13 13

13

PROCEEDINGS13 201613

COFFEE13 BERRY13

BORER13 SUMMIT13 AND13

CONFERENCE13 13 13 13 13 13 13

EDITORS13 Andrea13 M13 Kawabata13 Stuart13 T13 Nakamoto13 RT13 Curtiss13 and13 Raymond13 Carruthers13 13 13 13 13 13 13

113 13

Proceedings13 13 201613 Coffee13 Berry13 Borer13 (CBB)13 Summit13 and13 Conference13

13 Editors13 Andrea13 M13 Kawabata113 Stuart13 T13 Nakamoto213 RT13 Curtiss413 and13 Raymond13 I13 Carruthers313

113 Department13 of13 Tropical13 Plant13 and13 Soil13 Sciences13 College13 of13 Tropical13 Agriculture13 and13 Human13 Resources13 (UH13 CTAHR)13 University13 of13 Hawailsquoi13 at13 Maumlnoa13 Kealakekua13 HI13 9675013

213 Department13 of13 Human13 Nutrition13 Food13 and13 Animal13 Sciences13 UH13 CTAHR13 Honolulu13 HI13 9682213 313 Department13 of13 Plant13 and13 Environmental13 Protection13 Sciences13 UH13 CTAHR13 Hilo13 HI13 9672013

413 Hawailsquoi13 Department13 of13 Agriculture13 (HDOA)13 Plant13 Pest13 Control13 Branch13 Captain13 Cook13 HI13 9670413 13 13

On13 March13 1513 201613 twenty-shy‐nine13 researchers13 educators13 government13 representatives13 project13 investigators13 and13 support13 personnel13 involved13 with13 coffee13 berry13 borer13 (CBB)13 research13 education13 and13 outreach13 in13 Hawailsquoi13 and13 Puerto13 Rico13 gathered13 at13 the13 Komohana13 Research13 and13 Extension13 Center13 in13 Hilo13 to13 participate13 in13 the13 201613 CBB13 Summit13 This13 meeting13 was13 co-shy‐hosted13 by13 UH13 CTAHR13 Extension13 specialist13 Dr13 Raymond13 Carruthers13 UH-shy‐CTAHR13 coffee13 and13 orchard13 crop13 Extension13 agent13 Andrea13 Kawabata13 UH-shy‐CTAHR13 Extension13 economist13 Dr13 Stuart13 T13 Nakamoto13 and13 HDOA13 entomologist13 Rob13 Curtiss13 13

The13 goal13 of13 the13 201613 CBB13 Summit13 was13 for13 participants13 to13 learn13 about13 ongoing13 CBB13 research13 projects13 and13 Extension13 efforts13 and13 to13 provide13 networking13 opportunities13 Seventeen13 speakers13 conducted13 brief13 PowerPoint13 presentations13 followed13 by13 question-shy‐and-shy‐answer13 sessions13 13

The13 following13 day13 (March13 16)13 a13 CBB13 Conference13 was13 held13 in13 Kailua-shy‐Kona13 at13 the13 Courtyard13 King13 Kamehameharsquos13 Kona13 Beach13 Hotel13 Eighteen13 speakers13 provided13 updates13 to13 17113 participants13 about13 the13 overall13 CBB13 Areawide13 Program13 and13 the13 research13 and13 outreach13 related13 to13 CBB13 mitigation13 and13 control13 taking13 place13 in13 Hawailsquoi13 and13 Puerto13 Rico13 A13 panel13 discussion13 followed13 each13 group13 of13 speakers13 and13 the13 audience13 was13 provided13 an13 opportunity13 to13 ask13 questions13 about13 each13 presented13 subject13 area13 13

The13 abstracts13 and13 other13 materials13 provided13 by13 the13 CBB13 Summit13 and13 CBB13 Conference13 speakers13 are13 compiled13 into13 the13 following13 201613 CBB13 Summit13 and13 Conference13 Proceedings13 13 13 Acknowledgements13 Event13 co-shy‐hosts13 would13 like13 to13 thank13 funding13 agencies13 USDA13 HDOA13 and13 UH13 CTAHR13 for13 providing13 funding13 for13 this13 event13 which13 supports13 the13 Extension13 research13 and13 outreach13 activities13 that13 are13 so13 vital13 to13 Hawailsquoi13 and13 Puerto13 Ricorsquos13 coffee13 industries13 They13 would13 also13 like13 to13 thank13 USDA-shy‐ARS13 DKI13 PBARC13 and13 UH13 CTAHR13 staff13 and13 administration13 for13 providing13 the13 facilities13 equipment13 and13 support13 staff13 to13 host13 this13 meeting13 and13 conference13 In13 addition13 they13 send13 their13 appreciation13 to13 all13 event13 participants13 and13 presenters13 as13 their13 work13 is13 invaluable13 to13 the13 coffee13 industries13 and13 also13 to13 the13 Office13 of13 Research13 Services13 for13 their13 assistance13 in13 the13 review13 and13 publication13 of13 these13 proceedings13 13 13 Disclaimer13 The13 information13 provided13 in13 this13 publication13 was13 developed13 in13 part13 with13 funding13 provided13 by13 agreement13 58-shy‐5320-shy‐3-shy‐01713 with13 the13 USDA13 Agricultural13 Research13 Service13 Hatch13 amp13 Smith-shy‐Lever13 funds13 for13 Cooperative13 Extension13 from13 the13 USDA13 National13 Institute13 of13 Food13 and13 Agriculture13 managed13 by13 the13 College13 of13 Tropical13 Agriculture13 and13 Human13 Resources13 University13 of13 Hawailsquoi13 at13 Maumlnoa13 and13 from13 the13 Hawailsquoi13 Department13 of13 Agriculture13 13 Opinions13 or13 recommendations13 are13 those13 of13 the13 authors13 and13 do13 not13 necessarily13 reflect13 the13 views13 of13 their13 employers13 or13 funding13 agencies13 Mention13 of13 a13 trademark13 or13 proprietary13 name13 does13 not13 constitute13 an13 endorsement13 guarantee13 or13 warranty13 and13 does13 not13 imply13 recommendation13 to13 the13 exclusion13 of13 other13 suitable13 products13 13 13 13 13

213 13

13 Table13 of13 Contents13

13 page13 13 OVERVIEW13 Areawide13 Pest13 Management13 Program13 ndash13 USDA13 Agricultural13 Research13 Service13 13 Rosalind13 R13 James13 13 13 413 13 13 Areawide13 IPM13 Overview13 for13 CBB13 Mitigation13 13 Lisa13 M13 Keith13 and13 Kelvin13 T13 Sewake13 13 13 513

13 Overview13 of13 the13 Puerto13 Rico13 CBB13 Areawide13 IPM13 Effort13

Jose13 Carlos13 V13 Rodrigues13 Yobana13 A13 Marino13 Jose13 M13 Garcia13 and13 Paul13 Bayman13 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip13 613 13 EXTENSION13 AND13 OUTREACH13 UH13 CTAHR13 2015ndash201613 CBB13 Educational13 Outreach13 Efforts13 13 Andrea13 M13 Kawabata13 13 13 713 13 13 Synergistic13 Hawaii13 Agriculture13 Council13 13 13 Suzanne13 Shriner13 13 813 13 13 CBB13 BIOLOGY13 Understanding13 the13 Biology13 and13 Life13 Cycle13 of13 CBB13 for13 Better13 Management13 Practices13 13 Ishakh13 Pulakkatu13 Thodi13 and13 Mark13 G13 Wright13 13 913 13 Infestation13 Biology13 and13 Life13 History13 of13 CBB13 New13 Discoveries13 13 Robert13 G13 Hollingsworth13 13 1013 13 Coffee13 Berry13 Borer13 (CBB)13 Hypothenemus13 hampei13 Ferrari13 (Coleoptera13 Scolytidae)ndashMicrobial13

Interactions13 13 13 Sayaka13 Aoki13 Mark13 G13 Wright13 Ania13 Wieczorek13 Russell13 Messing13 Gordon13 Bennett13 and13

Fernando13 Vega13 13 1113 13 ECONOMICS13 CBB13 in13 Kona13 as13 Experienced13 by13 Greenwell13 Farms13 Inc13 13 Steve13 Hicks13 13 1213 13 Decision13 Tree13 Analysis13 of13 Coffee13 Berry13 Borer13 in13 Hawailsquoi13 13 A13 John13 Woodill13 Stuart13 T13 Nakamoto13 Andrea13 M13 Kawabata13 and13 PingSun13 Leung13 13 1313

13 SAMPLING13 AND13 MONITORING13 Sampling13 Strategies13 and13 Monitoring13 for13 IPM13 Decision-shy‐Making13 13 Ishakh13 Pulakkatu13 Thodi13 and13 Mark13 G13 Wright13 13 1413 13 Coffee13 Detection13 Spatial13 Assessment13 and13 Modeling13 13 Nicholas13 C13 Manoukis13 13 1513 13 13 13

313 13

13 BEAUVERIA13 BASSIANA13 Beauveria13 bassiana13 GHA13 Persistence13 in13 the13 Environment13

Lisa13 M13 Keith13 Stephen13 P13 Wraight13 Tracie13 K13 Matsumoto13 and13 Nicholas13 C13 Manoukishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip1613 13 13 Beauveria13 bassiana13 Application13 Strategies13 and13 Effectiveness13 13

Stephen13 P13 Wraight13 Lisa13 M13 Keith13 Sandra13 Galaini-shy‐Wraight13 Louela13 Castrillo13 and13 Tracie13 K13 13 Matsumotohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip1713

13 13 B13 bassiana13 and13 CBB13 in13 Puerto13 Rico13 Genetic13 Diversity13 of13 a13 Natural13 Epizootic13 13 13 Stephen13 A13 Rehner13 13 1913

13 Controlling13 Coffee13 Berry13 Borer13 on13 a13 Microscale13 13

RT13 Curtiss13 and13 Andrea13 M13 Kawabatahelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip2013 13 RELATED13 MANAGEMENT13 STRATEGIES13 Pruning13 and13 Plant13 Growth13 Regulator13 Research13 13 Tracie13 K13 Matsumoto13 13 2113 13 13 Flat13 Bark13 Beetle13 Predators13 Research13 Update13 13

Peter13 A13 Folletthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip2213 13

13 13 13 13 13

413 13

Abstract13 Areawide13 Pest13 Management13 Program13 ndash13 USDA13 Agricultural13 Research13 Service13 13

Rosalind13 R13 James13 Crop13 Production13 and13 Protection13

United13 States13 Department13 of13 Agriculture13 ndash13 Agricultural13 Research13 Service13 Beltsville13 MD13 2070513 13 13 In13 199413 the13 USDA13 recombined13 previous13 funding13 to13 develop13 the13 Integrated13 Pest13 Management13 Initiative13 which13 had13 an13 initial13 broad13 goal13 of13 achieving13 integrated13 pest13 management13 on13 7513 of13 the13 US13 crop13 acreage13 by13 the13 year13 200013 One13 major13 effort13 in13 this13 initiative13 was13 the13 Areawide13 Pest13 Management13 Program13 under13 the13 Agricultural13 Research13 Service13 (ARS)13 But13 in13 reality13 the13 concept13 of13 an13 Areawide13 Pest13 Management13 strategy13 is13 older13 than13 this13 program13 The13 concept13 was13 developed13 by13 Dr13 Ed13 F13 Knippling13 over13 the13 course13 of13 his13 career13 which13 started13 in13 the13 1930s13 Knipplingrsquos13 idea13 was13 to13 improve13 pest13 control13 using13 pest-shy‐specific13 approaches13 in13 a13 way13 that13 reduced13 pesticide13 use13 and13 protected13 the13 environment13 He13 is13 most13 well13 known13 for13 eradicating13 screwworms13 a13 cattle13 parasite13 from13 the13 US13 and13 Mexico13 using13 sterile-shy‐male13 releases13 Sterile13 males13 do13 not13 attack13 cattle13 but13 their13 inundative13 release13 tricked13 the13 females13 into13 mating13 with13 unfruitful13 partners13 since13 the13 sterilized13 males13 were13 so13 abundant13 This13 strategy13 effectively13 prevented13 the13 majority13 of13 females13 from13 laying13 fertilized13 eggs13 thus13 killing13 off13 this13 species13 in13 the13 United13 States13 As13 you13 can13 imagine13 this13 type13 of13 strategy13 must13 be13 carried13 out13 over13 the13 entire13 affected13 area13 or13 at13 least13 along13 the13 invasion13 front13 to13 be13 effective13 And13 thus13 the13 areawide13 concept13 was13 born13 13 The13 purpose13 of13 the13 current13 ARS13 Areawide13 Pest13 Control13 Program13 is13 to13 develop13 effective13 sustainable13 strategies13 for13 controlling13 pests13 of13 significant13 economic13 or13 ecological13 consequence13 but13 also13 to13 target13 pests13 that13 require13 an13 areawide13 approach13 for13 effective13 control13 Many13 pests13 can13 be13 controlled13 by13 individual13 farmers13 or13 landowners13 if13 they13 effectively13 treat13 their13 own13 property13 But13 some13 pests13 cannot13 be13 controlled13 in13 this13 way13 Many13 insect13 pests13 can13 fly13 long13 distances13 or13 migrate13 during13 certain13 stages13 Some13 weeds13 have13 seeds13 or13 other13 reproductive13 stages13 that13 move13 rapidly13 in13 the13 air13 or13 water13 allowing13 them13 to13 repeatedly13 re-shy‐invade13 previously13 treated13 areas13 13 13 The13 intention13 of13 an13 Areawide13 is13 to13 help13 local13 people13 develop13 an13 effective13 solution13 to13 their13 own13 problem13 ARS13 provides13 critical13 funding13 to13 organize13 and13 implement13 the13 needed13 expertise13 and13 control13 strategies13 and13 the13 funding13 also13 provides13 monitoring13 and13 scientific13 oversight13 to13 evaluate13 pest13 control13 efficacy13 The13 development13 of13 an13 Areawide13 is13 not13 the13 time13 for13 fundamental13 exploratory13 research13 It13 is13 the13 time13 to13 scale13 up13 previously13 developed13 pest-shy‐control13 tools13 and13 coordinate13 a13 variety13 of13 efforts13 into13 an13 effective13 control13 strategy13 A13 successful13 Areawide13 develops13 a13 pest-shy‐control13 program13 that13 will13 continue13 beyond13 the13 ARS13 funding13 Examples13 of13 previous13 ARS13 Areawides13 include13 codling13 moth13 control13 in13 NW13 apples13 fruit13 flies13 in13 Hawailsquoi13 the13 silverleaf13 whitefly13 in13 the13 southern13 US13 control13 of13 Melaleuca13 a13 highly13 invasive13 tree13 that13 was13 taking13 over13 the13 Florida13 Everglades13 and13 the13 coffee13 berry13 borer13 in13 Hawailsquoi13 As13 we13 will13 learn13 today13 a13 critically13 important13 component13 of13 an13 Areawide13 is13 coordination13 and13 communication13 with13 those13 who13 hold13 stake13 in13 the13 successful13 control13 of13 the13 pest13 13 13 The13 complete13 presentation13 may13 be13 viewed13 and13 downloaded13 by13 clicking13 here13 13 13 13

