Priority!The Dating of

Scientific Namesin Ornithology

A

Directory to the Literature and its Reviewers

Compiled and edited by

Edward C. Dickinson, Leslie K. Overstreet, Robert J. Dowsett

and Murray D. Bruce

In memory of

Charles Davies Sherborn (1861 - 1942)

and

Charles Wallace Richmond (1868 - 1932)

Contents

Abstract 5

Introduction 7

� Contributors and acknowledgements 10

� Abbreviations and acronyms 13

� List of illustrations 14

Chapter 1 Implications of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature 15 and some comments on these (ECD)

Chapter 2 Our approach (LO and ECD)

� Introduction 25

� Printing and publishing: historical and technical background 25

� General notes on dates 37

� References available for consultation

A Resource types: how this section is organised 43

B Resources described, with examples

� Introduction 44

� The original work 45

� Primary resources 50

� Secondary resources 52

Chapter 3 Books (arranged alphabetically by author) (all compilers) 69

Chapter 4 Periodicals (alphabetically by name of periodical) (all compilers) 165

References 255

Glossary 285

Appendices 299

Indexes 303

� Books 303

� Periodicals 307

� Generic Names 313

� Species-Group names 313

� General 317

Tables see index on CD-ROM

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Subject Page number

1 First state of p. 558 from the 1887 Proc. Zool. Soc., London 36

2 Second state of p. 558 from the 1887 Proc. Zool. Soc., London 36

3 Conspectus Generum Avium direction line details 39

4 A dated plate from Jardine's Contributions to Ornithology for 1849 40

5 Colophon from Tori 41

6 Binding Instructions from von Heuglin's work 48

7 A page from the Bibliographie de la France 56

8 The Smithsonian Institution International Exchange programme 65

9 A research slip from Sherborn in a volume in the BM(NH) library 66

10 Brill's note in the Conspectus Generum Avium vol. 2 76

11 Latham's Supplement II. First Edition 1801. Title page 115

12 Latham's Supplement II. Another Edition 1802. Title page 115

13 Radde's Ornis Caucasicus: the rare Russian edition. Cover page 132

14 Radde's Ornis Caucasicus: date of censor's approval 132

15 Temminck & Laugier's Planches Coloriées : wrapper livr. 13 front 155

16 Temminck & Laugier's Planches Coloriées : wrapper livr. 13 back 155

17 The 1926 preprint of Gyldenstolpe's “1927” type catalogue 180

18 The Auk: evidence of early distribution of author's copies 182

19 Sherborn's tabulation of the Bijdragen following Jentink 184

20 Férussac's note regarding the 1831 commercial crisis 188

21 Bulletin of the U.S. National Museum. No. 4. Primary title page 192

22 Bulletin of the U.S. National Museum. No. 4. Second title page 192

23 A Limosa masthead correcting the date from 1949 to 1950 212

24 Guérin-Méneville's notice regarding the delayed 1837 Mag. de Zool. 214

25 Öfversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar: dates 227

26 Dated advertisements in the Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia 232

27 Numbered sheets supplied to the Smithsonian Institution 238

28 The Revue Zoologique publishing policy revealed in 1842 243

��

15

CHAPTER 1

Implications of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature

and some comments on theseWe should like to thank the Secretariat of the International Commission on Zoological

Nomenclature (hereafter the ICZN when in the text, but I.C.Z.N. as a cited authority) for permissionto quote the Code (I.C.Z.N., 1999) but readers should be clear that all comments upon the wordingare ours and have no seal of approval from the Secretariat or individual members of its staff, or anyof its Commissioners. Quotations from the Code, from here on, are in quotation marks and alsoprinted in a type fount that is clearly different.

Article 3 Starting point“The date 1 January 1758 is arbitrarily fixed in this Code as thedate of the starting point of zoological nomenclature”.

Two subsidiary articles follow. The first fixes the dates of two publications, the one whichconcerns ornithology being Linnaeus’s Systema Naturae, 10th edition; both are fixed as 1�ᵗ January1758, but the second work by Clerck on spiders is assigned priority. The second of these restricts theapplication of previous information so that names prior to 1758 are excluded.

