proceedings of the [iseb 2017] & [icbe 2017]

889

Proceedings Of The [ISEB 2017] & [ICBE 2017]

Razli Bin Che Razak, Muhamad Saufi Bin Che Rusuli,

Mohd Asrul Hery Ibrahim, Ainon@Jamilah Binti Ramli,

Dzulkifli Mukhtar, Noorshella Che Nawi

Grand Inna Padang Hotel

Convention & Exibition

Padang, Indonesia

15,16 November 2017

iv


Acknowlegdment

The writers take this opportunity to gratefully acknowledge the help of all the people involved in this book and, more specifically, to the authors and reviewers that took part in the review process. Without their support, this book would not have become a reality. First, the editors would like to thank each one of the authors for their contributions. Our sincere gratitude goes to the chapter’s authors who contributed their time and expertise to this book. Second, the editors wish to acknowledge the valuable contributions of the reviewers regarding the improvement of quality, coherence, and content presentation of chapters. Most of the authors also served as referees; we highly appreciate their double task. Finally, editors would like to thank the Dean of Faculty of Entrepreneurship and Business, University Malaysia Kelantan for enabling us to publish this book with constant support, understanding and encouragement to realizing and completing this book. Without helps of the particular that mentioned above, this book would be has been merely a dream. May God grant and bless all of you.

v


Preface

The theme of the book is “Entrepreneurship and faith towards sustainability”. The world economy continues to falter and social justice increase in urgency and complexity. Sustainable development ranks high on the national agenda, but the barriers appear still too complex to address the firm solutions. It has widely acknowledged that sustainable entrepreneurship is the answer to the environmental and social challenges that societies face in this century. This book reviews the latest research developments in the field of entrepreneurship and sustainable entrepreneurship.

New venture creations, entrepreneurial drivers, strategies, performance and institutions are among the main scopes included in the book which covers various topics including Organizational Behaviour, Leadership and Human Resources Management, Innovation, Operations and Supply Chain Management, Marketing Management, Financial Management and Accounting, Strategic Management, Entrepreneurship and Contemporary Issues and Green Business.

The primary objective of entrepreneurship is to satisfy an unfulfilled need or to improve the way this need is currently being satisfied. This book shares new ideas and experiences to entrepreneurs, potential entrepreneurs, business advisors, managers, researchers, students and academicians with the knowledge and information about current and future business challenging and opportunities.

Finally, the content presented in this book is hopefully bringing the discipline forward and potentially incentivize more organizations and individuals to engage in sustainable entrepreneurship practices.

Thank You.

vi


Table f ontents

TOPIC

THE IMPACT OF MEDIA VIOLENCE IN ACTION FILMSMiruthula Segaran, Sharmini Gopinathan and Joana Jaya

INVESTIGATION OF MODERATING EFFECT OF LIQUIDITY ON DEBT AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF REITS IN MALAYSIA: AN OPTIMAL LIQUIDITY ESTIMATIONZalina Zainudin, Izani Ibrahim, Rasidah Mohd Said, Khairiah Othman

FUND MANAGEMENT – AN EXPLORATORY CASE STUDY OF SEVERAL MOSQUES IN KELANTANMohd RushdanYasoa’, Mohd Safwan Ghazali, Mohd Afifie Mohd Alwi, Azira Hanani Ab Rahman, Siti Salwani Abdullah, Ahmad Ridhuan Abdullah, Mohammad Ismail, Mohd Rafi Yaacob

DID BELIEFS AND ATTITUDES INFLUENCE CONSUMER ETHNOCENTRISM TOWARDS DOMESTIC PRODUCTS? EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE OF KLANG VALLEY PETRONAS PETROL STATION Mohamad Firdaus Mohamad Zaid, Jati Kasuma, Margaret Gregory

MODERATING EFFECT OF INTERNAL CONTROL ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ISLAMIC MICROFINANCE AND MICRO – ENTREPRENEUR’S PERFORMANCERuslee Nuh, Muhamed Dahlan bin Ibrahim, Anis Amira Binti Ab Rahman

THE IMPACT OF TAXPAYERS’ ATTITUDE TOWARD THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LAND AND BUILDING TAX IMPLEMENTATIONAbdullah Ramdhani, Dini Turipanam Alamanda, Fajar Sidiq Adi Prabowo

ORGANIZATIONAL RESILIENCE: DEVELOPMENT OF A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR RESILIENT COMMUNITYShubashini Rathina Velu, Sharmini Gopinathan, Murali Raman

