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Privile
ged a
nd C
onfid
entia
l
Executiv
e S
um
mary
Ag
ree
men
t No
. CE
27/2
007
(EP
) Up
gra
de o
f a R
eg
ion
al
Air Q
ua
lity M
od
ellin
g S
yste
m (P
AT
H) ––– –
Fe
asib
ility S
tud
y
DR
AF
T F
INA
L
HK
1100066
1
E
xec
utiv
e S
um
mary
A
gre
em
ent N
o. C
E 2
7/2
00
7 (E
P) U
pgra
de
of a
R
egio
nal A
ir Quality
Mo
dellin
g S
yste
m (P
AT
H)
– F
easib
ility S
tud
y
Pre
pare
d fo
r:
En
viro
nm
en
tal P
rote
ctio
n D
ep
artm
en
t H
on
g K
on
g
Pre
pare
d b
y:
EN
VIR
ON
Ho
ng
Ko
ng
Lim
ited
Date
: N
ovem
ber, 2
011
Pro
ject N
um
ber:
HK
1100066
Report R
efe
rence:
R1810_V
2.2
Privile
ged a
nd C
onfid
entia
l
Executiv
e S
um
mary
Ag
ree
men
t No
. CE
27/2
007
(EP
) Up
gra
de o
f a R
eg
ion
al
Air Q
ua
lity M
od
ellin
g S
yste
m (P
AT
H) ––– –
Fe
asib
ility S
tud
y
DR
AF
T F
INA
L
HK
1100066
2
Tab
le o
f Co
nte
nts
1.
INT
RO
DU
CT
ION
.......................................................................................................................... 1
2.
The O
ld m
odellin
g sy
stem
and th
e upgrad
ed m
odellin
g sy
stem
....................................................... 3
3.
Mo
dellin
g D
om
ain
s and G
rid S
tructu
re ........................................................................................... 5
4.
Mo
dellin
g E
piso
des ......................................................................................................................... 9
5.
Syste
m C
om
po
nents ...................................................................................................................... 1
0
5.1
E
missio
ns M
odellin
g S
oftw
are .................................................................................................. 10
5.2
M
eteoro
log
ical M
odelin
g S
yste
m .............................................................................................. 1
1
5.3
C
hem
ical T
ransp
ort M
odellin
g S
oftw
are ................................................................................... 11
5.4
T
ransp
ort D
ata Co
mp
ilation an
d M
odellin
g ............................................................................... 1
2
5.5
D
ata Analy
sis and V
isualisatio
n S
oftw
are ................................................................................. 13
6.
Syste
m O
ptim
izatio
n an
d D
em
onstratio
n....................................................................................... 1
3
7.
Po
st Imp
lem
entatio
n...................................................................................................................... 1
4
8.
Co
nclu
sion .................................................................................................................................... 1
4
Privile
ged a
nd C
onfid
entia
l
Executiv
e S
um
mary
Ag
ree
men
t No
. CE
27/2
007
(EP
) Up
gra
de o
f a R
eg
ion
al
Air Q
ua
lity M
od
ellin
g S
yste
m (P
AT
H) ––– –
Fe
asib
ility S
tud
y
DR
AF
T F
INA
L
HK
1100066
1
1.
INT
RO
DU
CT
ION
In o
rde
r to a
dd
ress th
e co
mp
lica
ted
air q
ua
lity issu
es c
onfro
nte
d b
y Hong
Kon
g, th
e E
nviro
nm
enta
l P
rote
ctio
n D
ep
artm
en
t (EP
D) e
sta
blis
he
d in
200
0 a
co
mp
rehe
nsiv
e n
um
eric
al a
ir qua
lity m
od
ellin
g
syste
m, kn
ow
n a
s P
AT
H (“P
ollu
tan
ts in
the
Atm
osp
he
re a
nd
the
ir Tra
nsp
ort o
ve
r Hon
gko
ng
”). Th
e
PA
TH
mo
de
ling s
yste
m w
as b
ased
on w
ell-d
eve
lope
d c
om
pu
ter m
ode
lling te
chn
olo
gie
s ava
ilab
le
in th
e m
ode
lling
com
mun
ity a
t the tim
e it w
as d
eve
lope
d (A
gre
em
en
t No
. CE
46
/95
). R
ecen
t stu
die
s ca
rried
ou
t by E
PD
ha
ve in
dic
ate
d th
at th
e p
resen
t mo
de
lling
sys
tem
requ
ires a
n
upg
rade
in o
rde
r to b
ette
r und
ers
tand
an
d re
so
lve s
om
e a
ir qu
ality
pro
ble
ms in
Hon
g K
ong
an
d th
e
Pe
arl R
ive
r De
lta R
eg
ion. T
he
up
gra
de
effo
rts inclu
ded
upd
ate
s to
the
me
teo
rolo
gica
l, em
issio
ns
and
che
mic
al tra
nsp
ort m
od
els
. The
ob
jectiv
es o
f the
stud
y in
clu
de
:
• T
o re
pla
ce
the
exis
ting
mo
du
les o
f the
PA
TH
mo
de
lling
syste
m w
ith cu
rren
t sta
te-o
f-the
-art
ope
n so
urc
e so
ftwa
re fo
r pe
rform
ing th
e co
re fu
nctio
ns o
f PA
TH
and
pro
vid
ing e
nric
hed
fun
ctiona
lity;
• T
o d
ete
rmin
e th
e c
om
pu
ting
ha
rdw
are
requ
irem
en
ts for su
pp
ortin
g th
e o
pe
ratio
ns o
f the
pro
po
sed
syste
m in
clu
din
g m
akin
g d
aily
air q
ua
lity fore
castin
g o
pe
ratio
n;
•
To
pe
rform
sen
sitiv
ity m
ode
l sim
ula
tion
s fo
r de
term
inin
g th
e o
ptim
al c
onfig
ura
tions fo
r ea
ch
co
mp
on
en
t of th
e p
ropo
sed
sys
tem
, an
d
•
To
revie
w th
e p
erfo
rman
ce o
f the p
ropo
sed
syste
m a
nd
pro
vid
e a
de
velo
pm
en
t road
map
to ca
ter fo
r futu
re te
chno
log
y a
dva
nce
men
t. T
he
ag
ree
men
t ca
lled
for th
e fo
llow
ing
specific
task
s to
be
un
de
rtake
n:
• R
evie
w
the
la
test
de
ve
lop
men
t in
th
e
scie
nce
an
d
techn
olo
gy
of
em
issio
n
mo
de
lling
, m
ete
oro
log
ica
l mo
de
lling
and
reg
ion
al a
ir qu
ality m
od
ellin
g;
•
Re
vie
w th
e s
tate
-of-th
e-a
rt softw
are
ava
ilab
le to
the
air q
ua
lity m
od
ellin
g co
mm
un
ity;
• R
evie
w th
e c
urre
nt se
tup
and
ope
ratio
n o
f the
PA
TH
mo
de
lling
sys
tem
;
• C
om
pile
tran
spo
rt data
for H
on
g K
on
g a
nd th
e G
uan
gd
on
g P
rovin
ce fo
r the
estim
atio
n o
f ve
hicu
lar e
mis
sio
ns;
•
Pro
po
se s
tate
-of-th
e-a
rt open
sou
rce s
oftw
are
to re
pla
ce
the
core
mo
du
les in
the P
AT
H
mo
de
lling
syste
m;
• Im
ple
me
nt th
e p
ropo
sed
softw
are
into
the
upg
rade
d P
AT
H m
ode
lling
syste
m;
• Id
en
tify
the
p
ara
me
ters
th
at
ha
ve
sig
nific
an
t im
pa
ct
on
th
e
mod
ellin
g
resu
lts
of
the
upg
rade
d s
yste
m;
•
Eva
lua
te th
e p
erfo
rman
ce o
f the
upg
rade
d s
yste
m;
• P
rovid
e tra
inin
g to
G
ove
rnm
en
t assig
ned
p
erso
nne
l o
n th
e se
tup an
d op
era
tion of
the
upg
rade
d s
yste
m; a
nd
Privile
ged a
nd C
onfid
entia
l
Executiv
e S
um
mary
Ag
ree
men
t No
. CE
27/2
007
(EP
) Up
gra
de o
f a R
eg
ion
al
Air Q
ua
lity M
od
ellin
g S
yste
m (P
AT
H) ––– –
Fe
asib
ility S
tud
y
DR
AF
T F
INA
L
HK
1100066
2
• R
eco
mm
en
d
furth
er
de
velo
pm
en
t of
the
mode
lling
syste
m
to
cate
r fo
r te
chn
olo
gy
ad
van
cem
en
t.
