Private Pilot Ground School• CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT,

PHYSIOLOGY AND EMERGENCIES

HOMEWORK

• ASA 5-20 to 5-27• PHAK Chapter 16• AIM CHAPTER 8• Additional reading can be done in library• Basic Flight Physiology by Richard O.

Reinhart, M.D.• http://www.faa.gov/pilots/safety/pilotsafetybr

ochures/

CONTENT

• PTS• HYPOXIA• HYPERVENTILATION• VARIOS EFFECTS ON HEALTH• SCUBA DIVING• RECOGNIZING AND HANDLING EMERGENCIES• COMMON CAUSE OF EMERGENCIES• CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT• REVIEW

PTS TASK: AEROMEDICAL FACTORS

• The symptoms, causes effects, and corrective actions of at least three of the following– HYPOXIA– HYPERVENTILATION– MIDDLE EAR AND SINUS PROBLEMS– SPATIAL DISORIENTATION– MOTION SICKNESS– CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING– STRESS AND FATIGUE– DEHYDRATION

• EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL, DRUGS, AND OVER-THE-COUNTER MEDICATIONS

• THE EFFECTS OF EXCESSES NITROGEN DURING SCUBA DIVES UPON A PILOT OR PASSENGER IN FLIGHTS

YOUTUBE Hypoxia

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WTNX6mr753w (4:02)

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_IqWal_EmBg (4:35 min)

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_hlnLIwuSEw&list=SPCCF3D4E62537914E&index=61&feature=plpp_video (14 min)

HYPOXIA

• Oxygen in the ambient air must reach the cell and does so because of gas laws, the lungs, circulatory system, blood, and hemoglobin. An interruption of that process from a single problem or combination will result in Hypoxia.

• State of oxygen deficiency in the body sufficient to impair functions of the brain and other organs.

CLASSIFICATION OF HYPOXIA

• HYPOXIC (altitude) hypoxia• Hypemic (anemic) hypoxia (carbon monoxide

poisoning)• Stagnant hypoxia (pulling positive G’s, long

periods of pressure breathing at extreme cabin altitudes)

• Histotoxic Hypoxia (cell expecting and needing oxygen is abnormal and unable to take up oxygen that is present due to a toxin)

HYPOXIC HYPOXIA

• Lack of available oxygen, as experienced when flying at altitude in an unpressurized cabin. It means there aren’t enough oxygen molecules available to breathe with sufficient pressure, as we ascend.

• The number of molecules of oxygen decrease, despite the fact that the percentage remains the same.

• Lower pressure gradient in the lungs for diffusion to take place across the alveolar membrane. The partial pressure of oxygen as it is presented to the blood in the lungs is too low to effectively carry and transfer enough oxygen to the cells of the tissues.

Hypoxia lack of oxygen to the body• Oxygen partial pressure• Different for different people• 5000 feet at night• 12,000 during daytime• 12,500 to 14,000 above 15,000

oxygen rules

Hypoxia

• Symptoms (pg 61):– peripheral vision starts to grey out– cyanosis– Feeling of euphoria– Tingling in the extremities– Can be similar to hyperventilation (review chart)

• Effects:– Loss of judgment– Unconsciousness

• Corrective Actions:– Go on Oxygen– Descend to a lower altitude

Hypoxia

• Time of Useful Consciousness• 18,000 20 – 30 Minutes• 22,000 10 Minutes• 25,000 3 – 5 Minutes• 28,000 2 – 3 Minutes• 30,000 1 – 2 Minutes• 35,000 30 Seconds• 40,000 9 – 12 Seconds• 43,000 9 – 12 Seconds• 50,000 9 – 12 Seconds

Oxygen Equipment

• Oxygen Equipment Use in General Aviation Operations (PDF, 243 KB)

• PHAK page 6-34 to 6-37• 91.211

Hyperventilation

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ygGhy0OjYH0– (Time 6:46)

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=spVOji_El30

Hyperventilation• Abnormal increase in the volume of air

breathed in and out of the lungs which causes the body to blow off excessive carbon dioxide

• Symptoms: – Similar to hypoxia (review specific symptoms and simularities)

