private libraries for the public: canadian subscription libraries before 1850 cla 2015 – privacy...

Private Libraries for the Public: Canadian Subscription Libraries before 1850

CLA 2015 – Privacy and Security: Are you Open to the Public?1

Private Libraries for the Public: Canadian Subscription Libraries before 1850

The adoption of the American and British private subscription library model for public readership was an important development in the formation of library service in Canada. From about 1775, subscription libraries became a significant resource for access to collections because they were available for users on a general-community or common-interest basis through entry charges, shares, and annual fees. Large centres, such as Halifax and Montreal, were home to numerous types of these libraries. Smaller community libraries were organized in many rural areas, especially in Ontario. These common law organizations often identified libraries as associations, companies, clubs, societies, athenaeums, and institutes. The variety, number, and financial status of ‘private’ subscription libraries for colonists ushered in the concept of the ‘public library’ on a membership basis and helped create a widespread reading public that transcended religious or class divisions and personal preferences in an emerging Canadian nation.


Presentation Outline

Examine different private-public aspects of the subscription library and its legacy:

1. The private-public nature of membership-association libraries derived from the influence of similar English, Scottish, and American voluntary associations and continue today.2. Examine contemporary and subsequent perspectives along with terminology related to these libraries, e.g. ‘social library,’ ‘proprietary library,’ etc.3. Consider the administration and operation of these libraries, e.g. collections, administration, facilities, members, etc.4. Review common law basis of subscription libraries: (a) voluntary organization, (b) reliant on shares, entry and subscription fees, (c) managed by committees for general membership, (d) planned for ‘permanent-sizable’ collections, (e) aimed at societal cultural uplift, public interaction, accessibility of information, and individual educational attainment by personal efforts.5. Look at potential historical questions, e.g., evolution of the concept of ‘public library’ concept during the 19th century, expansion of reading, the ‘public sphere.’


Private-Public Features of Subscription Libraries - 1

Reinvestigate ways to view these ‘early public libraries’Privacy – ability of a group to express itself selectively by separating itself, its information or activities, from public scrutiny. However, privacy may be voluntarily relinquished to achieve beneficial results or measures, e.g. learning, and contribute to public, communal, and social life.Voluntary Associations – often a goal to create social relationships and societal reforms or services with or without government aid, e.g. community resource.Public(s) – (1) persons sharing common or specific interests (e.g. the reading public) on a collective basis or (2) the totality of groupings? Public Library – for all most all of the 19th century the term was normally used to mean any library other than one owned by an individual for personal use. The term applied to subscription libraries and continued to be used in Canada into the 20th century for ‘association libraries.’ Public referred to the societal dimensions of service rather than a specific type of library, i.e. free libraries.



1. Individuals voluntarily form a collective self-governing body under agreed rules, a set of common objectives (especially promotion of reading ) as well as a culture of education, specialization, and expertise. Step beyond personal-family roles.2. Tendency to say that ‘private’ subscription libraries were exclusive or privileged because membership depended on an ability to pay and were managed by local ‘elites’ (wealthy or powerful) thus potentially socially divisive BUT3.Voluntary subscription libraries may be viewed as inclusive institutions because (1) non-sectarian/apolitical membership base, (2) integrative social place for community interaction, (3) educational value of personal self-learning and enlightenment, (4) establishment of long-lasting collections for public usage.4. A variety of subscription libraries introduced lending collections of useful or technical knowledge, and reference aids for professional bodies (law), trade and commerce, as well as educational needs (esp. agriculture) that fulfilled public needs in British North American colonies.



The subscription Library model contributed to a variety of new perceptions about organizing and distributing library collections in a public way by private groups, community associations, or incorporated institutions:

1. Provided accessible resources in local communities and for different groups in a limited way determined by particular ‘owners.’ Libraries became a communal service in many localities.

2. Contributed to a sense of ‘belonging’ (not control by) in communities through social interaction of members.

3. Created a potentially long-term, valuable community or group resource by storing knowledge based on collective preferences about literature;

4. Extension of public space/place beyond the family home, business workplace, and individual conceptions about personal libraries.A 19th century reworking of the distinction between private/public libraries.