Privile
ged a
nd C
onfid
entia
l
Executiv
e S
um
mary
Ag
ree
men
t No
. CE
27/2
007
(EP
) Up
gra
de o
f a R
eg
ion
al
Air Q
ua
lity M
od
ellin
g S
yste
m (P
AT
H) ––– –
Fe
asib
ility S
tud
y
DR
AF
T F
INA
L
HK
1100066
3
2.
Th
e O
ld m
od
ellin
g s
yste
m an
d th
e u
pg
rad
ed
m
od
ellin
g
syste
m
A
n
um
eric
al
mo
de
lling
syste
m fo
r a
ir p
ollu
tion
m
ust
de
al
with
th
ree
p
roce
sse
s:
me
teo
rolo
gy,
em
issio
n a
nd
che
mic
al tra
nsfo
rma
tion
. The
de
velo
pm
en
t fram
ew
ork
used
in th
e cu
rrent P
AT
H
syste
m is
sch
em
atica
lly re
pre
sen
ted
in F
igu
re 1
. F
igu
re 1
: Sc
he
ma
tic D
iag
ram
sh
ow
ing
inte
rac
tion
of th
e o
ld P
AT
H C
om
po
ne
nts
T
hre
e typ
es of
atm
osp
he
ric p
rocesse
s a
re nu
me
rica
lly re
pre
sente
d in
th
e o
ld P
AT
H b
y th
ree
dis
tinct s
imu
latio
n m
odu
les:
• M
eso
sca
le M
ode
l Ve
rsio
n 5
(MM
5) fo
r mete
oro
logic
al s
imu
latio
n;
• E
mis
sio
n M
ode
lling
Syste
m (E
MS
-95
) for e
mis
sio
n m
od
ellin
g; a
nd
• S
AR
MA
P A
ir Qu
ality M
od
el (S
AQ
M) fo
r tran
spo
rt and
che
mis
try s
imu
latio
n.
Th
e u
pg
rad
ed
PA
TH
syste
m co
nsis
ts o
f a n
um
be
r of s
ep
ara
te m
odu
les w
hose
execu
tion
flow
is sh
ow
n in
Fig
ure
2. T
he m
ajo
r co
mpo
nen
ts o
f each
syste
m m
od
ule
ba
sed o
n cu
rrent sta
te-o
f-the
-a
rt softw
are
tha
t wa
s s
ele
cted
and
use
d to
up
gra
de
the
curre
nt P
AT
H s
yste
m a
re a
s fo
llow
s:
Privile
ged a
nd C
onfid
entia
l
Executiv
e S
um
mary
Ag
ree
men
t No
. CE
27/2
007
(EP
) Up
gra
de o
f a R
eg
ion
al
Air Q
ua
lity M
od
ellin
g S
yste
m (P
AT
H) ––– –
Fe
asib
ility S
tud
y
DR
AF
T F
INA
L
HK
1100066
4
Fig
ure
2. S
ch
em
atic
Dia
gra
m s
ho
win
g in
tera
ctio
n o
f the
Up
gra
de
d P
AT
H C
om
po
ne
nts
• M
eso
sca
le
Mo
de
l ve
rsio
n
5
(MM
5)
an
d
the
W
eath
er
Re
sea
rch
Fo
reca
st (W
RF
) a
re
me
teo
rolo
gic
al
mo
de
l so
ftwa
re th
at
requ
ires in
pu
t d
ata
a
s 1
) ro
utin
e ob
se
rvatio
ns w
ith
upp
er
air
and
su
rface re
po
rts,
inclu
din
g w
ind,
tem
pe
ratu
re,
rela
tive hu
mid
ity,
sea
-leve
l p
ressu
re, a
nd
sea
su
rface
tem
pe
ratu
re, 2
) glo
ba
l mo
de
l an
d o
the
r reg
ion
al m
ode
l's o
utp
ut
eith
er
as
first
gue
ss
for
ob
jective
a
na
lysis
, o
r a
s la
tera
l bo
un
da
ry
cond
ition
s,
an
d
3)
topo
gra
ph
ic a
nd la
ndu
se
data
. The
MM
5/W
RF
softw
are
gen
era
tes m
ete
oro
log
ical o
utp
ut
da
ta re
qu
ired
by th
e S
MO
KE
, CM
AQ
, an
d C
AM
x m
od
ule
s.
•
MC
IP is
a d
ata
con
ve
rsio
n u
tility to
con
vert M
M5
/WR
F o
utp
ut to
be u
sed b
y C
MA
Q a
nd
SM
OK
E.
•
Me
t2C
AM
x is
a d
ata
con
ve
rsio
n u
tility to
con
vert M
M5
/WR
F o
utp
ut to
be u
sed
by C
AM
x
• T
he
S
pa
rse
M
atrix
O
pe
rato
r K
ern
el
Em
issio
ns (S
MO
KE
), th
e C
on
solid
ate
d C
om
mu
nity
Em
issio
ns P
roce
ssin
g T
oo
l (CO
NC
EP
T), th
e M
od
el o
f Em
issio
ns o
f Ga
se
s an
d A
ero
sols
from
Natu
re (M
EG
AN
) and
the
Bio
gen
ic E
mis
sio
n In
ven
tory
Syste
m (B
EIS
) we
re se
lecte
d
as th
e e
mis
sio
n m
od
ellin
g s
yste
ms fo
r the u
pg
rade
d P
AT
H.
• C
om
mu
nity
Mu
ltisca
le
Air
Qua
lity
(CM
AQ
) a
nd
Co
mp
rehe
nsive
A
ir-qua
lity
Mo
de
l w
ith
exte
nsio
ns (C
AM
x) C
he
mic
al T
ranspo
rt Mo
de
ls (C
TM
s) w
ere
sele
cted
for th
e u
pg
rad
ed
PA
TH
syste
m a
s tra
nsp
ort a
nd
che
mis
try s
imu
latio
n. It re
qu
ires m
ete
oro
log
ica
l data
outp
ut
by th
e M
M5
or W
RF
mo
du
le, a
nd
pre
-gen
era
ted
or re
al-tim
e g
ene
rate
d e
mis
sio
ns d
ata
o
utp
ut
by S
MO
KE
, C
ON
CE
PT
, M
EG
AN
a
nd
/or
BE
IS m
odu
les.
The
C
MA
Q a
nd
C
AM
x
gen
era
te a
ir qu
ality
da
ta.
MM
5/W
RF
CA
Mx
Met2
CA
Mx
SM
OK
E
MC
IP
CM
AQ
Privile
ged a
nd C
onfid
entia
l
Executiv
e S
um
mary
Ag
ree
men
t No
. CE
27/2
007
(EP
) Up
gra
de o
f a R
eg
ion
al
Air Q
ua
lity M
od
ellin
g S
yste
m (P
AT
H) ––– –
Fe
asib
ility S
tud
y
DR
AF
T F
INA
L
HK
1100066
5
3.
Mo
dellin
g D
om
ain
s a
nd
Grid
Stru
ctu
re
Th
e o
ld P
AT
H m
ode
ling
syste
m u
sed
a 4
0.5
/13
.5/4
.5/1
.5/0
.5 km
grid
stru
ctu
re.
