Proceedings of the Third International Congress on the History of Oceanography held September 22-26, 1980, at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA on the occasion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of ",oc~~"OG"~"'Iy~

the founding of the Institution (' ~.~) ~~f

OCEANOGRAPHY: THE PAST

Edited by

M. Sears and D. Merriman

With 111 Figures

Springer-Verlag New York Heidelberg Berlin

MARY SEARS

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA

DANIEL MERRIMAN

Professor Emeritus of Biology, Yale University 298 Sperry Road, Bethany, Connecticut 06525, USA

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data International Congress on the His.tory of Oceanography.

3d, Woods Hole, Mass., 1980 Oceanography, the past.

"This volume . . . represents the proceedings of the Third International Congress on the History of Oceanography, organized under the auspices of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, to be held at Woods Hole, Mas­sachusetts, U.S.A., September 22-26, 1980."

Includes bibliographies and index. 1. Oceanography-History-Congresses. I. Sears,

Mary. II. Merriman, Daniel. III. Woods Hole, Mass. Oceanographic Institution. IV. Title. GC29.157 1980 551.46'009 80-16940

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form without written permission from Springer-Verlag. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc. in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone.

© 1980 by Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1980

9 8 7 6 543 2 I

ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-8092-4 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-8090-0

e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-8090-0

Preface

This volume, "Oceanography: The Past," is the Proceedings of the Third Inter­national Congress on the History of Oceanography, organized under the auspices of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, September 22-26, 1980.

The Congress is a part of the year-long celebration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the founding of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. It will be followed by an Assembly, September 29 -October 2, in which invited speakers will address the question, ''Will we use the oceans wisely-the next SO years in oceanogra­phy?" The papers from the Assembly will also be published by Springer-Verlag as "Oceanography: The Present and Future," a companion volume to this book.

The First International Congress on the History of Oceanography was held at the Musee Ocean~graphique in Monaco, December 12-17, 1966. It coincided with the centennial of the beginning of the distinguished career of Prince Albert I as a student and patron of oceanography, for it was in 1866 that he first went to sea-on the armored frigate Tetuan of the Royal Spanish Navy. The results of this Congress were published as 57 papers in the Bulletin de l'Institut Oceanogra­phique (special no. 2, vols. 1-3, pp. XLII + 807, 1968).

The Second International Congress on the History of Oceanography followed in Edinburgh, September 12-20, 1972. It marked the H.M.S. Challenger Expe­dition (1872-1876) centenary, and the results appeared as 87 papers published at the time of the Congress in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (section B (Biology), vols. 72 + 73, pp. xvi + 897, 1972}.

During the Second Congress the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution offered to host the Third Congress in 1980, and preliminary arrangements were made

VI Preface

with the International Union of the History and Philosophy of Science; subse­quent approval was obtained from the Centre International d'Histoire de l'Ocean­ographie. The Organizing Committee took form in late 1977 and was subsequent­ly composed of the following members: Honorary, Jacqueline Carpine-Lancre (Monaco) and William H. Rutherford (Edinburgh); Chairman, Daniel Merriman; and Peter G. Brewer, Harold L. Burstyn, Kenneth O. Emery, Paul M. Fye, James R. Heirtzler, John L. Heyl, Charles S. Innis, Jr., Bostwick H. Ketchum, Roger R. Revelle, Susan Schlee, Mary Sears, John H. Steele, H. Burr Steinbach and Richard C. Vetter. It met in part or in whole 12 times in 1978-1980. The preliminary work was carried out almost entirely from the Chairman's home in Bethany, Connecticut. In the initial stages Daniel Merriman was fortunate in having Mrs. Arnold Pfenninger, Jr., to lend a hand. In the later phases, particularly with re­spect to editorial matters, Mrs. Philip K. Bondy was an ever-present and efficient colleague. Throughout the whole endeavor Mrs. Daniel Merriman was a wise, tol­erant and encouraging spirit, helpful in myriad matters. In Woods Hole, where the volume was chiefly edited and assembled, Mrs. Jane Zentz gave unstintingly of her time to provide the editors with neat copy and Mr. Charles S. Innis was most helpful in making arrangements for prompt publication.

Despite the constraints of time and space, the editorial process has been a gratifying experience, in large measure owing to the general understanding and cooperation of the authors. Manuscripts were due at the end of August 1979 and they were completely edited and in the hands of the publisher by February 1, 1980. For want of time, proof reading will be done entirely by the editors who bear full responsibility for any inaccuracies or oversights. The index was com­piled by Mary Sears.

