Private Agricultural R&D in Pakistan:Preliminary Findings

Anwar naseem

2

Private R&D Expenditures South Asia

Measures Pakistan India Bangladesh

Private R&D (In 2008 Mill US$)

8.9 251 10-20

Private R&D as % of Ag GDP

0.12 0.07-0.13

# of scientists ? 2190 119Ag GDP (In 2008 Bill US$)

90 218 15

Agricultural R&D in PakistanSectors Pray 19871 Ahmad 19872 Ahmad &

Nagy 19993 ASTI 20074 This Survey

Seeds 182 (3)

294 (4)

568 (28)

1300 (13)

Corrected: 2000

Pesticides 387 (5)

577 (8)

916 (15)

1000

Machinery -- 476 (35)

658 to 2200 (2)

Best guess: 1,429

Fertilizer -- 294 (4)

592 (5)

4000 (3)

Livestock -- 816 (11)

Tobacco 300 (3)

280 (2)

Sugar 234 (2)

1912 (61)

497

TOTAL 803 (9)

1465 (19)

5560 (157)

11000

(13)

8926 Number in parenthesis represents sample size.

1In US$1,000, for year 19852In US$1,000. for year 1987. (exchange rate of 17 Rs/$) 3In US$1,000 for year 1998 (exchange rate of 45 Rs/$)4In 2000 constant 1,000 US $ based on a survey of firms in 2003. The ASTI survey did not provide investments by the listed sub-sectors.

Size of the Seed Market in Pakistan$ million

Crops 2000-011 2006-072 2008-092

Wheat (OPV)

159 266.5 378.7

Rice 15.6 13.8 23.43

Maize 4.5 10.5 35.64

Cotton 25.2 29.8 37.2 Sunflower - 19.9 1.6 Vegetables - 11.5 13.2 Potato 73.7 194.1 136.5 Total 278.0 643.8 845.0

Source: 1 Calculated from the estimates given by Ali and Ali (2004); the total value did not include sales of sunflower and vegetables as they were not available; 2 Hussain (2011); Notes: 3 Of the total value of US$23 million, the hybrids seeds constitute around US$15 million; 4 Hybrids constitute US$29 million of the total.

Seed R&D investment in Pakistan Private firms

2009

Sales R&D TOTAL (Million Pak Rs.) 2195.7 103.9 Number of firms 15.0 13.0 Sales , R&D Mean 146.4 8.0 RDI% Mean 5.5 RDI % 4.7

Seed supply sourcesFour different actors:

• 4 provincial seed corporations or public sector enterprises; • 720 registered domestic (national) seed firms; • 5 multinational seed companies (MNCs) and • informal (local) or farmer seed systems

Of the total seeds supplied through various sources during 2008-09:

- private sector - 12.6% - public sector organizations - 4.3%, - unorganized, local or farmer-based - 66% - Private firms are active in the provision of seeds of rice (65%); maize (5.4%),

cotton (42%) and more than 25% of vegetables- Seed imports (2%) important in crops such as maize, vegetables and sunflower

Innovations in the seed sector Number of crop varieties released by public vs. private sector

since 1947 to 2011

Crop/Seed 1947-2002 2002-2005 2005-2011

Public Private Public Private Public Private Wheat 78 0 15 0 25 0 Cotton 61 0 8 3 18 6 Rice 29 0 1 3 4 0 Maize 18 2 0 0 2 0 Barley 11 0 0 0 0 0 Sugarcane 22 0 7 1 5 0 Oilseeds 38 5 7 0 4 0 Pulses 41 0 10 0 15 0 Fodders 11 1 15 0 3 1 Vegetables 32 0 14 0 8 0 Total 345 8 103 7 51 7

Yields of major crops in Pakistan

90-91

91-92

92-93

93-94

94-95

95-96

96-97

97-98

98-99

99-00

00-01

01-02

02-03

03-04

04-05

05-06

06-07

07-08

08-09

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

Wheat Rice Maize CottonYears

Yiel

d (k

g/ha

)

Cotton R&D and cultivars in Pakistan • Pakistan is the fourth largest cotton producer in the world after China,

India and USA, significant source of its foreign exchange• Bt cotton varieties officially approved in 2010- but illegally since 2002• The federal research institute National Institute for Biotechnology and

Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) first developed a Bt variety in 2004 using MON 531 event.

