Proceedings ofthe

TENTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON AVIATION PSYCHOLOGY

May 3 - 6 , 1999Columbus, Ohio USA

Sponsored By:

The Ohio State University Department of Aerospace Engineering, Applied Mechanics andAviation

The International Journal of Aviation Psychology

and

The Association of Aviation Psychologists

Edited by:

Dr. Richard JensenBrian Cox

Dr. Joseph CallisterRobyn Lavis

Dr. Richard Jensen, General Chair

Dr. Joseph Callister, Program Chair

Neysa Huber, Angela Weir and Robyn Lavis, Technical Chair

UB/TIB Hannover 89121 278 077

ATC Design

ATC Displays

Design Evaluation of Information Displays in Complex Control Settings 609Deborah Bruce, NTSB Office of Research & Engineering

Touch Input Screens andAnimations: More Efficient andHumanized Computer Interactions for ATC (O). 615Christophe Mertz, CENA, France

Your Attention Please: AnEvaluation ofAnimated Visual Signals for ATC Alarms and Notifications 622Sylvie Athenes, CENA, FranceS. Chatty, A. Bustico

Terminal ATC Design

Trust And Pilot Controller Interaction 627Sophie Dusire, CNAM, FranceP. Falzon

An Operational Conceptfor Flying FMS Trajectories in Center and TRACON Airspace. 633Everett Palmer, NASA-Ames Research CenterD. Williams, T. Prevot, S. Romahn, T. Goka, N. Smith, B. Crane

Model-based Design and Analysis ofATC-Automation Interaction 640Stephan Romahn, NASA ArnesE. Palmer

Human Error

Human Error

Error Types and Related Error Detection Mechanisms in the Aviation Domain: An Analysis ofASRSIncident Reports 646Heather M. Alexander, Holloman Air Force BaseN. Sarter

Bending the Rules intheAir. 652Patrick Hudson, Leiden University, The Netherlands

Controlling Error in the Cockpit. 658Keith Hendy, DCIEM, CanadaF. Lichacz

CountermeasuresforSki.il, Rule and Knowledge-Based Errors 664Paul C. Schutte, NASA Langley Research CenterT. S. Abbott, J. R. Comstock Jr., K. A. Latorella, M. T. Palmer, A. T. Pope, M. Rudisill, A. C. Trujillo,J. S. Berry

Application ofFRANCIEfor the Transponder Landing System Human Error Analysis 671Lon Haney, Lockheed Martin IdahoK. Winner

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Observing and Analyzing Error and Error Management in Line Audits: Methods andApplications

Models OfThreat, Error, And CRM In Flight Operations. 677Robert Helmreich, University of Texas at AustinJ. Klinect, J. Wilhelm

Threat and Error Management: Data From Line Operations Sqfety Audit. 683James Klinect, University of Texas at AustinJ. Wilhelm

Analyzing Cockpit Communication: The Links Between Language, Performance, Error, and Workload... 689Brian Sexton, University of Texas at Austin

A New Tool for Investigating and Tracking Human Factors Issues in Incidents 696Sharon Jones, University of Texas at AustinB. Tesmer

Human Factors Associated with Air Trafik Operational Errors

Air Trqffic Controller Specialist Radar Scanning Under Current and Proposed Free Flight Conditions... 702Earl S. Stein, FAA William J. Hughes Technical CenterB. Willems

Controller Opinions of Flight Progress Strip Usage In Today's En-Route Environment. 707Carol A. Manning, FAA Civil Aeromedical Institute

The Effects of Performance Feedback on Air Trqffic Control Coordination: A Simulation Study. 713Lawrence L. Bailey, FAA Civil Aeromedical Institute

Putting the Human Factor in the OE/D Reporting System 720Julia Pounds, FAA Civil Aeromedical Institute

Maintenance

Maintenance

Implementing 3D Graphics in Air er oft Maintenance Manuals: A Cognitive Task Analysis Approach. 724Holly S. Bautsch, Logicon Technical ServicesC. Calhoun

Evaluation OfA Program For Training Skills Related To Team Situation Awareness In AviationMaintenance. 730Mica R. Endsley, SA TechnologiesM. M. Robertson, K. Porter

Analysis ofProcedwal Errors in Aircrqft Maintence Operations 736Kristen Nord, SJSU/ NASA Arnes Rsearch CenterB. G. Kanki