113 13

Proceedings13 13 201613 Coffee13 Berry13 Borer13 (CBB)13 Summit13 and13 Conference13

13 Editors13 Andrea13 M13 Kawabata113 Stuart13 T13 Nakamoto213 RT13 Curtiss413 and13 Raymond13 I13 Carruthers313

113 Department13 of13 Tropical13 Plant13 and13 Soil13 Sciences13 College13 of13 Tropical13 Agriculture13 and13 Human13 Resources13 (UH13 CTAHR)13 University13 of13 Hawailsquoi13 at13 Maumlnoa13 Kealakekua13 HI13 9675013

213 Department13 of13 Human13 Nutrition13 Food13 and13 Animal13 Sciences13 UH13 CTAHR13 Honolulu13 HI13 9682213 313 Department13 of13 Plant13 and13 Environmental13 Protection13 Sciences13 UH13 CTAHR13 Hilo13 HI13 9672013

413 Hawailsquoi13 Department13 of13 Agriculture13 (HDOA)13 Plant13 Pest13 Control13 Branch13 Captain13 Cook13 HI13 9670413 13 13

On13 March13 1513 201613 twenty-shy‐nine13 researchers13 educators13 government13 representatives13 project13 investigators13 and13 support13 personnel13 involved13 with13 coffee13 berry13 borer13 (CBB)13 research13 education13 and13 outreach13 in13 Hawailsquoi13 and13 Puerto13 Rico13 gathered13 at13 the13 Komohana13 Research13 and13 Extension13 Center13 in13 Hilo13 to13 participate13 in13 the13 201613 CBB13 Summit13 This13 meeting13 was13 co-shy‐hosted13 by13 UH13 CTAHR13 Extension13 specialist13 Dr13 Raymond13 Carruthers13 UH-shy‐CTAHR13 coffee13 and13 orchard13 crop13 Extension13 agent13 Andrea13 Kawabata13 UH-shy‐CTAHR13 Extension13 economist13 Dr13 Stuart13 T13 Nakamoto13 and13 HDOA13 entomologist13 Rob13 Curtiss13 13

The13 goal13 of13 the13 201613 CBB13 Summit13 was13 for13 participants13 to13 learn13 about13 ongoing13 CBB13 research13 projects13 and13 Extension13 efforts13 and13 to13 provide13 networking13 opportunities13 Seventeen13 speakers13 conducted13 brief13 PowerPoint13 presentations13 followed13 by13 question-shy‐and-shy‐answer13 sessions13 13

The13 following13 day13 (March13 16)13 a13 CBB13 Conference13 was13 held13 in13 Kailua-shy‐Kona13 at13 the13 Courtyard13 King13 Kamehameharsquos13 Kona13 Beach13 Hotel13 Eighteen13 speakers13 provided13 updates13 to13 17113 participants13 about13 the13 overall13 CBB13 Areawide13 Program13 and13 the13 research13 and13 outreach13 related13 to13 CBB13 mitigation13 and13 control13 taking13 place13 in13 Hawailsquoi13 and13 Puerto13 Rico13 A13 panel13 discussion13 followed13 each13 group13 of13 speakers13 and13 the13 audience13 was13 provided13 an13 opportunity13 to13 ask13 questions13 about13 each13 presented13 subject13 area13 13

The13 abstracts13 and13 other13 materials13 provided13 by13 the13 CBB13 Summit13 and13 CBB13 Conference13 speakers13 are13 compiled13 into13 the13 following13 201613 CBB13 Summit13 and13 Conference13 Proceedings13 13 13 Acknowledgements13 Event13 co-shy‐hosts13 would13 like13 to13 thank13 funding13 agencies13 USDA13 HDOA13 and13 UH13 CTAHR13 for13 providing13 funding13 for13 this13 event13 which13 supports13 the13 Extension13 research13 and13 outreach13 activities13 that13 are13 so13 vital13 to13 Hawailsquoi13 and13 Puerto13 Ricorsquos13 coffee13 industries13 They13 would13 also13 like13 to13 thank13 USDA-shy‐ARS13 DKI13 PBARC13 and13 UH13 CTAHR13 staff13 and13 administration13 for13 providing13 the13 facilities13 equipment13 and13 support13 staff13 to13 host13 this13 meeting13 and13 conference13 In13 addition13 they13 send13 their13 appreciation13 to13 all13 event13 participants13 and13 presenters13 as13 their13 work13 is13 invaluable13 to13 the13 coffee13 industries13 and13 also13 to13 the13 Office13 of13 Research13 Services13 for13 their13 assistance13 in13 the13 review13 and13 publication13 of13 these13 proceedings13 13 13 Disclaimer13 The13 information13 provided13 in13 this13 publication13 was13 developed13 in13 part13 with13 funding13 provided13 by13 agreement13 58-shy‐5320-shy‐3-shy‐01713 with13 the13 USDA13 Agricultural13 Research13 Service13 Hatch13 amp13 Smith-shy‐Lever13 funds13 for13 Cooperative13 Extension13 from13 the13 USDA13 National13 Institute13 of13 Food13 and13 Agriculture13 managed13 by13 the13 College13 of13 Tropical13 Agriculture13 and13 Human13 Resources13 University13 of13 Hawailsquoi13 at13 Maumlnoa13 and13 from13 the13 Hawailsquoi13 Department13 of13 Agriculture13 13 Opinions13 or13 recommendations13 are13 those13 of13 the13 authors13 and13 do13 not13 necessarily13 reflect13 the13 views13 of13 their13 employers13 or13 funding13 agencies13 Mention13 of13 a13 trademark13 or13 proprietary13 name13 does13 not13 constitute13 an13 endorsement13 guarantee13 or13 warranty13 and13 does13 not13 imply13 recommendation13 to13 the13 exclusion13 of13 other13 suitable13 products13 13 13 13 13

213 13

13 Table13 of13 Contents13

13 page13 13 OVERVIEW13 Areawide13 Pest13 Management13 Program13 ndash13 USDA13 Agricultural13 Research13 Service13 13 Rosalind13 R13 James13 13 13 413 13 13 Areawide13 IPM13 Overview13 for13 CBB13 Mitigation13 13 Lisa13 M13 Keith13 and13 Kelvin13 T13 Sewake13 13 13 513

13 Overview13 of13 the13 Puerto13 Rico13 CBB13 Areawide13 IPM13 Effort13

Jose13 Carlos13 V13 Rodrigues13 Yobana13 A13 Marino13 Jose13 M13 Garcia13 and13 Paul13 Bayman13 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip13 613 13 EXTENSION13 AND13 OUTREACH13 UH13 CTAHR13 2015ndash201613 CBB13 Educational13 Outreach13 Efforts13 13 Andrea13 M13 Kawabata13 13 13 713 13 13 Synergistic13 Hawaii13 Agriculture13 Council13 13 13 Suzanne13 Shriner13 13 813 13 13 CBB13 BIOLOGY13 Understanding13 the13 Biology13 and13 Life13 Cycle13 of13 CBB13 for13 Better13 Management13 Practices13 13 Ishakh13 Pulakkatu13 Thodi13 and13 Mark13 G13 Wright13 13 913 13 Infestation13 Biology13 and13 Life13 History13 of13 CBB13 New13 Discoveries13 13 Robert13 G13 Hollingsworth13 13 1013 13 Coffee13 Berry13 Borer13 (CBB)13 Hypothenemus13 hampei13 Ferrari13 (Coleoptera13 Scolytidae)ndashMicrobial13

Interactions13 13 13 Sayaka13 Aoki13 Mark13 G13 Wright13 Ania13 Wieczorek13 Russell13 Messing13 Gordon13 Bennett13 and13

Fernando13 Vega13 13 1113 13 ECONOMICS13 CBB13 in13 Kona13 as13 Experienced13 by13 Greenwell13 Farms13 Inc13 13 Steve13 Hicks13 13 1213 13 Decision13 Tree13 Analysis13 of13 Coffee13 Berry13 Borer13 in13 Hawailsquoi13 13 A13 John13 Woodill13 Stuart13 T13 Nakamoto13 Andrea13 M13 Kawabata13 and13 PingSun13 Leung13 13 1313

13 SAMPLING13 AND13 MONITORING13 Sampling13 Strategies13 and13 Monitoring13 for13 IPM13 Decision-shy‐Making13 13 Ishakh13 Pulakkatu13 Thodi13 and13 Mark13 G13 Wright13 13 1413 13 Coffee13 Detection13 Spatial13 Assessment13 and13 Modeling13 13 Nicholas13 C13 Manoukis13 13 1513 13 13 13

313 13

13 BEAUVERIA13 BASSIANA13 Beauveria13 bassiana13 GHA13 Persistence13 in13 the13 Environment13

Lisa13 M13 Keith13 Stephen13 P13 Wraight13 Tracie13 K13 Matsumoto13 and13 Nicholas13 C13 Manoukishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip1613 13 13 Beauveria13 bassiana13 Application13 Strategies13 and13 Effectiveness13 13

Stephen13 P13 Wraight13 Lisa13 M13 Keith13 Sandra13 Galaini-shy‐Wraight13 Louela13 Castrillo13 and13 Tracie13 K13 13 Matsumotohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip1713

13 13 B13 bassiana13 and13 CBB13 in13 Puerto13 Rico13 Genetic13 Diversity13 of13 a13 Natural13 Epizootic13 13 13 Stephen13 A13 Rehner13 13 1913

13 Controlling13 Coffee13 Berry13 Borer13 on13 a13 Microscale13 13

RT13 Curtiss13 and13 Andrea13 M13 Kawabatahelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip2013 13 RELATED13 MANAGEMENT13 STRATEGIES13 Pruning13 and13 Plant13 Growth13 Regulator13 Research13 13 Tracie13 K13 Matsumoto13 13 2113 13 13 Flat13 Bark13 Beetle13 Predators13 Research13 Update13 13

Peter13 A13 Folletthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip2213 13

13 13 13 13 13

413 13

Abstract13 Areawide13 Pest13 Management13 Program13 ndash13 USDA13 Agricultural13 Research13 Service13 13

Rosalind13 R13 James13 Crop13 Production13 and13 Protection13

United13 States13 Department13 of13 Agriculture13 ndash13 Agricultural13 Research13 Service13 Beltsville13 MD13 2070513 13 13 In13 199413 the13 USDA13 recombined13 previous13 funding13 to13 develop13 the13 Integrated13 Pest13 Management13 Initiative13 which13 had13 an13 initial13 broad13 goal13 of13 achieving13 integrated13 pest13 management13 on13 7513 of13 the13 US13 crop13 acreage13 by13 the13 year13 200013 One13 major13 effort13 in13 this13 initiative13 was13 the13 Areawide13 Pest13 Management13 Program13 under13 the13 Agricultural13 Research13 Service13 (ARS)13 But13 in13 reality13 the13 concept13 of13 an13 Areawide13 Pest13 Management13 strategy13 is13 older13 than13 this13 program13 The13 concept13 was13 developed13 by13 Dr13 Ed13 F13 Knippling13 over13 the13 course13 of13 his13 career13 which13 started13 in13 the13 1930s13 Knipplingrsquos13 idea13 was13 to13 improve13 pest13 control13 using13 pest-shy‐specific13 approaches13 in13 a13 way13 that13 reduced13 pesticide13 use13 and13 protected13 the13 environment13 He13 is13 most13 well13 known13 for13 eradicating13 screwworms13 a13 cattle13 parasite13 from13 the13 US13 and13 Mexico13 using13 sterile-shy‐male13 releases13 Sterile13 males13 do13 not13 attack13 cattle13 but13 their13 inundative13 release13 tricked13 the13 females13 into13 mating13 with13 unfruitful13 partners13 since13 the13 sterilized13 males13 were13 so13 abundant13 This13 strategy13 effectively13 prevented13 the13 majority13 of13 females13 from13 laying13 fertilized13 eggs13 thus13 killing13 off13 this13 species13 in13 the13 United13 States13 As13 you13 can13 imagine13 this13 type13 of13 strategy13 must13 be13 carried13 out13 over13 the13 entire13 affected13 area13 or13 at13 least13 along13 the13 invasion13 front13 to13 be13 effective13 And13 thus13 the13 areawide13 concept13 was13 born13 13 The13 purpose13 of13 the13 current13 ARS13 Areawide13 Pest13 Control13 Program13 is13 to13 develop13 effective13 sustainable13 strategies13 for13 controlling13 pests13 of13 significant13 economic13 or13 ecological13 consequence13 but13 also13 to13 target13 pests13 that13 require13 an13 areawide13 approach13 for13 effective13 control13 Many13 pests13 can13 be13 controlled13 by13 individual13 farmers13 or13 landowners13 if13 they13 effectively13 treat13 their13 own13 property13 But13 some13 pests13 cannot13 be13 controlled13 in13 this13 way13 Many13 insect13 pests13 can13 fly13 long13 distances13 or13 migrate13 during13 certain13 stages13 Some13 weeds13 have13 seeds13 or13 other13 reproductive13 stages13 that13 move13 rapidly13 in13 the13 air13 or13 water13 allowing13 them13 to13 repeatedly13 re-shy‐invade13 previously13 treated13 areas13 13 13 The13 intention13 of13 an13 Areawide13 is13 to13 help13 local13 people13 develop13 an13 effective13 solution13 to13 their13 own13 problem13 ARS13 provides13 critical13 funding13 to13 organize13 and13 implement13 the13 needed13 expertise13 and13 control13 strategies13 and13 the13 funding13 also13 provides13 monitoring13 and13 scientific13 oversight13 to13 evaluate13 pest13 control13 efficacy13 The13 development13 of13 an13 Areawide13 is13 not13 the13 time13 for13 fundamental13 exploratory13 research13 It13 is13 the13 time13 to13 scale13 up13 previously13 developed13 pest-shy‐control13 tools13 and13 coordinate13 a13 variety13 of13 efforts13 into13 an13 effective13 control13 strategy13 A13 successful13 Areawide13 develops13 a13 pest-shy‐control13 program13 that13 will13 continue13 beyond13 the13 ARS13 funding13 Examples13 of13 previous13 ARS13 Areawides13 include13 codling13 moth13 control13 in13 NW13 apples13 fruit13 flies13 in13 Hawailsquoi13 the13 silverleaf13 whitefly13 in13 the13 southern13 US13 control13 of13 Melaleuca13 a13 highly13 invasive13 tree13 that13 was13 taking13 over13 the13 Florida13 Everglades13 and13 the13 coffee13 berry13 borer13 in13 Hawailsquoi13 As13 we13 will13 learn13 today13 a13 critically13 important13 component13 of13 an13 Areawide13 is13 coordination13 and13 communication13 with13 those13 who13 hold13 stake13 in13 the13 successful13 control13 of13 the13 pest13 13 13 The13 complete13 presentation13 may13 be13 viewed13 and13 downloaded13 by13 clicking13 here13 13 13 13