1 1

2 19

3 41

4 61

5 75

6 99

7 115

vii


STUDIES ON EARNINGS MANAGEMENT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT FRAUD IN CORPORATE FIRMSNoorul Azwin binti Md Nasir, Muhammad Jahangir Ali, Noorshellabinti Che Nawi

AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CLOUD COMPUTING ASSIMILATION AND PERFORMANCE IN THE MALAYSIAN PUBLIC SECTOR Hasimi Sallehudin, Razli Che Razak, Mohammad Ismail

REDUCING DISTURBANCE IN PARKING SYSTEM BY USING QUALITY FUNCTION DEPLOYMENT (QFD) METHOD Muhammad Ashlyzan Razik, Noorshella Che Nawi, Asrul Hery Ibrahim, Dzulkifli Mukhtar and Norlinda Mohd Rozar

ONLINE SCAFFOLDING AND EXPERTS’ TRUST: KNOWLEDGE SHARING OF ORGANISATION TO STUDENTSPrema Darmalinggam, Aznur Hajar Abdullah, and Prof Dr Murali Raman

PERCEIVED RISK ON ONLINE STORE IMAGE TOWARDS PURCHASE INTENTIONLu Man Hong, Noorshella Che Nawi, Wan Farha Wan Zulkifli, Dzulkifli Mukhtar, Shah Iskandar Fahmie Ramlee

ROLE OF JEWELLERY DESIGN PROCESS IN EVOLVING ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONHZ Hashim, Rahman, H Alli1, RAAR Effendi

THE IMPACT OF SERVICE QUALITY ON ISLAMIC BANKING IN MALAYSIAMuhammad Zulfaris Mohd Salleh, Azwan Abdullah, Noorshella Che Nawi

CONTRIBUTING FACTORS OF GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE TO BANK PERFORMANCENizar Alam Hamdani, Galih Abdul Fatah Maulani and Agus Supriyatna

THE REVIVAL OF MUDHARABAH CONTRACT: A PROPOSED FRAMEWORKSiti Nurzahira Che Tahrim, Mohd Syakir Mohd Rosdi, Mohd Zulkifli Muhammad, Mohd Nor Hakimin Yusoff, Azizah Musa, Noormariana Mohd Din

8 127

9 145

10 161

11 175

12 185

13 203

14 213

15 223

16 233

viii


DEVELOPMENT OF MALAYSIA FURNITURE DESIGN FRAMEWORK THROUGH THE INDUSTRY INDICATORS AMONG THE BUMIPUTERA ENTREPRENEURSNur Syazana Osman, Khairul Aidil Azlin Abd Rahman, Ahmad Rizal Abd Rahman, Mohammad Fakri Zaky Jaaafar

QUO VADIS GENDER MAINSTREAMINGBETWEEN POLICY, POLITICS AND DEVELOPMENT IN GARUT REGENCYRike Anggun Artisa and Hasbi Shiddiq Fauzan

AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF SUCCESS FACTORS IN SMES: THE CASE OF FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS Mazlina Mustapha, Punitha a/p Subramaniam, and Khairil Wahidin Awang

ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION AND SMALL BUSINESS PERFORMANCE: IS ACCESS TO FINANCE A MEDIATOR?Syamsuriana Sidek, Mohd Rosli Mohamad and Wan Mohd Nazdrol Wan Nasir

THE RELATIONSHIP OF SUPPLY CHAIN RISK, STRATEGY AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE AMONG MALAYSIAN MANUFACTURING SECTOR: THE PROPOSED HYPOTHESISNor Zawani Ibrahim and Razli Che Razak

ASNAF ENTREPRENEUR’S INTENTION AND IMPACT OF SPIRITUAL QUOTIENT TOWARDS ZAKAT ON BUSINESSNoormariana Mohd Din, Mohammad Ismail, Mohd Rosli Mohamad

EXPLORING OF NEW FACTORS LINKING VALUE CO-CREATION AND LOYALTY AMONG CREDIT COOPERATIVE MEMBERS: QUALITATIVE STUDYJati Kasuma, Rosmimah Mohd Roslin, YusmanYacob

UNDERSTANDING GLASS CEILING ISSUES TOWARD WOMEN INVOLVEMENT AT TOP MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA Nurul Azwa Mohamed Khadri and Geetha Subramaniam

ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT TOWARDS EXCELLENT MANAGEMENTNoor Azam Mahmad, Norasmah Othman & Mohammad Yusof Mohd Nor