Because of the diversity of subject matter, it was not always possible to group the individual papers in convenient categories and their arrangement in this book follows the sequence in which they will be given at the Congress. It should also be noted that many more excellent papers were submitted than could be incor­porated in the open afternoon sessions. The selection was made by a committee of seven, with each member rendering his or her individual judgment and the whole giving rise to a composite from which the contents of the Congress was re­solved. It is regretted that limitations in the time available for paper presentations made such selection necessary. The morning symposia were organized in consul­tation with their respective chairmen.

Support for various aspects of the Congress was provided by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Geological Survey, the Marine Biological Laboratory, the Northeast Fisheries Center of National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

Summer, 1980 MARY SEARS AND DANIEL MERRIMAN

Contents

1 The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: A Commentary PaulM. Fye . .................................. .

2 The Oceanographic and How It Grew Roger Revelle . ................................. .

3 The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution: An Expanding Influence

1

10

George E. R. Deacon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

4

5

6

7

Changing Concepts of the Sea, 1550-1950: An Urban Perspective Josef w. Konvitz. . . . . . . . . . . ..................... .

The 1959 Oceanographic Congress: An Informal History Dael Wolfle : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The R/V Atlantis and Her First Oceanographic Institution Susan Schlee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... .

Reviving American Oceanography: Frank Lillie, Wickliffe Rose and the Founding of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Harold L. Burstyn ............................... .

32

42

49

57

VIII Contents

8 Growth of an Oceanographic Institution Richard L. Haedrich and Kenneth O. Emery. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 67

9 Alexander Agassiz (1835-1910) and the Financial Support of Oceanography in the United States Donald J. Zinn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

10 The Annisquam Sea-side Laboratory of Alpheus Hyatt, Predecessor of the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, 1880-1886 Ralph W. Dexter . ................................ 94

11 Some Aspects of Anglo-American Co-operation in Marine Science, 1660-1914 Margaret Deacon. . . . . . . .......................... 101

12 Edward H. Smith and the 1928 Marion Expedition Revisited: A Compilation V. Wendell-Driggers . .............................. 114

13 The Role ofT. Wayland Vaughan in American Oceanography Elizabeth N. Shor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. 127

14 A Brief History of the Tortugas Marine Laboratory and the Department of Marine Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington Patrick L. Colin. . . . . . . . . . . . ...................... 138

15 Some Aspects of the History of Oceanography as Seen through the Publications of the International Hydrographic Bureau 1919-1939 G. S. Ritchie. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 148

16 The Plan for an International Oceanographic Congress Proposed by H. S. H. the Prince Albert lst of Monaco Jacqueline Carpine-Lancre . .......................... 157

17 Oceanographic Prescience: The Deliberations of the First U.S. Interagency Conference on Oceanography, July 1,1924 Stewart B. Nelson . ............................... 168

18 Some Historical Backgrounds for the Establishment of the Stazione Zoologica at Naples Jane M. Oppenheimer . ............................. 179

Contents

19 A Review ofWtist's Classification of the Major Deep-sea Expeditions 1873-1960 and Its Extension to Recent Oceanographic Research Programs

IX

Matthias Tomczak, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 188

20 The Role of Instruments in the Development of Physical Oceanography Myrl C. Hendershott. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 195

21 Meso-scale Spatial Distribution of Plankton: Co-evolution of Concepts and Instrumentation Alex Herman and Trevor Platt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 204

22 Some Origins and Perspectives in Deep-ocean Instrumentation Development Fred Noel Spiess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 226

23 The Historical Development of Tidal Science, and the liverpool Tidal Institute D. E. Cartwright. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 240

24 Six's Thermometer: A Century of Use in Oceanography Anita McConnell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 252

25 North Pacific Sea Surface Temperature Observations: A History Kern E. Kenyon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 267

26 Some Aspects of the Historical Development on the Studies of the Kuroshio and the Oyashio Kiyomitsu Kitano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 280

27 Seasonal Changes in the Suez Canal Following Its Opening in 1869; Newly Discovered Hydrographic Records of 1870-1872 Selim A. Morcos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 290

28 The First Geological-Oceanological Studies of the Black Sea (N. F. Andrusov, A. D. Arkhangel'sky, N. M. Strakhov) v. V. Tikhomirov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 306

