proceedings of the 1st international workshop, jakarta 2009

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Proceedings of International Workshop on

Wild Fire and Carbon Management in Peat-Forest in Indonesia, Jakarta, 5-6 March 2009

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Wild Fire and Carbon Management in Peat-Forest in Indonesia

March 5th and 6th, 2009

Jakarta, Indonesia

Editors

Japan

* Hidenori Takahashi (HIHC)

Mitsuru Osaki (HU)

Toshio Iwakuma (HU.)

Toshihisa Honma (HU)

Noriyuki Tanaka (HU)

Takashi Kohyama (HU)

Takashi Hirano (HU)

Hendrik Segah (HU)

Eriko Momoda (HU)

Kazuya Kaku (JAXA)

Hozuma Sekine (MRI)

Aya Uraguchi (MRI)

Indonesia

* Hari Purwanto (RISTEK)

Bambang Setiadi(BSN)

Herwint Simbolon (LIPI)

Ratih Dewanti Dimyati (LAPAN)

Achmad Pribadi(FORDA)

Suwido H. Limin (UNPAR)

*) Chief Editor HU: Hokkaido University JAXA: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency MRI: Mitsubishi Research Institute RISTEK: State Ministry of Research and Technology BSN: National Standardization Agency, Indonesia LIPI: Indonesian Institute of Sciences LAPAN: Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space FORDA: Forest Research and Development Agency UNPAR: University of Palangka Raya JST: Japan Science Technology Agency JICA: Japan International Cooperation Agency

Organized by

Hokkaido University and State Ministry of Research and Technology

Sponsored by JST and JICA Cosponsored by JAXA and LAPAN

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Preface

The tropical peat (including swamp and forests) found on islands in the Indonesian

and Malaysian Archipelagos, the Amazon lowlands and Central Africa comprise some 42

Mha, and are estimated to store approximately 148Gt of carbon. Because of their inferior

nature, these environments remained undeveloped, and relatively virgin forests still remain.

Much of the recent increased interest in peat globally has resulted from their importance as

carbon sinks and stores and their role in carbon cycling between the earth’s surface and the

atmosphere. There is considerable debate about whether or not peatlands are globally net

absorbers or emitters of carbon and under what conditions they may sequester or release

this environmentally important element.

Throughout many research of tropical peat, the problems that result from development

of tropical peat stem mainly from a lack of understanding of the complexities of this

ecosystem and the fragility of the relationship between peat and forest. In its natural state

tropical peat is a vast carbon sink and store but once the carbon allocation to the system is

discontinued by forest removal and the peat is drained, the air exposed surface peat

oxidizes and loses previously allocated carbon rapidly to the atmosphere, which results in

progressive subsidence of the peat surface and contributes to climate change.

Thus, it is essential that future land use of tropical peat takes fully into account the

principles and practices of sustainable development and incorporates the 'wise use'

approach. The wise use of peat involves several elements, foremost amongst which is the

identification of the benefits and values that they can provide and the adverse

environmental and human consequences resulting from their disturbance.

March, 2010

Project leader,

Professor Mitsuru Osaki, Hokkaido University, Japan

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Content

Preface

Keynote

K-1.Wildfire and carbon management in peat forest in Central Kalimantan

A. Teras Narang, S.H.

K-2. Introduction of JST-JICA Project on "Wild Fire and Carbon Management in Peat-Forest in

Indonesia"

Mitsuru Osaki, Toshio Iwakuma, Hidenori Takahashi, Takashi Hirano, Takashi Kohyama,

Noriyuki Tanaka, Toshihisa Honma, Hozuma Sekine, Hari Purwanto, Bambang Setiadi,

Suwido H. Limin, Herwint Simbolon, and R. D. Dimyati

K-3.Tropical peatland wise use and reduce greenhouse gas emissions

Bambang Setiadi

K-4.Sentinel Asia, Support for Disaster Management

Atsushi Ono

K-5.Tree diversity and dynamics of peat swamp forest: above ground biomass, biomass production

and C-sequestration

Herwint Simbolon, Joeni Setijo Rahojoe,and Laode Alham

Part 1. Remote sensing and carbon and ecosystem managements in tropical peatlands

1.1 Building Wild/Peat Fire Control System with Remote Sensing and Simulation

Toshihisa Honma and Keiji Kimura

1.2 Peatland Topography and Hydrology of Ex-MRP and Sebangau National Park measured with

Airborne Laser Scanning- (LIDAR)-Technology

H.-D. Viktor Boehm and Juergen Frank

1.3 Detection of Active Wildland Fires Using Multitemporal MODIS Images

Keiji Kushida

1.4 Potential applications of remote sensing in tropical peatland carbon and ecosystem management

Mahdi Kartasasmita

1.5 Wildfire and Carbon Management in Peat-Forest in Indonesia

Ratih Dewanti Dimyati

1.6 Ministry of Forestry’s Remote Sensing capacity for Carbon Accounting and Ecosystem

Management

Saipul Rahman

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Part 2. Evaluation of carbon strorage and carbon flux in tropical peatlands