Private Public Aspects of Libraries


ACCESS Restricted Open

PLACE Intimacy Communal

READING Individual Social

IDENTITY Minority Plurality

Types of Subscription Libraries

Proprietary (share) library

Recurring fee-based library

Library Integrated with Societies and Associations

Ancillary library with clubs, newsrooms, reading rooms, etc.

Views of 19th Century Canadian Subscription Libraries -1


1. Normally regarded as ‘public libraries,’ i.e., they were not personal collections. Designed for adult reading public not for non-readers or children. Authorities, e.g. Edward Edwards, contrasted subscription libraries with commercial circulating ones and libraries “freely accessible to all the public” after the British report Select Committee on Public Libraries (1849) and American state legislation.2. Observers pointed to their unstable subscription financial base to argue for controlled by local government. Many surveyors simply ignored them, e.g. Rhees’ Manual of Public Libraries (1859) and E. Rouillard’s Bibliothèques Populaires (1890), or gave them marginal attention: e.g., Hallam, Todd, Bain, Gould.3. A Canadian study by F.Wurtele in 1889 on Quebec Literary & Historical Society used the term public library to “mean those accessible to the public whether by subscription or fee, also college libraries, and not those of private individuals.”4. By the end of the 19th century observers (e.g. L. Burpee) favoured modernization – convenient buildings, services to children, branches, cataloguing & classifying, trained staff – and contrasted these progressive steps with older subscription collections.


James Bain’s 1887 List of Canadian Libraries

20th Century Views of Canadian Subscription Libraries - 2


1. J. Carnochan’s histories of the Niagara Library at the beginning of the 20th c. emphasized their pioneer status in “a new and remote country.”2. By 1914 these ‘early libraries’ as L. Burpee called them (along with mechanics’ institutes) were normally considered an initial progressive step towards the formation of ‘free public libraries,’ i.e., tax supported organizations based in municipalities. They were considered to be the precursors or predecessors of free public libraries (e.g. E. Hardy) , a temporary stage in the development of libraries even thought the association model persisted in public library legislation across Canada.3. By mid-1950s: the DBS continued to categorize ‘Association Libraries’ as public libraries until the early 1960s. They were an ‘inherited headache’ to many library planners, e.g. they were abolished by legislation in Ontario in 1966.4. A few association libraries with membership fees or charges continue today as public libraries, with basic government financing from municipal or provincial sources that is authorized by provincial statutes.


Canadian Association Libraries, mid-1950s

Contemporary and Historical Terms Used with Subscription Libraries

Proprietary library, joint-stock library, library company – terms for a library that members contributed money for book stock and paid an annual fee to use. Normally possible to pass shares to heirs. Associated with subscription library by Edward Edwards in his book Memoirs of Libraries (1859). Used in 19th century US and UK and in Canada.

‘Social library’ – aggregate term used by only a few Canadian commentators (e.g. R. Gourlay). Collective category used by C. Jewett (1851) and US Bureau of Education in 1876 and continued in 20th c. by historians (esp. in America). Jewett: “composed of popular works for reading rather than for reference.” It became synonymous with nomenclature ‘library association’ after 1850.

Library association – common title used more frequently after passage of 1851 Library Assn. and MIs Act to incorporate these bodies in Province of Canada.

Mercantile library– after 1840 a library for use of business clerks, bookkeepers, etc., which included lectures and reading room for general use, e.g. Montreal.

Mechanics’ library – a few organizations (Halifax) created specifically for operating a library for workingmen.


Related Library Organizations

Mechanics’ Institutes – many organizations, originating in Britain, formed to provide adult education, particularly in technical subjects, to working men including library, reading room, lectures, evening classes, social entertainments, etc.

Parish libraries – In Quebec this was a library system organized and maintained by the Catholic church in localities for public use beginning in 1840s. Some users or parishioners expected to subscribe, others on a free basis.

Circulating library – collection owned by an individual or commercial firm for profit, charging book rental rates or periodic fees normally payable monthly, quarterly or annually. Often associated with current popular fiction.

Societies, Athenaeums, Institutes – literary, philosophical, agricultural, scientific, and professional organizations often developed collections or exchanged books for their members’ use, e.g. Canadian Institute. Specific membership, but sometimes community based, e.g. Institut canadien de Montréal, Toronto Athenaeum, or Ramsay Library Society, which permitted public access.

