (gE/p)1/2
where g is the gravity acceleration.
In the test, the time the pulses take to travel through concrete is
recorded. Then, the velocity is calculated as:
V = L/T (2) where
V= pulse velocity (ft/s), L= length (ft), and T= effective time (s),
which is the measured time minus the zero time correction
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Principle Influences
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
49/104
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Principle - Influences
Anything that affects the dynamic modulus of elasticity or
the density affects the pulse velocity reading.
Rebars are a major factor. Ultrasonic waves travel
much faster through steel than through concrete, so
rebars should be avoided.
Moisture content and water/ cement ratio has a large
effect, especially during curing. This relationship can be
used to determine strength development during curing.
Temperature has an effect but not in the range10C to 30C.
Two references are recommended for further reading on influencing factors.BS 1881: Part 203 and
Handbook o n non -destructive testing of concrete Malhotra, Carino
Transmitting through Concrete
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
50/104
Transmitting through Concrete
Tc = Tp + Ta Tc = Transmit time through the concrete
Tp = Transmit time through paste
Ta = Transmit time through aggregate
Transmitting through Concrete
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
51/104
Transmitting through ConcreteWater/Cement Ratio
High w/c RatioLower PV
(Lower Strengths)No attempt should be made to estimated the strengthof concrete from UPV values unless a prior
relationship has been established.
Transmitting through Concrete
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
52/104
Transmitting through Concrete
Other Items to Consider:
Age of concrete Amount of reinforcement
Orientation of reinforcement
Maximum size aggregate Strength of concrete
Admixtures used in the mix
Any difference in concrete
Other Items to Consider:
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
53/104
Other Items to Consider:
The influence of path length will be negligible provided it is not less than100mm when 20mm size aggregate is used or less than 150mm for 40mm size
aggregate.
Pulse velocity will not be influenced by the shape of the specimen, provided itsleast lateral dimension (i.e. its dimension measured at right angles to the pulsepath) is not less than the wavelength of the pulse vibrations. For pulse of 50Hzfrequency, this corresponds to a least lateral dimension of about 80mm.
The velocity of pulses in steel bar is generally higher than they are in concrete.For this reason pulse velocity measurements made in the vicinity of reinforcingsteel may be high and not representative of the concrete. The influence of thereinforcement is generally small if the bars runs in a direction at right angles tothe pulse path and the quantity of steel is small in relation to the path length.
The moisture content of the concrete can have a small but significant influenceon the pulse velocity.
Transmitting through Concrete Resolution
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
54/104
Transmitting through Concrete Resolution
The typical resolution is approximately the wavelength = /2
62 kHz transducer = 25 mm
54 kHz transducer = 40 mm
25 kHz transducer = 80 mm
Martin, J. Hardy, Usmani, A.D. and Forde, M.C. (1995) Quantifying the defects in post-tensioned bridges using impulse
ultrasonics, Proc. 6thIns. Conf. Structural Faults and Repairs 95. Engineering Technics Press, Edinburgh, Vol 1.
Sound Wave Through Concrete
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
55/104
g
Direct Transmission
Indirect Transmission
Semi Direct Transmission
Typical Methods of Transmission
Sound Wave Through Concrete
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
56/104
g
Direct Transmission
Sound Wave Through Concrete
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
57/104
g
Direct Transmission
Principal of Transmission
Sound Concrete (ShortestTime of Flight)
Anomaly Present (IncreaseTime of Flight)
T
R
T
R
Sound Wave Through Concrete
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
58/104
g
General Guidelines
Pulse Velocity (ft/sec) General Quality
>13,000 Very Good
10,500 13,000 Good9,500 10,500 Satisfactory(suspect)
< 9,500 Poor
Sound Wave Through Concrete
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
59/104
g
Topographical Method
Sound Wave Through Concrete
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
60/104
g
Topographical Method
Complete Coverage
Surface and Side
CoverageSide Coverage Only
Topographical Method of Transmission
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
61/104
p g p
Topographical Method of Transmission
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
62/104
A
A
Section A-A
Topographical Method of Transmission
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
63/104
Crack Depth Determination
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
64/104
Perpendicular crack depth iscalculated automatically from
measurements made at x
and 2x from the centre of
the crack.