Th
e m
ode
ling
do
ma
ins
we
re
de
velo
pe
d
a
decad
e
ag
o
and
re
pre
sen
ted
an
ap
pro
pria
te
trad
e-o
ff be
twe
en
co
mp
uta
tiona
l requ
irem
en
ts a
nd
reso
lvin
g e
mis
sio
ns a
nd
air q
ua
lity in
the
hig
hly
de
nse
Hon
g K
on
g
are
a a
t tha
t time
. Th
ere
are
are
as fo
r imp
rovem
en
t in th
e g
rid s
tructu
re to
add
ress th
e c
urre
nt
Ho
ng
Kon
g a
ir qu
ality
and
air q
ua
lity re
late
d p
roble
ms fo
r long
term
ap
plic
atio
ns. B
y s
tud
yin
g th
e
cu
rren
t PA
TH
mo
de
ling
syste
m d
om
ain
defin
ition
s a
nd
takin
g a
dva
nta
ge
of th
e a
dva
nce
men
t in
co
mp
utin
g p
ow
er o
ver th
e la
st d
eca
de
, an
alte
rnativ
e e
xpan
de
d g
rid s
yste
m h
as b
een
se
lecte
d fo
r th
e u
pg
rad
ed
PA
TH
mo
de
ling s
yste
m.
Fo
ur n
este
d m
esh
es w
ith g
rid s
pa
cin
g o
f 27
, 9, 3
an
d 1
km
are
use
d fo
r the
mo
de
ling
do
ma
ins o
f
the m
ete
oro
log
ica
l a
nd
e
mis
sio
ns/C
TM
m
ode
ls.
T
he cha
racte
ristic
s of
the
se d
om
ain
s a
re a
s
follo
ws:
D1
-- Grid
1 (2
7 k
m):
Th
e co
ars
est o
ute
r grid
wou
ld in
clu
de
alm
ost a
ll of C
hin
a a
nd
Japa
n a
s w
ell
as T
aiw
an
, Vie
tna
m, L
ao
s, C
am
bod
ia, T
ha
iland
, etc
. Th
is is m
uch
larg
er
than
th
e
old
P
AT
H
mod
ellin
g
sys
tem
ou
ter
grid
th
at
just
cove
rs S
outh
ea
stern
Ch
ina
, Ta
iwan
and
No
rth V
ietn
am
. D
2 -- G
rid 2
(9 k
m):
Th
e se
con
d g
rid w
ou
ld cove
r S
ou
the
aste
rn C
hin
a in
clu
din
g G
uan
gd
ong
Pro
vin
ce,
Hon
g K
ong an
d M
aca
o.
T
his
is
in co
ntra
st
to th
e o
ld P
AT
H
mo
de
l config
ura
tion
wh
ose
secon
d (1
3.5
km
) grid
co
vers
the
ma
jority
of
Gu
an
gd
on
g P
rovin
ce.
D3
-- Grid
3 (3
km
) : T
he th
ird n
este
d g
rid co
ve
rs mo
st of G
ua
ng
do
ng P
rovin
ce, H
on
g K
ong
and
M
aca
u. T
he o
ld P
AT
H s
yste
m th
ird (4
.5 k
m) g
rid c
ove
rs ma
inly H
on
g K
ong
a
nd
the
PR
D.
D4
-- Grid
4 (1
km
): T
he
fina
l grid
in th
e a
ltern
ative
do
ma
in c
onfig
ura
tion
is fo
cu
sed o
n th
e P
RD
re
gio
n, a
s co
mp
are
d to
just H
ong
Kon
g w
ith th
e o
ld P
AT
H c
onfig
ura
tion.
Fig
ure
s 3
to 6
sho
w th
e h
oriz
onta
l exte
nts
of th
e fo
ur m
ode
ling d
om
ain
s. The
do
ma
ins o
f the
Ch
em
ica
l Tra
nsp
ort M
od
el (C
TM
) and
em
issio
ns m
od
els w
ill be
slig
htly
sm
alle
r and
are
ne
sted
in
the m
ete
oro
log
ical m
od
el d
om
ain
.
Privile
ged a
nd C
onfid
entia
l
Executiv
e S
um
mary
Ag
ree
men
t No
. CE
27/2
007
(EP
) Up
gra
de o
f a R
eg
ion
al
Air Q
ua
lity M
od
ellin
g S
yste
m (P
AT
H) ––– –
Fe
asib
ility S
tud
y
DR
AF
T F
INA
L
HK
1100066
6
F
igu
re 3
. 27
-km
MM
5/W
RF
me
teo
rolo
gic
al m
od
el d
om
ain
with
the
27
-km
CT
M d
om
ain
(red
) a
nd
the
9-k
m M
M5
do
ma
in (b
lue
).
F
igu
re 4
. 27
-km
CT
M d
om
ain
with
the
9-k
m M
M5
do
ma
in (b
lue
) an
d th
e 9
-km
CT
M d
om
ain
(re
d).
-3807
-2943
-2079
-1215
-351
51
3137
7224
13105
-247
0.5
-203
8.5
-160
6.5
-117
4.5
-74
2.5
-31
0.5
12
1.5
55
3.5
98
5.5
141
7.5
184
9.5
228
1.5-2
403
-19
71
-153
9-1
107
-675
-24
31
89
62
11
05
314
85
19
17
23
49
-18
76.5
-16
60.5
-14
44.5
-12
28.5
-10
12.5
-79
6.5
-58
0.5
-36
4.5
-14
8.5
67.5
28
3.5
49
9.5
71
5.5
93
1.5
11
47.5
13
63.5
15
79.5
17
95.5
Privile
ged a
nd C
onfid
entia
l
Executiv
e S
um
mary
Ag
ree
men
t No
. CE
27/2
007
(EP
) Up
gra
de o
f a R
eg
ion
al
Air Q
ua
lity M
od
ellin
g S
yste
m (P
AT
H) ––– –
Fe
asib
ility S
tud
y
DR
AF
T F
INA
L
HK
1100066
7
F
igu
re 5
. 9-k
m C
TM
do
ma
in w
ith th
e 3
-km
MM
5 d
om
ain
(blu
e) a
nd
the
3-k
m C
TM
do
ma
in
(red
).
F
igu
re 6
. 3-k
m C
TM
do
ma
in w
ith th
e 1
-km
MM
5 d
om
ain
(blu
e) a
nd
the
1-k
m C
TM
do
ma
in
(red
)
-522
-46
8-4
14
-360
-30
6-2
52
-198
-144
-90
-36
18
72
12
61
80
23
42
88
34
2-9
67
.5
-913
.5
-859
.5
-805
.5
-751
.5
-697
.5
-643
.5
-589
.5
-535
.5
-481
.5
-427
.5
-373
.5
-319
.5-291
-264
-237
-210
-183
-156
-129
-102
-75
-48
-21
633
60
87
114
141
-754.5
-727.5
-700.5
-673.5
-646.5
-619.5
-592.5
-565.5
-538.5
-511.5
-484.5
-457.5
-430.5
Privile
ged a
nd C
onfid
entia
l
Executiv
e S
um
mary
Ag
ree
men
t No
. CE
27/2
007
(EP
) Up
gra
de o
f a R
eg
ion
al
Air Q
ua
lity M
od
ellin
g S
yste
m (P
AT
H) ––– –
Fe
asib
ility S
tud
y
DR
AF
T F
INA
L
HK
1100066
8
Th
e
CT
M
ve
rtical
stru
ctu
re
is
prim
arily
defin
ed
by
the
ve
rtical
laye
r d
efin
ition
s
used
in
th
e
MM
5/W
RF
m
od
ellin
g.
Th
e
MM
5/W
RF
m
od
el
em
plo
yed
a
terra
in
follo
win
g
coo
rdin
ate
syste
m
defin
ed
by p
ressu
re, u
sin
g 3
8 ve
rtica
l laye
rs th
at e
xte
nd
from
the
su
rface
to th
e 5
0 m
b p
ressu
re
leve
l (a
pp
roxim
ate
ly 20
km
A
GL
). A
la
yer
ave
rag
ing
sch
em
e w
as a
do
pte
d fo
r th
e C
TM
th
at
co
llap
sed th
e 3
8 la
yers
used
in th
e M
M to
26 la
yers
for th
e C
TM
to re
du
ce th
e c
om
puta
tiona
l time
of th
e C
TM
sim
ula
tion
s. T
he
CT
M v
ertic
al la
ye
r stru
ctu
re e
xactly
ma
tche
d th
e M
M m
od
el la
ye
r stru
ctu
re fo
r the
low
est p
ortio
n o
f the
atm
osph
ere
(be
low
app
roxim
ate
ly 1
80
0 m
AG
L) w
ithin
the
Pla
ne
tary
Bou
nd
ary
La
yer (P
BL
) wh
ere
mo
st o
f the
atm
osp
he
ric p
roce
sse
s o
ccu
r tha
t lea
d to
e
levate
d p
ollu
tion
leve
ls in
the
HK
an
d P
RD
reg
ion
s. T
hu
s, th
e C
TM
laye
r stru
ctu
re w
ill ma
tch
the
MM
5 v
ertic
al la
yers
with
no
laye
r colla
psin
g fo
r the
bo
ttom
20
laye
rs in th
e tw
o m
od
els
. Abo
ve th
e
PB
L th
e C
TM
will e
mp
loy la
ye
r colla
psin
g o
f the
MM
laye
rs to
be
mo
re co
mpu
tatio
na
lly e
fficie
nt.