213 13

13 Table13 of13 Contents13

13 page13 13 OVERVIEW13 Areawide13 Pest13 Management13 Program13 ndash13 USDA13 Agricultural13 Research13 Service13 13 Rosalind13 R13 James13 13 13 413 13 13 Areawide13 IPM13 Overview13 for13 CBB13 Mitigation13 13 Lisa13 M13 Keith13 and13 Kelvin13 T13 Sewake13 13 13 513

13 Overview13 of13 the13 Puerto13 Rico13 CBB13 Areawide13 IPM13 Effort13

Jose13 Carlos13 V13 Rodrigues13 Yobana13 A13 Marino13 Jose13 M13 Garcia13 and13 Paul13 Bayman13 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip13 613 13 EXTENSION13 AND13 OUTREACH13 UH13 CTAHR13 2015ndash201613 CBB13 Educational13 Outreach13 Efforts13 13 Andrea13 M13 Kawabata13 13 13 713 13 13 Synergistic13 Hawaii13 Agriculture13 Council13 13 13 Suzanne13 Shriner13 13 813 13 13 CBB13 BIOLOGY13 Understanding13 the13 Biology13 and13 Life13 Cycle13 of13 CBB13 for13 Better13 Management13 Practices13 13 Ishakh13 Pulakkatu13 Thodi13 and13 Mark13 G13 Wright13 13 913 13 Infestation13 Biology13 and13 Life13 History13 of13 CBB13 New13 Discoveries13 13 Robert13 G13 Hollingsworth13 13 1013 13 Coffee13 Berry13 Borer13 (CBB)13 Hypothenemus13 hampei13 Ferrari13 (Coleoptera13 Scolytidae)ndashMicrobial13

Interactions13 13 13 Sayaka13 Aoki13 Mark13 G13 Wright13 Ania13 Wieczorek13 Russell13 Messing13 Gordon13 Bennett13 and13

Fernando13 Vega13 13 1113 13 ECONOMICS13 CBB13 in13 Kona13 as13 Experienced13 by13 Greenwell13 Farms13 Inc13 13 Steve13 Hicks13 13 1213 13 Decision13 Tree13 Analysis13 of13 Coffee13 Berry13 Borer13 in13 Hawailsquoi13 13 A13 John13 Woodill13 Stuart13 T13 Nakamoto13 Andrea13 M13 Kawabata13 and13 PingSun13 Leung13 13 1313

13 SAMPLING13 AND13 MONITORING13 Sampling13 Strategies13 and13 Monitoring13 for13 IPM13 Decision-shy‐Making13 13 Ishakh13 Pulakkatu13 Thodi13 and13 Mark13 G13 Wright13 13 1413 13 Coffee13 Detection13 Spatial13 Assessment13 and13 Modeling13 13 Nicholas13 C13 Manoukis13 13 1513 13 13 13

313 13

13 BEAUVERIA13 BASSIANA13 Beauveria13 bassiana13 GHA13 Persistence13 in13 the13 Environment13

Lisa13 M13 Keith13 Stephen13 P13 Wraight13 Tracie13 K13 Matsumoto13 and13 Nicholas13 C13 Manoukishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip1613 13 13 Beauveria13 bassiana13 Application13 Strategies13 and13 Effectiveness13 13

Stephen13 P13 Wraight13 Lisa13 M13 Keith13 Sandra13 Galaini-shy‐Wraight13 Louela13 Castrillo13 and13 Tracie13 K13 13 Matsumotohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip1713

13 13 B13 bassiana13 and13 CBB13 in13 Puerto13 Rico13 Genetic13 Diversity13 of13 a13 Natural13 Epizootic13 13 13 Stephen13 A13 Rehner13 13 1913

13 Controlling13 Coffee13 Berry13 Borer13 on13 a13 Microscale13 13

RT13 Curtiss13 and13 Andrea13 M13 Kawabatahelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip2013 13 RELATED13 MANAGEMENT13 STRATEGIES13 Pruning13 and13 Plant13 Growth13 Regulator13 Research13 13 Tracie13 K13 Matsumoto13 13 2113 13 13 Flat13 Bark13 Beetle13 Predators13 Research13 Update13 13

Peter13 A13 Folletthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip2213 13

13 13 13 13 13

413 13

Abstract13 Areawide13 Pest13 Management13 Program13 ndash13 USDA13 Agricultural13 Research13 Service13 13

Rosalind13 R13 James13 Crop13 Production13 and13 Protection13

United13 States13 Department13 of13 Agriculture13 ndash13 Agricultural13 Research13 Service13 Beltsville13 MD13 2070513 13 13 In13 199413 the13 USDA13 recombined13 previous13 funding13 to13 develop13 the13 Integrated13 Pest13 Management13 Initiative13 which13 had13 an13 initial13 broad13 goal13 of13 achieving13 integrated13 pest13 management13 on13 7513 of13 the13 US13 crop13 acreage13 by13 the13 year13 200013 One13 major13 effort13 in13 this13 initiative13 was13 the13 Areawide13 Pest13 Management13 Program13 under13 the13 Agricultural13 Research13 Service13 (ARS)13 But13 in13 reality13 the13 concept13 of13 an13 Areawide13 Pest13 Management13 strategy13 is13 older13 than13 this13 program13 The13 concept13 was13 developed13 by13 Dr13 Ed13 F13 Knippling13 over13 the13 course13 of13 his13 career13 which13 started13 in13 the13 1930s13 Knipplingrsquos13 idea13 was13 to13 improve13 pest13 control13 using13 pest-shy‐specific13 approaches13 in13 a13 way13 that13 reduced13 pesticide13 use13 and13 protected13 the13 environment13 He13 is13 most13 well13 known13 for13 eradicating13 screwworms13 a13 cattle13 parasite13 from13 the13 US13 and13 Mexico13 using13 sterile-shy‐male13 releases13 Sterile13 males13 do13 not13 attack13 cattle13 but13 their13 inundative13 release13 tricked13 the13 females13 into13 mating13 with13 unfruitful13 partners13 since13 the13 sterilized13 males13 were13 so13 abundant13 This13 strategy13 effectively13 prevented13 the13 majority13 of13 females13 from13 laying13 fertilized13 eggs13 thus13 killing13 off13 this13 species13 in13 the13 United13 States13 As13 you13 can13 imagine13 this13 type13 of13 strategy13 must13 be13 carried13 out13 over13 the13 entire13 affected13 area13 or13 at13 least13 along13 the13 invasion13 front13 to13 be13 effective13 And13 thus13 the13 areawide13 concept13 was13 born13 13 The13 purpose13 of13 the13 current13 ARS13 Areawide13 Pest13 Control13 Program13 is13 to13 develop13 effective13 sustainable13 strategies13 for13 controlling13 pests13 of13 significant13 economic13 or13 ecological13 consequence13 but13 also13 to13 target13 pests13 that13 require13 an13 areawide13 approach13 for13 effective13 control13 Many13 pests13 can13 be13 controlled13 by13 individual13 farmers13 or13 landowners13 if13 they13 effectively13 treat13 their13 own13 property13 But13 some13 pests13 cannot13 be13 controlled13 in13 this13 way13 Many13 insect13 pests13 can13 fly13 long13 distances13 or13 migrate13 during13 certain13 stages13 Some13 weeds13 have13 seeds13 or13 other13 reproductive13 stages13 that13 move13 rapidly13 in13 the13 air13 or13 water13 allowing13 them13 to13 repeatedly13 re-shy‐invade13 previously13 treated13 areas13 13 13 The13 intention13 of13 an13 Areawide13 is13 to13 help13 local13 people13 develop13 an13 effective13 solution13 to13 their13 own13 problem13 ARS13 provides13 critical13 funding13 to13 organize13 and13 implement13 the13 needed13 expertise13 and13 control13 strategies13 and13 the13 funding13 also13 provides13 monitoring13 and13 scientific13 oversight13 to13 evaluate13 pest13 control13 efficacy13 The13 development13 of13 an13 Areawide13 is13 not13 the13 time13 for13 fundamental13 exploratory13 research13 It13 is13 the13 time13 to13 scale13 up13 previously13 developed13 pest-shy‐control13 tools13 and13 coordinate13 a13 variety13 of13 efforts13 into13 an13 effective13 control13 strategy13 A13 successful13 Areawide13 develops13 a13 pest-shy‐control13 program13 that13 will13 continue13 beyond13 the13 ARS13 funding13 Examples13 of13 previous13 ARS13 Areawides13 include13 codling13 moth13 control13 in13 NW13 apples13 fruit13 flies13 in13 Hawailsquoi13 the13 silverleaf13 whitefly13 in13 the13 southern13 US13 control13 of13 Melaleuca13 a13 highly13 invasive13 tree13 that13 was13 taking13 over13 the13 Florida13 Everglades13 and13 the13 coffee13 berry13 borer13 in13 Hawailsquoi13 As13 we13 will13 learn13 today13 a13 critically13 important13 component13 of13 an13 Areawide13 is13 coordination13 and13 communication13 with13 those13 who13 hold13 stake13 in13 the13 successful13 control13 of13 the13 pest13 13 13 The13 complete13 presentation13 may13 be13 viewed13 and13 downloaded13 by13 clicking13 here13 13 13 13

313 13

13 BEAUVERIA13 BASSIANA13 Beauveria13 bassiana13 GHA13 Persistence13 in13 the13 Environment13

Lisa13 M13 Keith13 Stephen13 P13 Wraight13 Tracie13 K13 Matsumoto13 and13 Nicholas13 C13 Manoukishelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip1613 13 13 Beauveria13 bassiana13 Application13 Strategies13 and13 Effectiveness13 13

Stephen13 P13 Wraight13 Lisa13 M13 Keith13 Sandra13 Galaini-shy‐Wraight13 Louela13 Castrillo13 and13 Tracie13 K13 13 Matsumotohelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip1713

13 13 B13 bassiana13 and13 CBB13 in13 Puerto13 Rico13 Genetic13 Diversity13 of13 a13 Natural13 Epizootic13 13 13 Stephen13 A13 Rehner13 13 1913

13 Controlling13 Coffee13 Berry13 Borer13 on13 a13 Microscale13 13

RT13 Curtiss13 and13 Andrea13 M13 Kawabatahelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip2013 13 RELATED13 MANAGEMENT13 STRATEGIES13 Pruning13 and13 Plant13 Growth13 Regulator13 Research13 13 Tracie13 K13 Matsumoto13 13 2113 13 13 Flat13 Bark13 Beetle13 Predators13 Research13 Update13 13

Peter13 A13 Folletthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip2213 13

13 13 13 13 13

413 13

Abstract13 Areawide13 Pest13 Management13 Program13 ndash13 USDA13 Agricultural13 Research13 Service13 13