Communicating Discrepancies Between Pilots and Maintenance Technicians in the Reporting ofMaintenance Issues: ThelmpactofOrganizationalSocialtation '. 742M arifran Mattson, Purdue UniversityJ. Crider, J. Whittington

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Human-Centered Maintenance Operations Panel I: Task & Risk Analysis Tools

Task Procedures in Aircrafi Maintenance. 749Nick Donald, Trinity College, Dublin, IrelandC. Daly

Task and Risk Analysis of Aviation Maintenance Inspection Processes. 755Lee Ostrom, Lockheed-MartinC. Wilhelmsen

Task Analysis And Curriculum Development. 761Ed Czepiel, Northwestern University

Human-centered Maintenance Operations

Cultural Factors Contributing to the Success ofMacro Human Factors Principles in AviationMaintenance. 766James C. Taylor, Santa Clara UniversityM. S. Patankar

Informaton Design Issues in Repair Stations. 772Colin Drury, State University of New York at BuffaloC. Wenner, K. Kritkausky

Aircrafi Maintenance Human Factors Research: Using Training To Improve Performance 777Anand Gramopadhye, Clemson UniversityB. Melloy

Organizational Safety Culture. 778Gary Eiff, Purdue University

Surface Operations

Surface Operations: Technologies, Interfaces and Procedures

Head-Up Display Symbologyfor Surface Operations: Comparisons Among Scene-LinkedSymbologySets for Optimum Turn Navigation 784Mikel L. Atkins, San Jose State FoundationD. C. Foyle, R. S. McCann

Assessing Visual Attention ofPilots while Using Electronic Moving Mapsfor Taxiing. 791David A. Graeber, University of Central FloridaA. D. Andre

Issues in the Procedural Implementation ofLow- Visibility Landing and Surface Operation Displays 797Becky L. Hooey, Monterey Technologies, IneM. F. J. Schwirzke, M. E. McCauley, D. Renfroe, K. Purcell, A. D. Andre

The Effects of Advanced Navigation Aids on Crew Roles and Communication in Ground Taxi. 804Bonny Parke, SJSU / NASA Arnes Research CenterB. G. Kanki, R. S. McCann, B. Hooey

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Workload

Workload

Changes in Pilot Activities with Increasing Automation. 810Diane L. Damos, Damos Research Associates, IneR. S. John, E. A. Lyall

Flight Crew Factors for CTAS/FMS Integration in the Terminal Airspace. 815Barry W. Crane, NASA Arnes Research Center

A Multi-Dimensional Evaluation Methodology For New Cockpit Systems. 821Marcia Kuskin Shamo, Avionitek, LtdA. Degani

Time Sharing

Measurement of Timesharing Ability In a Synthetic Piloting Task 827William C. Tirre, Brooks AFBP. Dcomi'

Retention and Transfer of Time-Sharing Skill as a Function ofAge and Flight Experience. 833Pamela S. Tsang, Wright State University

Physiology

Stress

US Coast Guard Pilots: The Relationship Between the Home and Work Stress and Seif PerceivedPerformance. 838Pamella Della Rocco, FAA/CAMIE. R. Fiedler, D. J. Schroeder, K. Nguyen, A. T. Carvalhais Rocco 1

Stress & Fatigue During Aircrew Survtval Training. 843Joseph D. Callister, AFIT/CIMI, Ohio State UniversityG. L. Percival. P.D. Retzlaff

Using an Internet Based Decision Research System, in Aviation Research. 848Robert Mauro, University of OregonI. Bashi.

Hazardous States ofAwareness: What are They andHow Do We Measure Them? 854Mark W. Scerbo, Old Dominion UniversityF. G. Freeman, P. J. Mikulka, R. Parasuraman

Fatigue

Performance Tests for Assessing Fitness for Duty. 861Wade R. Allen, Systems TechnologyZ. Parseghian, D. Damos

Fatigue In Aviation:Point Of View OfFrence Pilots 867S. Bourges-Bougrine, Universite Rene Descartes, FranceP. Cabon, C. Gounelle, R. Mollard, A. Coblentz, J. J. Speyer

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Fatigue: Investigation of a Human Factor for Regional Airline Pilots 873Tom Weitzel, TWA