Privile
ged a
nd C
onfid
entia
l
Executiv
e S
um
mary
Ag
ree
men
t No
. CE
27/2
007
(EP
) Up
gra
de o
f a R
eg
ion
al
Air Q
ua
lity M
od
ellin
g S
yste
m (P
AT
H) ––– –
Fe
asib
ility S
tud
y
DR
AF
T F
INA
L
HK
1100066
9
4.
Mo
dellin
g E
pis
od
es
Fo
ur
his
toric
al
mod
ellin
g ep
isod
es w
ere
se
lecte
d b
y th
e H
ong
K
ong
E
nviro
nm
en
tal
Pro
tectio
n
De
pa
rtme
nt (E
PD
) for te
stin
g a
nd
de
mo
nstra
ting
the
upg
rade
d P
AT
H s
yste
m. N
ote
that fo
r ea
ch
ep
isod
e, te
n (1
0) in
itializ
atio
n d
ays w
ere
add
ed
to th
e b
eg
inn
ing o
f the e
pis
od
e fo
r the 2
7 k
m o
ute
r g
rid w
ith s
ho
rter in
itializ
atio
n d
ays fo
r the
sm
alle
r grid
s a
s a
pp
rop
riate
:
• E
pis
od
e 1
: Se
pte
mb
er 1
0 th
rou
gh
Octo
be
r 12
, 200
4;
• E
pis
od
e 2
: No
vem
be
r 2-3
, 200
3;
• E
pis
od
e 3
: July
24
-25
, 200
6; a
nd
• E
pis
od
e 4
: Ma
rch
16
-17
, 200
6.
F
igu
re 7
dis
pla
ys th
e lo
catio
ns a
nd
iden
tifiers
for th
e a
ir qua
lity m
on
itorin
g s
ites w
ithin
the
Hon
g
Ko
ng re
gio
n th
at
we
re u
sed
to
cha
racte
rize
each
of th
e m
ode
lling ep
isod
es
an
d eva
lua
te th
e
CT
Ms.
Fig
ure
7. A
ir Qu
ality
mo
nito
ring
sta
tion
s in
Ho
ng
Ko
ng
YL
ST
CW
MB
EN
TW
KC
TC
SSP
KT
Privile
ged a
nd C
onfid
entia
l
Executiv
e S
um
mary
Ag
ree
men
t No
. CE
27/2
007
(EP
) Up
gra
de o
f a R
eg
ion
al
Air Q
ua
lity M
od
ellin
g S
yste
m (P
AT
H) ––– –
Fe
asib
ility S
tud
y
DR
AF
T F
INA
L
HK
1100066
1
0
5. S
yste
m C
om
po
nen
ts
5.1
E
mis
sio
ns
Mo
de
lling
So
ftwa
re
Th
e S
pa
rse M
atrix
O
pe
rato
r K
ern
el
Em
issio
ns (S
MO
KE
) e
mis
sio
ns m
ode
lling syste
m w
as
the
prim
ary
em
issio
ns m
od
el u
sed in
the
PA
TH
up
gra
de
stud
y fo
r all s
ou
rce
s bu
t bio
ge
nic e
mis
sio
ns
and
on
-road
mob
ile so
urce
em
issio
ns w
ithin
the
Ho
ng
Ko
ng
are
a. S
en
sitiv
ity tests
we
re c
on
du
cte
d
usin
g th
e C
onso
lida
ted
Co
mm
un
ity E
mis
sio
ns P
roce
ssin
g T
oo
l (Co
nC
EP
T) e
mis
sio
ns m
od
ellin
g
syste
m a
s a
n a
ltern
ativ
e e
mis
sio
ns m
ode
l for p
roce
ssin
g p
oin
t, are
a a
nd m
ob
ile so
urce
em
issio
ns.
Th
e C
ON
CE
PT
em
issio
ns m
ode
l pro
du
ced
sim
ilar C
TM
-rea
dy e
mis
sio
ns in
pu
ts a
s S
MO
KE
, but
wa
s s
low
er s
o th
e S
MO
KE
em
issio
ns m
od
el w
as a
dop
ted fo
r the fin
al m
od
ellin
g s
yste
m. T
he
CO
NC
EP
T e
mis
sio
ns m
od
ellin
g s
yste
m w
as a
lso u
sed
with
link-b
ase
d v
eh
icle
activ
ity d
ata
for o
n-
roa
d m
ob
ile s
ou
rce
s in H
ong
Kon
g to
pro
du
ce h
igh
ly re
solv
ed o
n-ro
ad
mo
bile
sou
rce e
mis
sio
ns in
H
on
g K
ong
. The
Mo
de
l for E
mis
sio
ns o
f Ga
s a
nd
Ae
roso
l in N
atu
re (M
EG
AN
) wa
s th
e p
rima
ry
em
issio
ns m
od
el fo
r bio
ge
nic
em
issio
ns, a
lthou
gh
sen
sitiv
ity tests w
ere
als
o c
on
du
cte
d u
sin
g th
e
Bio
ge
nic
Em
issio
ns In
form
atio
n S
yste
m (B
EIS
) bio
ge
nic
em
issio
ns m
od
ellin
g s
yste
m.
SM
OK
E:
Th
e
Sp
arse
M
atrix
O
pe
rato
r K
ern
el
Em
issio
ns
(SM
OK
E)
mo
de
ling
syste
m
is
an
em
issio
ns m
ode
ling
syste
m th
at g
ene
rate
s h
ou
rly g
ridde
d s
pe
cia
ted
em
issio
n in
pu
ts o
f mo
bile
, n
on
-road
, are
a, p
oin
t, fire a
nd
bio
gen
ic e
mis
sio
n s
ou
rces fo
r pho
toche
mic
al g
rid m
ode
ls. A
s with
m
ost ‘e
mis
sio
ns m
ode
ls’, S
MO
KE
is p
rincip
ally
an e
mis
sio
n p
roce
ssin
g s
yste
m a
nd n
ot a
true
em
issio
ns m
ode
ling
syste
m in
wh
ich e
mis
sio
ns e
stima
tes a
re s
imu
late
d fro
m ‘firs
t prin
cip
les’. T
his
me
an
s th
at,
with
th
e e
xcep
tion
of
mo
bile
an
d b
ioge
nic
so
urce
s,
its p
urp
ose
is
to
p
rovid
e an
effic
ien
t, m
od
ern
to
ol fo
r co
nve
rting
an
exis
ting b
ase
em
issio
ns in
vento
ry d
ata
in
to th
e ho
urly
grid
de
d sp
ecia
ted
form
atte
d e
mis
sio
n file
s re
qu
ired
by a
n a
ir qu
ality
sim
ula
tion
mo
de
l. SM
OK
E
wa
s u
sed to
pre
pa
re e
mis
sio
n in
puts
for n
on
-roa
d m
ob
ile, a
rea
, po
int a
nd
no
n-lin
k on
-road
mob
ile
so
urc
es fo
r all m
od
elin
g d
om
ain
s.