Newsrooms, Reading Rooms, Cabinets de lecture – newspaper and journal collections with reading area(s) and some books, e.g., Montreal Merchants’ Exchange and Reading Room (1849).


Two Canadian Assessments before 1850

1) Richard Garland’s article about “Joint-Stock Libraries,” in Halifax Monthly Magazine, January 1832: cultural uplift (high culture)

• “the general satisfaction of the tastes and pursuits of the proprietors, to be obtained by providing for their entertainment and instruction. The first place is given to entertainment.”

• “a liberal spirit should characterize the management of such an institution, by the admission as Honorary Members of such men of scientific and literary attainments as might be means of conferring respectability on the society.”

2) Alexander Morris’ article on the influence of “Mercantile Library Associations” in August 1849 Literary Garland : educational qualities

• “If the opportunities of a Library Association for judicious reading are properly embraced, we may expect to see also improvement in the manners, and in the social intercourse of the mercantile classes.”

• “By pursuing a study in a class of considerable numbers, greater facilities are afforded for learning, and at a price so reduced, as to place it within the power of all to avail themselves of this mode of instruction.”

• “The ability to express one’s opinions in public … can only be gained by practice.”


General Patterns for Forming Subscription Libraries

Subscription libraries took four basic forms — a proprietary share basis; regular fees; combination with societies and associations; and as ‘add-ons’ for newsrooms, etc.

Normally a small group of educated, civic-minded people – ministers, lawyers, teachers, publishers, politicians, teachers, etc. (a.k.a. ‘local elite’) – who wanted to further access to books would call a meeting to attract persons interested in forming a library. After discussion, attendees might draft a constitution or elect directors, set fees and rules for managing a collection of books and periodicals.The municipal public corporation with its variety of public services was still evolving in British colonies when subscription libraries were being formed.


Place Incorporated as city

Subscription Library Place Incorporated

as a citySubscription

Library

Montreal 1832 1796 Hamilton 1846 1833

Toronto 1834 c.1810 Saint John 1785* 1811

Quebec City 1832 1779 St. John’s 1921 c.1810

Halifax 1842 1817 Kingston 1846 c.1812

Colonial Administrators as Founders


John Graves Simcoe, Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada: “It is therefore with great pleasure that I have apprehended that Lord Grenville was inclined to allow me a Sum of Money to be laid out in the purchase of such Books as I should deem proper to lay the Foundations of a Public Library.” [Agricultural Society library at Niagara]

George Ramsay, 9th Earl of Dalhousie: “He has become a patron to a Public Library which we have established … and has sent us one hundred Dollars and two boxes of books including a complete set of the Encyclopedia Britannica as a foundation stone…” [Dalhousie Library]. He also was a founder of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec in 1824 which housed an important reference library as well as the Cambridge Military Library in Halifax (1817).

Prominent Colonial Founders


Frederick Haldimand, Governor of Province of Quebec. Responsible for creation of a bilingual library collection in the Bishop's Palace in Quebec with initial purchases of £500 for books. “A Subscription has been commenced for establishing a PUBLICK LIBRARY for the city and District of Quebec,” according to Quebec Gazette on Jan. 7, 1779.

Gordon Drummond, Governor-General and Administrator of Canada, established Quebec Garrison Library along the lines of the Gibraltar Library in May 1816. This military library allowed a few subscribers in the Quebec civil service to use the reading area.

Settlement in Upper Canada to 1850


Membership and Financing


Place Date Entry Fee Subscription Notes

Charlottetown c.1835 £1-3s-4d 2nd class shareholders pay 10s

Quebec Garrison 1816 3 days pay, others £5

$4 Available to public servants

Halifax Library 1824 £5 a share 30s 120 shareholders. Legislative grant £50

Montreal Library 1796 4 g (£4-4s) 40s Voting rights for proprietors

Hamilton Mercantile L. 1845 Clerks paid 15s Merchants paid £1-5s

Kingston Library c.1812 £5 30s (10s quarter)