2.1 Comparison of CO2 balance among three disturbed ecosystems in tropical peatlands

Takashi Hirano, Suwido Limin, Hidenori Takahashi, and Mitsuru Osaki

2.2 Carbon aspect of the water chemistry at the upper reaches of Sebangau River

Harukuni Tachibana, Rofiq Iqbal, Salampak Dohong,

Untung Darung, and Hidenori Takahashi

2.3 Full Carbon Budgeting of Tropical Peat Swamp Forests using Airborne Laser Altimetry

Tatsuo Sweda

2.4 Full Carbon Budgeting of Tropical Peat Swamp Forests using Airborne Laser Altimetry

Ir. Tachrir Fathoni, MSc

2.5 Utilization of Remote Sensing Data to Support Carbon Stock Estimation

Orbita Roswintiarti, Kustiyo, and Suwarsono

2.6 The Role of The Centre for Forestry Education and Training (CFET) in developing Education

and Network of the management of sustainable-Peat- Forest

Waljemar Sinaga

Part 3. Sustainable management of carbon and ecosystem in tropical peatlands

3.1 Structure and Composition of Vegetation and its Carbon Storage Following Peat Fire

Bambang Hero Saharjo

3.2 Large fluctuation of the water levels in Kahayan and Sebangau Rivers

Hidenori Takahashi, H.-D.V. Boehm, Aswin Usup and Suwido H. Limin

3.3 Vertical 2-D Analysis on the Groundwater Flow and Water Quality Change in the Sarobetsu

Mire, Japan and the Draft Plan of the Application to the Peat Swamp in the Sebangau River

basin, Indonesia

Koichi Yamamoto, Harukuni Tachibana, Mitsuhiko Kamiya,

Michihiko Saito, Saeko Kuchimachi, and Hidenori Takahashi

3.4 Microbial and nursery technology interference for sustainable management of peat swamp

forest

Maman Turjaman, Irnayuli R. Sitepu, Ragil S.B. Irianto, Erdy Santoso, Erry Purnomo,

Atok Subiakto, Sri Wilarso Budi, Suwido H. Limin, Yayusuki Hashidoko,

Keitaro Tawaraya,Yutaka Tamai, and Mitsuru Osaki

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3.5 REDD : Scheme to preserve Central Kalimantan Peatland

Basah Hernowo

3.6 Effect of soil moisture and land-use management on greenhouse gas emissions from tropical

peatland

Kazuyuki Inubushi, and Abdul Hadi

Part 4. Education and network formation for sustainable management of tropical

peatlands

4.1 Hokkaido University Plan for establishing inter-university graduate and post-graduate

higher-education program in Indonesia

Noriyuki Tanaka

4.2 Integrated Fire Management, Activation of Community Fire Group for preventing peatland

fire in Central Kalimantan

Aswin Usup, H. Hayasaka, H. Takahashi, and E.P. Indra

4.3 The role of center of forestry and training （CFET） in development of education and network

or sustainable forest management

Waldemar Hasiholan

Part 5. Common subjects in sessions

5.1 Fire is a Major Threat on the Existing Peatland and Forest

Suwido H. Limin and Kitso Kusin

5.2 Rehabilitation of Fired Peat Swamp Forest Using Livestock

Sudarsono Jayadi and Hiroshi Hata

5.3 The Use of Dirty Coal or Rice Husk Charcoal to Support Reclamation Program of PT Adaro

Indonesia: preliminary results

Erry Purnomo, Agus Subandrio, Iswan Sujarwo, Ronny Tambunan, M Arsyad,

Priyadi, Maman Turjaman, and Mitsuru Osaki

Participants List

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Keynote

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Wildfire and carbon management in peat forest in Central Kalimantan

A. Teras Narang, S.H.

Governor of Central Kalimantan

First of all, let us praise the Almighty God for his great blessing, mercy and protection so that all

of us remain in good health and be able to attend this seminar. Afterwards, I would like to extend

my gratitude to the seminar organizer for inviting me as a keynote speaker for this very important

seminar. It is an honor for us to share our viewpoints and experiences regarding the topic of this

seminar. As most of you have already known, Central Kalimantan has been exposed to a major

disaster at global scale in terms of peat forest, fire and carbon released. It was a man made or man

triggered disaster that none of us had ever imagined, hence none of us would expect this kind of

disaster ever happen again in Central Kalimantan province or in any other parts of the world. It is

an aching wish but of course, there is an obvious need for deterrent and determine actions all

together with global partnerships in managing the remaining peatland tropical forest, particularly in

the case of Central Kalimantan province.

Central Kalimantan is the third largest province in Indonesia after Papua and East Kalimantan. It

is located at the Borneo or Kalimantan Island, the third largest island in the world after Greenland

and Papua Island. Although the name suggested that this province lies within the central part of the

island, Central Kalimantan has a direct access to the sea along its seven hundreds and fifty

kilometres of shoreline to the Java Sea on the southern part. Along this shoreline, lies most of the

peatland area of Central Kalimantan province. With the area of more than fifteen point thirty four

million hectares or about one point five times the size of Java Island, Central Kalimantan has the

largest remaining tropical peat swamp forest in the Borneo or Kalimantan Island. All of this peat

swamp forest is located within the five southern districts which are Kapuas, Pulang Pisau, Katingan,

Seruyan and East Kotawaringin district. Regardless of the land cover status, peatland resource

counts to around three million hectares or almost one fifth or twenty percent of the provincial

administrative area. These natural resources have been managed for centuries by the native or

indigenous people of Central Kalimantan in a traditional manner. The multi purposes management

of peatland and peat forest are indicated by the existence of different land use and land tenure

applied by local people, starting from most intensive utilization and individual ownership along the

river bank to the communal property and open access forest resources with minimum human

interfere deep in the interior. This traditional wisdom, the stratification of peat forest land use, is

then proven by modern science as a practical and sustainable way of managing the peatland

resources.