CO
NC
EP
T:
T
he
C
on
solid
ate
d
Co
mm
un
ity
Em
issio
ns
Pro
ce
ssin
g
To
ol
(Con
CE
PT
) is
a
n
ew
e
mis
sio
ns m
od
elin
g sy
ste
m th
at w
as u
sed
to g
ene
rate
on
-roa
d m
ob
ile so
urce
em
issio
ns co
ve
red
by th
e lin
k-b
ase
d T
rave
l De
ma
nd
Mo
de
l (TD
M) a
ctiv
ity d
ata
with
in H
on
g K
on
g. T
he
CO
NC
EP
T
on
-roa
d m
ob
ile s
ou
rce
com
po
ne
nt ca
n m
ake
full u
se
of lin
ked
-based
veh
icle
kilo
mete
rs tra
vele
d
(VK
T) d
ata
inclu
din
g te
mpo
ral a
nd
spa
tial v
aria
tion
s in
spe
ed
s a
nd
flee
t dis
tribu
tion
s.
ME
GA
N: B
ioge
nic e
mis
sio
ns a
re m
ode
led
usin
g th
e M
ode
l of E
mis
sio
ns o
f Ga
ses a
nd A
ero
so
ls fro
m N
atu
re (M
EG
AN
). ME
GA
N is th
e la
test b
ioge
nic
em
issio
ns m
od
el d
eve
lope
d b
y re
sea
rche
rs
from
the N
atio
na
l Ce
nte
r for A
tmo
sph
eric R
ese
arc
h (N
CA
R) in
co
rpo
rate
s the fu
ll ran
ge
of o
zon
e
and
PM
pre
cu
rsor s
pe
cie
s. In a
dd
ition
, the la
test v
ers
ion o
f ME
GA
N in
clu
de
s bio
ge
nic s
pe
cie
s no
t fo
un
d in
oth
er b
iog
en
ic e
mis
sio
ns m
od
el th
at a
re u
sed
by th
e la
test C
AM
x s
eco
nd
ary
org
an
ic a
ero
sol (S
OA
) mo
du
le. M
EG
AN
is a
fairly
ne
w b
iog
en
ic e
mis
sio
ns m
od
el s
o b
iog
en
ic e
mis
sio
ns
we
re a
lso g
ene
rate
d u
sin
g th
e B
EIS
alg
orith
ms th
at h
ave b
een
use
d m
ore
exte
nsiv
ely
in th
e p
ast
in a
sensitiv
ity te
st.
BE
IS: B
ioge
nic e
mis
sio
ns a
re a
lso m
od
ele
d u
sin
g v
ers
ion 3
of th
e B
ioge
nic E
mis
sio
n In
ve
nto
ry S
yste
m (B
EIS
3). B
EIS
3 w
as d
eve
lope
d in
200
1 a
nd
is the
late
st ge
ne
ratio
n in
the
BE
IS fa
mily
. All
BE
IS3
ve
rsio
ns
are
d
esig
ne
d
for
use
with
th
e
Spa
rse
M
atrix
O
pe
ratio
na
l K
ern
el
Em
issio
ns
(SM
OK
E) s
yste
m. B
EIS
3.0
9 is c
urre
ntly
the
defa
ult ve
rsio
n in
SM
OK
E. B
EIS
3.1
0 w
as d
eve
lope
d
for th
e 2
002
rele
ase
of th
e C
om
mun
ity M
ultis
ca
le A
ir Qu
ality
(CM
AQ
) mo
de
ling
syste
m. B
EIS
3.1
0
inclu
de
s
a
1-k
m
vege
tatio
n
data
ba
se
tha
t re
solv
es
fore
st
cano
py
cove
rag
e
by
tree
spe
cie
s; e
mis
sio
n fa
cto
rs for 3
4 c
he
mic
als in
clu
din
g 1
4 m
ono
terp
en
es a
nd m
eth
ano
l; a s
oil N
O a
lgo
rithm
d
ep
en
de
nt o
n so
il mo
istu
re, c
rop
cano
py co
ve
rage
, an
d fe
rtilize
r ap
plica
tion
; and
spe
cific
atio
n fo
r th
e C
BIV
, RA
DM
2, a
nd
SA
PR
C99
che
mic
al m
echa
nis
ms. T
he
soil N
O a
lgo
rithm
in B
EIS
3.1
0 h
as
sin
ce b
een
revis
ed
(BE
IS3.1
1) to
bette
r distin
gu
ish
betw
ee
n a
gric
ultu
ral a
nd n
ona
gric
ultu
ral la
nd
,
Privile
ged a
nd C
onfid
entia
l
Executiv
e S
um
mary
Ag
ree
men
t No
. CE
27/2
007
(EP
) Up
gra
de o
f a R
eg
ion
al
Air Q
ua
lity M
od
ellin
g S
yste
m (P
AT
H) ––– –
Fe
asib
ility S
tud
y
DR
AF
T F
INA
L
HK
1100066
1
1
and
to lim
it ad
justm
en
ts from
tem
pe
ratu
re, p
recip
itatio
n, fe
rtilizer a
pp
lica
tion
, an
d c
rop c
an
op
y to
the g
row
ing s
ea
son
and
to a
rea
s o
f ag
ricultu
re. A
leaf sh
ad
ing
alg
orith
m h
as b
een
ad
ded
for
estim
atin
g m
eth
ano
l e
mis
sio
ns fro
m n
on
-fore
sted
a
rea
s.
BE
IS3
.12
w
as re
lea
sed
in
N
ove
mb
er
200
3 a
nd
is th
e m
ost re
cen
t ve
rsio
n o
f BE
IS. It w
as a
sse
mb
led
as a
sta
nd
-alo
ne
mo
du
le to
the
Sp
arse
M
atrix
O
pe
ratio
na
l K
ern
el
Em
issio
ns
(SM
OK
E)
syste
m fo
r g
en
era
ting
g
ridde
d,
ho
urly
em
issio
ns in
a fo
rma
t consis
ten
t for a
ir qua
lity m
od
elin
g.
5.2
M
ete
oro
log
ica
l Mo
de
ling
Sys
tem
Me
so
sca
le M
od
el
ve
rsio
n 5
(M
M5
) th
e W
eath
er
Re
se
arc
h F
ore
cast
(WR
F)
are
u
sed
fo
r th
e
Me
teo
rolo
gic
al
Mo
de
ling
to
d
eve
lop
ho
urly
an
d,
thre
e-d
imen
sio
na
l, m
ulti-s
ca
le
me
teo
rolo
gica
l fie
lds to
supp
ort p
ho
toch
em
ica
l mo
de
ling to
ad
dre
ss H
KE
PD
’s air q
ua
lity an
d a
ir qu
ality re
late
d
pla
nn
ing
activ
ities.
The
M
M5
/WR
F
me
teo
rolo
gic
al
mod
els
w
ere
a
pp
lied
at
the
va
riou
s g
rid
reso
lutio
ns
(27 km
, 9 km
, 3 km
an
d 1 km
) and
the
m
ode
lling re
sults
(e.g
., w
ind
spe
ed
, w
ind
dire
ctio
n, te
mp
era
ture
, etc
.) we
re c
om
pa
red
aga
inst a
vaila
ble
surfa
ce
me
teo
rolo
gica
l ob
se
rvatio
ns
in a
mo
de
l pe
rform
an
ce e
valu
atio
n.
MM
5/W
RF
: Th
e F
ifth-G
en
era
tion
NC
AR
/ Pe
nn
Sta
te M
eso
sca
le M
od
el V
ers
ion
3.7
(MM
5) a
nd
th
e N
CA
R A
dvan
ced
Re
sea
rch W
eath
er R
ese
arch
an
d F
ore
castin
g M
od
el V
ers
ion
3 (W
RF
-AR
W)
we
re se
lecte
d a
s the tw
o m
ete
oro
log
ica
l mod
els im
ple
me
nte
d in
the u
pg
rad
ed
PA
TH
mod
elin
g
syste
m.
Pre
pro
ce
sso
r p
rog
ram
s
of
the
M
M5
m
ode
ling
syste
m
inclu
din
g
terra
in,
RE
GR
ID,
LIT
TL
E_
R,
and
IN
TE
RP
F
we
re
used
to
de
velo
p
mod
el
inpu
ts.
The
cu
rren
t W
RF
softw
are
fra
me
wo
rk su
ppo
rts tw
o d
yna
mica
l so
lvers
(dyn
am
ic c
ore
s): th
e A
dvan
ced
Re
sea
rch
WR
F (A
RW
) a
nd
the
no
nh
yd
rosta
tic M
eso
sca
le M
od
el (N
MM
). Bo
th so
lve
rs a
re fu
lly co
mp
ressib
le, E
ule
rian
, n
on
hyd
rosta
tic an
d
con
se
rvativ
e fo
r sca
lar
va
riab
les.