The earliest developments in the direction of a Code focused on the 12th Edition of the SystemaNaturæ of Linnaeus (1766) (Bock, 1994; Melville, 1995; Bruce, 2003; Walters, 2003). Readers willprobably be aware that the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum (1874-1898) was compiledtaking 1766 as the starting date, not starting with the 10th edition of Linnaeus (1758). Names usedin 1758 were not always repeated in Linnaeus (1766); there were substitutions and cases where aname used in 1758 was used for something else in 1766 (see Sherborn, 1899a: vi-vii). The Catalogue,as we may later refer to this, will thus sometimes be found to be using a name that was supplantedwhen the 10th edition was eventually accepted at the end of the 19th century. In Britain this acceptancedid not come until after the Catalogue was completed. Naturally this also means that a good few veryearly names from other early authors are missing from the extensive and valuable synonymies inthe Catalogue.

Article 9 What does not constitute published workIn Article 8, which is extensive and should be read, the Code sets out what constitutes published

work. Article 9 provides a list of nine categories of works that do not qualify. These, abbreviated here,are: facsimile reproductions of handwriting after 1930, photographs, proof sheets, microfilms, acousticrecords, specimen labels, copies of unpublished work, text or illustrations distributed electronicallyand abstracts (and posters and lecture texts).

The mention of proof sheets is interesting. This italicised term is one of a number we use herethat are taken from the wording of the Code. There is no definition of proof sheets in the Code’sGlossary, which is an integral part of it, and, although the term will widely be accepted asself-explanatory, the lack of a definition is felt when a distinction has to be made between proofs (orproof sheets) and a limited “publication” through distribution of “advance sheets“ which may seemto be proofs but might be a partial and unofficial early release of some part of a book – but not adistinct separate part within the context of a book intended for release in planned parts, livraisons orlieferungen. Such planned part-works were common for much of the 19th century. We would behappier if the Code dealt specifically with advance sheets (and with “part-works”) since the terms

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preprint and separate do not relate to advance sheets and such sheets need distinction frompart-works by definition. Each case of advance sheet distribution may only have reached selectedfellow zoologists but this is, arguably, still publication (and we accept it as such in the interests ofstability). Separates that seem to have been distributed early are, after 1999, disqualified in the sensethat they cannot advance the date of publication as a preprint, endowed with “its own date ofpublication” can.

The mention of microfilms, which we take to include microfiches, does not reduce the evidentialvalue of such compilations as the “Richmond Index” (Richmond, 1992), but does imply that hadRichmond coined a new name within his cards, by adding a modest descriptive comment, thepublication of the microfiche would not validate that.

The inclusion of electronically distributed material carries an explicit mention of the WorldWide Web. Nowadays we see a number of periodicals choosing to publish their papers, or abstractsof them, on-line almost always in advance of the printed edition if there is one. Currently, the officialposition is that nomenclatural acts in these papers cannot be dated from their appearance on the web,but only from the printed work when that appears. This is at least partially due to concerns thatweb-published material will become untraceable, but also that there could be changes between whatis said in an electronic original and what is said in the printed work (and as unedited manuscripts

“set in type” by the publishers are now often distributed this is a very real concern). The subject isunder review by the ICZN and the debate they have led has moved on to the proposal of arequirement of prior registration, in ZooBank, of new zoological names being introducedelectronically. As proposed, this would be a condition for acceptance of priority from the date ofelectronic appearance (Polaszek et al., 2005, I.C.Z.N., 2008; see the ICZN web-site for more references).This change, when approved, may have attached to it a requirement that the printed work mustappear within a set timeframe or for the formal deposition of a “copy of record” which can be printedout for storage or held as a PDF.

In the context of abstracts the full text makes clear that the exclusion applies “when issuedprimarily to participants at meetings etc.” The wording would seem to disqualify abstracts publishedbefore ornithological congresses, but not the full papers in the “proceedings” of the same, nor inwork then included in abstract form only. We are aware of a new drepanid name Hemignathus munroiPratt, 1979, published in Dissertation Abstracts, 40: 1581, which is accepted by A.O.U. (1998: 675) andappears to be generally accepted.

Theses are not among the nine listed concerns. However those that are published – and thecriteria to be met here are set out in Art. 8 – are not always considered, by the local academic orpublishing community, to be validly published because of the extent to which some such publicationslack official standing. The variation in acceptance seems to be a matter of local custom, perhaps dueto differing interpretations of the Code, or different degrees of compliance with it (Evenhuis, 1997).The question here is beyond the scope of a work on dating but Kullander (19.04.2010) in a postingon the “iczn-list”, who stated that Swedish dissertations were always validly published, argued thatthe date of printing did not demonstrate publication on that date and that circulation was usuallyonly weeks before the defence of the thesis, and suggested that the publication date to be preferredwas that of the thesis defence. When unpublished, a thesis does not meet the criteria of Article 8 andis not a valid vehicle for the introduction of a new name.