17 247

18 257

19

20

269

21

281

22

309

23

337

24

25

357

375

385

ix


AN IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM ON TRAINING TRANSFER: THE ROLES OF TRAINING MOTIVATION Noor Azmi Mohd Zainol, Azman Ismail, Norlaila Mazura Mohaiyadin, Ahmad Azan Ridzuan, and Jessica Ong Hai Liaw

EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE OF THE MEDIATING EFFECT OF COMMUNITY RISK PERCEPTION ON COMMUNITY RESILIENCE AND COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS AT BANDA ACEH PROVINCE Ahmad Azan Ridzuan, Noor Azmi Mohd Zainol, Safar Yaacob, Rina Suryani Oktari, Khairul Munadi, Jessica Ong Hai Liaw

SOCIAL MEDIA AND STUDENT’S LEARNING OUTCOME: A CASE IN SOUTH-EAST ASIAIsidore Ekpe, Godwin Omogbai Ofeimun, Mohd Rafi Yaacob, Mohammad Nizamuddin Abdul Rahim

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR, EDUCATION & TRAINING AND PPE IMPACT ON SAFETY PERFORMANCE: A STUDY AMONG CONSTRUCTION WORKERS AT SESCO SUB-STATION, BALINGIAN, SARAWAK.Abdul Hakim Abdul Gapor, Jati Kasuma Ali, Norlida Ismailly & Irwan Shahrinaz

OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE SUCCESS FACTORS ON SMES MANUFACTURING SECTORS IN MALAYSIA: A PILOT STUDY Mohd Hafeez Al-Amin Abdul Wahab, Mohammad Ismail, Mohd Nazri Muhayiddin and Razli Che Razak

THE ACCEPTANCE OF FAMILY TAKAFUL IN MALAYSIA: A LITERATURE REVIEWShamsudin Sahaimin, Mohammad Ismail, Razli Che Razak

SYMBIOTIC CO-EVOLUTION OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS QUALITY AND WORK LIFE BALANCESharmini Gopinathan and Murali Raman

CREATING BUSINESS MODEL FOR ETAK -THE HERITAGE FOOD REVIVAL SUSTAINABILITY IN KELANTAN, PENINSULAR MALAYSIAZulhazman, Mohammad, Mohd Nazri, Rooshihan and Mohd Rafi

MEASURING THE REMODE ENTREPRENEURSHIP TRAINING PROGRAMME AT BEHAVIOUR LEVEL OF KIRKPATRICK MODEL IN AQUACULTURE INDUSTRYAnis Amira Ab. Rahman, Mohd Rafi Yaacob, Mohd Asrul Hery Bin Ibrahim, Nor Shuhada Ahmad Shaupi1, P.Yukhamarani A/P Permarupan and Azlinda Shazneem Md Shuaib

39726

41327

28 431

29 449

30 471

31 489

32

33

34

507

527

537

x


APPLICATION OF PLATED RUBBER SYSTEM (PRESS) FOR RUBBER IDENTIFICATION Razman Hafifi Redzuan, Mohamed Dahlan Ibrahim, Mohd Rosli Mohamad, Muhammad Zaly Shah Muhammad Hussein

ENTREPRENEURIAL LOGISTICS EDUCATION IN INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER LEARNING: THE CASE OF UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA KELANTANRazman Hafifi Redzuan, Mohamed Dahlan Ibrahim, Muhammad Zaly Shah Muhammad Hussein

NUTRITIONAL LEBEL: DO CONSUMERS IN KOTA BHARU, KELANTAN UNDERSTAND THE LEBEL?Nurul Hafizah Mohd Yasin, Ahmad Faezi Ab Rashid, Hasif Rafidee Hasbollah, Ghazali Ahmad, Mohd Hafzal Abdul Halim, Nor Dalila Marican1, Mohd Firdaus Mohd Nasir

DAYA MAJU PASAR BORONG DI MALAYSIA: PERSPEKTIF PEMEGANG TARUHIbrahim bin Mamat, Fakhrul Anwar bin Zainol, Wan Norhayate binti Wan Daud, Wan Musa bin Wan Muda1, Safrul Izani bin Mohd Salleh dan Nur Dalila binti Mukhtar

SHARIAH BASED KINDERGARTEN: THE GATE OF ISLAMIC VIRTUEAdibah Alawiah Osman , Azwan Abdullah and Halimatun Saadiah Osman

INTENTION TO USE CLOUD ACCOUNTING SYSTEM AMONG SMES IN MALAYSIA: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF A MODIFIED UNIFIED THEORY OF ACCEPTANCE AND USE OF TECHNOLOGY (UTAUT) MODELZul Karami Che Musa, Mohd Nazri Muhayiddin, Mohd Nor Hakimin Yusoff, Mohammad Ismail, Mahathir Muhamad