Co
nsid
erin
g th
at
the W
RF
-AR
W
is
we
ll su
pp
orte
d b
y th
e N
CA
R, th
e la
test re
lea
sed
WR
F-A
RW
Ve
rsio
n 3
for th
e W
RF
mo
de
ling
sys
tem
w
as s
ele
cte
d fo
r imp
lem
en
tatio
n in
the
PA
TH
upgra
de p
roje
ct. T
he
ove
rall W
RF
cod
e (V
ers
ion
3)
inclu
de
s th
e W
RF
Softw
are
Fra
me
wo
rk (W
SF
), the A
dvan
ced
Re
sea
rch
WR
F (A
RW
) dyna
mic
so
lve
r, the
WR
F P
rep
roce
ssin
g S
yste
m (W
PS
), the
WR
F V
aria
tion
al D
ata
Assim
ilatio
n (W
RF
-Va
r) syste
m,
and
nu
me
rou
s
ph
ysic
s
pa
cka
ge
s
contrib
ute
d
by
WR
F
pa
rtne
rs
and
th
e
rese
arc
h
co
mm
un
ity. T
he g
oa
l of th
e M
M5
/WR
F m
od
el e
valu
atio
n w
as to
asse
ss w
he
the
r and
to w
ha
t exte
nt co
nfid
en
ce
ma
y
be
p
lace
d
in
the
m
od
elin
g
sys
tem
to
p
rovid
e
thre
e-d
imen
sio
na
l w
ind
, te
mp
era
ture
a
nd
mo
istu
re to
air q
ua
lity m
od
els
. Th
e b
asis
for th
e a
sse
ssm
en
t is a
co
mpa
rison
of th
e p
red
icte
d
me
teo
rolo
gic
al fie
lds to
ava
ilab
le su
rface
da
ta c
olle
cte
d b
y th
e G
lob
al T
ele
co
mm
un
ica
tion
Syste
m
(GT
S)
and
H
K O
bse
rva
tory
a
uto
ma
tic w
eath
er
sta
tion
s a
roun
d H
K.
T
his
is ca
rried o
ut
bo
th
gra
ph
ica
lly a
nd
sta
tistica
lly.
5.3
C
he
mic
al T
ran
sp
ort M
od
ellin
g S
oftw
are
Th
e
Co
mm
un
ity
Mu
ltisca
le
Air
Qua
lity
(CM
AQ
) a
nd
C
om
pre
hen
siv
e
Air-q
ua
lity
Mo
de
l w
ith
exte
nsio
ns
(CA
Mx)
mo
de
ling
syste
ms
we
re
se
lecte
d
as
the
two
C
he
mic
al
Tra
nspo
rt M
od
els
(CT
Ms) im
ple
me
nte
d in
the u
pg
rad
ed
PA
TH
mo
delin
g s
yste
m.
CM
AQ
: Fo
r mo
re th
an a
de
cad
e, th
e U
nite
d S
tate
s E
nviro
nm
en
tal P
rote
ctio
n A
gen
cy (E
PA
) ha
s b
ee
n d
eve
lop
ing
the M
od
els
-3 C
om
mun
ity M
ultisc
ale
Air Q
ua
lity (C
MA
Q) m
od
ellin
g s
yste
m w
ith
the o
vera
rch
ing a
im o
f pro
du
cin
g a
‘O
ne
-Atm
osp
he
re’ a
ir qu
ality
m
ode
lling syste
m ca
pa
ble
of
add
ressin
g o
zon
e, p
articu
late
matte
r (PM
), vis
ibility
and
acid
de
po
sitio
n w
ithin
a c
om
mon
pla
tform
. T
he
mo
st re
cen
t ed
ition
s are
CM
AQ
Ve
rsio
n 4
.7 (V
4.7
) pub
licly
rele
ase
d in
Octo
be
r 20
08
an
d
Privile
ged a
nd C
onfid
entia
l
Executiv
e S
um
mary
Ag
ree
men
t No
. CE
27/2
007
(EP
) Up
gra
de o
f a R
eg
ion
al
Air Q
ua
lity M
od
ellin
g S
yste
m (P
AT
H) ––– –
Fe
asib
ility S
tud
y
DR
AF
T F
INA
L
HK
1100066
1
2
Ve
rsio
n 4
.7.1
rele
ase
d in
Jun
e 2
01
0, a
ltho
ug
h th
e cu
rrent S
tud
y sta
rted
with
the
CM
AQ
V4.6
tha
t w
as re
lea
sed
in O
ctob
er 2
00
6 a
nd
all th
ree
ve
rsio
ns w
ere
use
d in
the
PA
TH
up
gra
de
stu
dy.
CM
AQ
co
nsis
ts o
f a co
re C
he
mic
al T
ran
spo
rt Mo
de
l (CT
M) a
nd
seve
ral p
re-p
roce
sso
rs in
clu
din
g
the
Me
teo
rolo
gica
l-Ch
em
istry
In
terfa
ce
Pro
cess
or
(MC
IP),
initia
l an
d
bo
un
da
ry
con
ditio
ns
pro
ce
sso
rs (IC
ON
and
BC
ON
) an
d a
ph
oto
lysis
rate
s p
roce
sso
r (JP
RO
C). A
nu
mb
er o
f fea
ture
s in
C
MA
Q’s
th
eo
retic
al
form
ula
tion
an
d te
chn
ical
imp
lem
en
tatio
n
ma
ke
the
m
od
el
we
ll-su
ited
fo
r o
zon
e a
nd
pa
rticula
te m
atte
r (PM
) mo
de
ling.
Th
e C
MA
Q V
ers
ion
4.6
wa
s u
sed
initia
lly in
the
HK
/PR
D m
od
ellin
g. W
e u
pd
ate
d to
the
Octo
be
r 2
00
8 ve
rsio
n of
CM
AQ
(V
4.7
) as p
art
of th
e se
nsitiv
ity te
st
mod
ellin
g.
In p
artic
ula
r, th
e ne
w
Octo
be
r 20
08
V4
.7 o
f CM
AQ
inclu
de
s m
an
y S
OA
pro
ce
sse
s th
at a
re m
issin
g in
the
sta
nd
ard
ve
rsio
n o
f CM
AQ
, wh
ich w
as in
itially
add
resse
d w
ith th
e S
OA
mo
ds e
nha
nce
men
t tha
t wa
s u
sed
e
xte
nsiv
ely fo
r reg
ion
al P
M a
nd v
isib
ility m
ode
lling
in th
e U
.S. T
he fin
al s
yste
m o
ptim
isa
tion a
nd
de
mon
stra
tion
use
d C
MA
Q V
4.7
.1 in
the P
AT
H u
pg
rade
stu
dy.