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It’s publicly renowned that carbon emission from peatland, which is mainly due to the wildfire,

is responsible for the status of Indonesia as the third largest carbon dioxide emitter in the world.

Without emission from peatland, Indonesia ranked at twenty first. Behind this figure, whether we

like or not, the role of peatfire from Central Kalimantan is obvious and this is directly related to the

ill-fated story of the mega rice project or what is now called ex mega rice project (EMRP). The

devastating scale of EMRP is around half of the peatland area of Central Kalimantan and various

research confirmed that accumulative carbon emission from this area only is gigantic, count to

several million ton of carbon dioxide. In his famous report called Stern’s review on climate change,

Michael Stern states that without any significant effort during the year of two thousand eight and

two thousand and twelve, the amount of carbon emission from deforestation will be doubled, from

eighteen million ton to around forty million ton. This number would then raise the concentration of

carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by two ppm or two part per million and the implication on

climate change will be enormous. By using this related statement, then we could comprehend how

the carbon emission from peatfire had done terrible things to our global climate in the recent years.

I believe all of you already informed that in the last several years, the government of Central

Kalimantan province has tried its best to deal with peatfire and peatland management in general.

Real actions and regulations have been taken and of course, all of these efforts are not without

sweat, pain, tears and opposition. The result is clear and confirmed. We all know that Central

Kalimantan has recorded a significant drop of hotspot and people could enjoy better and healthy

environment. We could and should be proud of our effort but at the same time we also should

realize that this is not the end of story, not even the strong basic foundation for dealing with

peatfire and carbon issue of the peatland. One utmost estimation of peat carbon deposit in Central

Kalimantan is around six point three giga ton and this means a very fragile and delicate form of

environmental ammunition for the global climate. As I have mentioned earlier, Stern mentioned

that a doubling of deforestation emission from twenty to forty million ton would lead to two ppm

increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Now, we could imagine what will happen to our

global climate change even if only ten percent or one tenth of peat carbon deposit in Central

Kalimantan, ten percent out of six point three giga ton were released by peatfire to the atmosphere!

We need no words to imagine what would be the impact.

The best way of avoiding peatfire, the best way of managing its carbon issue is simply by

creating an environment where there a good canopy closure of peat forest, by restoring waterlog or

aquatic condition to the peatland so there will be enough humidity within the upper part of the soil.

Within this simple statement lie many consequences, implications, impact and efforts to be taken.

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The master plan study for ex mega rice project (EMRP master plan study) estimates that from

hydrological perspective alone, at least seven hundreds damns or canal blocking constructions

should be build, as soon as possible. In general, it is estimated that more than seven million dollars

is needed in order to restore the environmental condition of EMRP area alone. Alone here means

we have not yet considered other peatland area such as The Sebangau National Park. Those figures

of course are well beyond the capacity and capability of Central Kalimantan government alone but

firm and quick actions should be taken or the situation will be hard to control. Having said this,

there is a very unfortunate news from the progress of REDD or Reduced Emission from

Deforestation and Degradation. The proposed REDD is supposedly substitute the CDM scheme of

aforestation and reforestation under Kyoto Protocol which has been proven to be unrealistic and

unpractical. The Bali COP or Conference of Parties of UNFCCC (United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate Change) thirteen in the year two thousand and seven mentioned through the

Bali roadmap that within next four years from two thousand eight and two thousand and twelve,

which is the last year of Kyoto Protocol agenda, REDD will be developed as a scheme for reducing

carbon emission from the deforestation related activities. What unfortunate is, various multi laterals

meeting afterward, up to the UNFCCC COP fourteen meeting in Poznan, the carbon stock of

peatland has never been considered in the negotiation of either baseline methodology (reference

emission level or REL) or in the calculation of additionality. This means that there is a big

possibility that peat carbon will not be recognized in the compliance carbon trading or carbon

market post Kyoto Protocol after the year two thousand and twelve. In other words, without

actions from the peatland and peat carbon scientists and community, the window of opportunity for

financing our effort to better and sustainable management of peat forest is getting smaller and

smaller and at the other end pressure from other financial aspects of utilizing peatland and peat

forest will lead to a bigger and bigger chance for having more and worse peatfire and carbon

emission from peatland.

I have raised some facts, concerns and questions regarding peatfire and carbon management of

peat forest in general and in Central Kalimantan for particular. I really hope that this keynote

speech will promote discussions and recommendations from this very important seminar. As the

final words, I wish you all the participants a blissful and meaningful seminar. Thank you for your

kind attention and look forward for the outcomes.

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Introduction of JST-JICA Project on "Wild Fire and Carbon Management in Peat-Forest in Indonesia"

Mitsuru Osaki1, Toshio Iwakuma1, Hidenori Takahashi2, Takashi Hirano1, Takashi Kohyama1,

Noriyuki Tanaka1, Toshihisa Honnma1, Hozuma Sekine3, Hari Purwanto4, Bambang Setiadi5,

Suwido H. Limin6, Herwint Simbolon7, and R. D. Dimyati8

1Hokkaido University, Japan, 2NPO Hokkaido-Kalimantan Exchange Association for Culture, Science

and Technology, Japan, 3Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc., Japan, 4State Ministry of Research and

Technology (RISTEK), 5National Standardization Agency of Indonesia, Indonesia (BSN), 6University of

Palangka Raya, Indonesia (UNPAR), 7The Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Research Center for

Biology (LIPI), and 8The Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN)