Rosalind13 R13 James13 Crop13 Production13 and13 Protection13

United13 States13 Department13 of13 Agriculture13 ndash13 Agricultural13 Research13 Service13 Beltsville13 MD13 2070513 13 13 In13 199413 the13 USDA13 recombined13 previous13 funding13 to13 develop13 the13 Integrated13 Pest13 Management13 Initiative13 which13 had13 an13 initial13 broad13 goal13 of13 achieving13 integrated13 pest13 management13 on13 7513 of13 the13 US13 crop13 acreage13 by13 the13 year13 200013 One13 major13 effort13 in13 this13 initiative13 was13 the13 Areawide13 Pest13 Management13 Program13 under13 the13 Agricultural13 Research13 Service13 (ARS)13 But13 in13 reality13 the13 concept13 of13 an13 Areawide13 Pest13 Management13 strategy13 is13 older13 than13 this13 program13 The13 concept13 was13 developed13 by13 Dr13 Ed13 F13 Knippling13 over13 the13 course13 of13 his13 career13 which13 started13 in13 the13 1930s13 Knipplingrsquos13 idea13 was13 to13 improve13 pest13 control13 using13 pest-shy‐specific13 approaches13 in13 a13 way13 that13 reduced13 pesticide13 use13 and13 protected13 the13 environment13 He13 is13 most13 well13 known13 for13 eradicating13 screwworms13 a13 cattle13 parasite13 from13 the13 US13 and13 Mexico13 using13 sterile-shy‐male13 releases13 Sterile13 males13 do13 not13 attack13 cattle13 but13 their13 inundative13 release13 tricked13 the13 females13 into13 mating13 with13 unfruitful13 partners13 since13 the13 sterilized13 males13 were13 so13 abundant13 This13 strategy13 effectively13 prevented13 the13 majority13 of13 females13 from13 laying13 fertilized13 eggs13 thus13 killing13 off13 this13 species13 in13 the13 United13 States13 As13 you13 can13 imagine13 this13 type13 of13 strategy13 must13 be13 carried13 out13 over13 the13 entire13 affected13 area13 or13 at13 least13 along13 the13 invasion13 front13 to13 be13 effective13 And13 thus13 the13 areawide13 concept13 was13 born13 13 The13 purpose13 of13 the13 current13 ARS13 Areawide13 Pest13 Control13 Program13 is13 to13 develop13 effective13 sustainable13 strategies13 for13 controlling13 pests13 of13 significant13 economic13 or13 ecological13 consequence13 but13 also13 to13 target13 pests13 that13 require13 an13 areawide13 approach13 for13 effective13 control13 Many13 pests13 can13 be13 controlled13 by13 individual13 farmers13 or13 landowners13 if13 they13 effectively13 treat13 their13 own13 property13 But13 some13 pests13 cannot13 be13 controlled13 in13 this13 way13 Many13 insect13 pests13 can13 fly13 long13 distances13 or13 migrate13 during13 certain13 stages13 Some13 weeds13 have13 seeds13 or13 other13 reproductive13 stages13 that13 move13 rapidly13 in13 the13 air13 or13 water13 allowing13 them13 to13 repeatedly13 re-shy‐invade13 previously13 treated13 areas13 13 13 The13 intention13 of13 an13 Areawide13 is13 to13 help13 local13 people13 develop13 an13 effective13 solution13 to13 their13 own13 problem13 ARS13 provides13 critical13 funding13 to13 organize13 and13 implement13 the13 needed13 expertise13 and13 control13 strategies13 and13 the13 funding13 also13 provides13 monitoring13 and13 scientific13 oversight13 to13 evaluate13 pest13 control13 efficacy13 The13 development13 of13 an13 Areawide13 is13 not13 the13 time13 for13 fundamental13 exploratory13 research13 It13 is13 the13 time13 to13 scale13 up13 previously13 developed13 pest-shy‐control13 tools13 and13 coordinate13 a13 variety13 of13 efforts13 into13 an13 effective13 control13 strategy13 A13 successful13 Areawide13 develops13 a13 pest-shy‐control13 program13 that13 will13 continue13 beyond13 the13 ARS13 funding13 Examples13 of13 previous13 ARS13 Areawides13 include13 codling13 moth13 control13 in13 NW13 apples13 fruit13 flies13 in13 Hawailsquoi13 the13 silverleaf13 whitefly13 in13 the13 southern13 US13 control13 of13 Melaleuca13 a13 highly13 invasive13 tree13 that13 was13 taking13 over13 the13 Florida13 Everglades13 and13 the13 coffee13 berry13 borer13 in13 Hawailsquoi13 As13 we13 will13 learn13 today13 a13 critically13 important13 component13 of13 an13 Areawide13 is13 coordination13 and13 communication13 with13 those13 who13 hold13 stake13 in13 the13 successful13 control13 of13 the13 pest13 13 13 The13 complete13 presentation13 may13 be13 viewed13 and13 downloaded13 by13 clicking13 here13 13 13 13

413 13

Abstract13 Areawide13 Pest13 Management13 Program13 ndash13 USDA13 Agricultural13 Research13 Service13 13

Rosalind13 R13 James13 Crop13 Production13 and13 Protection13

United13 States13 Department13 of13 Agriculture13 ndash13 Agricultural13 Research13 Service13 Beltsville13 MD13 2070513 13 13 In13 199413 the13 USDA13 recombined13 previous13 funding13 to13 develop13 the13 Integrated13 Pest13 Management13 Initiative13 which13 had13 an13 initial13 broad13 goal13 of13 achieving13 integrated13 pest13 management13 on13 7513 of13 the13 US13 crop13 acreage13 by13 the13 year13 200013 One13 major13 effort13 in13 this13 initiative13 was13 the13 Areawide13 Pest13 Management13 Program13 under13 the13 Agricultural13 Research13 Service13 (ARS)13 But13 in13 reality13 the13 concept13 of13 an13 Areawide13 Pest13 Management13 strategy13 is13 older13 than13 this13 program13 The13 concept13 was13 developed13 by13 Dr13 Ed13 F13 Knippling13 over13 the13 course13 of13 his13 career13 which13 started13 in13 the13 1930s13 Knipplingrsquos13 idea13 was13 to13 improve13 pest13 control13 using13 pest-shy‐specific13 approaches13 in13 a13 way13 that13 reduced13 pesticide13 use13 and13 protected13 the13 environment13 He13 is13 most13 well13 known13 for13 eradicating13 screwworms13 a13 cattle13 parasite13 from13 the13 US13 and13 Mexico13 using13 sterile-shy‐male13 releases13 Sterile13 males13 do13 not13 attack13 cattle13 but13 their13 inundative13 release13 tricked13 the13 females13 into13 mating13 with13 unfruitful13 partners13 since13 the13 sterilized13 males13 were13 so13 abundant13 This13 strategy13 effectively13 prevented13 the13 majority13 of13 females13 from13 laying13 fertilized13 eggs13 thus13 killing13 off13 this13 species13 in13 the13 United13 States13 As13 you13 can13 imagine13 this13 type13 of13 strategy13 must13 be13 carried13 out13 over13 the13 entire13 affected13 area13 or13 at13 least13 along13 the13 invasion13 front13 to13 be13 effective13 And13 thus13 the13 areawide13 concept13 was13 born13 13 The13 purpose13 of13 the13 current13 ARS13 Areawide13 Pest13 Control13 Program13 is13 to13 develop13 effective13 sustainable13 strategies13 for13 controlling13 pests13 of13 significant13 economic13 or13 ecological13 consequence13 but13 also13 to13 target13 pests13 that13 require13 an13 areawide13 approach13 for13 effective13 control13 Many13 pests13 can13 be13 controlled13 by13 individual13 farmers13 or13 landowners13 if13 they13 effectively13 treat13 their13 own13 property13 But13 some13 pests13 cannot13 be13 controlled13 in13 this13 way13 Many13 insect13 pests13 can13 fly13 long13 distances13 or13 migrate13 during13 certain13 stages13 Some13 weeds13 have13 seeds13 or13 other13 reproductive13 stages13 that13 move13 rapidly13 in13 the13 air13 or13 water13 allowing13 them13 to13 repeatedly13 re-shy‐invade13 previously13 treated13 areas13 13 13 The13 intention13 of13 an13 Areawide13 is13 to13 help13 local13 people13 develop13 an13 effective13 solution13 to13 their13 own13 problem13 ARS13 provides13 critical13 funding13 to13 organize13 and13 implement13 the13 needed13 expertise13 and13 control13 strategies13 and13 the13 funding13 also13 provides13 monitoring13 and13 scientific13 oversight13 to13 evaluate13 pest13 control13 efficacy13 The13 development13 of13 an13 Areawide13 is13 not13 the13 time13 for13 fundamental13 exploratory13 research13 It13 is13 the13 time13 to13 scale13 up13 previously13 developed13 pest-shy‐control13 tools13 and13 coordinate13 a13 variety13 of13 efforts13 into13 an13 effective13 control13 strategy13 A13 successful13 Areawide13 develops13 a13 pest-shy‐control13 program13 that13 will13 continue13 beyond13 the13 ARS13 funding13 Examples13 of13 previous13 ARS13 Areawides13 include13 codling13 moth13 control13 in13 NW13 apples13 fruit13 flies13 in13 Hawailsquoi13 the13 silverleaf13 whitefly13 in13 the13 southern13 US13 control13 of13 Melaleuca13 a13 highly13 invasive13 tree13 that13 was13 taking13 over13 the13 Florida13 Everglades13 and13 the13 coffee13 berry13 borer13 in13 Hawailsquoi13 As13 we13 will13 learn13 today13 a13 critically13 important13 component13 of13 an13 Areawide13 is13 coordination13 and13 communication13 with13 those13 who13 hold13 stake13 in13 the13 successful13 control13 of13 the13 pest13 13 13 The13 complete13 presentation13 may13 be13 viewed13 and13 downloaded13 by13 clicking13 here13 13 13 13

513 13

Abstract13 Areawide13 IPM13 Overview13 for13 CBB13 Mitigation13 13

Lisa13 M13 Keith113 and13 Kelvin13 T13 Sewake213 113 Tropical13 Plant13 Genetic13 Resources13 and13 Disease13 Research13

United13 States13 Department13 of13 Agriculture13 ndash13 Agricultural13 Research13 Service13 Daniel13 K13 Inouye13 Pacific13 Basin13 Agricultural13 Research13 Center13 Hilo13 HI13 9672013

213 Department13 of13 Tropical13 Plant13 and13 Soil13 Sciences13 University13 of13 Hawailsquoi13 at13 Maumlnoa13 13 College13 of13 Tropical13 Agriculture13 and13 Human13 Resources13 Honolulu13 HI13 9682213

13 13 The13 coffee13 berry13 borer13 is13 one13 of13 the13 most13 devastating13 pests13 of13 coffee13 worldwide13 It13 was13 recently13 discovered13 throughout13 the13 Kona13 coffee-shy‐growing13 region13 in13 Hawailsquoi13 and13 more13 recently13 on13 the13 island13 of13 Olsquoahu13 In13 response13 to13 the13 invasion13 and13 thanks13 to13 strong13 industry13 support13 Hawailsquoi13 congressional13 delegation13 support13 and13 the13 support13 of13 many13 others13 an13 areawide13 mitigation13 and13 management13 program13 for13 CBB13 control13 was13 established13 by13 PBARC13 in13 August13 201313 with13 funds13 received13 from13 ARS13 ($1M)13 in13 collaboration13 with13 the13 University13 of13 Hawailsquoi13 at13 Maumlnoa13 under13 an13 initial13 Specific13 Cooperative13 Agreement13 (SCA)13 The13 overall13 goal13 was13 to13 help13 growers13 deal13 with13 the13 CBB13 problem13 in13 an13 environmentally13 sound13 and13 economically13 viable13 way13 Some13 of13 the13 original13 objectives13 included13 optimizing13 the13 dose13 and13 use13 of13 commercial13 Beauveria13 mapping13 the13 area13 and13 extent13 of13 the13 infestation13 understanding13 the13 insect13 phenology13 synchronizing13 coffee13 blooms13 for13 harvest13 and13 sanitation13 providing13 area-shy‐wide13 education13 and13 Extension13 outreach13 and13 developing13 an13 economic13 analysis13 of13 CBB13 effects13 and13 costbenefit13 of13 control13 measures13 This13 allocation13 included13 four13 scientists13 from13 USDA-shy‐ARS13 PBARC13 and13 five13 from13 CTAHR13 In13 September13 201413 another13 $70335813 ($68333413 to13 project)13 was13 secured13 under13 Amendment13 no13 113 to13 the13 initial13 SCA13 Scientists13 added13 to13 the13 project13 included13 three13 from13 PBARC13 and13 one13 from13 CTAHR13 Additional13 objectives13 included13 reducing13 field13 populations13 of13 CBB13 using13 semiochemicals13 entomopathogenic13 nematodes13 (EPNs)13 predators13 and13 pruning13 styles13 improving13 quarantine13 treatments13 and13 implementing13 preventative13 andor13 management13 measures13 to13 additional13 islands13 In13 201513 another13 $1M13 (~$700K13 to13 Hawailsquoi13 amp13 $300K13 to13 Puerto13 Rico)13 was13 secured13 under13 Amendment13 no13 213 to13 the13 initial13 SCA13 13 The13 complete13 presentation13 may13 be13 viewed13 and13 downloaded13 by13 clicking13 here13 13 13

613 13

Abstract13 Overview13 of13 the13 Puerto13 Rico13 CBB13 Areawide13 IPM13 Effort13 13

Jose13 Carlos13 V13 Rodrigues13 Yobana13 A13 Marino13 Jose13 M13 Garcia13 and13 Paul13 Bayman13

Center13 for13 Excellence13 in13 Quarantine13 and13 Invasive13 Species13 13 University13 of13 Puerto13 Rico13 San13 Juan13 PR13 0092613

13 13 The13 coffee13 berry13 borer13 (CBB)13 (Hypothenemus13 hampei)13 was13 first13 detected13 in13 Puerto13 Rico13 in13 200713 We13 initially13 developed13 an13 extensive13 survey13 of13 CBB13 in13 the13 main13 coffee-shy‐growing13 area13 in13 Puerto13 Rico13 sampling13 21413 sites13 in13 9713 farms13 and13 rural13 areas13 in13 1713 municipalities13 from13 August13 to13 November13 201413 Plants13 sampled13 were13 predominantly13 Coffea13 arabica13 The13 survey13 sites13 were13 chosen13 to13 include13 a13 range13 of13 farm13 sizes13 agronomic13 management13 and13 coffee13 agroecosystems13 (ie13 coffee13 plants13 growing13 in13 direct13 sunlight13 and13 growing13 under13 the13 shade13 of13 a13 mix13 of13 canopy13 trees13 coffee13 intercalated13 with13 citrus13 trees13 and13 bananas13 abandoned13 coffee13 farms13 and13 naturalized13 plants)13 Sites13 ranged13 from13 3513 to13 98213 meters13 altitude13 and13 included13 the13 lowest13 and13 highest13 coffee13 farms13 in13 Puerto13 Rico13 We13 conducted13 surveys13 for13 alternative13 plant13 hosts13 in13 vicinities13 of13 coffee13 farms13 The13 CBB13 is13 causing13 severe13 damage13 to13 Puerto13 Ricorsquos13 coffee13 crop13 especially13 at13 intermediate13 to13 high13 elevations13 The13 pest13 infestation13 in13 Puerto13 Rico13 in13 201413 was13 more13 severe13 than13 previously13 reported13 in13 other13 coffee-shy‐growing13 countries13 up13 to13 8513 depending13 on13 site13 and13 altitude13 We13 tested13 species-shy‐distribution13 models13 to13 allow13 projection13 of13 the13 potential13 distribution13 of13 target13 species13 based13 on13 the13 relationship13 between13 speciesrsquo13 bioclimatic13 variables13 and13 their13 ecological13 requirements13 Nineteen13 bioclimatic13 variables13 along13 with13 altitude13 were13 used13 In13 addition13 several13 activities13 have13 been13 established13 a13 large13 number13 of13 isolates13 of13 Beauveria13 bassiana13 were13 obtained13 and13 screening13 for13 their13 efficiency13 to13 control13 CBB13 is13 underway13 entomo-shy‐nematodes13 were13 isolated13 from13 coffee13 fields13 coffee13 experimental13 blocks13 were13 established13 and13 lectures13 and13 meetings13 with13 stakeholders13 and13 professionals13 involved13 in13 coffee13 production13 were13 conducted13 13 13 The13 complete13 presentation13 may13 be13 viewed13 and13 downloaded13 by13 clicking13 here13 13 13