The Use OfEeg And Multitasking To Determine The Effects Of Work Schedule And Jet Lag On TheInformation Processing Capacity Oflndividual Pilots 879H. Weinberg, Simon Fräser University, CanadaJ. J. Jantzen, D. Cheyne, P. Carson, R. Joly, A. Vincent

Physiology

Effects OfMelatonin Upon Continuous Human Performance 885Yossi Shub, Tel Aviv UniversityR. Amsel, S. Yehuda, I.E. Ashenazi

A Comparison ofTwo Forms ofVisually-Induced Motion Sickness 889L. James Smart, Miami UniversityL. J. Hettinger, T. A. Stoffregen

Effects of Fatigue on Posturographic Abilities - A Vertigo Model. 896Yossi Shub, Tel Aviv University, IsraelR. Amsel, S. Yehuda, I.E. Ashenazi

Visual Perception

Eye-Tracking In A Visual Vigilance Task. 903Robert Lavine, The George Washington UniversityB. Dickens, J. Sibert, M. Gorturk, K. Heckman, J. McNamara

Spatial Distortion: A Survey of Incidence. 910Walter E. SipesC. S. Lessard, D. W. Heideman

Visual Information for Glideslope Control. 916Shawn Doherty, University of IllinoisG. Lintern

An Australian Perspective on the Visual Landing Approach: Use of Flight Control And Visual Gaze 922Lisa Duff, University of NewcastleW. Wilks, H. P. Pfister

Age Factors

Age-related Human Factors In Air Traffic Control

Retirement Projections for the Controller Workforce. 928Dana Broach, FAA CAMI

An Examination of the Relationship Between Controller Age and En route Operational Errors 934Dana Broach, FAA CAMI

Relationships Between Age andAttitudes in the Air Traffic Control Specialist Workforce. 939Richard Thompson, FAA CAMIL. L. Bailey

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The Relationship Between Air Trqffic Control Specialist Age And Cognitive Test Performance. 945Michael C. Heil, FAA

Training

Training

The Cockpit Classroom: What educators shouldknow about teaching women toflyü. 952Ruth Löwe Sitler, Kent State University

Leaming Style Theory and Aviation Education. 956Merrill R. Karp, Arizona State University East.M. A. Turney, W. K. McCurry

A New Way For Designing Line Oriented Flight Training Scenario In Glass-cockpit. EnvironmentDesigning The Context AndCreating Scenarios In ARCHIMEDEIII Experiment. 963Arona Aw, Aerospatiale Protection Systems

Design Issues In Aviation Training, Operation, And Evaluation

Overview ofLessons Learned Developing ACRMfor a Regional Carrier. 966Deborah Boehm-Davis, George Mason UniversityR. W. Holt, J. T. Hansberger, T. L. Seamster

Design of ACRM Training. 973Thomas L. Seamster, Cognitive & Human FactorsD. Boehm-Davis, R. W. Holt, E. S. Edens

An Evaluation of Stall/Spin Training in Canada. 980Jim McMenemy, Transport Canada Civil Aviation

Automation Training

Training for the "Glass Cockpit": Trends, Problems and Solutions. 985J.J.M. Roessingh, National Aerospace Laboratory NLR, The NetherlandsR. N. H. W. Van Gent

Training for Automation: Why Exhortations to Be CarefulDon't Work 992Nalini Suparamaniam, Linkoping University, SwedenS. Dekker

Old Cues May Not Be Good Cues in New Environment. 998Renee J. Stout, NAWCTSDD. P. Baker, E. Salas

Use of Personal Computers in Pilot Training

Airborne Flight Data Recorder. 1003Lester Lendrum, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignH. L. Taylor, D. Talleur, C. Hulin, G. Bradshaw, T. W. Emanual Jr.

Effectiveness of Personal Computers to Meet Recency ofExperience Requirements 1008Henry L. Taylor, Univeristy of Illinios Urbana- ChampaignG. Bradshaw D. Talleur, T. W. Emanuel, C. Hulin, L Lendrum

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Advanced GA Training

"You Mean I Don 't Get A Heading Indicator? " Geographie Knowledge Acquired By Pilots ThroughActive Participation Or Map Study. 1014Randall S. Bone, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Teaching Judgment And En-Route Dynamic Problem Solving Techniques To General Aviation Pilots. 1021Sarah Barber, Rockwell Collins