IDENTIFYING THE CHALLENGES OF THE SARAWAK MALAY TERUBOK IKAN MASIN ENTREPRENEUR: QUALITATIVE STUDYNiena Nurul Farhana, Jati Kasuma, Hazami Mohammad Kamaruddin

DOES ELEMENT OF BELIEF (IMAN) AND RITUAL (IBADAH) DETERMINED LEADERSHIP EFFECTIVENESS AMONG MUSLIMS IN MALAYSIAN PUBLIC SECTOR? Mohd Zakey Ramlee, Jati Kasuma, Noni Haryanti, Ibrahim Morshidi

551

559

35

36

56737

58738

615

627

39

643

40

41

42 661

xi


679

687

43

715

44

751

45

737

46

731

47

775

763

48

49

50

CONSUMERS’ BEHAVIOUR TOWARDS SMOKED ETAK IN KELANTAN, MALAYSIA – A PILOT STUDY Wan Siti Farizan Mohamed Rani, Mohd Rafi Yaacob, Mohammad Ismail, Mohd Nazri Zakaria, Zulhazman Hamzah, Rooshihan Merican Abdul Rahim Merican, Aweng Eh Rak

GENERATION Y AND Z IN COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF WAQF GENEROSITY INDEX (WGI)Hazriah Hasan

THE ROLE OF BUSINESS SUPPORT IN INFLUENCING BUSINESS FORMATION AMONG RURAL MICROENTERPRISE: A REVIEWJamilah Ismail, Mohd Nor Hakimin Yusoff

THE DEMOGRAPHIC DIFFERENCES AND PERCEIVED ENGAGEMENT AMONG ISLAMIC BANKING EMPLOYEES IN MALAYSIASuraini Binti Saufi, Noraani Mustapha, Mohd. Zaki Zainal Abidin

RAINBOW SMART PARKING SYSTEM DESIGN: PROBLEMS INTO SOLUTIONS FOR INTEGRATED PARKING MANAGEMENTRooshihan M., Che Rusuli M.S., Suhaila, A.K., Hakim A., Ashlyzan R., Mohd Nazdrol, WMN.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS: SEEKING SIMILARITY OF MALAY CULTURAL CITY BRANDING IN KOTA BHARU AND PEKANBARU Hasnina Hassan & Roslizawati Che Aziz

MEASUREMENT SCALE FOR ASSESSING SERVICE QUALITY IN HIGHER EDUCATIONHasfizani Ariffin, Che Azlan Taib, Rosafizah Mohamed Idrus

THE MODERATING EFFECT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION IN THE COMPETITIVE STRATEGY - FIRM PERFORMANCES LINK. AN EVIDENCE FROM SMES CATERING FIRMSFirdaus Basbeth , Ainon Ramli, Muhammad Ashlyzan Bin Razik,Rosmaizura Mohd Zain, Noorshella Bin Che Nawi

xii


THE APPLICATION OF SHARIAH PRINCIPLE IN E-COMMERCE TRANSACTION : A MODEL DEVELOPMENTMohd Zulkifli Muhammad, Tamrin Amboala, Mohd Rushdan Yasoa’, Azwan Abdullah, Siti Nurzahira Che Tahrim, Mohd Shukri Hanapi

AUTHORITIES PERSPECTIVES TOWARDS THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SHARIAH-COMPLIANT HOTEL IN MALAYSIA Azizah Musa, Suhaila Abdul Kadir, Mazne Ibrahim, Norzaliha Jusoh, Siti Nurzahira Che Tahrim, Noormariana Mohd Din

MALAYSIANS’ RELUCTANCE TO WORK IN LOCAL 3D SECTORS: A PRELIMINARY REVIEWNisar Mohammad Ahmad, Dina Imam Supaat, Izawati Wook, Mariam SaidonaTagoranao, Nurul Asma Abdul Rahman

ANALYSIS OF MALAYSIA’S SMART CITIES’ IMPACT ON INCOME, EXPENDITURE, AND SOCIAL CAPITALLee, Yvonne and Mohammad, Hani Jamil Shazwani

DETERMINANTS OF THE EFFICIENCY PERFORMANCE OF GLOBAL ISLAMIC BANKSRossazana Ab-Rahim, Norlina Kadri & Nor Shazreen Mortadza

ROLES OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATOR WITH ENTREPRENEURIAL COMPETENCIES: MYRIAD PREVALENCE BENEFITS TO STUDENTS AND UNIVERSITYHazrina Hasbolah