Contact person: Dr. Mitsuru Osaki (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract

Tropical peat (including swamps and forests) found on islands in the Indonesian and Malaysian

Archipelagos, the Amazon lowlands and Central Africa comprise some 42 Million ha, and are

estimated to store approximately 148Gt (1Gt = 1015g) of carbon. Because of their inferior nature,

these environments remain undeveloped, possess relatively virgin forests, and are extremely fragile

and very liable to disturbance. Much of the recent increased interest in peat globally has resulted

from the importance of peatlands as carbon sinks and stores, and their role in carbon cycling

between the earth’s surface and the atmosphere. Thus, it is essential that future land use of tropical

peat takes fully into account the principles and practices of sustainable development and

incorporates the 'wise use' approach. The wise use of peat involves several elements, foremost

amongst which is the identification of the benefits and values that they can provide and the adverse

environmental and human consequences resulting from their disturbance. Therefore, we propose

JST-JICA project on "Wild Fire and Carbon Management in Peat-Forest in Indonesia".

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Tropical peatland wise use and reduce greenhouse gas emissions

Bambang Setiadi

National Standardization Agency, Indonesia

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Sentinel Asia, Support for Disaster Management

Atsushi Ono, Associate Senior Administrator

Disaster Management Support System Office, Satellite Application and Promotion Center,

Space Application Mission Directorate, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)

Shin-Ohtemachi Bldg., 2-2-1, Ohtemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, JAPAN

Tel: +81-3-3516-9133, Fax: +81-3-3516-9160

E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Many of the causes and impacts of natural disasters are observable in real-time from space by earth

observing systems. When efficiently combined with modern information-distribution methods,

such data can be sent rapidly to affected communities and local emergency agencies as

early-warning before the disaster occurs, or as post-disaster maps to assist in recovery operations. A

new project called "Sentinel Asia" was proposed in 2004 by the Asia-Pacific Space Agency Forum

(APRSAF), to showcase the value and impact of earth observation technologies, combined with

near real-time internet dissemination methods and Web-GIS mapping tools. The APRSAF was

established in 1993, in response to the declaration adopted by the Asia-Pacific International Space

Year Conference (APIC) in 1992, to enhance the development of each country's space program and

to exchange views toward future cooperation in space activities in the Asia-Pacific region.

APRSAF was originally designed to provide opportunities for regional space agencies and

associated governmental bodies to exchange technical views, opinions and information on national

space programs and space resources. Up to ten countries in the region and their respective space

agencies now operate satellite-data reception facilities, some of which also have their own earth

observing spacecraft, or are planning to launch new systems in the near future. Sentinel Asia

Project is a Disaster Management Support System in the Asia-Pacific region by utilizing the earth

observation satellite data aiming at (1) Improving safety in society by ICT and Space technology,

(2) Improving speed and accuracy for disaster preparedness and early warning, (3) Minimizing

victims and social, economic losses. Sentinel Asia Project is a voluntary initiative by participating

organizations and seeking for a step-by-step approach and now Sentinel Asia in the Step-2 phase

which will be completed by 2014.

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Tree diversity and dynamics of peat swamp forest: above ground biomass, biomass production and C-sequestration

Herwint Simbolon, Joeni Setijo Rahojoe and Laode Alham

RC for Biology-LIPI, Cibinong

Abstract

During the periods of 1995-1996 more then 4000kms of canals were established within the area of about

1.4 million ha of peat swamp forest in Central Kalimantan. The canals have drained and lowered the

water table of peat swamp forests of the areas. Some of the drained peat swamp forests were burnt

during the forest fires in 1997-1998, while some others were remain un-burnt but fragile to forest fires

and ecologically have disturbed due to the peat subsidence and compaction after water loss.

The present works were proposed in order to understand and monitor the ecological function of the

biodiversity, forest recovery, biomass production and nutrient cycle of peat swamp forests in relation to

carbon balance under such various conditions. The studies are also will identified some promoting

species for conservation of peat swamp forests.

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Part 1.

Remote sensing and carbon and ecosystem

managements in tropical peatlands

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Building Wild/Peat Fire Control System with Remote Sensing and Simulation

Toshihisa HONMA* and Keiji KIMURA**

*,**Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University

N14W9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0814, JAPAN

E-mail: *[email protected], **[email protected]

1. Introduction

A lot of wild/peat fire occurred in Indonesia when ENSO occurred because of light rainfall and

high temperature. As a background of wild/peat fire, we classify the latest land cover by

ALOS/PALSAR imagery around Palangka Raya. And for the important factors of the wild/peat fire

expansion, the local meteorological simulation with MM5 is calculated. We are also making the

wild/peat fire expansion simulation. We combine them and Dr. Nakau’s fire detection method. We

will building the wild/peat fire control system with remote sensing and simulation in this project.

2. Land cover classification by ALOS/PALSAR imagery around Palangka Raya

We classified the vegetation into eight categories from the HH and HV polarization of

ALOS/PALSAR with the ISODATA method which is a kind of the non-training classification. We

made the land cover maps of three periods: July 9, August 24 and October 9, 2007 around Palangka

Raya. The POSTEL vegetation is used for the sampling data. The results are compared with the

vegetation map by SarVision and both classifications are very similar. This means that the latest

vegetation map can be renewed every 46-day of the ALOS’s repeat cycle.