Newspapers are not excluded. There was some fairly heated debate about this in the mid 20ᵗ�century and this reverberates to-day: see I.C.Z.N., 2011 (Opinion 2270 – where one Commissionersignalled a continuing objection). Descriptions of new birds are known from newspapers in Australia,Germany, South Africa and the United Kingdom between 1822 (the Kentucky Gazette, U.S.A.) and1910 (the Daily Mail, U.K./Eire) and such names are accepted, even from a title such as American

17

Exchange and Mart (Maynard, 1887). Publication of a new name in a newspaper today would be seenas frivolous, but in the 19th century some newspapers were central to scientific exchanges of view!Also, of course there have been newspaper correspondents who have reported on society meetingsin periodicals like The Athenaeum where validity and precedence have been discussed by Bruce &McAllan (1990) and eventually I.C.Z.N. (2003).

Disclaimed work: this is not referred to in Art. 9, but Art. 8.3 makes the point that disclaimednames or acts are not available. The term “Disclaimer” is explained in the Code’s Glossary. Adisclaimer must be part of the original publication. A name published with a description but thenvisibly replaced, as evidenced for example by a publishers insert, is not precisely disclaimed, it israther replaced for the name introduced in the original leaf (the cancellandum) was validly introduced;however the replacement leaf (the cancellans) will sometimes explain that the original name waspreoccupied or is otherwise unavailable.

Several cases are addressed in the following chapters: as regards books see Gould’s Monographof the Ramphastidae (1833-35) (p. 95), the discussion of his Birds of Australia, and adjacent islands (p. 97),Richardson & Gray’s The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Erebus & Terror (p. 137) and Swann’s SynopticalList of the Accipitres (1919-20) (p. 151). As regards periodicals see Jardine’s Contributions to Ornithology(p. 203).

An author’s later repudiation of a name is usually a revised taxonomic judgement and not anomenclatural act.

Article 21 Determination of dateEight articles are included under this heading. The precise text of these is key to the use of this

book; these are:

“21.1. Date to be adopted. Except as provided in Article 3,the date to be adopted as the date of publication and ofa contained name or nomenclatural act is to bedetermined in accordance with the following provisions.

21.2. Date specified. The date of publication specified in awork is to be adopted as correct in the absence ofevidence to the contrary. [French text includes: “enl’absence de preuve du contraire”].

21.3. Date incompletely specified. If the day of publicationis not specified in a work, the earliest day on which the workis demonstrated to be in existence as a published work is tobe adopted as the date of publication, but in the absenceof such evidence the date to be adopted is:

21.3.1. the last day of the month, when month and year,but not day, are specified or demonstrated, or

21.3.2. the last day of the year when only the year isspecified or demonstrated

21.4. Date incorrect. If the date of publication specified ina work is found to be incorrect, the earliest day on whichthe work is demonstrated to be in existence as a publishedwork is to be adopted. In the absence of evidence as today, the provisions of Article 21.3 apply.

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21.5. Dates of works issued in parts. If parts of a work werepublished on different days, the date of publication of eachpart is to be separately determined.

21.6. Range of dates. If the date of publication specified ina work is a range of dates, the work is to be dated from thefinal day or the range; however, if evidence demonstratesthat the date so determined is incorrect or that the workwas issued in parts, the date or dates of publication are tobe determined according to the relevant provisions ofArticles 21.3-21.5.

21.7. Date not specified. If the date of publication is notspecified in a work, the earliest day on which the work, or apart of it, is demonstrated to be in existence as a publishedwork is to be adopted as the date of publication of the workor of that part. In the absence of evidence as to the day,the provisions of Article 21.3 apply.

21.8. Advance distribution of separates and preprints. Before2000, an author who distributed separates in advance ofthe specified date of publication of the work in which thematerial is published thereby advanced the date ofpublication. The advance of issue of separates after 1999does not do so, whereas preprints, clearly imprinted withtheir own date of publication, may be printed works fromthe date of their issue (see Glossary: “separate”, “preprint”).”

There follow six recommendations, some directed at publishers and periodical editors, andsome at the author. The last of these six recommends that an author of a name or other nomenclaturalact should publish a correction of the date of publication if the specified date is incorrect or incomplete.Such a publication qualifies under Art. 21.4. However if the publication is in a periodical and onlyone of the authors of names proposed in the same issue of that periodical publishes a correction (acase we have noted in the context of the Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club, 38, issue ccxxixdated Dec. 19, 1917) (see p. 190) then conflicting information presents a problem. We believe that inthe context of periodicals a “corrected date” should be accepted only when published, within a limitedtime, by the periodical concerned, whether explained by the editor or submitted by one of the authors.