• Effects:– Similar to hypoxia

• Corrective Actions:– Set O2 system to deliver 100% O2 just in case it is hypoxia– Slow the breathing rate– Do the checklist out loud– Sing the Star Spangle Banner– AIM suggestions chapter 8

Ear and Sinus Block

• This happens when the Eustachian tube gets blocked and the pressure will not equalize

• Symptoms:– Very painful in ears or behind the eyes– Plugged ears or sinuses

• Effects:– incapacitation in some circumstances– Eardrum can rupture

• Corrective Actions:– Use the Valsalva Maneuver– Descend very slowly or climb– Menthol inhaler– Menthol cough drops will sometimes work

Spatial Disorientation

• This happens when your kinesthetic inputs disagree with what is really happening with the plane

• The fluid in your semi-circular canals gets to sloshing around

• Pay attention and believe your flight instruments• http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=VgnvGiJrN74&list=SPCCF3D4E62537914E&index=13&feature=plpp_video (time 14 min)

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tLmpGca6QDY&list=SPCCF3D4E62537914E&index=68&feature=plpp_video (31 min)

Spatial Disorientation

• Spatial Disorientation: Visual Illusions (PDF, 825 KB)

• Spatial Disorientation: Why You Shouldn't Fly By the Seat of Your Pants (PDF, 347 KB)

Motion Sickness

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mfc19d-bHuQ&list=SPCCF3D4E62537914E&index=65&feature=plpp_video (7 minutes)

Carbon Monoxide poisoning

• CO attaches to the hemoglobin more readily than O2. Hemoglobin accepts carbon monoxide 250 times more than oxygen. Form of hypemic (anemic) hypoxia. The blood’s ability to carry oxygen molecules.

• Takes a Hyperbolic chamber to force the O2 back into the blood

• Symptoms: – Similar to hypoxia except finger nail beds and lips will turn red

• Effects:– Similar to hypoxia except add death to that list

• Corrective Actions:– Close all heat valves– Set O2 system to deliver 100% O2 just in case it is hypoxia– Open window try to ventilate the cabin– Descend to a lower altitude

Self Imposed Stress and Aviation

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lEew4CPQUHI&list=SPCCF3D4E62537914E&index=67&feature=plpp_video (17 min)

Dehydration

• PIF last page in section V Medical or page 7 • Review before oral exam the PIF and the entire Medical

section• Avoid coffee/soda/alcohol/teas or diurectics before a flight• Low humidity in a pressurized aircraft• Minimal sweating lose 3-4 pints of water per day more in

dry conditions• Similar symptoms to heat stress headache, dizziness, and

especially fatigues.• Hours of increased dehydration is one reason kidney

stones are relatively common in pilots.

How Do We Prevent Dehydration When We Fly??

• The in-flight air is drier than any of the world's deserts. Typically, relative humidity is 20-25% in the Sahara or Arabian deserts, while optimum comfort is around 50%. "In-flight cabin humidities gradually fall on long-distance, high-altitude flights to well below 10%, in many cases approaching 1%." (Air Conditioning Tests, Boeing Report No. T6-4453-B747SP, 1976). In-flight dryness can create thirst, scratchy eyes, bloodshot eyes, dry skin (even wrinkles), and backed-up plumbing. Yipes!

Steps To Take To Offset In-flight Dehydration:

• Drink at least 8 ounces of water every hour en route;• Carry your own bottle of drinking water when you fly, to

sip on when service is not available (right after takeoff or when the bar carts close prior to landing);

• En route, drink bottled or canned water rather than the tap water. There are presently no standards for commercial aircraft water tanks, for cleanliness, treatment procedures, nor water quality in cities around the world where commercial jets refill;

• Avoid alcohol and coffee; they have diuretic properties, i.e., they squeeze water out of our cells;

• Spritz your face often; use an empty perfume atomizer and refill it from your own drinking water or buy a water spritzer (used for ironing);

• Apply eye cream below eyes and oil inside nostrils (almond oil smells nice; jojoba oil is also good and a little thicker; olive oil is excellent, too, and definitely in the flow on flights to Rome;