x x
2x 2x
where:
T1 = Transit time at distance x
T2 = Transit time at distance 2x
Consolidation Problem
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
65/104
Concrete Diaphragm
Consisted of a elevated segmented box beam on concretepiers, heavily reinforced. Grout pumped from the top to fill in
the cavity monolithic structure. Some areas of poor
consolidation noted when the forms were removed
Consolidation Problem
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
66/104
Consolidation Problem
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
67/104
Consolidation Problem
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
68/104
Consolidation Problem
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
69/104
Use of Exponential Probe
Consolidation Problem
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
70/104
Consolidation Problem
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
71/104
Consolidation Problem
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
72/104
Consolidation Problem
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
73/104
Consolidation Problem
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
74/104
Consolidation Problem Results?
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
75/104
Consolidation Problem Results?
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
76/104
Consolidation Problem Results
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
77/104
Second testing agency was
assigned to test the diaphragm
Testing noted poor consolidation at
the top of the diaphragm and soffit
of the precast member
Influence of post tensioning duct
was not accounted for in the first
investigation
Velocities range from 7,000 to
13,500 ft/sec
Case Study No. 2
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
78/104
Industrial Facility Proposed Largest Aluminum
Plant in the work
Two Power Generator Support Structures
Eight Supporting Columns for Each Structure
Approximate Side: 2 to 2.5 meters wide, by 2.5
to 3 meter deep by
6 meters Tall
Heavily Reinforced
Honeycombing noted on the surface
Chipping of affected areas underway
Proposed Test Methods
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
79/104
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
Issues with Each Proposed Test Method
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
80/104
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity:
Able to transmit the signal
across the member
Limited Resolution
Proposed Testing Methods and Confirmation drilling
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
81/104
Initial work was performed
on a known defectivemember in an effort to
determine the resolution
Confirmation drilling was
performed to determine
accuracy of readings
Consolidation Problem Results
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
82/104
Consolidation Problem Results
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
83/104
Consolidation Problem Results
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
84/104
Majority of the columns had isolated pockets
of unconsolidated concrete at the surface of
the column.
On the columns that had extensive
honeycombing on the surface and the
surface had been chipped, testing revealeduniform testing values throughout the test
area of the concrete column.
UPV readings co-related well with the areas
that had surface damage.
Repair details need to be certified by aresident engineer
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
85/104
Pundit Lab+
Working with SONREB
Strength Determination
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
86/104
Step 1: Select test areas for testing
Step 2: Perform UPV testing
Strength Determination
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
87/104
Step 3: Remove Core and Perform Compressive Strength Test
Strength Determination
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
88/104
Step 4: Input data in software and run the marco
SONREB Method - 1
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
89/104
SONREBcomes from the words SONic REBound.
Both ultrasonic pulse velocity and rebound hammer measurementscan be correlated to compressive strength. (e.g. EN 13791).
The SONREB method is a method of combining an ultrasonic
pulse velocity measurement with a rebound hammer measurement
to improve the accuracy of compressive strength estimation.
The format of the curve is:
Compressive Strength fck= a.Vb.Sc
Where: a, band care constantsV is the ultrasonic pulse velocity in m/s.
Sis the rebound value.
9
1
SONREB Method - 2
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
90/104
Correlation using only
ultrasonic pulse velocity.
Correlation coefficient 0.71
9
2
Correlation using only rebound hammer values.
Correlation coeffic ient 0.78
This example taken from a real set of data illustrates the kind of
improvement in strength estimate that can be expected.
The SONREBfunction for the same set of data gave:
fck = 8.314x10-11.V2.8096.S0.8602
with a correlation coefficient of 0.88.
SONREB Method - 3
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
91/104
The user has three options for working with SONREB curves.
9
3
Decreasing reliability
Decreasing reliability
Option 1 Create your own SONREB curve for the concrete under test by using your own
test data. This method provides the best results but is not always possible practically.