The above articles are not without problems of interpretation. For example, does thedemonstration that a date is incorrect require “proof” that it is incorrect or just evidence that thereis a probability that it is incorrect? The English Code seems vague, but the use of ‘preuve’ in the FrenchCode does not really help. There is also a difficulty, mentioned earlier, flowing from limitedpublication when proofs or advance sheets, usually of one or more gatherings (sometimes calledsignatures) of a work, were distributed to a handful of fellow zoologists – see the entries that followon Bonaparte’s Conspectus Generum Avium, vol. 2 (pp. 75-77) and on Museum Heineanum vol. 1 byCabanis (pp. 80-83). The 1999 Code makes the presence or absence of “its own date of publication”a definitive distinction between a preprint, and a separate, which would not have such a date. TheCode’s definition of separate brings together the “offprint” with the “reprint”, and one is left withdictionary definitions of these (see also our Glossary): a reprint being created later than the originalprinting and an offprint at essentially the same time and from the same set type. Modified pagesnumbers, with the article pagination changed to begin at page one, should be expected to be reprints,but in some periodicals page numbers of both natures were included in the journal itself and in theauthorised separates (which if they had their own date of publication would be preprints).

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CHAPTER 2

Our approachINTRODUCTION

When new but conflicting names for a taxon are published close together in time, whether by thesame or different authors, priority must be assigned to the earlier one. It may seem a straightforwardmatter to determine which one was published first: virtually all books and periodicals have a dateprinted on the title page or issue cover. Unfortunately, these dates may be inadequately specific,unreliable, or actually incorrect. As a simple example, anyone who has subscribed to a periodicalwill have had the experience of receiving an issue months after its printed date. This and relatedsituations have occurred regularly over the centuries of scientific publication and have given rise tonumerous confusions, and the dates of many scientific names are even now subject to some degreeof doubt. This chapter will provide the historical and technical background of the printing processand the conceptual principles underlying our discussions of research on dates of publication, so thatothers may review the information in the main sections of this book and make decisions regardingthe potential need to correct a date. We do not address the question of prevailing usage (see Glossaryp. 121 in I.C.Z.N., 1999) or other questions peripheral to the determination of dates of publication.

PRINTING AND PUBLICATION: HISTORICAL AND TECHNICAL BACKGROUND

Words in bold type in this chapter are given definitions in our Glossary but may be more fullydescribed here in context.

Publication – the printing and distribution of multiple copies of a text or illustration – is a prerequisitefor establishing the availability of a new scientific name. The processes by which books andperiodicals were printed, distributed, sold, and bound over the past two and a half centuries sinceLinnaeus’s binomial system, which became the established basis for modern nomenclature, have adirect bearing on dating publications from that period. Both the physical books and periodicalsthemselves and archival documentation may provide evidence for resolving questions about dates.However, deciphering such information is not always easy.

From Gutenberg’s invention of movable type around 1450 until the early 1800s (the hand-pressperiod) books were made by hand. Even after the introduction of mechanization for each of thecomponent parts of book production from the mid-1700s through the late 1800s, many of the methodsand customs of the hand-press period continued to be practiced. To varying degrees, whetherhand-made or mechanized, each of the elements making up the physical volume or piece – paper,type, ink, sewing, binding – contains indications of its manufacture and use that may provide cluesto dating old works.

Note: We cannot emphasize too strongly that the following description of the book-making process is a general overview and that there are known (and, surely, some so-farunknown) exceptions, whether geographical, chronological, or individual, to everyelement or component discussed. Researchers attempting to analyze any specificpublication are advised to investigate further the individual circumstances of the workbefore drawing definitive conclusions. The bibliography in Gaskell (1972) provides anexcellent starting point for this.

Paper

Introduced into Europe in the 13th century as an alternative to vellum and parchment (animal skins),paper was made of cotton and/or linen rags that were washed, bleached by the sun, allowed to rot

26

briefly, and then beaten with mallets in a vat of water until the fibres separated and formed a generalslurry or pulp. Dipping a flat, wood-framed sieve (called a “mould”) into the vat of pulp, lifting itout with a thin layer of pulp settled on top of the wire mesh, and giving it a quick shake to set thefibres in a mat produced a sheet of paper. Dried, sized, and pressed, the sheet was ready to use.Hand-made paper is called “laid” paper, and it continues to be made for special purposes to thepresent day.