3. Local area meteorological simulation with MM5

Severe weather is the main factor of fire expansion. We constructs the local area meteorological

simulation with MM5 around Palangka Raya. The initial resolution of the weather forecast is 1

degree mesh from the NCEP Global Tropospheric Analysis. The finest resolution in this study is

4.1km grid. For example, we calculated the meteorological simulation from September 2 to

September 22, 2006 when a lot of wild/peat fire occurred.

4. Building the wild/peat fire control system

We are now constructing the wild/peat fire control system. We are making the fire expansion

simulation and the information service to firefighters. They will use the outputs of the system ---

the detected fire, and simulated fire expansion --- and they will be able to distinguish the fire more

effectively.

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Building Wild/Peat Fire Control Systemwith Remote Sensing and Simulation

Toshihisa HONMA* and Keiji KIMURA***,**Graduate School of Information Science and

Technology, Hokkaido UniversityN14W9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0814, JAPAN

e-mail: *[email protected]

Contents

1．Introduction

2．Land Cover Classification

3．Meteorological Simulation

4．Wild/Peat Fire Control Systems

5. Project Plan

1. Introduction

• A lot of wild/peat fire occurred in Indonesia when ENSO occurred because of light rainfall and high temperature.

• Firstly, as a background data of wild/peat fire, we have to classify the latest land cover by ALOS/PALSAR imagery around Palangka Raya.

• And the local meteorological simulation with MM5 is calculated for the important factors of the wild/peat fire expansion, .

• Then, we execute the wild/peat fire expansion simulation. • In addition, we will combine these systems with Dr. Nakau’s

new fire detection method. • Finally, we will build the wild/peat fire control systems with

remote sensing and simulation technologies in this project.

El Nino and Wildfire in Indonesia

When El Nino occurs, it rains less around Indonesia because the convection over Indonesia movesEastward.

El Nino

normal

El Nino Index (NINO.3) by JMA

WMO(1984)

Fire predictionsimulation

Met. Simulation(MM5 / WRF)

Hotspots

Met. data(JMA/NOAA)

Regional Met. prediction

Topology(SRTM/ASTER)

Vegetation(AVNIR2/PALSAR)

Fire History Firefighters

Inhabitant

static datadynamic dataoutputcalculation

WWWCellSMS

Outline of our system about semi-realtime fire detection and prediction

Designed by Dr.Nakau

2. Land cover classification by ALOS/PALSAR imagery around Palangka Raya

• We classified the vegetation into eight categories from the HH and HV polarization of ALOS/PALSAR with the ISODATA method which is a kind of the non-training classification.

• We made the land cover maps of three periods: July 9, August 24 and October 9, 2007 around Palangka Raya.

• The POSTEL vegetation is used for the sampling data. • The results are compared with the vegetation map by

SarVision and both classifications are very similar.• This means that the latest vegetation map can be renewed

every 46-day of the ALOS’s repeat cycle.

Estimation of CO2

emission from EMRParea

Non-forest (8tC/ha/year emission)413,000ha 1.65MtC

Thin Forest (15-40%)(6tC/ha/year emission)1,670,000ha 10.02MtC

Thick Forest (40%-)(4tC/ha/year emission)19,000ha 0.076MtC

Total: 11.7MtC from 2,100,000haby the soil respirationaround the EMRP area

Japanese annual emission of Carbon is about 341MtC(2005). This area emits the 3.4% of CO2 from Japan. Original data by POSTEL(2008)

Results of land cover analysis

We can analyze the land cover every 46-days

with ALOS-PALSAR imagery.

WaterDense forestThin forestThin bushBurnt forestBurnt bushBare groundTown

July 9, 2007 August 24, 2007 October 9, 2007by Mr.Baba

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3. Local area meteorological simulation with MM5

• The weather information with high accuracy is needed as the main factor of fire expansion. We conduct the local-area meteorological simulation with MM5 around Palangka Raya.

• The initial resolution of the weather forecast is 1 degree mesh from the NCEP Global TroposphericAnalysis.

• The finest resolution in this study is 4.1km grid. • For example, we calculated the meteorological

simulation from September 2 to September 22, 2006 when a lot of wild/peat fire occurred.

Study area of MM5 meteorological simulation

Domain 1

Domain 2

Domain 3

Domain 4

37×374.1kmDomain 4

37×3712.3kmDomain 3

40×4037kmDomain 2

32×32111kmDomain 1

numbersmeshArea

by Mr.Hatanaka

A result of MM5 simulation

At 13:00 local time in Palangka Raya, on September 4, 2006.

Wind field around Palangka RayaThe local wind can be analyzed by this model.

Palangka Raya

by Mr.Hatanaka

4. Building the wild/peat fire control system

• We are now constructing the wild/peat fire control system.

• We are making the fire expansion simulation and the information service to firefighters.

• They will use the outputs of the system--- the detected fire, and simulated fire expansion ---and they will be able to distinguish the fire more effectively.

Case study in AlaskaInitial condition

Beginning time is 16:00, June 24, 2004.

Gray area is burnt.

Fire is burning at red points.

Result of fire expansion simulation in Alaska

This result of simulation is overestimated now. We are calculating the best coefficients in the many parts of this simulation with Genetic Algorithm.

Terra & Aqua （MODIS）

Analysis

Data storage

Web

Firefightersin Palangka Raya

ALOS（PALSAR/PRISM/

AVNIR2)

Semi-Real time

手動配信

Visualization（GIS）

（Validation）

↓Japan

↑Indonesia

JAXA

Hokkaido Univ.