The Management Of Strategie Flexibility During Simulated Flight. 1028Susan L. Cockle, The University of New Castle, Australia

General Aviation Instruction Through Simulation: Learning in Flight Training Devices and PCA TDS..... 1032Marvin S. Green, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University

Building A Training Module For The AGATE Audience. 1038Sandy Stedman, Jeppesen

Advanced Commercial Training

Georgia Tech Case-Based Intelligent Tutor GT-CBITS. 1041Christine M. Mitchell, Georgia Institute of TechnologyA. R. Chappell, W. M. Gray

Retention of Effects ofAboveReal Time Training. 1048Marcia Rossi, Tuskegee UniversityS. F. Ali, M. Archer, D. Guckenberger, P. Crane, J. Williams

Reason Reserved: Hitting the Training Target. 1054Ross Telfer, The University of Newcastle, AustraliaR. Miller

Integrating the Aviation System Toward Safety: Implications oflnterdepartmental Human FactorsTraining for Pilots and Maintenance Technicians 1060John P. Young, Purdue University

ATC Training

Using Feedback From Training to Identify HF Issues In The Introduction OfA New Air Traffic System... 1066Gregory Hannan, University Of Tasmania, AustraliaP. J. Moore, R. A. Telfer

Computer Based Training for AB-Intio Air Trqffic Controllers 1072Anna Bellorini, Magister Ludi, ItalyM. N. Larsen, B. Considine, M. Pistre, M. Woldring, D. Van Damme

The Uses of Cognitive Models inATC's Training. 1078Sonia Abdesslem, CENA, FranceC. Corrinne

LOFT Tools: Evalution

The Debriefing Assessment Battery As A Facilitation Tool. 1084Lori K. McDonnell & Kimberly K. Jobe, San Jose State University/NASA Arnes Research CenterR. K. Dismukes, G. M. Smith

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Identifying And Evaluating Crm Behaviors In Simulation Training Scenarios 1090Eric Villeda, San Jose State University/NASA Arnes Research CenterL. Martin, J. Orasanu

Accident Data Analysis

Accident Data

Personality Factors As Risks For Aviation Accidents Or Incidents Among U.S. Pilots. 1097Maxine Lubner, Columbia UniversityR. Adams, D. Hunter, P. Hwoschinsky, F. Hellman, E. Struening

Alcohol, Drugs, and Pilot Incapacitation In General Aviation Crashes- Can We Get The NumbersRight? 1103Rudolf G. Mortimer, University of Illinios at Urbana-Champaign

Single Pilot IFR Operations: Before and After 20 Years oflmpravement. 1109Donna Forsyth, Florida Institute of TechnologyR. C. Bane

Pilot Error: Cognitive Failure Analysis 1117Dimitri Zotov, Massey University, New Zealand

General Aviation and Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) Accidents: 1983-1994. 1124Mary D. Stearns, Volpe CenterM. Bud, P. Mengen

Accident Data Analysis

Is it Time for R2D2 or Who's Monitoring the Flight Instructor? 1130Richard J. Adams, Florida TechP. Murphy

Analysis of Aircrafi Accidents by Means of Variation Tree. 1136Akira Ishibashi, Nippon Airways, Japan

Accident Data- Military

Causes and Remedies of Controlled Flight into Terrain (CFIT) in Military and Civil Aviation Accident... 1143Michael L. Moroze, WPAFBM. P. Snow

Cockpit Design Factors: What We Learn From Accident Data. 1150Anthony P. Ciavarelli, Naval Postgraduate School

U.S. Navy And Marine Corps Air And Rotary Wing ClassA Mishaps 1990-1996: A ComprehensiveAnalysis Of Crew Resource Management Errors 1158Douglas A. Wiegmann, University of IllinoisS. A. Shappell

Air Rage

Unruly Passenger Behaviour And In-Flight Violence: A Psychological Perspective 1161Robert Bor, City University, London

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The Aftereffects oflnflight Violence on Crewmembers and Their Families 1167Micheal Sheffer

Stress And Its Relationship Withln-flight Violence. 1172Sally Augustin, City University, London

Passenger Risk Management. 1178Angela Dahlberg, Dahlberg and Associates

The Human Factors of Civil Aviation Security. 1185Eric C. Neiderman, FAAJ. L. Forbes

Performance Assessment

A Safety Index and Method for Flightdeck Evaluation 1190Kara A. Latorella, NASA Langley Research CenterH. N. Press