Different rags, bleaching, and fermenting customs produced differently coloured and textured sheets;these might be made for different purposes or distinctive to different countries, mills, or time periods,or simply the result of specific conditions at any given place and time.

There were no industry‑wide conventions regarding paper content or quality until the 17ᵗ� century,although certain mills became known for the quality of  their paper as early as the 16ᵗ�. Similarly,there was little if any commonality in paper sizes or nomenclature, and each mill made and used itsown moulds to produce sheets in whatever variable sizes its particular market required. By the 18thcentury, however, quality and size were increasingly standardized, at least within each country,whether by custom, the industry’s guilds, or national regulations.

A mechanical method of extruding the pulp onto a continuous web was developed by James Whatmanin 1755 and in the 1800s was gradually adopted more widely, producing what is called “wove” paper.

The mechanization of the process roughly coincided with attempts in the final years of the 18thcentury to expand the production of paper by developing a more plentiful source of raw material;after a variety of experiments the search eventually settled on wood pulp, which to be renderedusable required extensive treatment and the addition of various chemicals, all of which made it muchmore acidic and brittle than cotton-rag paper. Wove paper often has a characteristically differentfinish to the surface of the sheet than laid paper.

Under normal circumstances the number of pages in a publication and the number of copies desiredwould be calculated in advance and the requisite amount of paper purchased, so that the entire workwould be on the same stock. Paper has a feel and a look, so visual and tactile evidence, not to mentionmore technical analyses, can often suggest the use of different stocks for works published in partsover time, for example, or the later addition or substitution of leaves within the text-block.

Such clues must be supported by more concrete evidence of the paper’s production, which cansometimes be supplied by a study of the interior of the paper, i.e., the evidence of wire patterns andwatermarks from the mould or web upon which the sheet was made.

Since the pulp for laid paper settled more thinly where it lay over the wires of the sieve than elsewhere,the paper sheet shows the wire pattern when held to the light. The main vertical wires producedchain lines; the thinner horizontal wires produced wire lines. Additional wires outlining a figureor letters were attached to the sieve wires, almost always in the middle of the right half of the mould,to produce the watermark. Initially the individualized trade-marks or devices of specific mills orpaper-makers, watermarks evolved during the 18th century into more generalized symbols indicatingthe quality and size of the sheet; as a result paper-makers began adding their initials or device as aseparate countermark on the opposite half of the mould.

Watermarks, primarily from the hand-press period, can sometimes be roughly dated and placed byreference to published studies in this field (e.g. Briquet, 1907; see also our Appendices, p. 299).

It is worth noting that watermarks and “chain lines” may appear in machine-made, or wove, paperif the paper-maker troubled to attach such figures to the web or belt, but rarely if ever did one attemptto reproduce wire lines.

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To begin, then: in general the printing of a book commenced with the text proper, set from the author’smanuscript.

The size of the sheet of paper, normally fairly large but limited by a man’s arm span (and distinct toeach maker), combined with the desired size of the printed page determined the format in which thesheet was to be printed, folded, and sewn. Almost invariably, the sheet would be printed with severalpages of text on each side and then would be folded to form a multi-leaved gathering, also sometimescalled a quire. A leaf of a book has two pages, one on the front (the recto) and one on the back (theverso).

Depending on how the sheet was folded, the watermark and chain lines will appear in differentpositions on the pages. Their position, in combination with the direction of the chain lines, constitutesthe surest way of determining a book’s printing format. In their simplest forms:

q broadsheet keeps the sheet as a single leaf and is usually printed on one side only; thewatermark will appear in the middle of either half of the sheet, and the chain lines will beparallel to the shorter sides;

q folio (abbreviated as “f°” or “2°”) is printed with 2 pages on each side of the sheet, with thesheet folded once down the middle, forming 2 leaves (4 pages total); the watermark willappear in the middle of one of the leaves, with the chain lines parallel to the longer sides;

q quarto (“4to” or “4°”) is printed with 4 pages per side, folded twice, forming 4 leaves, 8pages; the watermark may be visible in the middle of the inner margin (the gutter), with thechain lines running parallel to the shorter sides;

q octavo (“8vo” or “8°”) is printed with 8 pages per side, folded three times, forming 8 leaves,16 pages; the watermark may be visible in the upper or lower corner of the inner margin (thegutter), with the chain lines parallel to the longer sides;

q duodecimo (“12mo” or “12°”) is printed with 12 pages per side, folded various ways, forming12 leaves, 24 pp.; and so on. Given the various ways in which duodecimos and smaller formats(sextodecimo or “16mo”, octodecimo or “18mo”, etc.) may be imposed and printed, thewatermark may appear in different places and the chain lines may run in either direction.