Step1: Making prototype in JAPAN

↓Indonesia

↑Japan

(automatic)

（on demand）

From 2009 to 2010

Analysis: Fire detection & fire expansion simulation

Designed by Mr. Nagano


Data storage

Firefighters

ALOS（PALSAR/PRISM/AVNIR2)

Semi-Real time

On demand

Visualization (GIS)

↓Japan

↑Indonesia

JAXA

LAPANStep2：Transfer of Technology

Hokkaido Univ. Tra

nsf

er

↓Indonesia

↑Japan

Analysis

Web

Validation

(automatic)

（on demand）

From 2011 to 2012Designed by Mr. Nagano

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Data storage

Firefighters:Palangka Raya

ALOS（PALSAR/PRISM/AVNIR2)

Semi-Real time

On demand

Visualization (GIS)

Japan

Indonesia

JAXA

LAPANStep3：Sustainable Use Analysis

Web

Validation

(automatic)

（on demand）

After 2013Designed by Mr. Nagano

Fire predictionsimulation

Met. Simulation(MM5 / WRF)

Hotspots

Met. data(JMA/NOAA)

Regional Met. prediction

Topology(SRTM/ASTER)

Vegetation(AVNIR2/PALSAR)

Fire History Firefighters

Inhabitant

static datadynamic dataoutputcalculation

WWWCellSMS

Outline of our system about semi-realtime fire detection and prediction

Designed by Dr.Nakau

Development of Fire Algorithm

JAXA/EORC Koji Nakau

Bran new wild fire algorithm

• NASA MOD14 fail to detect weak fire.

• A bran new algorithm was developed.– New masks for IR reflecting objects:

• Snow / Ice Mask is adopted,• sophisticated Cloud mask is employed.

– Contextual method is used to identify candidate.

• MOD14 uses a static threshold

– Estimated radiation is used in fire detection

RGB: ASTER ImageryR:2.24m G:1.65m B:0.66m

Proposed algorithm detects small firesbut smoldering fires are omitted by MOD14.

Red:Proposed

Yellow:MOD14

Result: doubled S/N ratio

-10%43+82%63074+82%63,117Experimental

+13%54+16%40089+16%40,143Nakau2008

483459934,647MOD14 v4

False AlarmCorrect HSDetected HS Algorithm

• Images: Daytime MODIS 2004-Jun-20 to Sep-12• Area: Most part of Alaska (160W--141W, 50N--70N)• Ground truth: Burned area in 2004 (Fire History by AFS)• Correct HS: [Distance between HS and burned area]

< 3km

Summary of New Algorithm

• Doubled S/N ratio (comparing to MOD14)

– 80% more HS and & 10% less False Alarm

– Smoldering, small fire or slush and burn detected

• New fire product– Geographical distribution differ from MOD14

– New fire product is suitable to detect small fire and to confirm extinction

Future Works

• Operational use– This algorithm will be adopted in the peat fire

monitor.

• Validation of fire product– Validation should be held two steps as

• MODIS LANDSAT Ground observations

– Collaboration with Indonesian researchers

• More sensitive algorithm– Reflectance of vegetation should be observed.

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“Peatland Topography and Hydrology of Ex-MRP and Sebangau National Park measured with Airborne Laser Scanning-

(LIDAR)-Technology”

Dr. H.-D. Viktor Boehm and Juergen Frank

Kalteng Consultants, www.kalteng.org

Abstract

With a high-resolution Airborne Laser Scanner (ALS) the topography of peatlands was measured from

5th to 10th Aug. 2007 by a helicopter to achieve a 3-dimensional Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for

Block A + B + C + E and Sebangau area up to the Tangkiling hills. With this ALS-information we

processed and analysed the topography of peatland with an elevation resolution of +/-15cm and x-, y- of

0.5m in the Ex-Mega Rice Project (Ex-MRP) and in the Sebangau area. The 1.5µm laser beam in the

near infra-red with the beam divergence of 0.5mrad could penetrate the PSF by 3% to 5% of the

laser-pulses.

The highest peat dome was found between rivers Kahayan and Mangkatup with 37.5m at the flight

track approx. -229km south of the equator. The highest peat dome in Mawas area between Kapuas and

Mentangai river at -229km is 32m and at -238km 29m respectively.

In Block A at the main channel we get an elevation maximum of 25m (-247km) between rivers Kapuas

and Mentangai. At Mentangai river on main channel we have the lowest point of this cross-section with

21.3m. Right from Mentangai on main channel we found the next peat dome with an elevation of

approx. 23m.

The peat dome in Block A drops down to 22m between Kapuas and Mentangai at -261km.

Peat Dome of Block E-Mawas and Block A, elevation calibrated to Palangka Raya Airport reference

point with 25m, see figure with 6 profiles.

Elevation Longitude Latitude Kapuas Delta

32.0m 894.0km East -229km South Block E-Mawas 17.5m 14.5m

29.0m 894.0km East -238km South Block E-Mawas 17.1m ~ 12m

25.0m 889.5km East -247km South Main Channel 16.5m 8.5m

24.2m 889.0km East -251km South Block A, other day 16.9m ~ 7m

23.2m 889.0km East -256km South Block A, other day 16.8m ~ 6m

22.0m 889.0km East -261km South Block A 16.4m ~ 5.5m

The water-level on 5th August 10h - 11h near the main channel (approx. -247km) was 17.4m at

Kahayan, 16.5m at Kapuas, 21.2m at Mentangai and 19.9m at Barito.