A Construct of Pilot Performance. 1197Graham Beaumont, Quantas Airways, Australia

The Developments ofa High Performance Measure for Air Traffic Controllers 1203Kenneth T. Bruskiewicz, Personel Research InstitutesJ. W. Hedge, C. A. Manning, H. J. Mogilka

"Safety Today Was 16" The Use of Performance in ATC. 1209Bert Ruitenberg, IFATCA, The Netherlands

Using Pilot Performance Database Information

Evaluating Instructor/Evaluator Inter-Rater Reliability from Performance Database Information 1214William Hamman, United AirlinesR. W. Holt, J. Beaubien

Structural Analysis ofLine-Oriented Evaluation Data 1220Timothy E. Goldsmith, University of New MexicoP. J. Johnson

Simulation

Realism and Reality in Flight Simulation. 1224Thomas A. Stoffregen, University of CincinnatiG. K. Nelson, R. J. Pagulayan, B. G. Bardy

Designing Training Scenarios For Distributed Mission Training. 1230Peter Crane, Air Force Research Laboratory

Cuitural Factors

The Impact ofCulture on Professional Training and Performance. 1235R. A. Woodhouse, University of Toronto, CanadaR Woodhouse

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Situation Assessment

Situation Awareness

Measuring Situation Awareness: A Comparision ofFour Measurement Techniques 1240Christine C. Boag, University of Queensland, AustraliaM. Neale, A. Neal

Others

The Mediated Debrief Program 1247Mark B. Klair

Instructor Debrief Training In Spot. 1253Lynne Martin, National Research Council/NASA Arnes Research CenterJ. Orasanu, E. Villeda

The Development Process OfA CRMCourse With Computer Based Training Approach. 1259A. Bellorini, M. N. Larsen and M. Calvano

Developing A Model To Predict Aircrafi Maintenance Performance. 1265Gerard J Fogarty

FMS Features To Support CTAS In The TRACON. 1271Steve Quarry, Lance Sherry (Honeywell)Stephan Romahn, Everett Palmer (NASA- Arnes Research Center)

An Analysis OfThe Generic Causes Ofln-Flight Fuel Crisis Events. 1277Steven J Thatcher, Neysa Huber and Richard S Jensen

An Analysis OfThe Root Causes Ofln-Flight Fuel Crisis Events. 1285Steven J Thatcher

Human Factors And Eliminating Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) 1291Captain Frank J. Tullo

Do Three Easy Tasks Make One Difficult One? Studying The PerceivedDifficulty Of SimulationScenarios 1295Florian Jentsch, David Abbott, & Clint Bowers

Workshop On The Fatigued Pilot: A Factor In Lost Situation Awareness. 1301Richard O. Reinhart

"Why is it doing that? " Two Perspectives on an Autqflight System 1304Michael Feary, NASA Arnes Research Center.Immanuel Bashi, Lance Sherry & Martin Alkin

Poster Session

Critical Incidents and Emotions ofDecision Makingfor Air Trqffic Controllers 1309Elise L. Amel, University of St. ThomasC. S. Daus

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Evaluating Air Carrier Managerial Performance in the Interest of Public Safety. 1313Brent Bowen, Aviation Institute

The Effects of Stress on a Pilot Situational Awareness 1317Dianna L. Bush, Central Missouri St. UniversityF. J. Schieszer

Training Evaluation Using a Return on Investment Model: Case Study Examplesfor Aviation TrainingConsideration 1320Dianne Hill, Performance by Design

Human Factors in Military Aircraft Accidents 1326Justin Holroyd, Ministry of Defense (Army), UK

Using an Internet-based Decision Research System in Aviation Research. 1331Robert Mauro, University of OregonI. Barshi

The Influence ofAging and Expertise on Pilot Communication Performance. 1337Daniel Morrow, University of New HampshireW. Menard, E Stine-Morrow

Track Angle Error Displays Format Affects Simulated Non-precision GPS Approach Performance andWorkload. 1344Scott A. M. Rasmussen, MIT Man Vehicle LaboratoryC. Oman, M. S. Huntly Jr., D. L. Hannon

Topographie EEG Recordings ofVaried Mental Workload During Flight. 1350Glenn F. Wilson, Air Force Research LaboratoryJ. Martin

Index 1355

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