MUSLIM CONVERTS PERSONNEL’S IN MALAYSIAN ARMED FORCES: PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGESBurhanuddin Jalal , Sayuti Ab Ghani, Amnah Saayah Ismail

793

809

819

829

853

873

881

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

413


EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE OF THE MEDIATING EFFECT OF COMMUNITY RISK PERCEPTION ON COMMUNITY

RESILIENCE AND COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS AT BANDA ACEH PROVINCE

Ahmad Azan Ridzuan1, Noor Azmi Mohd Zainol1, Safar Yaacob1, Rina Suryani Oktari2, Khairul Munadi2, Jessica Ong Hai Liaw1

1Faculty of Defence Studies and Management, National Defence University of Malaysia,

57000 Kuala Lumpur

2Tsunami and Disaster Mitigation Research CentreSyiah Kuala University

anda ceh, ndonesia

Email: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected];

[email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract - Disasters may strike anywhere at any time that will result in injuries or fatality for those individuals who are not prepared for disaster situations. The community with proper preparedness about disaster are ready and properly response towards disaster risk and will reduce the effect and injuries. Community risk perception is believed to affect people’s preparedness for, responses to and recovery from disasters. This study was conducted to measure the mediating effect of community risk perception towards community resilience dimensions community awareness, community experience, and community exposure and community preparedness using questionnaires gathered from 542 samples of the anda ceh rovince community in ceh, ndonesia. The outcomes of mart version . . path model showed three important findings firstly, the relationship between community risk perception and community awareness significantly correlated with community preparedness. econd, the relationship between community risk perception and community experience significantly correlated with community preparedness. Third, the relationship between community risk perception and community exposure significantly correlated with community preparedness. tatistically, this result confirms that community risk perception does act as an important mediating variable between community resilience dimensions community awareness, community experience, and community exposure , and community preparedness towards disasters in the studied community area sample. In addition, discussion, implications and conclusion are elaborated.

Keywords: Community risk perception, community resilience dimensions, community preparedness, anda ceh rovince, mart

414


1. Introduction

isasters are significant cause of death and disability around the world and also have tremendous social, economic, and political effects on society erry and indell, . nited ational nternational trategy for isaster eduction defined disaster as a

serious disruption of the functioning of a society, causing widespread human, material or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected society to cope using its own resources sian isaster Preparedness Centre, 1997). Disaster is said to have occurred when a significant number of vulnerable people experience a ha ard and suffer severe damage/and or disruption of their livelihood system in such a way that recovery is unlikely without external aid abiul Islam, 2016).

Disaster Resilience are processes and conditions within communities that enhance or reduce population’s ability to resist, adapt to, and recover from a shock or perturbation within the shortest possible time and with little or no outside assistance aton ohnston cited in urton, . The , states resilience as the ability of a system, community or society exposed to ha ards

to resist, absorb, accommodate and to recover from the effects of a ha ard in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions”. Community resilience describes the collective ability of a neighborhood or geographically defined area to deal with stressors and efficiently resume the rhythms of daily life through cooperation following shocks ldrich, . The disaster resilient community is a positive concept, and while complete resiliency is not attainable, every community is striving to achieve it a e, .

ommunity resilience is defined as the ability of communities to withstand and mitigate the stress of a disaster, there is less clarity on the precise resilience building process handra et al., . ssues related to community resilience became more popular after the ndian cean was hit by earth uake and horrible Tsunami hit ceh,

Indonesia in 2004. These incidents show that disaster caused major effect to the communities that leads to fatality, physical damages and damages of environments in effected areas. Subsequent to

415


the mega catastrophe, many organizations, from local, national to international organi ations, came to ceh, to help with their recovery and reconstruction. Throughout the process some of these organizations developed programs that were aimed at building community resilience. Many training programs were organized to educate community members how to know their risks and develop measures to become communities better prepared to face disasters.

isk perception as defined by lovic refers to people s intuitive and subjective evaluation of the riskiness of an activity, technology or event. Risk perception determines how people respond to ha ards ennings midts, 2003). People’s risk perception is believed be affected by their prior experience, their socio-demographic characteristics, social, cultural and institutional environment, and the characteristics of risks Taylor ooby inn, 2006). Risk perception in coping with natural disasters is important to know how people perceive disasters risks and what factors affect their perceived level of riskiness, to predict their self-protective behavior and their response to public measures u, . in et al. studied general public and victims risk perception and mitigation behavior towards oods and landslides in Taiwan. They found that risk perception, social trust and social economic factors income and education are positive predictors of mitigation measures, while sense of powerlessness and helplessness are negative predictors of mitigation measures.