713 13

Abstract13 UH13 CTAHR13 2015-shy‐201613 CBB13 Educational13 Outreach13 Efforts13 13

Andrea13 M13 Kawabata13 Department13 of13 Tropical13 Plant13 and13 Soil13 Sciences13 University13 of13 Hawailsquoi13 at13 Maumlnoa13 13 College13 of13 Tropical13 Agriculture13 and13 Human13 Resources13 Kealakekua13 HI13 9675013

13 13 In13 just13 over13 2513 years13 of13 funding13 under13 the13 Specific13 Cooperative13 Agreement13 ldquoArea-shy‐wide13 Mitigation13 and13 Management13 for13 Coffee13 Berry13 Borer13 (CBB)rdquo13 (58-shy‐5320-shy‐3-shy‐017)13 between13 the13 USDA13 ARS13 DKI13 PBARC13 and13 UH13 CTAHR13 Extension13 has13 made13 an13 impact13 on13 the13 way13 that13 farmers13 control13 CBB13 These13 efforts13 are13 in13 collaboration13 with13 coffee13 farmers13 and13 producers13 USDA13 UH13 CTAHR13 Hawailsquoi13 Department13 of13 Agriculture13 (HDOA)13 scientists13 and13 staff13 the13 Synergistic13 Hawaii13 Agriculture13 Council13 (SHAC)13 program13 and13 other13 UH13 Extension13 faculty13 and13 staff13 13 13 Since13 the13 arrival13 of13 CBB13 producers13 have13 been13 required13 to13 change13 the13 way13 that13 they13 farm13 and13 process13 coffee13 Outreach13 has13 been13 important13 for13 the13 dissemination13 of13 information13 about13 CBB-shy‐mitigating13 cultural13 practices13 and13 technologies13 Adoption13 of13 these13 new13 techniques13 and13 technologies13 is13 key13 for13 the13 control13 of13 CBB13 populations13 and13 mitigation13 of13 crop13 damage13 13 13 Since13 201313 surveys13 suggest13 that13 there13 has13 been13 increased13 adoption13 of13 field13 sanitation13 and13 the13 use13 of13 strip-shy‐picking13 after13 harvest13 to13 remove13 residual13 breeding13 sites13 for13 CBB13 one13 of13 the13 most13 critical13 components13 of13 CBB13 integrated13 pest13 management13 The13 adoption13 of13 the13 3013 or13 1213 Trees13 sampling13 and13 monitoring13 method13 and13 the13 frequency13 of13 its13 use13 have13 increased13 B13 bassiana13 application13 frequency13 has13 also13 increased13 although13 some13 growers13 have13 reduced13 their13 application13 rate13 In13 part13 this13 has13 led13 to13 the13 stabilization13 of13 the13 coffee13 industry13 (marketable13 green13 bean13 recovery13 rate13 in13 201313 was13 6313 and13 in13 201413 was13 62)13 and13 slight13 decrease13 (201413 ndash13 1913 201513 ndash13 17)13 of13 unmarketable13 coffee13 due13 to13 CBB13 13 Besides13 the13 adoption13 of13 cultural13 practices13 to13 manage13 CBB13 populations13 and13 damage13 to13 green13 coffee13 other13 challenges13 for13 the13 outreach13 program13 include13 keeping13 CBB13 IPM13 information13 new13 exciting13 attractive13 and13 relevant13 and13 relaying13 the13 importance13 of13 coffee13 quality13 related13 to13 CBB13 IPM13 and13 the13 future13 of13 Hawailsquoirsquos13 coffee13 industry13 13 13 In13 an13 effort13 to13 overcome13 these13 challenges13 workshops13 field13 days13 and13 educational13 booth13 displays13 have13 been13 focused13 on13 new13 CBB13 IPM13 updates13 coffee13 quality13 for13 farmers13 and13 increased13 interactions13 with13 and13 hands-shy‐on13 participation13 by13 event13 attendees13 Additionally13 knowledge13 of13 CBB13 control13 and13 farm13 and13 mill13 efficiency13 for13 mechanized13 farms13 was13 the13 focus13 during13 the13 statewide13 coffee13 conference13 and13 during13 a13 visit13 by13 mechanical13 engineer13 Mr13 Fernando13 Vicentini13 of13 Brazil13 in13 late13 October13 to13 November13 13 13 Outreach13 and13 grower13 education13 is13 ongoing13 Since13 the13 last13 (May13 2015)13 CBB13 Summit13 45713 participants13 have13 been13 educated13 about13 CBB13 and13 CBB-shy‐related13 topics13 Updates13 are13 frequently13 provided13 to13 growers13 via13 emails13 mail-shy‐outs13 Extension13 publications13 posters13 presentations13 educational13 booths13 Facebook13 (Kona13 Orchard13 Crops)13 and13 hawaiicoffeeweeblycom13 13 13 The13 complete13 presentation13 may13 be13 viewed13 and13 downloaded13 by13 clicking13 here13 13 13

813 13

Abstract13 Synergistic13 Hawaii13 Agriculture13 Council13 13

Suzanne13 Shriner13 Synergistic13 Hawaii13 Agriculture13 Council13 Honaunau13 Hawaii13 9672613

13 13 SHAC13 is13 entering13 the13 fourth13 year13 of13 its13 USDA13 Technical13 Assistance13 for13 Specialty13 Crops13 grant13 which13 subsidizes13 Beauveria13 costs13 for13 growers13 In13 201313 the13 grant13 began13 by13 focusing13 on13 the13 South13 Kona13 8-shy‐413 tax13 map13 region13 as13 well13 as13 the13 Kaumllsquouuml13 district13 In13 201413 it13 was13 expanded13 to13 include13 all13 CBB-shy‐impacted13 farms13 in13 Hawailsquoi13 The13 last13 potential13 year13 for13 funding13 in13 this13 grant13 is13 201713 13 13 To13 enroll13 in13 the13 grant13 growers13 are13 required13 to13 attend13 a13 1-shy‐13 to13 2-shy‐hour13 training13 session13 on13 IPM13 perform13 sanitation13 on13 their13 trees13 and13 monitor13 their13 farms13 using13 a13 variation13 of13 the13 3013 Trees13 method13 Participants13 are13 then13 eligible13 to13 receive13 a13 subsidy13 on13 the13 Beauveria13 products13 Botanigardreg13 or13 Mycotrolreg13 In13 201513 this13 subsidy13 was13 7513 off13 the13 retail13 price13 13 To13 date13 over13 2513 classroom13 training13 sessions13 have13 been13 offered13 and13 numerous13 farm13 visits13 made13 Over13 85013 farmers13 have13 attended13 the13 trainings13 SHAC13 has13 64013 tax13 map13 keys13 (TMKs)13 registered13 in13 the13 grant13 program13 representing13 over13 480013 acres13 According13 to13 a13 cross-shy‐reference13 of13 regional13 wet-shy‐mill13 data13 the13 combination13 of13 an13 educational13 component13 with13 subsidy13 of13 the13 Beauveria13 products13 has13 driven13 an13 overall13 drop13 in13 crop13 damage13 13 Growers13 may13 join13 the13 SHAC13 program13 by13 emailing13 infodeadcbbcom13 or13 calling13 808-shy‐365-shy‐904113 13 The13 complete13 presentation13 may13 be13 viewed13 and13 downloaded13 by13 clicking13 here13 13 13

913 13

Abstract13 Understanding13 the13 Biology13 and13 Life13 Cycle13 of13 CBB13 for13 Better13 Management13 Practices13 13

Ishakh13 Pulakkatu-shy‐Thodi13 and13 Mark13 G13 Wright13 Department13 of13 Plant13 and13 Environmental13 Protection13 Sciences13 University13 of13 Hawailsquoi13 at13 Maumlnoa13

College13 of13 Tropical13 Agriculture13 and13 Human13 Resources13 Honolulu13 HI13 9682213 13 13

The13 coffee13 berry13 borer13 is13 a13 tiny13 beetle13 (12ndash1813 mm13 in13 size13 as13 an13 adult)13 that13 belongs13 to13 the13 bark13 beetle13 sub-shy‐family13 It13 is13 the13 most13 damaging13 pest13 of13 coffee13 worldwide13 Female13 beetles13 bore13 into13 developing13 coffee13 berries13 construct13 galleries13 inside13 developing13 coffee13 beans13 and13 deposit13 eggs13 there13 The13 life13 cycle13 of13 newly13 formed13 larvae13 up13 to13 their13 emergence13 as13 adults13 is13 completed13 entirely13 inside13 the13 coffee13 berry13 This13 peculiar13 biology13 and13 covert13 life13 cycle13 of13 this13 pest13 inside13 the13 berry13 make13 this13 species13 one13 of13 the13 most13 difficult13 pests13 to13 manage13 in13 coffee13 Understanding13 the13 biology13 and13 life13 cycle13 of13 this13 pest13 is13 important13 to13 facilitate13 design13 and13 implementation13 and13 to13 ensure13 adoption13 of13 management13 strategies13 Here13 we13 discuss13 the13 biology13 and13 life13 cycle13 of13 this13 pest13 and13 factors13 affecting13 its13 management13 with13 emphasis13 on13 behavior13 reproduction13 emergence13 coffee13 phenology13 and13 environmental13 factors13 13 The13 complete13 presentation13 may13 be13 viewed13 and13 downloaded13 by13 clicking13 here13

1013 13

Abstract13 Infestation13 Biology13 and13 Life13 History13 of13 CBB13 New13 Discoveries13 13

Robert13 G13 Hollingsworth13 13 Tropical13 Crop13 and13 Commodity13 Protection13 Research13

United13 States13 Department13 of13 Agriculture13 ndash13 Agricultural13 Research13 Service13 13 Daniel13 K13 Inouye13 Pacific13 Basin13 Agricultural13 Research13 Center13 Hilo13 HI13 9672013

13 13 A13 major13 principle13 of13 pest13 management13 is13 to13 break13 the13 life13 cycle13 of13 the13 insect13 pest13 The13 optimal13 time13 for13 doing13 this13 is13 usually13 when13 host13 material13 is13 limited13 In13 the13 case13 of13 coffee13 berry13 borer13 this13 corresponds13 to13 the13 period13 of13 time13 after13 the13 coffee13 harvest13 has13 ended13 (generally13 December)13 and13 before13 berries13 on13 the13 new13 crop13 are13 pea13 size13 or13 larger13 (generally13 March13 or13 April13 of13 the13 following13 year)13 Coffee13 berry13 borer13 adults13 can13 live13 for13 months13 without13 food13 in13 berries13 on13 the13 ground13 or13 in13 ldquoraisinsrdquo13 (dried-shy‐up13 dark13 brown13 berries)13 still13 attached13 to13 the13 tree13 To13 investigate13 the13 population13 dynamics13 of13 CBB13 we13 counted13 adult13 beetles13 in13 raisins13 collected13 in13 late13 February13 from13 coffee13 trees13 on13 seven13 Kona13 farms13 during13 the13 period13 when13 green13 and13 ripe13 berries13 were13 not13 present13 The13 average13 number13 of13 beetles13 per13 raisin13 per13 farm13 varied13 from13 013 to13 2413 with13 an13 average13 across13 all13 farms13 of13 about13 713 beetles13 per13 berry13 Overall13 these13 data13 demonstrated13 that13 raisins13 are13 an13 important13 reservoir13 of13 the13 pest13 We13 also13 monitored13 population13 growth13 of13 beetles13 in13 heavily13 infested13 ripe13 berries13 placed13 on13 the13 ground13 under13 coffee13 trees13 either13 on13 bare13 ground13 or13 within13 a13 ground13 cover13 of13 either13 perennial13 peanut13 (one13 upper-shy‐elevational13 farm)13 or13 St13 Augustinersquos13 grass13 (one13 lower-shy‐elevational13 farm)13 Berry13 samples13 placed13 on13 the13 ground13 were13 collected13 every13 week13 and13 dissected13 in13 the13 laboratory13 counting13 all13 life13 stages13 The13 results13 from13 the13 low-shy‐elevation13 farm13 demonstrated13 that13 CBB13 adults13 were13 found13 in13 the13 berries13 through13 the13 10-shy‐week13 study13 period13 These13 adults13 reproduced13 well13 in13 the13 berries13 within13 the13 grass13 but13 reproduction13 dropped13 off13 significantly13 after13 the13 first13 four13 weeks13 Reproduction13 was13 slight13 for13 berries13 placed13 on13 bare13 ground13 until13 the13 6th13 week13 at13 which13 time13 reproduction13 became13 high13 in13 all13 berries13 whether13 these13 berries13 were13 within13 grass13 or13 on13 bare13 ground13 Reproduction13 measured13 from13 week13 613 to13 week13 1013 was13 much13 higher13 on13 bare13 soil13 a13 reversal13 from13 the13 first13 four13 weeks13 This13 corresponded13 with13 an13 influx13 of13 adults13 which13 presumably13 were13 unable13 to13 find13 suitable13 hosts13 elsewhere13 at13 this13 late13 stage13 of13 harvest13 Presumably13 solar13 intensity13 was13 also13 lower13 starting13 at13 week13 613 due13 to13 the13 time13 of13 year13 At13 the13 upper-shy‐elevational13 site13 reproduction13 was13 very13 high13 for13 the13 first13 four13 weeks13 both13 in13 berries13 on13 bare13 soil13 and13 in13 berries13 within13 the13 perennial13 peanut13 groundcover13 After13 the13 first13 four13 weeks13 reproduction13 was13 much13 higher13 in13 berries13 on13 bare13 soil13 I13 concluded13 that13 both13 raisins13 on13 the13 trees13 and13 berries13 on13 the13 ground13 are13 important13 as13 persistent13 reservoirs13 and13 reproductive13 resources13 for13 beetles13 during13 the13 time13 that13 host13 material13 is13 in13 short13 supply13 and13 that13 ground13 cover13 can13 enhance13 reproduction13 but13 also13 shorten13 the13 period13 of13 time13 during13 which13 berries13 are13 suitable13 for13 this13 purpose13 Good13 sanitation13 (which13 includes13 complete13 and13 thorough13 harvesting13 and13 not13 dropping13 berries13 on13 the13 ground13 while13 picking)13 is13 hypothesized13 to13 be13 an13 extremely13 important13 factor13 affecting13 within-shy‐farm13 migration13 to13 the13 new13 crop13 in13 March13 and13 April13 Additional13 research13 is13 planned13 on13 the13 fate13 of13 beetles13 in13 berries13 on13 bare13 soil13 and13 within13 ground13 cover13 13 The13 complete13 presentation13 may13 be13 viewed13 and13 downloaded13 by13 clicking13 here13 13