CA
Mx
: T
he
Co
mp
rehe
nsive
A
ir-qua
lity
Mo
de
l w
ith e
xte
nsio
ns
(CA
Mx)
mo
de
lling
syste
m
is a
pub
licly
ava
ilab
le th
ree
-dim
en
sio
na
l mu
lti-sca
le p
ho
toche
mic
al/a
ero
so
l grid
mo
de
lling
sys
tem
that
ha
s be
en
de
velo
ped
and m
ain
tain
ed b
y E
NV
IRO
N In
tern
atio
na
l Co
rpo
ratio
n. T
he
mo
st c
urre
nt
ve
rsio
n o
f CA
Mx is
Ve
rsio
n 5
.3 re
lea
sed
in D
ece
mb
er 2
01
0, a
lthou
gh
the
PA
TH
up
gra
de
stu
dy
sta
rted
with
CA
Mx V
ers
ion
4.5
1 re
lea
sed
in M
ay 2
008
. T
he
CA
Mx V
4.5
1 w
as e
mp
loye
d a
nd
the m
ode
l wa
s s
et u
p a
nd
exe
rcis
ed
on
the s
am
e 2
7/9
/3/1
km
g
rid a
s C
MA
Q. H
ow
eve
r, in th
e in
itial c
onfig
ura
tion C
AM
x w
as ru
n u
sin
g tw
o-w
ay g
rid n
estin
g o
n
the
27/9
km
do
ma
ins w
ith o
ne
-wa
y n
estin
g e
mp
loye
d b
etw
een
the
9 k
m a
nd
3 k
m a
nd
3 k
m a
nd
1
km
do
ma
ins (C
MA
Q d
oe
s n
ot s
up
po
rt two
-wa
y g
rid n
estin
g). T
he
entire
27
/9/3
/1 k
m g
rid stru
ctu
re
wa
s to
o la
rge
to m
ode
l usin
g tw
o-w
ay g
rid n
estin
g a
mon
g a
ll fou
r do
ma
ins u
sin
g typ
ica
l co
mp
ute
r m
em
ory
. Mo
st s
en
sitiv
ity te
sts
just ve
rified p
ara
me
ters
with
in th
e 3
km
an
d 1
km
do
ma
ins so
p
erfo
rmin
g o
ne
-wa
y g
rid n
estin
g w
as m
ore
co
mp
uta
tion
ally
effic
ien
t. The
ba
sic
config
ura
tion
of
CA
Mx u
se
d 2
6 v
ertica
l laye
rs to
a 5
0 m
b re
gio
n to
p (~
20
km
AG
L) th
at e
xactly
ma
tch th
ose u
sed
by C
MA
Q. T
he
PP
M a
dve
ctio
n so
lve
r wa
s u
sed
alo
ng
with
the
spa
tially
va
ryin
g (S
mag
orin
sky)
ho
rizon
tal
diffu
sio
n ap
pro
ach
. V
ertica
l d
iffusio
n in
C
AM
x w
as
mo
de
led
u
sin
g K
-the
ory
. T
he
Me
t2C
AM
x p
roce
sso
r, wh
ich
is s
imila
r to th
e C
MA
Q M
CIP
3.3
“pa
ss th
rou
gh
” optio
n, w
as u
sed
to
pro
ce
ss th
e M
M5
an
d W
RF
da
ta. F
or th
e in
itial co
nfig
ura
tion
, CA
Mx w
as e
xerc
ised
with
the
CB
05
ga
s-p
ha
se,
RA
DM
aq
ue
ou
s-p
ha
se,
an
d
CM
U/IS
OR
RO
PIA
ae
roso
l ch
em
istry
sche
me
s.
Th
e
upd
ate
d S
OA
P se
con
da
ry o
rga
nic
ae
roso
l sch
em
e w
as u
sed
for th
e b
ase
config
ura
tion
in C
AM
x.
Th
is ve
rsio
n in
clu
de
s up
da
ted tre
atm
en
t for S
OA
from
isop
ren
e a
nd
se
squ
iterp
ene
s. T
he fin
al
op
timiz
atio
n a
nd d
em
onstra
tion
run
s use
d th
e la
test C
AM
x V
5.3
CT
M.
5.4
T
ran
sp
ort D
ata
Co
mp
ilatio
n a
nd
Mo
de
lling
Th
e E
PD
cu
rren
tly u
se
s th
e E
MF
AC
-HK
ve
hic
le e
mis
sio
ns m
od
el fo
r a
ir q
ua
lity p
lann
ing
an
d
rela
ted
activ
ities.
E
MF
AC
-HK
is
no
t re
ad
ily a
da
pta
ble
for
use
w
ithin
C
on
CE
PT
for e
mis
sio
ns
pro
ce
ssin
g, a
ste
p in
clu
ded
in th
e u
pg
rade
of th
e P
AT
H m
od
elin
g s
yste
m. T
he
EM
FA
C-H
K w
as
ada
pte
d fro
m th
e 2
002
EM
FA
C s
oftw
are
use
d in
U.S
. Sta
te o
f Ca
liforn
ia. T
he U
.S. E
PA
MO
BIL
E6
mo
de
l is a
n o
n-ro
ad
em
issio
ns m
ode
l tha
t has b
ee
n u
sed
exte
nsiv
ely fo
r reg
ula
tory
air q
ua
lity
ana
lyse
s in
the
U.S
. for a
ll state
s o
the
r than
Ca
liforn
ia. A
s re
qu
ired
by th
e S
tud
y B
rief, th
e
US
EP
A M
OB
ILE
6 w
as a
dap
ted
for u
se
in e
stima
ting
veh
icle
em
issio
ns in
Ho
ng
Ko
ng
an
d th
e
Stu
dy T
ea
m d
eve
lop
ed
a v
ers
ion
of th
e M
OB
ILE
6 fo
r Hon
g K
on
g.
Privile
ged a
nd C
onfid
entia
l
Executiv
e S
um
mary
Ag
ree
men
t No
. CE
27/2
007
(EP
) Up
gra
de o
f a R
eg
ion
al
Air Q
ua
lity M
od
ellin
g S
yste
m (P
AT
H) ––– –
Fe
asib
ility S
tud
y
DR
AF
T F
INA
L
HK
1100066
1
3
Th
e C
on
CE
PT
MV
em
issio
ns m
od
el w
as u
sed
to c
om
bin
e th
e M
OB
ILE
6-H
K e
mis
sio
n fa
cto
rs w
ith
ve
hic
le k
ilom
ete
rs tra
velle
d (V
KT
) da
ta, b
y ro
ad
wa
y lin
k, to
estim
ate
ove
rall e
mis
sio
ns fo
r on
-road
mo
bile
sou
rce
s in
H
ong
K
ong
. T
he
V
KT
and
sp
ee
ds b
y ro
ad
wa
y lin
k w
ere
ob
tain
ed
from
a
tran
spo
rtatio
n d
em
and
mod
el (T
DM
) de
ve
lop
ed
for u
se in
Ho
ng
Kon
g b
y MV
A H
ong
Ko
ng
Lim
ited
.
Th
e M
VA
mod
el w
as e
xerc
ised
for th
e 2
00
5 b
ase
yea
r. Th
e V
KT
activ
ity da
ta w
ere
pro
jecte
d o
r
ba
ckca
st to
the
oth
er y
ea
rs o
f the
stud
y (2
00
3, 2
00
4, a
nd
20
06
) usin
g fo
reca
st/ba
ckca
st fa
cto
rs
de
velo
ped
from
ana
lysis
of T
ran
spo
rt Dep
artm
en
t an
nu
al tra
ffic co
un
t da
ta. T
he
MO
BIL
E6
-HK
em
issio
ns m
od
el a
nd
the
link-b
ase
d V
KT
da
ta w
ere
use
d in
the
Co
nC
EP
T M
V to
de
velo
p a
hig
hly
reso
lved
, tem
po
rally
and
spa
tially
, on
-roa
d v
eh
icle
em
issio
n in
ven
tory
for H
on
g K
on
g. T
he
grid
ded
tem
pe
ratu
re a
nd h
um
idity fro
m th
e M
M5
an
d W
RF
me
teo
rolo
gica
l mo
de
ling ru
ns w
ere
used
to
imp
lem
ent a
pp
rop
riate
ad
justm
en
ts to th
e M
OB
ILE
6-H
K e
mis
sio
n fa
cto
rs in
Co
nC
EP
T M
V.
5.5
D
ata
An
aly
sis
an
d V
isu
alis
atio
n S
oftw
are
Th
e S
tud
y T
ea
m im
ple
me
nte
d d
ata
ana
lysis
an
d v
isu
alis
atio
n so
ftwa
re fo
r disp
layin
g th
e re
su
lts o
f
the
me
teo
rolo
gica
l, em
issio
ns a
nd
che
mic
al tra
nsp
ort m
ode
lling
. The
da
ta a
na
lysis
too
ls w
ere
cu
sto
mize
d to
pro
cess th
e e
mis
sio
n m
ode
lling
, me
teo
rolo
gic
al m
od
ellin
g a
nd
che
mic
al tra
nspo
rt
mo
de
lling
resu
lts to g
ene
rate
sca
tter p
lots, tim
e se
ries p
lots, m
od
el p
erfo
rman
ce s
tatis
tics, s
pa
tial
ma
ps
an
d
oth
er
gra
ph
ica
l d
isp
lays
of
the
m
od
elin
g
resu
lts.