The upper part of Block C has at the Kalampangan channel peat dome (20.6m) a height of approx. 5m

to the Sebangau river (15.4m) and approx. 3.5m to the Kahayan (17.0m).

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The peat dome between Sebangau to Katingan has a height of approx. 31m at km -265. The peat dome

reduces to 30m at km-254 and km-247 (equivalent height of main channel) because of influence of

bending Sebangau river, but the peat dome increases to approx. 50m at km-212 on the Jalan Tjilik Riwut

between Tangkiling hills and Kasongan village.

Fig. 1: German-Indonesian ALS team in front of Bell 206-Helicopter in Central Kalimantan:

Juergen Frank, Detlef Klante, Suyud, Alam (pilot), Viktor Boehm (manager), Jan Giehler

(operator) and Mustafa Syafrudin. Aug 2007

Fig. 2: ALS-LIDAR-Flight tracks from

campaign in Aug. 2007, approx. 500m width

superimposed on LS2000

Fig. 3: LIDAR-tracks in Block C from Aug.

2007

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Detection of Active Wildland Fires Using Multitemporal MODIS Images

Keiji Kushida

Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University,

W8 N19, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan


Fire fractional area and radiances at 11 µm and 4 µm of active fires in the boreal forests in Siberia and

Mongolia were estimated using ASTER images. In addition a stochastic fire model was constructed.

The efficiency of a bi-band threshold method used for detecting active fires on the basis of the thermal

anomaly obtained from multitemporal MODIS images was evaluated using the stochastic fire model.

The results of fire detection indicated that the abovementioned method accurately detected 90% of the

fire pixels with almost no false alarms when the radiances of the non-fire pixels at 11 µm and 4 µm

were estimated using the past MODIS images with a standard deviation of 1 K. The analyses also

indicated that in order to obtain fewer errors than those obtained using the conventional contextual

algorithm (MOD14) from the objective area (omission errors less than 50% and commission errors less

than 1%), it is essential to carry out the non-fire radiance estimation using past images with a standard

deviation of less than 4 K.

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Potential applications of remote sensing in tropical peatland carbon and ecosystem management

Mahdi Kartasasmita

Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space

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Wildfire and Carbon Management in Peat-Forest in Indonesia

Ratih Dewanti Dimyati

Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space

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Ministry of Forestry’s Remote Sensing capacity for Carbon Accounting and Ecosystem Management

Saipul Rahman

Directorate of Forest Resource Monitoring

DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF FOREST PLANNING

Ministry of Forestry, JAKARTA

E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

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Part 2.

Evaluation of carbon strorage and carbon

flux in tropical peatlands

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Comparison of CO2 balance among three disturbed ecosystems in tropical peatlands

Takashi Hirano1, Suwido Limin2, Hidenori Takahashi3,and Mitsuru Osaki1

1 Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

2 University of Palangkaraya, Palangkaraya, Indonesia 3Hokkaido Institute of Hydro-Climate, Sapporo, Japan

Tropical peatlands have accumulated a huge amount of carbon as organic matter in soil, and are

naturally covered with swamp forests. Recently, however, the tropical peatlands are disturbed on a large scale by deforestation and drainage to produce timber and create farmlands. Such disturbance changes petland environment and should enhance the decomposition of organic carbon into CO2. In addition, drought caused by El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and its consequent large-scale fires accelerate CO2 release to the atmosphere from peatland soil through decomposition and burning. These facts suggest that tropical peatlands keep vulnerable carbon stock and will be a major CO2 source in the near future. Therefore it is important to evaluate the effects of disturbance on CO2 balance of tropical-peatland ecosystems to globally predict the trend of atmospheric CO2 concentration.

We have measured CO2 flux using the eddy covariance technique above three peatland ecosystems differing in disturbance conditions near Palangkaraya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia in 2004 and 2005, non-ENSO years. Three ecosystems are as follows: a swamp forest growing on undrained peatland in Setia Alam area (SF), a swamp forest in drained peatland on Kalangpangan area (KF) and a cutover in drained peatland in Kalangpangan area (KB). Large channels were excavated in Kalangpangan area in the 1990’s. In Kalangpangan area the large portion of forest was clear-cut after the channel construction, and KB site was burned twice in the ENSO years, 1997 and 2002.

Annual sums of net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) between May 2004 and May 2005 were positive even for the undrained forest (SF), which shows that all peatland ecosystems functioned as CO2 source for the atmosphere. The annual NEE was between 100 and 800 gC m-2 y-1 and was the largest for the cutover (KB) and the smallest for SF.

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Carbon aspect of the water chemistry at the upper reaches of Sebangau River

Harukuni Tachibana11, Rofiq Iqbal2, Salampak Dohong 3

Untung Darung4,and Hidenori Takahashi5

1.Hokkaido Institute of Hydro Climate, No.7 Koei bldg.,N14W3, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0014 Japan,


2. Institut Tecknologi Bandung, J1Ganesha No10,Bandung,Indonesia40132, [email protected]

3. University of Palangka Raya, J1.Bakti No.8 Palangka Raya 73111 Central Kalimantan. INDONESIA ,


4.University of Palangka Raya, J1.Bakti No.8 Palangka Raya 73111 Central Kalimantan INDONESIA,


5. Hokkaido Institute of Hydro-climate, No.7 Koei bldg., N14W3, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0014, Japan ,


ABSTRACT

Recently, storage and release of carbon related to the greenhouse effect of the earth has become a

worldwide attention. In this study, amount of released carbon from the forest river and its balance in the

tropical forests were calculated from water chemistry data of KYA station at the upper stream of

Sebangau River. The river, located in Palangka Raya City, Central Kalimantan, INDONESIA was

studied at regular interval from 1998 to 2008.