1113 13

Abstract13 Coffee13 Berry13 Borer13 (CBB)13 Hypothenemus13 hampei13 Ferrari13 (Coleoptera13 Scolytidae)ndashMicrobial13 Interactions13 13

13 Sayaka13 Aoki113 Mark13 G13 Wright113 Ania13 Wieczorek113 Russell13 Messing213 Gordon13 Bennett113 and13 Fernando13

Vega313 13 College13 of13 Tropical13 Agriculture13 and13 Human13 Resources13 University13 of13 Hawailsquoi13 at13 Maumlnoa13

113 Department13 of13 Plant13 and13 Environmental13 Protection13 Sciences13 Honolulu13 HI13 9682213 213 Department13 of13 Plant13 and13 Environmental13 Protection13 Sciences13 Kapaa13 HI13 9674613

313 Sustainable13 Agricultural13 Systems13 Laboratory13 United13 States13 Department13 of13 Agriculture13 ndash13 Agricultural13 Research13 Service13 Beltsville13 MD13 2070513

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 Bacterial13 symbionts13 are13 frequently13 associated13 with13 arthropods13 and13 may13 play13 essential13 or13 significant13 roles13 in13 host13 survival13 reproduction13 and13 metabolism13 They13 may13 affect13 hostsrsquo13 biology13 and13 phenotypes13 via13 provision13 of13 vital13 nutrients13 breaking13 down13 food13 materials13 influencing13 host13 plant13 usage13 and13 mediating13 interactions13 with13 natural13 enemies13 A13 previous13 study13 conducted13 by13 Vega13 et13 al13 positively13 identified13 a13 maternally13 inherited13 intracellular13 proteobacteium13 Wolbachia13 from13 CBB13 in13 Benin13 Brazil13 Colombia13 Ecuador13 El13 Salvador13 Honduras13 India13 Kenya13 Mexico13 Nicaragua13 and13 Uganda13 The13 study13 conducted13 by13 Ceja-shy‐Navarro13 et13 al13 in13 201513 demonstrated13 Pseudomonas13 species13 found13 in13 the13 gut13 of13 CBB13 were13 responsible13 for13 mediating13 caffeine13 detoxification13 in13 the13 CBBrsquos13 system13 Thus13 although13 CBB13 associations13 with13 various13 bacterial13 species13 were13 detected13 in13 previous13 studies13 the13 functions13 and13 roles13 of13 the13 bacterial13 symbionts13 in13 the13 biology13 of13 CBB13 have13 been13 understudied13 The13 goal13 of13 this13 study13 is13 to13 detect13 and13 characterize13 bacterial13 endosymbionts13 associated13 with13 CBB13 to13 the13 species13 level13 and13 to13 elucidate13 the13 interactions13 of13 selected13 taxa13 with13 the13 beetle13 13

Samples13 of13 CBB13 were13 collected13 from13 3613 farms13 in13 the13 Kona13 and13 Kaumllsquouuml13 areas13 of13 Hawairsquoi13 and13 Waialua13 Olsquoahu13 and13 subjected13 to13 DNA13 extraction13 We13 used13 the13 Illumina13 Miseqreg13 platform13 to13 sequence13 bacterial13 populations13 inon13 CBB13 targeting13 the13 V313 and13 V413 regions13 of13 the13 bacterial13 16SrRNA13 gene13 Sequence13 data13 were13 clustered13 into13 operational13 taxonomic13 units13 (OTU)13 at13 the13 9713 level13 by13 using13 Illumina13 BaseSpace13 16S13 pipeline13 Greengenes13 database13 yielded13 homologies13 with13 233713 species13 among13 76113 genera13 of13 bacteria13 associated13 with13 CBB13 Bacterial13 species13 found13 frequently13 in13 our13 samples13 were13 from13 the13 Gamma13 and13 Alpha13 class13 of13 proteobacteria13 Small13 fractions13 of13 bacteria13 detected13 (approximately13 1ndash3)13 were13 from13 Clostritridia13 Actinobacteria13 Betaproteobacteria13 and13 Bacilli13 The13 most13 abundant13 genera13 of13 bacteria13 found13 in13 our13 samples13 were13 Erwinia13 Enterobacter13 and13 Corynebacterium13 Out13 of13 2313 species13 of13 Burkholderia13 detected13 in13 our13 samples13 713 species13 were13 Burkholderia13 cepacia13 complex13 that13 suppress13 growth13 of13 B13 bassiana13 in13 leaf13 cutter13 ants13 Atta13 sexdens13 Wolbachia13 pipensis13 was13 found13 from13 1313 locations13 Further13 analysis13 done13 by13 Principal13 Coordinate13 Analysis13 and13 Hierarchal13 Dendrogram13 analysis13 revealed13 geographical13 patterns13 in13 bacterial13 community13 structure13 and13 abundance13 13

13 The13 complete13 presentation13 may13 be13 viewed13 and13 downloaded13 by13 clicking13 here13

13 13 13

1213 13

Abstract13 CBB13 in13 Kona13 as13 Experienced13 by13 Greenwell13 Farms13 Inc13 13

Steve13 Hicks13 Greenwell13 Farms13 Inc13 Kealakekua13 HI13 9675013

13 13 The13 coffee13 berry13 borer13 (CBB)13 infestation13 on13 the13 Big13 Island13 of13 Hawailsquoi13 has13 had13 a13 significant13 impact13 on13 the13 coffee13 industry13 The13 overall13 increase13 in13 insect13 damage13 in13 green13 bean13 has13 affected13 the13 industryrsquos13 ability13 to13 produce13 the13 high13 quality13 that13 Hawaiian13 coffees13 have13 been13 known13 for13 This13 short13 presentation13 is13 meant13 to13 provide13 insight13 into13 the13 experience13 of13 one13 particular13 grower13 Greenwell13 Farms13 13 Coffee13 farmers13 in13 Kona13 and13 other13 parts13 of13 the13 Big13 Island13 are13 taking13 steps13 towards13 controlling13 CBB13 in13 the13 field13 The13 average13 level13 of13 insect13 damage13 in13 cherry13 delivered13 to13 Greenwell13 Farms13 has13 dropped13 from13 over13 1813 percent13 in13 20121313 to13 11613 percent13 this13 past13 coffee13 season13 This13 significant13 overall13 improvement13 however13 is13 not13 enough13 to13 overcome13 CBBrsquos13 impact13 to13 the13 green13 bean13 grades13 achievable13 since13 minor13 insect13 damage13 does13 NOT13 affect13 the13 overall13 density13 of13 the13 coffee13 beans13 so13 that13 separation13 can13 be13 achieved13 using13 traditional13 grading13 tables13 13 Greenwell13 Farms13 has13 invested13 in13 optical13 sorting13 technology13 capable13 of13 removing13 green13 beans13 with13 minor13 insect13 damage13 from13 the13 process13 stream13 AFTER13 the13 grading13 table13 This13 has13 allowed13 the13 company13 to13 once13 again13 produce13 upper13 grades13 of13 green13 bean13 However13 the13 existence13 of13 CBB13 in13 coffee13 cherry13 delivered13 to13 Greenwell13 Farms13 has13 greatly13 reduced13 the13 amount13 of13 coffee13 that13 can13 be13 converted13 into13 grades13 of13 Kona13 Prime13 or13 higher13 Before13 the13 CBB13 epidemic13 the13 long-shy‐term13 conversion13 of13 cherry13 to13 green13 of13 grade13 Prime13 or13 higher13 was13 54913 to13 one13 This13 past13 season13 the13 companyrsquos13 conversion13 rate13 was13 6913 to13 one13 which13 is13 the13 best13 conversion13 rate13 experienced13 by13 Greenwell13 Farms13 since13 CBB13 came13 to13 Kona13 The13 result13 is13 that13 the13 cost13 to13 procure13 and13 produce13 green13 bean13 of13 grade13 Prime13 or13 higher13 has13 increased13 significantly13 13 Unless13 the13 coffee13 industry13 invests13 in13 more13 optical13 sorting13 capacity13 the13 upper13 grades13 of13 green13 bean13 simply13 cannot13 be13 produced13 from13 coffee13 cherry13 grown13 in13 Hawailsquoi13 origins13 with13 CBB13 This13 is13 because13 there13 are13 approximately13 150013 beans13 in13 a13 300-shy‐gram13 sample13 of13 green13 bean13 If13 one13 can13 assume13 that13 the13 ONLY13 defect13 in13 coffee13 is13 minor13 insect13 damage13 the13 total13 number13 of13 beans13 that13 can13 have13 minor13 insect13 damage13 would13 be13 8013 beans13 for13 Extra13 Fancy13 12013 beans13 for13 Fancy13 and13 18013 beans13 for13 Number13 1113 These13 amounts13 represent13 513 813 and13 1213 of13 the13 coffee13 under13 the13 current13 standard13 13 13 However13 minor13 insect13 damage13 is13 NOT13 the13 only13 defect13 in13 coffee13 This13 means13 that13 these13 upper13 grades13 are13 practically13 impossible13 to13 achieve13 with13 the13 current13 level13 of13 CBB13 control13 in13 Kona13 unless13 optical13 sorting13 is13 implemented13 Smaller13 optical13 sorting13 machines13 are13 available13 and13 should13 be13 considered13 by13 coffee13 producers13 in13 Hawailsquoi13 13 13 The13 complete13 presentation13 may13 be13 viewed13 and13 downloaded13 by13 clicking13 here13 13 13 13

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 113 Current13 Hawailsquoi13 green13 bean13 standards13 allow13 1013 beans13 with13 minor13 insect13 damage13 to13 113 full13 defect13 count13 This13 provision13 is13 scheduled13 to13 be13 changed13 to13 513 to13 one13 in13 July13 of13 201713

1313 13

Abstract13 Decision13 Tree13 Analysis13 of13 Coffee13 Berry13 Borer13 in13 Hawailsquoi13 13

A13 John13 Woodill1213 Stuart13 T13 Nakamoto313 Andrea13 M13 Kawabata413 and13 PingSun13 Leung113 University13 of13 Hawailsquoi13 at13 Maumlnoa13

113 Department13 of13 Natural13 Resources13 and13 Environmental13 Management13 College13 of13 Tropical13 Agriculture13 and13 Human13 Resources13 (CTAHR)13 Honolulu13 HI13 9682213

213 Department13 of13 Economics13 College13 of13 Arts13 and13 Sciences13 Honolulu13 HI13 9682213 313 Department13 of13 Human13 Nutrition13 Food13 and13 Animal13 Sciences13 CTAHR13 Honolulu13 HI13 9682213

413 Department13 of13 Tropical13 Plant13 and13 Soil13 Sciences13 CTAHR13 Kealakekua13 HI13 9675013 13 13 13 After13 the13 arrival13 of13 coffee13 berry13 borer13 (CBB)13 in13 Hawailsquoi13 in13 201013 integrated13 pest13 management13 strategies13 were13 adopted13 to13 combat13 this13 invasive13 pest13 of13 the13 Hawailsquoi13 coffee13 crop13 A13 decision13 tree13 framework13 is13 used13 to13 develop13 a13 model13 for13 management13 strategies13 described13 in13 the13 CBB13 Integrated13 Pest13 Management13 recommendations13 (Kawabata13 et13 al13 2015)13 for13 potential13 use13 by13 growers13 and13 to13 assist13 in13 developing13 and13 evaluating13 management13 strategies13 and13 policies13 The13 use13 of13 a13 decision13 tree13 can13 be13 an13 effective13 method13 for13 understanding13 integrated13 pest-shy‐management13 solutions13 The13 model13 focuses13 on13 pesticide13 spraying13 (sprayno13 spray)13 as13 the13 most13 significant13 activity13 Two13 results13 of13 the13 analysis13 suggest13 that13 with13 a13 high13 level13 of13 initial13 infestation13 it13 is13 important13 to13 always13 spray13 however13 when13 this13 initial13 infestation13 level13 is13 lowered13 the13 farmer13 will13 have13 a13 higher13 final13 net13 benefit13 Furthermore13 the13 results13 of13 the13 subsidy13 analysis13 show13 that13 a13 typical13 farmer13 is13 receiving13 a13 positive13 net13 benefit13 of13 $9471713 which13 might13 be13 increased13 by13 the13 ability13 to13 spray13 more13 often13 The13 results13 of13 the13 sensitivity13 analysis13 provide13 support13 for13 the13 robustness13 of13 the13 model13 as13 well13 as13 the13 importance13 of13 a13 low13 initial13 infestation13 level13 vis-shy‐agrave-shy‐vis13 any13 level13 of13 subsidy13 13 13 The13 complete13 presentation13 may13 be13 viewed13 and13 downloaded13 by13 clicking13 here13 13