More complicated formats are produced by quiring (stacking several sheets together for folding intoa single gathering), half-sheet imposition (cutting the sheets in half before printing them, which – itshould be noted – reverses the chain line orientations described above), and other technical variationsin the printing process.

Since a gathering can thus be made up of more (or less) than one sheet, in reality the number of leavesin a gathering is not always indicative of the printing format and must be analyzed in combinationwith the location of the watermark and the chain lines within the paper. For a thorough discussionof formats and helpful illustrations of the various positions of chain lines, watermarks, andcountermarks see Gaskell (1972: 88-105, incl. figs. 46-63).

Using larger and smaller sheets and re-positioning the pages of type in the forme, the sametype-setting might in rare instances be used to produce issues of a work in more than one format –a folio issue and a cheaper quarto issue, for example. Without some kind of documentation of theprocess, it may be very difficult to determine the production sequence with certainty, but in generalthe more expensive version would be produced first (in this example, the folio), when the type wascleanest and sharpest, and so signs of progressive damage to the type may be indicative of later use.

In any format, the leaves in the first half of each gathering carried a signature at the bottom of therecto page (on octavo sheets, for example: A, A2, A3, A4 for the first gathering; B, B2, B3, B4 for thesecond, and so on) to show the binder how to fold the sheet with the pages in the correct order and

30

how to organize the gatherings in their correct sequence. In the hand-press period, the signaturemarks were the letters of the alphabet as in the example just given; but it should be noted that inthose days I and J were considered merely different forms of the same letter, as were U and V, whileW was literally two U/Vs, so that the alphabet used in signature marks had only 23 letters. If theprinted text was longer than 23 gatherings, a second alphabet was used (either Aa, Bb, etc., or 2A,2B, etc.), and similarly for a third, and then a fourth, or however many were needed. In the 19thcentury signature marks often consisted of numbers instead and could continue indefinitely in astraight numerical sequence. In either system, the first signature mark (A or 1) was usually reservedfor the preliminary matter - or “prelims” - (and sometimes omitted), so that the text proper startedwith B (or 2); but when additional gatherings were needed due to an unexpectedly lengthy preface,for example, other typographic marks were used – asterisks or reversed parentheses, for example.The sequence of these gatherings is called the collation and is expressed through a concise notationsystem in a collation formula.

Also in the direction line, whether on the recto or verso of the leaf, especially in the 19th century, acompositor or press number may sometimes be found (when the work was distributed among morethan one type-setter and press) or a date (generally, it must be assumed, specifying the date oftype-setting or of intended printing). These were both for use in the print shop to calculate wagesfor piece-work and other practical, business matters. See also “date de dépôt légal” (p. 40).

When multi-volume works were being printed, especially if done simultaneously on several presses,or for a multi-part work, the direction line might include a volume or part number to clarify for thebinder which sets of pages belonged together.

The various elements of a completed text-block could include, in sequence:

q The half-title page on which is printed a short form of the title. This evolved from thebookseller’s need to protect an assembled text while it was waiting for a buyer (who wouldthen select a binding for it); either the printer would leave blank the front leaf of thepreliminary gathering, or the bookseller would wrap another sheet of paper around theprinted text-block. The need to identify the work so wrapped led to the addition of anabbreviated title on this leaf/sheet.

q The title page shows the author, the title, and usually the place, the agent underwriting thecosts (whether the author, a printer, or, later, a publisher), and the date of printing. These lastthree elements (place, agent, date) are collectively called the imprint. European place namesthat appear in Latin or Latinized form can be determined from Peddie (1932). There is oftenalso a printer’s device, a design or image specific to a printer or publishers, similar to amodern logo. The colophon in the first printed books, as in earlier manuscripts, provided atthe very end of the text pages the information about the book that from about 1500 onwardwas placed on a title page; when used in the 19th and 20th centuries, it generally held technicalinformation such as the name of the printer, distinct from the publisher in the imprint, or forfine-press books the type face and paper stock, or conversely the fact of stereotyping. Whetheron the verso of the half-title, the title page or its verso, or a following page, the permission,or imprimatur, indicates that an official body controlling what could be printed has approvedthe book for publication. This printed authorization is sometimes dated. In modern times thetitle-page verso is the place for the copyright statement, with its date, reflecting formalregistration of the work with an official body. Similarly, various countries require a statementof legal deposit with a date (the French “dépôt légal, 1��ᵉ trimestre 1966,” for example – usuallyfound at the end of the publication).