Items related to carbon in water chemistry are TOC, DOC, and 4.3Bx. Even though carbonic acid plays

an important role in the release and the storage of carbon, but due to its complicated movement, only the

results calculated from TOC and DOC concentrations are reported.

Takahashi (2009) calculated water balance of this area and found that the total amount of rainfall was

3113 mm, evapo-transpiration was 1219 mm, and amount of direct runoff was 1957 mm. Hirano

(2008) reported that amount of emission of carbon as CO2 into the air was about 100 g/m2.year in

un-disturbed peat forests (UF), 400 g/m2 .year in disturbed peat forests (DF), and 800 g/m2.year in

cutover districts (DC). Amount of carbon that flowed into the river was examined on the basis of these

data.

From the results of water quality analysis of KYA station, it was found that TOC and DOC

concentrations were high, and changes of concentrations were very small. The mean concentration of

TOC was 39.9 mg/l and coefficient of variation (CV) was 0.08 where the mean concentration of DOC

was 37.6 mg/l and CV was 0.10. Each concentration was multiplied by river flux to get the amount of

emission of carbon, and the amount of emission of carbon was compared with the amount of carbon that

generated into the air. The amount of emissions of carbon of TOC and DOC were 28.3 g/m2.year, and

26.9 g/m2.year, respectively. They were approximately 30% of the generated amount into the air. The

amount of carbon that flowed into the river was a large quantity if compared with the amount that was

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generated into the air. If the carbon of the groundwater was generated into the air by microorganisms,

it will contribute the greenhouse effect.

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Participants List

No Country Name Institution E-mail address

1 Japan Mitsuru Osaki Hokkaido Univ. [email protected]

2 Japan Noriyuki Tanaka Hokkaido Univ. [email protected]

3 Japan Hidenori Takahashi Hokkaido I. H.C [email protected]

4 Japan Toshihisa Honma Hokkaido Univ. [email protected]

5 Japan Takashi Hirano Hokkaido Univ. [email protected]

6 Japan Hirosi Hata Hokkaido Univ. [email protected]

7 Japan Tatsuo Sueda Ehime Univ. [email protected]

8 Japan Hayato Tsuzuki Ehime Univ. [email protected]

9 Japan Kazuyuki Inumushi Chiba Univ. [email protected]

10 Japan Aya Uraguchi Mitsubishi R.I. [email protected]

11 Japan Koichi Yamamoto Yamaguchi Univ. [email protected]

12 Japan Keiji Kushida Hokkaido Univ. [email protected]

13 Japan Hirosi Tani Hokkaido Univ. [email protected]

14 Japan Takeshi Tange Univ. Tokyo [email protected]

15 Japan Masahiko Fujii Hokkaido Univ. [email protected]

16 Japan Yoko Yabe Hokkaido Univ. [email protected]

17 Japan Koji Nakau JAXA [email protected]

18 Japan Atsushi Ono JAXA [email protected]

19 Indonesia Hari Purwanto RISTEK [email protected]

20 Indonesia Bambang Setiadi BSN [email protected]

21 Indonesia Herwint Simbolon LIPI [email protected]

22 Indonesia Ratih Dewanti Dimyati LAPAN [email protected]

23 Indonesia Achmad Pribadi FORDA

24 Indonesia Suwido H. Limin UNPAR [email protected]

25 Indonesia Abdul Hadi UNLAM [email protected]

26 Indonesia Erry Purnomo UNLAM [email protected]

27 Indonesia Rofiq Iqbal ITB [email protected]

28 Indonesia Bambang H Saharjo IPB [email protected]

29 Indonesia Aswin Dj Usup UNPAR [email protected]

30 Indonesia Hendrik Segah UNPAR [email protected] / [email protected]

31 Indonesia Drasospolino Head of Sebangau NP [email protected]

32 Indonesia Maman Turjaman FNCRDC/FORDA [email protected]

33 Indonesia Sudarsono Jayadi IPB [email protected]

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34 Indonesia I Made Sudiana LIPI i made [email protected]

35 Indonesia Teguh Rahardjo Deputi Program

Riptek, KNRT

36 Indonesia Tachrir Fathoni Ka Balitbang Dephut

37 Indonesia Mahdi Kartasasmita LAPAN

38 Indonesia Wardoyo, M.F. Departemen Kehutanan

39 Indonesia Antung Deddy

Radiansyah

Kementerian LH

40 Indonesia Tachrir Fathoni Ka Balitbang Dephut

41 Indonesia Agus Kritijono TPSA, BPPT

42 Indonesia Orbita Roswintiarti LAPAN [email protected]

43 Indonesia Basah Hernowo Bappenas

44 Indonesia Nick Mawdsley

45 Germany H.-D.V. Boehm Kalteng Consultants [email protected]

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COLLABORATING INSTITUTIONS:

Hokkaido University (HU)

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)

Mitsubishi Research Institute (MRI)

State Ministry of Research and Technology (RISTEK)

National Standardization Agency, Indonesia (BSN)

Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)

Indonesian National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN)

Forest Research and Development Agency (FORDA)

University of Palangka Raya (UNPAR)

Japan Science Technology Agency (JST)

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JAXA)

printed on recycled paper

proceedings of the 1st international workshop, jakarta 2009

Documents