Toronto Athenaeum 1843 5s 10s (~$2) Youths under 18 paid ½ price

Niagara Library 1800 24s 41 original subscribers

Ramsay Library Society 1829 Proportion of maintenance

5s (~ $1) £5 entitled free library use

Incorporated Subscription Libraries

Incorporation allowed a group of individuals authorized by law to act as a unit, especially to hold property. Normally this property was not liable for obligations of members, and their private property was likewise not subject to be taken to pay debts of the corporation, as in the case of An Act to Appropriate a Certain Lot of Ground in the City of Montréal for the Site of a Public Library, and to incorporate certain Persons therein mentioned in 1819. Most incorporations occurred in Quebec: Montreal Library/Bibliothèque de Montréal – 1819 (rescinded) Natural History Society of Montreal – 1829 Advocates Library/Bibliothèque des Advocates – 1840 Montreal Mercantile Library Association – 1842 Merchants’ Exchange and Reading Room - 1849 Quebec Advocates Library/ Bibliothèque des avocats de Québec - 1840 Quebec Library – 1840 Quebec Library Association – 1845


Directorship and Officials

CLA 2015 – Privacy and Security: Are you Open to the Public? 23

Place Date Officers Powers

Montreal Library 1796 Proprietors elected 5 Directors and Treasurer annually

Enforce rules, appoint Librarian, buy books, secure place for library

Montreal Mercantile L. 1842 Elected President, Vice-President, Secretary, Treasurer ,10 Directors

Conduct affairs of association, form committees, establish funds

Oeuvre des Bons Livres 1844 Parish priest was President, election of librarian, treasurer, secretary, etc.

Manage affairs, maintain library, call meetings, enforce regulations

Halifax Library 1824 7 member Committee, Librarian, and Treasurer chosen by members

Committee buys books, transacts business monthly, set bylaws

Newmarket Farmers Inst. & Sub. Library

1840 President, V-P, Librarian, Treasurer, Secretary, Committee of 5 persons

President convenes Committee which directs expenditures

Quebec Advocates Library

1828 Elected President, V-P, Secretary, Managing Committee of 5

Committee appoint Treasurer & Librarian, conducts affairs

Midland District Agricultural Society

1837 General Board composed of Pres., R. & C. Secretaries, Treasurer; with the V-Ps &County Board Directors

General Board dispensed funds according to 1830 Act of Upper Canada Legislature for societies

Library Rules and Regulations


Place Date Transfer Shares Borrowing Reference

Halifax Garrison 1817 Not permitted 2 volume limit Non circulating books

Montreal Library 1796 Allowed Folios—12 daysOctavos—8 days

Maps, plans, globes, etc. non circulating items

Montreal Mercantile Library

1842 Not applicable 1 volume limit No smoking, hats, conversation in room

Newmarket Farmers Inst. & Sub. Library

1840 Not applicable 1-3 vols. by size for 1 month

No provision

Woodstock Reading Society

1835 Allowed by board approval

1 vol. at a time No provision

Toronto Public Library 1842 Allowed by board approval

Same number as shares

No provision

Montreal Advocates Library

1828 Shares held by Management

£2, 10 s to remove vol. from library

Room provided along with court rooms

Book Collections — Compositionand Selection


Place Date Selection and Management Fiction/ReferenceWoodstock Subscription Library

1835 No books on religious controversy, immoral tendencies, infidel or irreligious opinions

Not more than ¼ budget (amended)

Hamilton Mercantile Library

1845 A member can propose and an appointed Committee decides its ‘propriety’

Reading room for ‘designated’ items

Halifax Garrison Library 1817 Subscribers may propose books reviewed by Committee which oversees selection

Novels permitted

Halifax Mechanics’ Library 1831 Selections and ordering made by library committee

Both included

Elmsley Library Assoc. & Mechanics’ Institute

1837 A member can make a proposal to Directors

Novels permitted

Natural History Society of Montreal

1828 5 member Library Committee made selections

General science and natural history

Institut canadien de Montréal

1844 Bureau de direction (including Librarian) made selections

Novels on Index Librorum Prohibitorum

Printed Library Catalogues


Library Date(s) Library Date(s)Halifax Mechanics' Library (4x) 1832-48 Quebec Advocates Library (2x) 1840-45Halifax Public Library and Literary Room

1838 Literary and Historical Society of Quebec

1845

Halifax Garrison Library 1835 Quebec Library (8x) Quebec 1785-1832

Halifax Library (4x) 1830-51 Quebec Library Association 1844Montreal Mercantile Library Assn. 1844 Garrison Library (2x) 1824-33

Montreal Library (5x) 1787-1842 Ramsay Library Society (2x) 1835-48Natural History Society of Montreal