• For humidified breathing air, cover your nose with a water-saturated cotton handkerchief. (Fold on the diagonal and wrap ends around your ears.) You might feel self-conscious, thinking you look like a masked bandit. Are your seatmates snickering? You'll see, on the next flight there will be more masked bandits. One day, you'll walk on an airplane and everyone will have a hankie over his/her nose. Will this inspire the airlines to humidify their jets? Let's hope so;

• After landing, submerge and soak in the water as soon as possible -- the ocean, a hot tub, a pool, a bath, whatever is available that you enjoy. Immerse entirely, even and especially your head. Bathing when dehydrated helps to replenish moisture right through the pores. Bathing also relaxes the nervous system.

• Basically, there's no way to avoid the fact that your body will become dehydrated to some degree as a result of flying long distances in near-zero humidity in commercial jet cabins. We need to be mindful of our water intake en route, and also remember to drink plenty of pure water for several days after landing. Without adequate water intake both health and inspiration quickly deteriorate. That's why I do whatever it takes.

Alcohol and Drugs

• FAR’s 61.15, 61.16, 91.17, AIM section 8

• http://www.faa.gov/pilots/safety/pilotsafetybrochures/media/alcohol.pdf

SCUBA Diving

• Decompression sickness • The bends• 12 hours for flights below 8,000 and

no dives requiring a controlled ascent• 24 hours for flights above 8,000 or

dives requiring a controlled ascent• Corrective actions

Night Vision 105

• Your eye is made up of Rods and Cones• Rods are light receptive nerves that sense

peripheral vision and shades of grey• Cones are light receptive nerves that sense color

and clear visual acuity• It takes 30-45 minutes for a chemical called visual

purple or rhodopsin to build.• After 10 minutes of darkness your eyes are 10,000

times more sensitive• After 30 minutes they are 100,000 time more

sensitive

YOUTUBE

• Acceleration video• http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=PpTnRZAy3KY&list=SPCCF3D4E62537914E&index=57&feature=plpp_video (22 min)

• Heat Exposure • http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=3pzgay8fIzg&list=SPCCF3D4E62537914E&index=62&feature=plpp_video (15 min)

• Noise and Vibration• http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=64MCJN04j-Q&list=SPCCF3D4E62537914E&index=64&feature=plpp_video (13 min)

• Physics of the atmosphere• http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=f_vs50lHTdI&list=SPCCF3D4E62537914E&index=66&feature=plpp_video (10 min)

• Trapped Gas• http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=wGyLFR8-Pbo&list=SPCCF3D4E62537914E&index=69&feature=plpp_video (9 min)

• Aviation Oxygen Equipment• http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=jba8AcEah1Q&list=SPCCF3D4E62537914E&index=70&feature=plpp_video (16 min)

• Ups and Downs of Aircraft Pressurization• http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ps3RE7VVGk4&list=SPCCF3D4E62537914E&index=71&feature=plpp_video (11-12 min)

• Vision in Flight• http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=9jXyRBZE3JA&list=SPCCF3D4E62537914E&index=72&feature=plpp_video (15 min)

• To see or not to see• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ujxL5QOArMg&list=SPCCF3D4E62537914E&index=92&feature=plp

p_video (16 min)

Fitness For Flight

• IM SAFE• I Illness• M Medication• S Stress• A Alcohol• F Fatigue• E Emotion

Emergencies

• Compound emergencies are emergencies in quick succession

• Verify information with your instrumentation

• Follow the manufacturers recommended emergency checklist

Emergencies• When you know it is out of the

ordinary it is probably time to take action

• Always choose the course of action that will give you the most options

• When all else fails undo what you just did

Emergencies• The emergency frequency is 121.5• ELT's transmit on this frequency

for up to 48 hours after a 5 to 7 g shock

• Wear what you would like to spend the night in

Private Pilot Ground School

• Aeronautical Decision Making

ADM Aeronautical Decision Making

• When a decision has to be made• Use a systematic approach• Avoid Dangerous tendencies

3 Examples of Dangerous tendencies or behavioral problems are:

• 1. Scud Running• 2. VFR into IFR conditions• 3. Neglecting the Checklist

SELF ASSESSMENT

• Limit your risk exposure by determining which hazardous attitude you lean toward

• Lets take a closer look at the 5 hazardous attitudes

• ARMII• These will be on your private oral!