29 The First Deep Ocean Drilling Willard Bascom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 316

x Contents

30 Geological and Oceanographical Studies in the Caspian Sea and Problems of Oil and Gas Deposits Sh. F. Mekhtiyev and Z. A. Buniat-Zade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 325

31 The Development of Marine Chemistry until 1900 William 1. Wallace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 336

32 Physical Oceanography of the Chilean Sea: An Historical Study Guillermo Ba"os G.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 344

33 From the Physiology of Marine Organisms to Oceanographic Physiology or Physiological Oceanography Maurice Fontaine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 353

34 Alexander Agassiz, Carl Chun and the Problem of the Intermediate Fauna Eric L. Mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360

35 The British Association Dredging Committee: A Brief History A. L. Rice and 1. B. Wilson . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. 373

36 Development of Knowledge of the Correlation between Land and Sea in Historical Times I. A. Fedoseyev . ................................. 386

37 A Commemoration on the 50th Anniversary of the William Beebe-Otis Barton Bathysphere Dives Kenneth Gold and Jacqueline C Warsaw. . . . . . . . . ........ 393

38 Marine Industrial Pollution Bostwick H. Ketchum . . . . . . . . . . . .................. 397

39 The History of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pollution in the Marine Environment Arne Jemel6v. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ 414

40 Artificial Radionuclides in the Oceans William L. Templeton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 420

41 The Royal Society and the Study of Coral Reefs C. Maurice Yonge ................................ 438

Contents XI

42 Early 19th Century Oceanography around Terra Australis Ian S. F. Jones and J. E. Jones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 448

43 The Plankton-Expedition and the Copepod Studies of Friedrich and Maria Dahl David M Damkaer and Tenge Mrozek-Dahl . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 462

44 Studies on Estuarine-Marine Dependency Gordon Gunter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 474

45 History of Polish Biological Oceanographic Research Kazimierz Wincenty Siucizinski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 488

46 On the Environment and Unity in Marine Research C. E. Lucas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 496

47 Phytoplankton Ecology before 1900: Supplementary Notes to the "Depths of the Ocean" F. J. R. Taylor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 509

48 The Victorian Aquarium in Ecological and Social Perspective Philip F. Rehbock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 522

49 The Development of Biological Studies in the Ocean Environment T. R. Parsons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 540

50 Physical Oceanography in India: An Historical Sketch Sucharit Markanday and P. S. Srivastava. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 551

51 Switzerland's Contributions to the Aquatic Sciences over the Centuries Hennann Heberlein. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 562

52 Traditional Chinese Ichthyology and Its Encounter with Jesuit Science: An Historical Survey Elleanor H. Crown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 572

53 On the History of Arab Navigation A. A. Aleem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 582

54 Vila do Infante (Prince-Town), the First School of Oceanography in the Modem Era: An Essay James H. Guill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 596

XII Contents

55 King Carlos of Portugal, a Pioneer in European Oceanography Luiz Saldanha. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 606

56 Studies of the Acceptance of Plate Tectonics J. L. Lemke, M H Nitecki and H Pullman . .............. , 614

57 How Secure is Plate Tectonics? A. Hallam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 622

58 Early Observations and Investigations of El Nino: the Event of 1925 Wa"en S. Wooster. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 629

59 Oceanography Development in Peru S. Zuta and L. A. Flores. . . . . . . . .................... 642

60 Oceanography and Geophysical Theory in the First Half of the Twentieth Century: The Dutch School Rachel Laudan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ 656

61 Belgium and the Early Development of Modern Oceanography, Including a Note on A. F. Renard Guy T. Houvenaghel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... 667

62 The Forsters' Offenses against Convention during and after Capt. Cook's Second Voyage around the World and the Governmental Reprisals Walter Lenz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 682

63 The Meteor Expedition, an Ocean Survey William J. Emery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690

64 The Benjamin Franklin and Timothy Folger Charts of the Gulf Stream Philip L. Richardson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 703

65 William De Bralun's "Continuation of the Atlantic Pilot," an Empirically Supported Eighteenth-century Model of North Atlantic Surface Circulation Louis De Vorsey, Jr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718