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q The preliminary matter, or prelims, might include a dedication, a list of subscribers, a preface,a table of contents, a list of plates, and other material. They varied greatly; dedications andprefaces were quite common from the 16th century forward, but tables of contents were notuntil the 19th century.

q The text proper, usually on Arabic-numbered pages.

q Sometimes after the title page, but more often at the very end of the book, a page of errata(errors) or corrigenda (corrections) lists typographical corrections to the text.

q There may also be a page of instructions to the binder for placing the plates, although thiswas usually removed by the binder.

q The index, if any, appears here (like the table of contents, a late-arriving feature in books).The French have a tendency to put the table of contents at the end of the book, right beforeor in place of the index.

The preliminary material and the title page were normally printed last and were usually given aseparate pagination sequence, in roman numerals, so that the text pagination could begin with page1. Although the half-title and the title page were virtually never numbered or signed, they wereusually included in the calculation of both the roman-numeration and the gathering sequence forthe preliminary material, as may be inferred from both sets of numbers/letters wherever they actuallybegin.

The dates on the preface, if any, and on the title page thus generally reflect the points at which thewriting and the printing of the work, respectively, were completed; for most books the title-pagedate is an accurate indication of the date when the work was distributed or made available for sale,but antedated works are not uncommon. For works published in parts – a very common method inthe 17th-19th centuries for large, expensive, and/or illustrated works – the title-page date, normallyreflecting the end-date or the inclusive date-range of the work’s publication, will not provide theinformation needed to date the individual parts. As a further complication, it was often the practicein France for part-publications to issue the title page and some of the preliminary material with thefirst part.

Another practice involving the title page that may mislead or confuse a researcher comes from thebusiness arrangement between printers or publishing houses to issue the same work separately byusing text sheets from the same batch or printing, but with each placing their own title page(identifying themselves alone or both together in the imprint) on the work. This might be done byprinters/publishers in the same city (to share the costs of the work) or in different cities or countries(for distribution to different geographical areas).

Various by-products of the printing process sometimes prove useful in analyzing a book. For example,when the ink from the text or an illustration stains the facing page it is called off-set; when it seepsthrough the paper and is visible from the back, it is called bleed-through. The presence of off-settingin particular can indicate how sheets were stacked after printing or sequenced both before and afterbinding, indicating contemporaneous production of the pages/sheets so marked.

Once the gatherings had been put together in sequence (at any stage involving the printer, bookseller,or binder) each would be sewn through the central fold individually to a cord or spine structure tocreate the text-block. All gatherings but those in a folio format would have additional folds alongthe top and/or fore-edge of the leaves that would normally be trimmed off in the binding stage. Insome cases only the top edge of the text-block is trimmed, leaving the fore-edge deckle and/or folds.

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If the rough edge of the sheet and the gathering’s folds are not trimmed off, the book is said to beuntrimmed. If the gathering’s folds remain and are not cut open, the folds are unopened. The term

“uncut” is also seen, but is ambiguous in that it can refer to either the trimming of edges or the openingof folds, so the more specific terms are preferred.

When the folds of the gathering are not trimmed off, they provide evidence of the conjugacy of theleaves and can be helpful in determining the sheet format and the connection of un-dated pages tothose whose date may be known. Without the evidence of such folds it cannot be assumed that allof the leaves in a gathering are necessarily conjugate, since separate sheets may be quired together,but as a rule they would all have been printed and distributed at the same time.

It sometimes happened that an author would discover only after printing that a page of the textcontained an error important enough to require its replacement by a corrected page. This wouldnecessitate, at a minimum, a new printing of both sides of the leaf. In the simplest form of the processthe page/leaf to be removed (the cancellandum, or replaced leaf) would be marked with an “X” ora slash across the text, or sliced through, and the new leaf to replace it (the cancellans, or replacementleaf) would be marked with an asterisk after the page numbers (and/or an asterisk after the signaturemark, if the leaf bore one); the printer would send the gathering and the replacement leaf along withthe rest of the printed text to the sewer; the gathering would be sewn and the leaf to be removedwould be cut off leaving a stub as to which the replacement would be glued. Of course, if the errorwas not noticed until later in the process, it might require sending the replacement leaf to thebookseller holding copies of the work or to the subscribers of the part-publication with instructionsfor making the substitution. In such situations it is not surprising that the change might not alwaysbe made or made correctly – even when the replacement leaf was tipped in (glued along the inner,or gutter, margin of a leaf) the original leaf might not have been removed.