In
ad
ditio
n,
the
se
to
ols
w
ere
cu
sto
mize
d to
disp
lay th
e in
put a
nd
ou
tpu
t data
from
the
em
issio
ns, m
ete
oro
log
ical a
nd
che
mic
al
tran
spo
rt mo
de
ls a
nd
pro
vid
e in
tera
ctive
2-D
an
d 3
-D v
isu
alisa
tion
fun
ction
s.
6.
Syste
m O
ptim
izatio
n a
nd
Dem
on
stra
tion
Th
e fin
al o
ptim
isatio
n a
nd
de
mon
stra
tion
run
s we
re co
nd
ucte
d u
sin
g th
e ve
ry la
test ve
rsio
ns o
f
CM
AQ
(V
4.7
.1,
Jun
e
20
10
re
lease
) a
nd
C
AM
x
(V5
.3,
De
cem
be
r 20
10
re
lea
se)
CT
Ms
usin
g
me
teo
rolo
gic
al
inpu
ts ba
sed
o
n
the
MM
5
and
WR
F
me
teo
rolo
gica
l m
od
els
for
thre
e
of
the
his
toric
al e
pis
od
es u
sed in
the
testin
g, w
hich
inclu
de
d th
e S
ep
tem
be
r 20
04
, July
200
6 a
nd M
arc
h
200
6 m
od
ellin
g e
piso
de
s. P
rior to
pe
rform
ing
the
fina
l op
timis
atio
n a
nd d
em
on
stra
tion ru
ns, a
fina
l
se
t of se
nsitiv
ity te
sts
we
re co
nd
ucte
d to
add
ress th
e fo
llow
ing
two
issu
es.
1.
Defin
e
the
op
tima
l fin
al
config
ura
tion
fo
r th
e
CT
Ms
in
the
fin
al
op
timis
atio
n
an
d
de
mon
stra
tion
mo
de
l run
s u
sin
g th
e v
ery
late
st v
ers
ion
s o
f the
CM
AQ
and
CA
Mx C
TM
s;
and
2.
Be
tter u
nd
ers
tand
ing
of th
e C
TM
mo
de
l pe
rform
an
ce
for th
e Ju
ly 2
006
ep
isode
(Ep
isod
e 3
)
and
in
pa
rticu
lar
wh
y
the
C
TM
o
zon
e
mode
l p
erfo
rma
nce
is
m
uch
be
tter
usin
g
me
teo
rolo
gic
al in
pu
ts b
ase
d o
n th
e W
RF
tha
n th
e M
M5
me
teo
rolo
gica
l mod
el.
Th
e la
test v
ers
ion
s o
f the
CM
AQ
and
CA
Mx C
TM
s w
ere
su
cce
ssfu
lly a
pp
lied
to th
ree
histo
rica
l
ep
isod
es to
estim
ate
air q
ua
lity w
ithin
the
Hon
g K
ong
are
a a
s w
ell a
s the
gre
ate
r Pea
rl Riv
er D
elta
(PR
D) re
gio
n. N
o p
rob
lem
s we
re e
nco
un
tere
d in
app
lyin
g th
e tw
o C
TM
s a
nd
de
mo
nstra
tion
run
s
we
re m
ad
e u
sin
g m
ete
oro
log
ical in
pu
ts b
ased
on
bo
th th
e M
M5
an
d W
RF
MM
s. T
he
fina
l run
s
de
mon
stra
te th
at th
e tw
o C
TM
s a
re o
pe
ratio
na
l an
d re
ad
y fo
r use in
assis
ting
the
Ho
ng
Ko
ng
EP
D
in m
ana
gin
g th
eir a
ir qua
lity is
sue
s.
Privile
ged a
nd C
onfid
entia
l
Executiv
e S
um
mary
Ag
ree
men
t No
. CE
27/2
007
(EP
) Up
gra
de o
f a R
eg
ion
al
Air Q
ua
lity M
od
ellin
g S
yste
m (P
AT
H) ––– –
Fe
asib
ility S
tud
y
DR
AF
T F
INA
L
HK
1100066
1
4
7.
Po
st Im
ple
men
tatio
n
On
ce th
e u
pg
rade
d P
AT
H m
od
ellin
g s
yste
ms w
as d
eliv
ere
d to
EP
D, in
stalle
d o
n th
eir co
mpu
ter
syste
m a
nd
EP
D w
as tra
ine
d o
n its
use
, EP
D se
t up
the
mod
ellin
g s
yste
m to
pe
rform
fore
castin
g
of
me
teo
rolo
gica
l a
nd
a
ir qu
ality
co
nd
ition
s in
th
e H
on
g K
on
g an
d su
rroun
din
g a
rea
s, a
P
ost
Imp
lem
en
tatio
n R
evie
w w
as co
nd
ucte
d w
hic
h re
vie
we
d a
nd e
valu
ate
d th
e E
PD
fore
castin
g re
sults
for th
e fo
ur m
on
th p
erio
d o
f Au
gu
st th
roug
h N
ove
mb
er 2
01
0. A
n a
dd
ition
al a
na
lysis o
f the
EP
D’s
MM
5/C
AM
x fo
reca
st d
em
on
stra
tion ru
n fo
r the
entire
ca
lend
ar y
ea
r wa
s do
cum
ente
d in
the
stu
dy’s
fina
l rep
ort.
8.
Co
nclu
sio
n
A n
ew
me
teo
rolo
gica
l, em
issio
ns a
nd a
ir qua
lity m
od
ellin
g s
yste
m h
as b
een
deve
lop
ed a
nd s
etu
p
for th
e H
on
g K
ong
(HK
) an
d P
ea
rl Rive
r De
lta (P
RD
) reg
ion
. Th
e n
ew
mo
de
lling s
yste
m w
as
de
mon
stra
ted
usin
g fo
ur h
isto
rica
l mod
ellin
g e
pis
ode
s fro
m 2
003
-20
06
. Th
e m
ode
lling
syste
m
wa
s d
elive
red
to H
K E
nviro
nm
en
tal P
rote
ctio
n D
ep
artm
en
t (EP
D) a
nd
EP
D w
as tra
ined
on
its u
se.
EP
D h
as a
pp
lied
the
mo
de
lling
syste
m to
ma
ke m
ete
oro
log
ical a
nd a
ir qua
lity fo
reca
sts fo
r the
HK
/PR
D re
gio
n a
nd
the
entire
201
0 ca
len
da
r yea
r.
Du
ring
the
cou
rse o
f the
de
velo
pm
ent o
f the
ne
w a
ir qu
ality
mo
de
lling s
yste
m, th
e s
tudy te
am
ha
s
striv
ed
to
co
ntin
uou
sly
up
da
te th
e m
ode
lling sys
tem
so
th
at
it u
se
s th
e ve
ry la
test
mo
de
lling
co
mp
on
en
ts. T
o th
is en
d,
the
fina
l op
timis
atio
n an
d d
em
on
stra
tion
ru
ns u
sed
th
e ve
ry la
test
ve
rsio
ns o
f the
Co
mm
un
ity M
ultis
ca
le A
ir Qua
lity (CM
AQ
Ve
rsio
n 4
.71
rele
ase
d Ju
ne
20
10
) an
d
Co
mp
reh
en
siv
e A
ir Qua
lity M
od
el w
ith e
xte
nsio
ns (C
AM
x V
ers
ion
5.3
rele
ase
d D
ece
mb
er 2
01
0)
Ch
em
ica
l Tra
nsp
ort M
ode
ls (C
TM
s).
Th
e a
pp
lica
tion o
f the
CT
Ms fo
r the
histo
rica
l ep
isode
s fro
m 2
003
-200
6 a
nd fo
r fore
ca
stin
g fo
r the
201
0 c
ale
nd
ar ye
ar d
em
on
stra
te th
e u
sefu
lne
ss o
f the n
ew
air q
ua
lity mod
ellin
g s
yste
m fo
r air
qua
lity
man
ag
em
en
t p
lan
nin
g
in
the
H
K/P
RD
re
gio
n.
T
he
m
ode
lling
syste
m
is
no
w
fully
ope
ratio
na
l an
d re
ad
y fo
r rou
tine
ap
plica
tion
.