1846 St. Catharines Library Company 1850

[Newmarket] Farmers' Institute and Subscription Library Society

1840 Toronto Medico-Chirurgical Society 1845

Membership and Collection Sizes by 1850Canada Directory 1851 (Mackay)


Library Members Volumes

Quebec Mercantile Library Association 300 8000

Bibliothèque des bons livres (Montreal) 5500

Montreal Mercantile Library Association 480 3866

Advocates’ Library (Montreal) 2000

Quebec Literary and Historical Society 1400

Montreal Natural History Society 1000

Hamilton Mercantile Library Association 850

Institut Canadien (Montreal) 230 700

Public Comments on Libraries

Catharine Parr Trail in Backwoods of Canada (1836): “There is a public library at York, and a small circulating library at Cobourg, but they might just as well be on the other side of the Atlantic for any access we can have to them.”W.A. MacKay in Pioneers Life in Zorra (1899): “The library was small, but it always contained a Gaelic Bible, a metrical version of the Psalms in Gaelic, and the Shorter Catechism.... and a number of songs or Gaelic poems by such Highland ministers and laymen as Macdonald, Kennedy, Aird, Peter Grant, and Dugald Buchanan. All these were read and re-read ...”Samuel Thompson in Reminiscences of a Canadian Pioneer (1884): “the library of the Canadian Institute is, to all intents and purposes, a public library by statute, and free to all citizens forever.”Robert Gourlay in Statistical account of Upper Canada (1822): “Books are procured in considerable numbers. In addition … social libraries are introduced in various places ; and subscribers at a small expense thus enjoy the benefit of many more volumes than they could individually afford to purchase.” Andrew Haydon in Pioneer Sketches in Bathurst (1925): “Every Library Day the [St. Andrews] Hall was crowded from morning till night. . . .the borrowers were eager and expectant.”


Library Accommodation: an ‘Achilles Heel’?


Cambridge Military Library, 1886

Accommodation was always a concern, due to the small number of members and individual ability to pay. However, these libraries managed to locations in hotels, insurance offices, homes, churches, schools, and public buildings.

Ennotville Library, c.1850

CLA 2015 – Privacy and Security: Are you Open to the Public?

Toronto Athenaeum housed in old city Market until fire in 1849

Facilities in Early Toronto

Athenaeum then moved to second floor of the new Renaissance style St. Lawrence Hall in 1850

Maritime and Quebec Sites

CLA 2015 – Privacy and Security: Are you Open to the Public?

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Halifax Library was housed for a short time in Province House, a three-story sandstone building located on Granville St. Built from 1811 to 1819 and now a National Historic Site.

The Literary and Historical Society of Quebec moved into a room on the north side of Morin College, a former jail, in 1868. The collection still resides in this building.

Facilities: Pioneer Collections

Sketch of interior of Anne Langton’s house near Fenelon Falls, ON, showing library bookcases, 1837.


Library at York Factory, Manitoba, established in 1856. Photo taken about 1889.


Episcopal Palace of Quebec in early 18th century. Quebec Library moved out by 1822. Demolished in 1852-53.

Accommodation: A Serious Deficiency

Poor accommodation highlighted the precarious financing of subscription libraries and the need for expanding membership base or higher fees/share prices to maintain operations.

Subscription libraries created a communal habit that they could not satisfy on a narrow-income base. Often, they were combined with societies/associations or were assisted by public funds.

Subscription Library Era Closes-1

In the 1840s, as Canadian society and economy became more complex, library organization began to change.1. Closures of major libraries: Montreal Library in 1843, Quebec Library in 1845,

failure of subscription for Toronto Public Library in 1843. Financial hardship led to sales of assets. The small size of collections and members hampered the establishment of long-term (permanent) collections at a time when the book trade was providing less expensive books of better quality and increased quantity.

2. The expansion of Mechanics’ Institutes and Parish Libraries. Vocational training and education for workers and a combination of print resources with lectures, evening classes, etc. Libraries merged with local institutes. In Quebec parish libraries provided ‘good reading.’

3. Growth of Institutes, Societies and Associations: Canadian Institutes in Montreal (1844), Quebec (1845), and Toronto (1849). These drew on prominent members for philanthropy and donors. Broader choice of new social associations (e.g. YMCA) to suit popular tastes.