Option 2 Find a best fit for your concrete by using existing SONREB curves and
comparing with cores taken from the site. This is the next best method and is the most
practical method for obtaining reasonable results.
Option 3 Simply use an existing SONREB curve. This method should only be used if it is
not possible to take any cores. In this case the user should ideally select a curve that was
created using similar concrete to the concrete under test.
SONREB Method Option 1
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
92/104
For each cylinder make a rebound hammer measurement and an ultrasonic pulse velocity
measurement.
Then crush the cube in the press to obtain the compressive strength.
This provides one data point.
9
4
Creating a SONREB curve for the actual concrete under test.sequires a
reasonable amount of cubes or cylinders or cores.
SONREB Method Option 1
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
93/104
9
5
When you have sufficient data points you can calculate
the SONREB curve.
In this example, 16 cubes were used.
The SONREB coefficients can be determined using an
array function in EXCEL called LINEST.
An EXCEL Macro for carrying doing this automatically is
available for download from the Proceq website and is
also supplied with the product documentation.
The document is called:
Sonreb_Method_Macro_v_1_04_E
Sonreb_Method_Macro_v_1_04_E
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
94/104
9
6
Sonreb_Method_Macro_v_1_04_E
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
95/104
9
7
SONREB Method Option 1
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
96/104
9
8
SONREB Method Option 2
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
97/104
There are many studies on the SONREB method to be found in the internet. The
table below shows examples of the curves defined in some of those studies. All
are based on Original Schmidt R value.
9
9
Correlation Author
fck= 7.87610-19V4.636S1.747 Lenzi, Versari, Zambrini (2010)
fck= 7.69510-11V2.6S1.4 RILEM-NDT4 (1993)
fck= 1.210-9V2.446S1.058 Di Leo e Pascale (1994)
fck= 1.5110-7V0.8084S1.8815 Masi (2005)
fck= 8.0610-8V1.85S1.246 Gasparik (1992)
fck= 0.0056 V1.439S1.769 CECS21 standard (rounded
aggregate particles) (Note! V in km/s)
fck= 0.0162 V1.656S1.410 CECS21 standard (crushed
aggregate particles) (Note! V in km/s)
SONREB Method Option 2
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
98/104
1
0
In many cases it is simply not practical to create a curve for
the concrete under test due to cost, or in the case when
testing is being carried out on an existing structure.
This method assumes that it is possible to take a small
number of cores from the structure for compressive strength
testing.
Obtain a rebound value at the same location as the core will
be extracted. Make an ultrasonic pulse velocity measurement at the
location where the core will be extracted.
Take the core and crush it in the press to obtain the
compressive strength reading.
This provides one data point.
In this example four cores have been used.
Rebound testing and pulse velocity measurements can be
made at many locations.
SONREB Method Pundit Lab+
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
99/104
In PunditLink Device/Conversion Curves either select or create
a SONREB curve.
1
0
The display
shows the
limiting values
for a rebound
value of 10 and90.
All other rebound
values will lie
between the twolimits.
SONREB Method Pundit Lab+
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
100/104
In this example the curve sr_Gasp has been selected.
1
0
Upload this
curve onto the
Pundit Lab+
SONREB Method Pundit Lab+
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
101/104
1
0
Perform the reboundhammer test and record the
rebound value.
Note. Pundit Lab+ allows
either a Q value or an R
value to be used in
conjunction with a
SONREB formula. It is up
to the user to define the
curve with whichever typeof hammer is to be used.
SONREB Method Pundit Lab+
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
102/104
1
0
In the System Settings on
the Pundit Lab+ select the
SONREB curve.
If a SONREB curve is
selected the rebound
hammer symbol appears in
the lower right hand cornerof the screen.
Click on this symbol to
enter the rebound value
determined in the previousstep.
SONREB Method Pundit Lab+
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
103/104
1
0
Perform the pulse velocity
measurement.
Once the measurement
has been made, clicking onthe up arrow of the
navigation key switches the
display between pulse
velocity and compressive
strength.
-
5/24/2018 Proceq Seminar 05 2013 Covermeter UPV and Sonreb Malcom Lim
104/104
QUESTIONS