1413 13

Abstract13 Sampling13 Strategies13 and13 Monitoring13 for13 IPM13 Decision-shy‐Making13 13 13

Mark13 G13 Wright13 and13 Ishakh13 Pulakkatu-shy‐Thodi13 Department13 of13 Plant13 and13 Environmental13 Protection13 Sciences13 University13 of13 Hawailsquoi13 at13 Maumlnoa13 13

College13 of13 Tropical13 Agriculture13 and13 Human13 Resources13 Honolulu13 HI13 9682213 13 13

The13 ability13 to13 effectively13 characterize13 a13 pest13 population13 and13 the13 damage13 inflicted13 by13 that13 population13 is13 essential13 in13 making13 pest-shy‐management13 decisions13 and13 for13 tracking13 pest13 populations13 over13 time13 or13 relative13 to13 management13 actions13 We13 describe13 the13 data13 and13 analyses13 required13 to13 develop13 effective13 accurate13 labor-shy‐optimized13 sampling13 methods13 for13 field13 use13 by13 growers13 The13 relationship13 between13 management13 decision-shy‐making13 and13 insect13 distribution13 within13 crops13 population13 density13 and13 economic13 damage13 levels13 will13 be13 discussed13 We13 will13 discuss13 potential13 alternatives13 to13 the13 3013 Trees13 method13 currently13 in13 use13 with13 comparative13 data13 from13 Big13 Island13 coffee13 farms13 The13 current13 method13 despite13 probably13 being13 accurate13 and13 effective13 is13 considered13 to13 be13 extremely13 labor13 intensive13 This13 may13 hamper13 adoption13 by13 growers13 Our13 research13 will13 develop13 and13 validate13 optimized13 sampling13 procedures13 for13 decision-shy‐making13 purposes13 13 The13 complete13 presentation13 may13 be13 viewed13 and13 downloaded13 by13 clicking13 here13 13 13

1513 13

Abstract13 Coffee13 Detection13 Spatial13 Assessment13 and13 Modeling13 13

Nicholas13 C13 Manoukis13 13 Tropical13 Crop13 and13 Commodity13 Protection13 Research13

United13 States13 Department13 of13 Agriculture13 ndash13 Agricultural13 Research13 Service13 13 Daniel13 K13 Inouye13 Pacific13 Basin13 Agricultural13 Research13 Center13 Hilo13 HI13 9672013

13 13 One13 of13 the13 major13 challenges13 facing13 coffee13 berry13 borer13 (CBB)13 management13 on13 Hawailsquoi13 Island13 is13 the13 high13 variability13 of13 environmental13 conditions13 across13 the13 coffee-shy‐growing13 region13 A13 single13 management13 scheme13 over13 such13 a13 heterogeneous13 area13 might13 be13 ineffective13 in13 some13 places13 and13 inefficient13 in13 others13 We13 have13 used13 remote13 sensing13 GIS13 and13 traditional13 field13 data13 collection13 to13 1)13 locate13 coffee-shy‐growing13 areas13 2)13 localize13 data13 on13 weather13 conditions13 CBB13 infestations13 and13 coffee13 plant13 development13 and13 3)13 model13 the13 populations13 of13 the13 plant13 and13 pest13 I13 will13 present13 the13 current13 status13 of13 our13 coffee-shy‐detection13 ability13 via13 spectral13 and13 texture13 analysis13 of13 satellite13 imagery13 a13 brief13 overview13 of13 our13 modeling13 approach13 and13 information13 on13 field13 data13 being13 collected13 to13 test13 the13 model13 Tools13 developed13 here13 will13 be13 useful13 to13 other13 coffee-shy‐growing13 regions13 in13 Hawailsquoi13 and13 around13 the13 world13 13 13 The13 complete13 presentation13 may13 be13 viewed13 and13 downloaded13 by13 clicking13 here13 13 13

1613 13

Abstract13 Beauveria13 bassiana13 GHA13 Persistence13 in13 the13 Environment13 13

Lisa13 M13 Keith113 Stephen13 P13 Wraight313 Tracie13 K13 Matsumoto113 and13 Nicholas13 C13 Manoukis213 113 United13 States13 Department13 of13 Agriculture13 ndash13 Agricultural13 Research13 Service13 (USDA13 ndash13 ARS)13 Tropical13 Plant13

Genetic13 Resources13 and13 Disease13 Research13 213 USDA13 ndash13 ARS13 Tropical13 Crop13 and13 Commodity13 Protection13 Research13

Daniel13 K13 Inouye13 Pacific13 Basin13 Agricultural13 Research13 Center13 Hilo13 HI13 9672013 313 Emerging13 Pests13 and13 Pathogens13 Research13

Robert13 W13 Holley13 Center13 for13 Agriculture13 and13 Health13 Ithaca13 NY13 1585313 13 13

Beauveria13 bassiana13 is13 the13 most13 important13 natural13 enemy13 of13 CBB13 Although13 research13 on13 this13 fungal13 pathogen13 has13 been13 carried13 out13 in13 other13 countries13 results13 are13 variable13 due13 to13 differences13 among13 strains13 of13 B13 bassiana13 and13 environmental13 conditions13 Much13 of13 the13 research13 for13 mitigation13 and13 management13 of13 CBB13 in13 the13 Kona13 coffee-shy‐growing13 region13 of13 Hawailsquoi13 Island13 has13 gone13 into13 assessing13 the13 effectiveness13 of13 commercially13 available13 B13 bassiana13 GHA13 (BotaniGardreg)13 applied13 as13 recommended13 by13 University13 of13 Hawailsquoi13 Extension13 From13 201413 to13 the13 present13 B13 bassiana13 GHA13 has13 been13 applied13 at13 the13 standard13 rate13 (3213 oz13 +13 813 oz13 surfactant13 in13 3013 gal13 of13 wateracre)13 and13 the13 applied13 materials13 have13 been13 evaluated13 for13 both13 efficacy13 and13 persistence13 across13 an13 altitudinal13 gradient13 to13 assess13 how13 the13 materials13 work13 under13 varying13 environmental13 conditions13 As13 altitude13 varied13 both13 temperature13 and13 rainfall13 differences13 were13 found13 to13 alter13 the13 overall13 effectiveness13 of13 the13 B13 bassiana13 GHA13 over13 a13 multiple-shy‐year13 study13 period13 In13 short13 well-shy‐timed13 applications13 of13 B13 bassiana13 GHA13 (both13 monthly13 and13 bi-shy‐weekly13 sprays)13 targeting13 flushes13 of13 new13 berries13 provided13 reasonable13 levels13 of13 control13 at13 both13 high13 and13 low13 altitudes13 Monthly13 sprays13 seemed13 to13 provide13 nearly13 as13 effective13 control13 as13 sprays13 applied13 at13 shorter13 intervals13 primarily13 due13 to13 the13 long13 period13 of13 exposure13 (adult13 time13 spent13 in13 AB13 position)13 while13 residual13 B13 bassiana13 GHA13 inoculum13 or13 horizontal13 transmission13 helped13 to13 protect13 the13 crop13 between13 sprays13 Treatment13 demonstrations13 resulted13 in13 CBB-shy‐damaged13 coffee13 beans13 (adults13 in13 CD13 position)13 held13 to13 levels13 below13 1013 infestation13 for13 most13 of13 the13 season13 even13 though13 attack13 rates13 (adults13 in13 AB13 position)13 were13 often13 greater13 than13 5013 at13 the13 start13 of13 the13 season13 Bi-shy‐weekly13 applications13 were13 also13 effective13 but13 not13 significantly13 more13 so13 than13 monthly13 applications13 Monthly13 B13 bassiana13 applications13 were13 less13 effective13 late13 in13 the13 season13 after13 emergence13 of13 the13 next13 generation13 of13 CBB13 (when13 maturing13 coffee13 berries13 are13 vulnerable13 to13 rapid13 penetration)13 Combining13 monthly13 B13 bassiana13 GHA13 spray13 applications13 with13 strip-shy‐picking13 was13 found13 to13 be13 the13 most13 effective13 treatment13 tested13 Persistence13 and13 efficacy13 data13 along13 with13 environmental13 data13 such13 as13 temperature13 13 relative13 humidity13 UV13 radiation13 leaf13 wetness13 and13 rainfall13 have13 been13 collected13 from13 all13 field13 study13 locations13 and13 are13 being13 used13 to13 improve13 CBB13 management13 and13 strengthen13 the13 prediction13 model13 being13 developed13 by13 Dr13 Nicholas13 Manoukis13 ARS13 Overall13 environmental13 persistence13 and13 efficacy13 results13 indicate13 that13 each13 location13 is13 unique13 making13 it13 difficult13 to13 recommend13 a13 ldquoone-shy‐size-shy‐fits-shy‐allrdquo13 spray13 regime13 Monitoring13 and13 assessing13 infestation13 levels13 as13 a13 trigger13 for13 B13 bassiana13 GHA13 sprays13 should13 be13 continued13 as13 the13 standard13 means13 of13 CBB13 control13 13 The13 complete13 presentation13 may13 be13 viewed13 and13 downloaded13 by13 clicking13 here13 13 13 13

1713 13

Abstract13 Beauveria13 bassiana13 Application13 Strategies13 and13 Effectiveness13 13

Stephen13 P13 Wraight113 Lisa13 M13 Keith213 Sandra13 Galaini-shy‐Wraight313 Louela13 Castrillo413 and13 Tracie13 K13 Matsumoto213

113 United13 States13 Department13 of13 Agriculture13 ndash13 Agricultural13 Research13 Service13 (USDA13 ndash13 ARS)13 Emerging13 Pests13 and13 Pathogens13 Research13

Robert13 W13 Holley13 Center13 for13 Agriculture13 and13 Health13 Ithaca13 NY13 1585313 213 USDA13 ndash13 ARS13 Tropical13 Plant13 Genetic13 Resources13 and13 Disease13 Research13

Daniel13 K13 Inouye13 Pacific13 Basin13 Agricultural13 Research13 Center13 Hilo13 HI13 9672013 313 College13 of13 Tropical13 Agriculture13 and13 Human13 Resources13 University13 of13 Hawailsquoi13 at13 Maumlnoa13 Hilo13 HI13 9672013

413 Department13 of13 Entomology13 Cornell13 University13 Ithaca13 NY13 1485313 13

13 CBB13 infestations13 were13 sampled13 on13 high-shy‐13 vs13 low-shy‐elevation13 farms13 (Smithfarms13 and13 Onaka13 Farms13 respectively)13 in13 South13 Kona13 on13 Hawailsquoi13 Island13 during13 MarchndashMay13 201513 to13 determine13 levels13 of13 control13 achieved13 by13 applications13 of13 the13 Beauveria13 bassiana13 (Bb)13 strain13 GHA-shy‐based13 biopesticide13 BotaniGardreg13 Fields13 were13 strip-shy‐picked13 prior13 to13 initiation13 of13 the13 spray13 programs13 Applications13 were13 made13 at13 the13 approximate13 rate13 of13 3213 oz13 BotaniGard13 ES13 +13 813 oz13 surfactant13 in13 3013 gal13 water13 per13 acre13 Two13 treatment13 programs13 were13 tested13 monthly13 calendar13 sprays13 vs13 sprays13 ldquoas13 neededrdquo13 based13 on13 an13 action13 threshold13 of13 2013 infestation13 In13 high-shy‐elevation13 fields13 treated13 monthly13 cumulative13 mortality13 of13 founder13 female13 CBB13 infesting13 small13 green13 berries13 reached13 a13 maximum13 of13 6013 In13 low-shy‐elevation13 fields13 apparently13 isolated13 from13 CBB13 migration13 mortality13 reached13 nearly13 7013 Mortality13 levels13 at13 the13 end13 of13 the13 monitoring13 period13 (late13 May)13 in13 fields13 that13 received13 two13 sprays13 were13 an13 average13 of13 1513 percentage13 points13 lower13 than13 in13 fields13 that13 received13 three13 monthly13 sprays13 (4313 vs13 58)13 suggesting13 that13 a13 lower13 action13 threshold13 may13 be13 called13 for13 These13 observations13 were13 made13 with13 the13 caveat13 that13 the13 proportion13 of13 beetles13 succumbing13 to13 infections13 by13 naturally13 occurring13 strains13 of13 Bb13 was13 unknown13 In13 201513 we13 determined13 that13 the13 feral13 strains13 were13 readily13 distinguishable13 from13 commercial13 strain13 GHA13 based13 on13 gross13 colony13 morphology13 on13 common13 mycological13 media13 Genetic13 characterizations13 indicated13 gt13 9513 accuracy13 of13 determinations13 based13 on13 this13 criterion13 It13 was13 further13 determined13 that13 many13 of13 the13 most13 prevalent13 Bb13 strains13 infecting13 CBB13 in13 Hawailsquoi13 are13 genetically13 similar13 to13 those13 that13 were13 isolated13 from13 diverse13 insects13 prior13 to13 the13 CBB13 outbreak13 supporting13 a13 conclusion13 that13 these13 strains13 are13 indigenous13 to13 Hawailsquoi13 or13 at13 least13 longtime13 residents13 of13 the13 state13 Weekly13 sampling13 of13 live13 CBB13 was13 initiated13 at13 varying13 times13 pre-shy‐13 and13 post-shy‐spray13 application13 and13 the13 collected13 beetles13 were13 surface-shy‐sterilized13 and13 held13 in13 the13 laboratory13 to13 determine13 levels13 of13 pre-shy‐mortem13 infection13 (an13 approximate13 measure13 of13 weekly13 disease13 incidence)13 Average13 rates13 of13 new13 Bb13 infections13 across13 elevations13 peaked13 at13 25ndash3513 2ndash313 days13 following13 application13 and13 declined13 to13 lt13 1013 within13 6ndash1013 days13 Lower13 peak13 levels13 of13 infection13 (10ndash15)13 were13 observed13 when13 coffee13 was13 under13 heavy13 attack13 by13 migrating13 (untreated)13 CBB13 Prior13 to13 the13 first13 sprays13 of13 the13 season13 indigenous13 strains13 were13 identified13 as13 the13 dominant13 types13 infecting13 CBB13 (7513 of13 all13 Bb13 infections13 at13 low13 elevation13 and13 6713 at13 high13 elevation)13 Strain13 GHA13 was13 overwhelmingly13 dominant13 immediately13 following13 application13 producing13 virtually13 10013 of13 all13 new13 Bb13 infections13 at13 low13 elevation13 and13 8813 at13 high13 elevation13 Over13 the13 subsequent13 three13 weeks13 the13 proportion13 of13 feral13 strains13 gradually13 increased13 to13 just13 513 under13 dry13 conditions13 at13 low13 elevation13 but13 to13 3513 under13 wetter13 conditions13 at13 high13 elevation13 These13 observations13 suggest13 that13 the13 indigenous13 strains13 have13 greater13 natural13 epizootic13 potential13 (and13 thus13 greater13 long-shy‐term13 persistence)13 in13 CBB13 populations13 than13 commercial13 strain13 GHA13 However13 weekly13 incidence13 of13 infection13 of13 adult13 female13 CBB13 by13 the13 feral13 strains13 never13 exceeded13 513 indicating13 these13 pathogens13 play13 only13 a13 minor13 role13 in13 natural13 suppression13 of13 CBB13 populations13 in13 cultivated13 coffee13 Despite13 having13 lower13 epizootic13 potential13 strain13 GHA13 has13 exhibited13 virulence13 greater13 than13 or13 equal13 to13 the13 feral13 strains13 when13 applied13 as13 a13 biopesticide13 spray13 under13 laboratory13 conditions13