The objectives of these study are conducted to measure three relationships first, community risk perception mediate community awareness and community preparedness. Second, community risk perception mediate community experience and community preparedness. Third, community risk perception mediate community exposure and community preparedness.

2. Literature Review

xtend studies about community resilience elements were conducted using different samples, such as hmad an et al., and

explained from samples of the ukit ntarabangsa community at mpang aya unicipal in alaysia found with properly awareness, experience, exposure, reaction, attitude,

416


education, engagement and leadership to the respective communities will increase the preparedness towards facing future disaster.

ubse uently, studied by a e using coastal communities of tsunami affected villages in ceh and on ias slands ndonesia found that awareness, experience and attitude with preparedness.

elson discussed on post atrina Typhoon disaster where by the community have conducted community resilience activities, thus, the community who are more experienced inclining to be better resilience than those who are less experienced. conducted a study found that the community preparedness with proper educations, awareness program, exposure to training leads to consolidated reaction and balanced attitude about disaster are ready and properly response towards disaster risk and reduce the injuries cause by disaster. handra et al., studied samples of randomly selected from mergency etwork of

os ngeles and os ngeles ounty epartment of ublic ealth community with sufficient knowledge, exposure and

awareness about disaster is capable to coordinate resources leads to increase resilience and will support each other during disaster. Li-u ang found from witnesses including four males and

11 females participating in interviewed found that education such awareness, experience and attitude were associated with community preparedness towards disaster. tudy by irschenbaum behavior preparedness actions due to risk perceptions; Mahalati and

aveh studied the community preparedness of earth uakes disaster in Tehran metropolitan city found that the community awareness experience and attitude are higher than those from s Red Crescent where they are capable to coordinate resources that requires during the disaster.

The previous finding is consistent with the notion of raverman, eyers, and loomberg suggested that esilience Theory

requires community to enhance their involvement to participate in any activities relate to disaster preparedness. Resilience Theory by asten is based on every disaster programmed that has been planned is to contribute to community knowledge in order to reduce the environmental risks around them and also to enhance the process of community based disaster risk management. nother theory, according to ouglas and Thompson et al. , cultural theory is a general sociological theory, aims at explaining

417


how people perceive and act upon the world around them. More specifically the theory claims that this is largely determined by social aspects and cultural adherence. The applications of both theories raverman, eyers, and loomberg, asten, Douglas, 1978; Thompson et al.’ 1990) show that the community resilience elements if properly implemented will lead to increase the community preparedness in respective community hmad

an et al., ahalati aveh, i u ang, handra et al., , elson, a e,

Kirschenbaum, 2005). These theories related to the literature that has been used to develop the conceptual framework for this study shown in Figure 1.

The literature has been used as foundation to develop a conceptual framework for this study as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Community risk perception mediate the relationship between community resilience elements community awareness, community experience, and community exposure and community preparedness.

Based on the framework, it can be hypothesized that:H1: Community risk perception mediate community awareness

and community preparedness. ommunity risk perception mediate community experience

and community preparedness. ommunity risk perception mediate community exposure and

community preparedness.

418


3. Methodology

cross sectional research design was employed because it allowed the researchers to combine the community resilience literature, the semi-structured interview and the actual survey as a main procedure to collect data for achieving the research objectives. This research design is appropriate to help the researchers in collecting accurate, less bias and high uality data resswell, ekaran ougie, 2011). This study involved local community who lives at Banda

ceh rovince euraxa, aya aru, anda aya, aiturrahman, ueng ata, uta lam, uta aja, yiah uala and lee areng

in ceh, ndonesia. t the initial stage of data collection, a survey questionnaire was drafted based on the community resilience literature. ext, the semi structured interview was conducted involving six experienced local communities who lives more than 10 years comprising the head of local community, three from the in-charge of the respective community who had the relevant experience at anda ceh rovince. The feedback from this interview method was used to understand the nature and characteristics of community risk perception, community resilience dimensions and community preparedness and the relationship between such variables in the context of this study. ence, the pilot study was conducted to verify the content and format of the questionnaire for an actual study. Due to familiarity of the target respondents with the national language, i.e. ceh language, a back translation techni ue was employed to translate the content of survey questionnaire from Malay into Indonesia language in order to enhance the validity and reliability of research findings resswell, ekaran, ougie, .