66 Considerations on the Medical Use of Marine Invertebrates Jean Theodorides ................................ 734

Contents

67 The Siting and Development of Mediterranean Harbors in Antiquity

XIII

Avner Raban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 750

68 Sebastos, the Harbor Complex of Caesarea Maritima, Israel: The Preliminary Report of the 1978 Underwater Explorations Robert L. Hohlfelder and John P. Oleson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 765

69 Gondwanaland in Ancient Indian literature K. Krishnamurthy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 780

Contributors and Their Affiliations

A. A. ALEEM Oceanography Department, University of Alexandria, Egypt.

GUILLERMO BARROS G. Vice Admiral, Technical Advisor for Scientific Pro­grams, Hydrographic Institute of The Chilean Navy, Valparaiso, Chile

WILLARD BASCOM Director of Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, 646 West Pacific Coast Highway, Long Beach, California 90807, USA

Z. A. BVNIAT-ZADE Institute of Cosmic Exploration of Natural Resources, Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR, USSR

HAROLD L. BURSTYN U. S. Geological Survey, USA

JACQUELINE CARPINE-LANCRE Musee Oceanographique de Monaco, Monaco

D. E. CARTWRIGHT Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, Bidston, Birken­head rA3 7RA, United Kingdom

PATRICK L. COLIN Mid-Pacific Research Laboratory, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, Box 1346, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, USA

ELLEANOR H. CROWN Department of Near Eastern and Asian Studies, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA

XVI Contributors and Their Affiliations

DAVID M. DAMKAER Department of Oceanography, University of Washing­ton WB-lO, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA

GEORGE E. R. DEACON Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, Wormley, near Godalming, Surrey GU8 SUB, United Kingdom

MARGARET DEACON Flitwick, Portsmouth Road, Milford, Surrey GU8, 5DS, United Kingdom

LOUIS De VORSEY, JR. Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA

RALPH W. DEXTER Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State Universi­ty, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA

WENDELL V. DRIGGERS Captain, U. S. Coast Guard, Washington, D.C. 20590, USA

KENNETH O. EMERY Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA

WILLIAM J. EMERY Department of Oceanography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B. C., V6T lW5, Canada

I. A. FEDOSEYEV Institute of History of Natural Sciences and Technique, USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, USSR

L. A. FLORES Instituto del Mar del Peru, Callao, Peru

MAURICE FONTAINE Institut Oceanographique, 195 Rue Saint-Jacques 75005 Paris, France

PAUL M. FYE Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachu­setts 02543, USA

KENNETH GOLD Osborn Laboratories of Marine Sciences, New York Aquar­ium, New York Zoological Society, Brooklyn, New York, USA

JAMES H. GUILL Lockheed Missiles and Space Co., Inc. (66-10/538), P. O. Box 504, Sunnyvale, California 94086, USA

GORDON GUNTER Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Ocean Springs, Missis­sippi 39564, USA

RICHARD L. HAEDRICH Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, AlB 3X9, Canada

Contributors and Their Affiliations XVII

A. HALLAM Department of Geological Sciences, University of Birmingham, Box 363, Birmingham B15 2TJ, United Kingdom

HERMANN HEBERLEIN Ch. 6932, Breganzona, Lugano, Switzerland

MYRL C. HENDERSHOTT Ocean Sciences Division A-030, Scripps Insti­tution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, Wolla, Cali­fornia 92093, USA

ALEX HERMAN Atlantic Oceanographic Laboratory, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, Canada

ROBERT L. HOHLFELDER Department of History, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA

GUY F. HOUVENAGHEL Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Faculte des Sciences, C. P. I. 160,50 Av. F. D. Roosevelt, B-I050 Bruxelles, Belgium

ARNE JERNELOV Swedish Water and Air Pollution Research Institute, Box 21060, S-lOO 31 Stockholm, Sweden

IAN S. F. JONES RAN Research Laboratory, Box 706, Darlinghurst, N.s.W. 2010, Australia

J. E. JONES Coffs Harbour, N.S.W. 2010, Australia

KERN E. KENYON Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of Cali­fornia, San Diego, LaJolla, California 92093, USA

BOSTWICK H. KETCHUM Senior Scientist Emeritus, Woods Hole Oceanogra­phic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA

KIYOMITSU KIT ANO Hokkaido Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, Katsurakoi 116, Kushiro, Hokkaido, Japan

JOSEF W. KONVITZ Associate Professor of History, Michigan State Universi­ty, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA

K. KRISHNAMURTHY Center of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, An­namalai University, Parangipettai, 60852, Tamil Nadu, India