ANTI-AUTHORITY

• “Don’t tell me”• Rules are for squirrels• ATC clearances• FARs

ANTI-AUTHORITY

• ANTIDOTE• Follow the rules. They are usually

right.

RESIGNATION

• “What's the use?”• This is where the person just gives up• Oh well• They may believe that luck is their co pilot• The situation overwhelms them and by

failing to act have condemned themselves

RESIGNATION

• ANTIDOTE• I’m not helpless. I can make a

difference.

MACHO

• “I can do it”• I’m hot poo poo • These pilots think they have

superior skill• Cocky, know it all types• Women are just as susceptible as

men

MACHO

• ANTIDOTE• Taking chances is foolish

IMPULSIVITY

• “Do something… quickly”• Rush into a course of action

without thinking first• The need to do something -

anything • It overwhelms good ADM

principles

IMPULSIVITY

• ANTIDOTE• Slow down, think before you act or

speak.

INVULNERABILITY

• “It won’t happen to me”• Accidents are what happen to

others - not me• These types feel they will never be

involved in a mishap

INVULNERABILITY

• ANTIDOTE• It can happen to me

WHAT TO DO?

• Most decision making occurs on the ground before the flight

• IMSAFE checklist• Do you have stressors that may

affect ADM?• If you do, you are starting off with

a handicap

WHAT TO DO?

• Usually accidents occur after a series of bad judgement calls add up

• The “domino” effect takes over• Read accident reports• In many of the accidents you can see the

accident coming • Practice good risk management techniques

WHAT TO DO?

• Be pessimistic, look for the other shoe to drop• Remember Aviate, Navigate, Communicate• Try undoing the last thing you did• Always select the course of action that gives you

the most options• Don’t box yourself into a corner• Always fly inside your envelope• Don’t get outside your comfort level

WHAT TO DO?

• Every pilot has a little voice• Listen to it!• The stall horn listen to it! It is

telling you something

WHO IS IN COMMAND?

• You alone are responsible to determine if you are fit to fly

• Human error is the one common factor that affects most preventable accidents

• A pilot is usually aware of the hazards when making bad decisions

COCKPIT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (CRM)

– The application of team management concepts in the cockpit.

– Effective use of all resources, including:– Aircraft dispatchers– Flight Attendants– Maintenance Personnel– Air Traffic Controllers

COCKPIT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (CRM)

– NASA research indicates 60 – 80 percent of accidents involve human factors

– Some share certain characteristics:– Poor group decision making– Ineffective communication– Inadequate leadership– Poor task management– Poor resource management

COMMUICATIONS PROCESSES AND DECISION BEHAVIOR

CLUSTER• Most CRM training is in the form of “clusters”• Briefings

– Id problems, safety issues, division of labor, team concept• Inquiry, Advocacy, Assertion

– A crewmember promoting a course of action they feel is the best solution

• Crew Self Critique Regarding Decisions and Actions– Crewmembers effectiveness including the process and the people

involved• Communications, Decisions

– Free and open comm. Info is given at the appropriate time and decisions are questioned routinely

TEAM BUILDING AND MAINTENANCE CLUSTER

• Leadership - Followership, Concern for Tasks– Use all available resources, balance respect and

assertiveness

• Interpersonal Relationships – Group Climate– Calm head under stressful situations, adaptability to

other personalities, tone in the cockpit is friendly, relaxed

WORKLOAD MANAGEMENT AND SITUATIONAL

AWARENESS CLUSTER• Preparation – Planning – Vigilance

– Active monitoring of instruments, comm., wx, stay away from tunnel vision, be ahead of the curve

• Workload Distributed – Distractions Avoided– Speak up when overloaded, maximize task

effectiveness, social problems don’t affect duties

REVIEW

• Write out the required instruments and equipment for day and night flight

• IMSAFE• 5 hazardous attitudes• How to recover from a spin• Required personal and aircraft

documents