3.1 Measures

The survey uestionnaire has five major sections developed from many validated scales such as Getting to Resilience a Coastal Community Resilience Evaluation Tool by New Jersey

ffice of oastal anagement ational trategy for isaster esilience. ommunities dvancing

esilience Toolkit T by fefferbaum, fefferbaum, and an orn and hmad an et al. items of

community awareness, items of community experience, items of community exposure and community preparedness

419


had 6 items that were adapted from community resilience literature and community preparedness scale. Community

isk erception had items that were modified from related risk perception characteristics ash ladwin, . ll items used in the questionnaires were measured using a 7-item scale ranging from strongly never strongly disagree to strongly always strongly agree . emographic variables

were used as controlling variables because this study focused on community resilience towards community preparedness.

3.2 Unit of Analysis and Sample

The researchers had obtained an official approval and received advice from the Tsunami and Disaster Mitigation Research

entre T , yiah uala niversity to conduct the study at anda ceh rovince, ceh ndonesia. The targeted population for this study was the local community who lives in anda ceh rovince. This head of local community allowed the researchers to conduct this study, but the list of the local community was not provided to the researchers. Considering this situation, a convenient sampling technique was used to distribute the survey questionnaires to local community who lives in anda ceh rovince. total of 600 questionnaires were distributed. From the total number, 542 usable questionnaires were returned to the researchers, yielding 93.3 percent response rate. The survey questionnaires were answered by participants based on their consents and a voluntarily basis. The number of sample exceeds the minimum sample of 30 participants as required by probability sampling technique, showing that it may be analyzed using inferential statistics hua, ekaran ougie, .

3.3 Data Analysis

The research statistical analysis was conducted using structural equation model generated by SmartPLS version . . iggle et al., 2009; Hair et al., 2017). The procedure

of analy ing data is first, validity test was performed by the convergent and discriminant validity. Second, the reliability analysis was performed by Cronbach alpha and

420


composite reliability. Third, the structural model is assessed by examining the path coefficients using standardi ed betas

and t statistics. n addition, 2 is used as an indicator of the overall predictive strength of the model. The value of

are considered as follows . weak , . moderate and . substantial hin, enseler et al., . To predict the role of mediator, the mediation analysis procedure in air et al., , will be performed. The procedure categori ed three types of mediation, namely complementary mediation partial mediation the indirect effect and the direct effect both are significant and point in the same direction competitive mediation partial mediation the indirect effect and the direct effect both are significant and point in opposite direction and indirect only mediation full mediation the indirect effect is significant but not the

direct effect and two types of non mediation direct only non mediation the direct effect is significant but not the indirect effect and no effect non mediation neither the direct nor the indirect effect are significant.

4. Results

n terms of sample profile for this study is as follows most respondents are male , ethnic group is ceh community

. , bachelor status community comprises . , aged group from to years old . , level of education at level

, community lived at aya aru, anda ceh . , lived in the area more than years , others earning activities

. , without earning any income , as ordinary member of community social responsibility . , and involved in community disaster preparedness activities never . in

anda ceh community at ceh, ndonesia.

4.1 Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)

The outcomes of were shown in Tables and . Table shows that community awareness, community experience,

community exposure, community risk perception and community preparedness had the values of average variance

421


extracted larger than . , indicating that they met the acceptable standard of convergent validity enseler et.al,

arclay et.al, ornell, arker, . esides, the table shows that all constructs which had the diagonal values of were greater than the s uared correlation with other constructs in off diagonal, showing that all constructs met the acceptable standard of discriminant validity enseler et al., . igure shows the onfirmatory actor nalysis

test to confirm the reliability and validity of data.

Figure 2: onfirmatory actor nalysis Test

Table 1 The esults of onvergent and iscriminant alidity nalyses

Construct Community wareness

Community Preparedness

Community xperience

Community xposure

CommunityPerception

wareness 0.590 0.768

Preparedness 0.610 0.641 0.781

xperience 0.662 0.538 0.562 0.813

xposure 0.604 0.617 0.602 0.625 0.777

Perception 0.626 0.515 0.544 0.431 0.540 0.791

Note: shows in diagonal

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Table 2 shows that all constructs loaded more strongly on their own constructs in the model, exceeding the specified minimum, . , showing that the validity of measurement model met the criteria

ornell arker, hin, efen traub, . esides, the composite reliability and ronbach s lpha had values

greater than 0.7, indicating that the instrument used in this study maintained high internal consistency enseler, ingle inkovics,

unally ernstein, .