1813 13

13 This13 paper13 reports13 results13 of13 research13 only13 Mention13 of13 a13 proprietary13 product13 does13 not13 constitute13 a13 recommendation13 or13 endorsement13 of13 its13 use13 by13 the13 US13 Department13 of13 Agriculture13 The13 complete13 presentation13 may13 be13 viewed13 and13 downloaded13 by13 clicking13 here13

1813 13

13 This13 paper13 reports13 results13 of13 research13 only13 Mention13 of13 a13 proprietary13 product13 does13 not13 constitute13 a13 recommendation13 or13 endorsement13 of13 its13 use13 by13 the13 US13 Department13 of13 Agriculture13 The13 complete13 presentation13 may13 be13 viewed13 and13 downloaded13 by13 clicking13 here13

1913 13

Abstract13 B13 bassiana13 and13 CBB13 in13 Puerto13 Rico13 Genetic13 Diversity13 of13 a13 Natural13 Epizootic13 13

Stephen13 A13 Rehner13 Systematic13 Mycology13 Laboratory13

United13 States13 Department13 of13 Agriculture13 ndash13 Agricultural13 Research13 Service13 Beltsville13 MD13 2070513 13

13 The13 generalist13 fungal13 entomopathogen13 Beauveria13 bassiana13 (Bb)13 is13 a13 conspicuous13 natural13 enemy13 of13 coffee13 berry13 borer13 (CBB)13 A13 key13 element13 in13 ongoing13 efforts13 to13 control13 CBB13 using13 the13 Bb13 mycoinsecticide13 Mycotrolreg13 is13 to13 determine13 the13 relative13 importance13 of13 Mycotrolreg13 and13 indigenous13 Bb13 in13 suppressing13 CBB13 populations13 In13 particular13 it13 is13 important13 to13 1)13 determine13 the13 effectiveness13 of13 Mycotrolreg13 to13 initiate13 and13 sustain13 CBB13 epizootics13 relative13 to13 that13 provided13 by13 native13 strains13 2)13 to13 determine13 the13 environmental13 persistence13 of13 Mycotrolreg13 and13 3)13 to13 assess13 its13 risk13 potential13 to13 non-shy‐target13 arthropods13 In13 this13 talk13 I13 will13 describe13 molecular13 epidemiological13 tools13 used13 for13 phylogenetic13 and13 population13 genetic13 characterization13 of13 Bb13 isolated13 from13 CBB13 at13 coffee13 farms13 in13 Puerto13 Rico13 In13 Puerto13 Rico13 all13 Bb13 isolations13 (gt20013 isolates13 sampled)13 are13 members13 of13 a13 distinct13 cryptic13 species13 of13 Bb13 designated13 A213 which13 was13 the13 predominant13 Bb13 pathogen13 of13 CBB13 in13 an13 earlier13 survey13 covering13 CentralSouth13 America13 and13 western13 equatorial13 Africa13 Thus13 A213 appears13 to13 have13 a13 special13 affinity13 for13 CBB13 Despite13 prior13 applications13 of13 Mycotrolreg13 at13 several13 farms13 213 years13 previous13 to13 our13 sampling13 this13 strain13 was13 rarely13 isolated13 either13 indicating13 relatively13 weak13 persistence13 of13 Mycotrolreg13 in13 this13 environment13 or13 perhaps13 the13 inability13 to13 compete13 on13 CBB13 against13 indigenous13 isolates13 A13 multi-shy‐locus13 microsatellite13 genotyping13 system13 is13 developed13 that13 enables13 precise13 discrimination13 of13 the13 Mycotrol13 strain13 from13 indigenous13 A213 strains13 and13 the13 ability13 to13 track13 the13 many13 A213 genotypes13 associated13 with13 the13 CBB13 epizootic13 in13 Puerto13 Rico13 13 13 The13 complete13 presentation13 may13 be13 viewed13 and13 downloaded13 by13 clicking13 here13 13 13 13

2013 13

Abstract13 Controlling13 Coffee13 Berry13 Borer13 on13 a13 Microscale13 13

RT13 Curtiss113 and13 Andrea13 M13 Kawabata213 113 Plant13 Pest13 Control13 Branch13 Hawailsquoi13 Department13 of13 Agriculture13 Captain13 Cook13 HI13 9670413

213 Department13 of13 Tropical13 Plant13 and13 Soil13 Sciences13 University13 of13 Hawailsquoi13 at13 Maumlnoa13 13 College13 of13 Tropical13 Agriculture13 and13 Human13 Resources13 Kealakekua13 HI13 9675013

13 13

Coffee13 farmers13 have13 asked13 many13 questions13 about13 effective13 control13 of13 coffee13 berry13 borer13 (CBB)13 using13 Organa13 Agriculture13 Hawaii13 Incrsquos13 Beneficial13 Active13 Micro-shy‐Organisms13 (BAM)13 product13 the13 effect13 of13 feral13 and13 unmanaged13 coffee13 and13 if13 CBB13 control13 using13 Beauveria13 bassiana13 strain13 GHA13 is13 possible13 on13 small13 farm13 plots13 A13 microscale13 field-shy‐based13 experiment13 was13 established13 to13 try13 to13 answer13 these13 questions13 The13 UH-shy‐CTAHR13 201513 CBB13 IPM13 recommendations13 were13 followed13 with13 the13 only13 variable13 being13 the13 product13 sprayed13 on13 the13 trees13 Significant13 differences13 were13 found13 between13 all13 treatments13 however13 only13 B13 bassiana13 would13 provide13 farmers13 with13 a13 low13 enough13 infestation13 rate13 to13 provide13 maximum13 profit13 13 An13 update13 about13 the13 HDOA13 Beauveria13 subsidy13 program13 will13 also13 be13 provided13 13 The13 complete13 presentation13 may13 be13 viewed13 and13 downloaded13 by13 clicking13 here13 13

13 13 13 13 13

13 13

2113 13

Abstract13 Pruning13 and13 Plant13 Growth13 Regulator13 Research13 13

Tracie13 K13 Matsumoto13 Tropical13 Plant13 Genetic13 Resources13 and13 Disease13 Research13

United13 States13 Department13 of13 Agriculture13 ndash13 Agricultural13 Research13 Service13 13 Daniel13 K13 Inouye13 Pacific13 Basin13 Agricultural13 Research13 Center13 Hilo13 HI13 9672013

13 13

Field13 sanitation13 is13 essential13 for13 CBB13 control13 since13 the13 life13 cycle13 of13 the13 CBB13 can13 be13 completed13 within13 the13 protected13 confines13 of13 the13 coffee13 berry13 between13 coffee13 seasons13 Removing13 coffee13 berries13 by13 stripping13 green13 coffee13 berries13 between13 seasons13 is13 recommended13 for13 coffee13 farmers13 to13 reduce13 the13 CBB13 population13 for13 the13 start13 of13 the13 coffee13 season13 Stripping13 green13 coffee13 berries13 at13 the13 end13 of13 the13 season13 is13 lost13 income13 for13 the13 farmer13 Since13 Hawailsquoi13 does13 not13 have13 a13 distinct13 wet13 and13 dry13 season13 each13 rainfall13 results13 in13 multiple13 flowering13 events13 in13 one13 coffee13 season13 resulting13 in13 the13 need13 for13 multiple13 small13 harvests13 This13 often13 extends13 the13 coffee13 harvest13 season13 This13 increases13 labor13 costs13 in13 hand-shy‐harvested13 coffee13 and13 decreases13 yield13 of13 marketable13 coffee13 in13 both13 mechanically13 and13 hand-shy‐harvested13 coffee13 fields13 by13 increasing13 the13 amount13 of13 green13 coffee13 berries13 at13 the13 end13 of13 or13 during13 the13 coffee13 season13 13

Here13 we13 use13 plant13 growth13 regulators13 to13 concentrate13 coffee13 flowering13 combining13 small13 multiple13 flowerings13 into13 one13 larger13 flowering13 by13 utilizing13 a13 combination13 of13 commercial13 products13 with13 GA313 (gibberellic13 acid)13 and13 ABA13 Over13 the13 last13 four13 years13 we13 have13 optimized13 growth-shy‐regulator13 concentration13 and13 application13 in13 hand-shy‐harvested13 fields13 in13 Kona13 Larger-shy‐scale13 field13 trials13 were13 conducted13 over13 the13 past13 three13 years13 under13 a13 Special13 Local13 Needs13 (SLN)13 permit13 and13 we13 are13 working13 with13 manufacturers13 to13 add13 coffee13 to13 the13 label13 of13 the13 plant13 growth13 regulators13 Both13 products13 are13 currently13 available13 as13 OMRI13 (Organic13 Materials13 Review13 Institute)13 certified13 and13 can13 be13 used13 for13 conventional13 and13 organic13 coffee13 farms13 Results13 over13 multiple13 years13 have13 shown13 that13 the13 treatments13 successfully13 promoted13 flowering13 of13 coffee13 to13 increase13 the13 amount13 of13 coffee13 berries13 in13 earlier13 harvests13 and13 reduced13 the13 amount13 of13 green13 coffee13 berries13 at13 the13 end13 of13 the13 season13 13

The13 complete13 presentation13 may13 be13 viewed13 and13 downloaded13 by13 clicking13 here13

13 13

2213 13

Abstract13 Flat13 Bark13 Beetle13 Predators13 Research13 Update13 13

Peter13 A13 Follett13 Tropical13 Crop13 and13 Commodity13 Protection13 Research13

United13 States13 Department13 of13 Agriculture13 ndash13 Agricultural13 Research13 Service13 Daniel13 K13 Inouye13 Pacific13 Basin13 Agricultural13 Research13 Center13 Hilo13 HI13 9672013

13 13 Adult13 flat13 bark13 beetles13 mainly13 Leptophloeus13 sp13 (75)13 and13 Cathartus13 quadricollis13 (21)13 (Coleoptera13 Laemophloeidae13 and13 Silvanidae13 respectively)13 were13 found13 feeding13 in13 CBB-shy‐infested13 coffee13 beans13 on13 the13 tree13 and13 molecular13 marker13 studies13 confirmed13 feeding13 on13 CBB13 Research13 was13 conducted13 to13 better13 understand13 the13 ecology13 of13 these13 predators13 and13 explore13 ways13 to13 increase13 their13 role13 in13 suppressing13 CBB13 populations13 in13 coffee13 Laboratory13 feeding13 assays13 demonstrated13 the13 capacity13 for13 adult13 and13 larval13 flat13 bark13 beetles13 to13 feed13 on13 all13 CBB13 life13 stages13 The13 predators13 are13 widely13 distributed13 in13 the13 coffee-shy‐growing13 areas13 on13 the13 island13 of13 Hawailsquoi13 but13 feed13 mainly13 in13 dried13 coffee13 on13 the13 tree13 rather13 than13 in13 ripening13 cherry13 where13 initial13 crop13 damage13 occurs13 Berlese13 funnel13 extraction13 of13 flat13 bark13 beetles13 from13 dried13 beans13 on13 the13 tree13 indicated13 that13 predator13 numbers13 can13 be13 high13 (up13 to13 2313 adult13 predators13 per13 150-shy‐bean13 sample)13 The13 predators13 are13 not13 susceptible13 to13 the13 fungal13 biopesticide13 Beauveria13 bassiana13 used13 for13 field13 control13 of13 CBB13 in13 coffee13 Leptophloeus13 sp13 and13 C13 quadricollis13 can13 be13 raised13 on13 a13 cracked13 cornndashcornmeal13 diet13 A13 raise-shy‐and-shy‐release13 program13 was13 started13 with13 C13 quadricollis13 by13 providing13 farmers13 with13 a13 predator13 starter13 kit13 and13 25013 kits13 were13 distributed13 to13 coffee13 farmers13 Flat13 bark13 beetle13 predators13 have13 also13 been13 found13 in13 high13 numbers13 inside13 the13 fruiting13 structures13 of13 other13 plants13 in13 the13 Kona13 coffee13 landscape13 such13 as13 koa13 haole13 monkeypod13 ice13 cream13 bean13 and13 macadamia13 nut13 where13 they13 are13 probably13 feeding13 on13 assorted13 bark13 beetles13 and13 other13 insects13 and13 on13 fungi13 13 The13 complete13 presentation13 may13 be13 viewed13 and13 downloaded13 by13 clicking13 here13 13