RACHEL LAUDAN Center for Philosophy of Science, University of Pitts­burgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA

J. L. LEMKE 2606 James Hall, School of Education, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, USA

XVIII Contributors and Their Affiliations

WALTER LENZ Sonderforschungsbereich 94, Meeresforschung, Hamburg, Universitat Hamburg, Germany

C. E. LUCAS 16 Albert Terrace, Aberdeen ABI lXY, Scotland

SUCHARIT MARKANDAY Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, 110012, India

ANITA McCONNELL Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Science Museum, South Kensington, London SW7 2DD, United Kingdom

SH. F. MEKHTIYEV Institute of Geology, Academy of Sciences of the Aver­baijan SSR, USSR

ERIC L. MILLS Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4Jl , Canada

SELIM A. MORCOS Division of Marine Sciences, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 75700, Paris, France

TENGE MROZEK-DAHL Department of Oceanography, University of Wash­ington WB-lO, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA

STEWART B. NELSON Naval Oceanography Command, NSTL Station, Bay St. Louis, Mississippi 39529, USA

M. H. NITECKI Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago 60605, Illinois, USA

JOHN P. OLESON Department of Classics, University of Victoria, Victoria, B. C. V8W 2Y2, Canada

JANE M. OPPENHEIMER Program in History and Philosophy of Science, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania 19010, USA

T. R. PARSONS Department of Oceanography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B. C. V6T 1 W5, Canada

TREVOR PLATT Marine Ecology Laboratory, Bedford Institute of Oceanogra­phy, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, Canada

H. PULLMAN Youngstown State University, Youngstown, Ohio 44555, USA

AVNER RABAN Department of Maritime Civilization and the Center for Maritime Studies, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31999, Israel

Contributors and Their Affiliations XIX

PHILIP F. REHBOCK Departments of History and General Science, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA

ROGER REVELLE University of California San Diego (B-031), LaJolla, Cali­fornia 92093, USA

A. L. RICE Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, Wormley, near Godalming, Surrey GU8 SUB, United Kingdom

PHILIP L. RICHARDSON Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA

G. S. RITCHIE Rear Admiral, President of the Directing Committee, Inter­national Hydrographic Bureau, Monaco

LUIZ SALDANHA Centro de Fauna Portuguesa das Universidades de Lisboa­PL2, Faculdade de Ciencias-Museu Bocage, Rua Escola Politecnica, Lisboa 2, Portugal

SUSAN SCHLEE Guest Investigator, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA

ELIZABETH N. SHOR Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, LaJolla, California 92093, USA

KASIMIERZ WINCENTY SIUDZINSKI Head, Fisheries Hydrobiology Center, Oceanographic Museum and Marine Aquarium, Sea Fisheries Institute, Al. Zjednoczenia 1, 81-345, Gdynia, Poland

FRED NOEL SPIESS Marine Physical Laboratory, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California 92152, USA

P. S. SRIVASTAVA Engineers India, Ltd., New Delhi, 110001, India

F. J. R. TAYLOR Departments of Oceanography and Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B. C. V6T lW5, Canada

WILLIAM L. TEMPLETON Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Battelle Memorial Institute, Richland, Washington 99352, USA

JEAN THEOOORIDES 16 Sq. Port Royal, 75013 Paris, France

V. V. TIKHOMIROV Geological Institute, USSR Academy of Sciences, Mos­cow, USSR

xx Contributors and Their Affiliations

MATTHIAS TOMCZAK, JR. Department of Oceanography, University of liverpool, Box 147, liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom. Present address: CSIRO, Division of Fisheries and Oceanography, P. O. Box 21, Cronul1a NSW 2230, Australia

WILLIAM J. WALLACE Department of Natural Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, USA

JACQUELINE C. WARSAW Warsaw Associates, New York, New York, USA

J. B. WILSON Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, Wormley, aear Godalming, Surrey GU8 SUB, United Kingdom

DAEL WOLFLE Graduate School of Public Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA

WARREN S. WOOSTER Institute of Marine Studies HA-35 , University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA

C. MAURICE YONGE Zoology Department, The University, 13 Cumin Place, Edinburgh 9, Scotland

DONALD J. ZINN Department of Zoology, University of Rhode Island, King­ston, Rhode Island 02881 (Box 589, Falmouth, Massachusetts 02541), USA

S. ZUT A Instituto del Mar del Peru, Callao, Peru