Table 2: The Results of Factor Loadings and Cross Loadings for Different onstructs and onstruct eliability nalysis

Construct Number of Item

Cross Factor Loadings

Composite Reliability

Cronbach lpha

wareness 5 0.747 – 0.811 0.878 0.826Preparedness 6 0.761 – 0.823 0.904 0.872

xperience 6 0.760 – 0.847 0.921 0.898xposure 6 0.725 – 0.809 0.901 0.868

Perception 4 0.732 – 0.811 0.870 0.802

Figure 3 and Table 3 shows the outcomes of testing SmartPLS path model using bootstrapping procedure. The value of R2 is used as an indicator of the overall predictive strength of the model. The value of R2 is interpreted as follows: 0.19, weak, 0.33, moderate and . , substantial hin, air et al., enseler et al.,

et els et al., . n this model testing, the inclusion of community awareness, community experience, and community exposure in the analysis had explained . percent of the variance in community risk perception. hile, the inclusion of community awareness, community experience, community exposure, and community risk perception in the analysis had explained . percent of the variance in community preparedness. Further, this result indicates that community risk perception plays a moderate role in the hypothesized model.

The results of SmartPLS path model analysis revealed three important findings firstly, the relationship between community risk perception and community awareness significantly correlated

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with community preparedness. Second, H2: the relationship between community risk perception and community experience significantly correlated with community preparedness. Third, H3: the relationship between community risk perception and community exposure significantly correlated with community preparedness. tatistically, this result confirms that community risk perception does act as an important mediating variable between community resilience dimensions community awareness, community experience, and community exposure , and community preparedness. To explain the mediating effect of community risk perception, the mediation analysis procedure as suggested by air et al. was employed. Base on the procedure, the role of community risk perception as a mediator in the relationship between IVs and DV were complementary mediation – partial mediation (Hair et al., 2017)..

Figure 3: utcome of Testing ypotheses

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Table 3: Estimation and Prediction Community Preparedness of H1, H2, and H3.

Relationships t statistic p value R2

wareness reparedness 0.329 5.733 0.0000.349xperience reparedness 0.192 3.364 0.001

xposure reparedness 0.171 2.703 0.007wareness erception 0.271 3.810 0.000

0.530xperience erception 0.086 1.417 0.157xposure erception 0.319 5.049 0.000

Perception -> Preparedness 0.200 3.509 0.000ote ignificant at t . t . t .

5. Discussion

The findings confirmed that community risk perception community resilience acts as an important mediating variable in the relationship between community resilience dimensions of local community preparedness. n the context of this study, well trained local community that being exposed with proper training and awareness will contribute to high readiness in local community who lives at anda ceh rovince euraxa, aya aru, anda aya,

aiturrahman, ueng ata, uta lam, uta aja, yiah uala and lee areng in ceh, ndonesia. ccording to the majority of the respondents, the levels of community resilience dimensions community awareness, community experience, and community

exposure , community risk perception, and community preparedness are moderate. This situation posits that majority of respondents feel that high levels of community resilience living in challenging and dangerous chaotic environments have increased the capability of local community to enhance community preparedness.

This study offers three important implications. In terms of theoretical contribution, the results of this study confirmed three important findings firstly, the relationship between community risk perception and community awareness significantly correlated with community preparedness. Second, H2: the relationship between community risk perception and community experience significantly correlated with community preparedness. Third, H3: the relationship

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between community risk perception and community exposure significantly correlated with community preparedness. This result is consistent with and has broadened studies by hmad an et al.,

and ahalati aveh i u ang handra et al. a e irschenbaum

, and elson .

ith regard to the robustness of research methodology, the survey questionnaire used in this study has satisfactorily met the validity and reliability criteria. This may lead to produced accurate and reliable research findings. ith respect to a practical contribution, the findings of this study can be use as useful guidelines by local community leadership in particular to upgrade the capability of community resilience in coping with future unpredicted disaster. Most of the community believed that preparedness of disaster education program is essential and needs to be properly invent to the respective community in order to increase their awareness, experience, and exposure, for disaster response.

6. Conclusion

This study confirmed that the ability of local community to handle appropriately community resilience has increased their performance in performing community preparedness. The result is consistent with the community resilience literature mostly published in estern countries. Thus, present research and practice within community based disaster risk management and disaster management needs such as community awareness, community experience, and community exposure, will be the critical success factors of the community preparedness domain. This study further recommends that the capability of local community to cope with community resilience in performing challenging responsibilities will be strongly inducing positive subsequent attitudinal and behavioral outcomes e.g., readiness, compliance with law, cooperation, commitment

and ethics). Therefore, these positive consequences may lead to maintained and enhanced community resilience performance in managing disaster.

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7. Acknowledgement

This research works was funded by research grant, NRGS/2013/UPNM/PK/P2, National Defense University of Malaysia.

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