Subscription Library Era Closes-2

New social trends and innovations were in evidence across British North America:1. Rising levels of literacy and educational attainment increased the demand for

library resources (e.g. mercantile libraries). The development of school libraries in NS, Quebec, and Ontario in 1850s furthered this process.

2. State formation: the growth of responsible government in provinces, cities, and public schooling—appeal of public libraries with appearance of a tax-supported library bills in 1852 and 1866 (Canada) based on American and British examples.

3. Legislation. Library enabling legislation after 1850 was a critical legal innovation that opened the door for the state’s tax dollars to be applied to libraries through schools and community library associations.

4. New ideas — Alexandre Vattemare’s book exchanges and proposals to unite library, museums, and institutes in Montreal and Quebec in 1840-41. A shift from libraries with circumscribed goals and funding to ones with broader societal ambitions based on broader public ownership, control, funding, and staffing.


The Incorporation and Better Management of Library Associations and Mechanics’ Institutes Act, 1851


An enabling statute applying to new corporations. Opened the possibility of government financing. A similar Nova Scotian statute in 1872, Library Associations and Institutes Act, c. 32.

Establishment – not less than 10 subscribers holding at least £25 value declare their intention to establish a Library Association or a Mechanics’ Institute, or both with County Registrar. Existing institutions make same declaration for incorporation. A “body corporate and politic.” [NS - $100]Objects – “the ordinary and usual business” of a mechanics’ institute, library association (or both united). Funds may not be expended for any other purpose. [NS – library & scientific institute]Annual Meeting – members select President and appoint a Librarian, Treasurer, Secretary, Lecturer, and other officers and set their remuneration.Management – Directors or Trustees appointed by members at annual meeting have power to make bylaws applying to the members and officers including fines, dues, appointments. Corporate Power – corporation can maintain buildings, lands, tenements, or hereditaments with yearly value not to exceed £100. [NS – stipulated property values by population size]Shares – shares of any class of Members, in the property of the Corporation, are transferable. [NS – not mentioned]Dissolution – no termination possible until all liabilities are discharged. [NS – not mentioned]

NS and NB Library Legislation in 1850s


Subscription Library Ideas and Methods Carried Over in Public Libraries

1. Library is accessible to all persons who choose to use it—voluntary basis not compulsory state regulation. Personal (private) decision.

2. Importance of reading and self-improvement– an expansive belief in educative value of self-learning and corresponding societal progress which led many persons to support public funding by government tax revenues from municipalities.

3. The creation of local boards composed of trustees to manage public libraries with citizen appointments not direct control by municipal politicians.

4. Continuation of library regulations and procedures: fines, borrower registers, printed catalogues, loan periods, audits, rudimentary classification (‘voyages and travels’), etc.

5. Annual meetings for public library associations–citizen participation, accountability to membership.

6. Transfer of collections to public libraries, e.g. Montreal Library and Montreal Mercantile Library Assoc. collections became part of Fraser Institute library and Halifax Library purchase by city in 1864 to create Citizens’ Free Library.

7. Librarian as ‘gatekeeper’ with limited role: “care and custody of rooms” and “safekeeping of books.”



Bygone Era Still with Us?

Further Historical Research?

1. “Interpretive Community”—term used in literary theory to describe a reading public with shared values that influence their approach to the interpretation of texts and help them to recreate their own meanings and establish preferences for genres of literature, e.g. popular fiction. Subscription libraries provided a vehicle for these communities – an expanding number of groupings of people with similar appreciations for literature (e.g. canon).

2. “Bourgeois Public Sphere”—term introduced by Jurgen Habermas to denote a realm of social space where mediation between individual private interests in civil society and the authority and power of the state occurred. People, especially middle class, gather to discuss societal issues and public affairs, or to influence political action and social change. Participation is socially inclusive and ideas can be debated and contested. Were libraries in British colonies “bourgeois” institutions and were they numerous enough to form an extensive ‘public sphere’ before Confederation?

3. “Reading Revolution”—a process begun in the late 18th century leading to increase in the number of books read by individuals. Instead of intensive reading—a limited range of books—people engaged in extensive reading—expanding their range of interests. Did the expansion of voluntary subscription libraries help to create more new readers or enable people who were already reading to read more?


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