• Pakistan Agricultural Research Center survey (2008) indicated about 39 varieties of Bt cotton available in the market in 2007

• An estimated 2.4 mill ha area under Bt cotton (both approved &unapproved varieties) i.e., 2.4 million Ha 75 % of the total cotton area –kharif 2010 (ISAAA, 2010)

• The private Bt cultivars supply >90 % of the Bt cotton seeds (12,298 t in 2011)(Personal communication with FSC&RD, Islamabad).

• Of the 9 official cultivars released, private sector Bt varieties (6 of them) dominate both the market sales and area covered (65 %)

Cotton: Bt cotton approvals and cultivars in Pakistan Year Bt cotton event source Sub-licensing(Firm) Varieties/Hybrid released 2002-03 MON-531 Cry 1Ac Neelum seeds Bt-121 variety introduced

“illegally” 2004-05 MON-531 Cry 1Ac Auriga seeds ‘White gold’ variety

introduced ‘illegally” March 2009 MON-531 Cry 1Ac Monsanto and Guard Government allowed

imports of Bt cultivars from India

2010 MON-531 Cry 1Ac Neelum seeds Neelum 121 variety 2010 MON-531 Cry 1Ac Ali Akbar Sons i) Ali Akbar-703 variety

ii) Ali Akbar-802 variety 2010 MON-531 Cry 1Ac Nawab Gurmani

Foundation, Kot Addu MG-6 variety

2010 MON-531 Cry 1Ac Sitara Seeds - Agri Farm Services Pvt Ltd(Aziz

group)

Sitara-008 variety

2010 GFM- fusion Cry 1Ac and Cry 1Ab

Guard Agricultural Research and Services

Ltd(Guard)

GM-2085 hybrid

2010-11 GFM-(Cry 1AC +Cry IAb) CAAS –

BTCC(Biocentury Transgene(China)

Company Ltd) and Silver land- CAAS Fusion gene

Guard, Auriga,Sitara, 4 B group

Research in progress – field testing and trials

Maize production in Pakistan

Maize production in Pakistan has nearly doubled in the past decade from 1.6 Mt in 2000 to 3.3 Mt by 2009.

This is largely due to increases in yields from MVs and the introduction of spring maize – resulted an increase of 20-25 % in acreage annually

Hybrids, for example, accounted for 60% of total production though occupied only 25% of total area

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

Yield

Yield

Years

Tons

/ha

Maize seed industry in Pakistan

Organizations Quantity (t) and % in total seed supplied

Public sector 8 (0%) National seed firms

523(5%)

MNCs ICI 244(2%)

Monsanto 3449(34%) Pioneer 5504(54%)

Syngenta 495(5%) Total 10276

Hybrid rice

• Rice, an important food and cash crop, is the third largest crop of Pakistan after wheat and cotton.

• Planted on an area of 2.8 million hectares (11% of the total cropped area), producing 6.8 Mt, accounts for 17% of the total cereals (MINFAL statistics, 2009).

• Recently area under hybrid rice increased due to increased yield potential – 15 to 20% than existing commercial varieties especially in the coarse rice sector.

• The area under hybrid rice production in Pakistan has increased from 971 acres in 2002, when it was first introduced, to 17,714 acres in 2005 and to 50,428 acres in 2006-07 (Bokahri, 2010)

• Most of the hybrid rice cultivars that are grown in Pakistan are imported from China. Nearly 2500 t of rice hybrid seeds was imported during the year 2009-10 (valued at Rs. 600 million).

Hybrid Rice Research in Pakistan

Firms

Number of

Hybrids Name of the

Hybrids Source of Technology Pioneer-Dupont

2 PHB 71 Own/imported

Bayer Crop Science

1

Arize 403 Own/imported Emkay Seeds

2 Emkay1, Emkay2 Own research

4B group 1 Shahanshah Own research (Chinese lines) Auriga seeds

1 Pukhraj Own research (Chinese lines)

Guard seeds

2 Guard 402 Guard 403 Own research (Chinese lines)

Dagha seeds

1 Dagha-1 Own research (Chinese lines)

Rachna seeds

3 Fengyou 293 & 2 hybrids Imports from China

Allahdin group

1

Imports from China

Aziz group (Sitara)

1

Imports from China