After sewing, the text-block would be bound by means of the spine cords into boards and coveredwith paper, vellum, or leather to form the finished book. Before the late 1700s this was almostinvariably at the choice and extra expense of the buyer, and for many books this continued to be thecase well into the 19th century. In the 1830s, however, for some books this kind of binding wasreplaced by a far cheaper and quicker method of casing the text-block – gluing a pre-cut cover to theend-papers – and wrapping the covers with cloth, although many books continued to be bound theold-fashioned way.

Since the binding of a book was commonly a wholly separate process from its printing and sale (i.e.its publication) until the late 18th century – and could be so well into the 19th for books that continuedto be produced in the older way – a book’s binding or covers cannot be taken as evidence of the dateof the text within its boards. This is doubly so since many older books have been re-bound, sometimesmore than once, over the course of their life. Once 19th century cloth casings became common,however, the cloth “grain” and styles of decoration may prove useful in dating or differentiatingeditions or issues of a text that retain these original covers. For more specialised information onbindings see Sadleir (1923) and Carter (1932, 1938).

Bindings can provide information about the distribution and ownership of a book, whether directlythrough such evidence as an armorial stamp on the cover or a bookplate, or indirectly by the factthat certain materials, component parts (the sewing structure itself, the head- and tail-bands, theend-papers, etc.), and decoration tools and styles were characteristic of different periods and placesthat can sometimes be identified. For example, the treatment or decoration of the edges of thetext-block (the head, fore-, and tail edges) was often distinctive: gilding, speckling, or staining invarious colours might be typically French, Dutch, or English; marbling patterns, similar to those onend-papers, can sometimes be broadly dated. Combining this information with an examination ofthe watermark may be helpful.

45

Many questions in dating the ornithological literature have been resolved, although the findings,even published findings, may not be widely known or in some cases may have been forgottenaltogether. This book attempts to refer the reader to these resources and thereby to allow rapiddetermination of whether further investigation is necessary or not.

At the same time, many known puzzles are included here, allowing us to make available whateverfragmentary evidence, or citations to it, may exist, for what that is worth. There are no doubt yetmore puzzles presently unknown to us. A renewed interest in such matters in the last 10 to 15years suggests that some remaining problems may be clarified or even resolved soon.

T�� O������� W���

The work itself

The specified date (usually an imprint date) on the original work, if not contradicted within the workand if not shown later to be incorrect, is accepted.

This assumes, of course, that the first appearance of the work has been correctly identified. In a fewcases, two or more versions – in different formats, perhaps, or issued from different cities – bear thesame date. It is often difficult to discover the facts of publication in these situations, and anexamination may reveal that the versions are made up of printed sheets from the same (orstereotyped) type-settings and thus are generally just different issues of the same edition. With regardto later impressions or printings, even from stereotype plates, it should be borne in mind that theymay not necessarily be exact duplications of the original, and the earliest printing is what must befound. In all such cases comparative examination is recommended, and citations should make clearwhich edition or issue has been determined to be the first.

There is no substitute for examining the original work itself for textual and physical evidence, and itwill frequently be helpful to examine more than one copy. For example, Latham’s Supplement II tothe General Synopsis of Birds (see p. 115) has the imprint date M.DCCC.I on the title page, but in somecopies a second “I” has been carefully added by hand to change the date to M.DCCC.II, and it wasproposed by Browning & Monroe (1991) that this date be adopted, and it began to be. But a reviewof the evidence led to an application to the Commission to decide the argument.

A volume may contain more than one dated title page. For example, Bulletin no. 4 of the United StatesNational Museum has two title pages, one dated 1875, the other 1876. See also our entry regardingShaw’s General Zoology (p. 147).

Part-publications, in particular, despite having an overall title page with a range of dates or anend-date, may also have individual title pages for the parts that provide more precise information.For example, each of the volumes of von Heuglin’s Ornithologie Nordost-Afrikas contains two parts,and each has a title page with its own date; in this case they mislead as the work appeared in multiplelieferungen (see p. 160).

If the work was issued in parts, the date and content of each part must be determined. It should benoted that the text and plates describing and depicting new taxa may not have been issued in thesame part. If the plates appeared before the text and the plate captions or any accompanying list ofplates (including the part wrapper) included the scientific name of a new taxon, that name is validfrom the date of the plate or wrapper. This is the case for some names in Ehrenberg’s Symbolae physicae(see p. 91), in Darwin’s Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle (see p. 98), and in Le Voyage de la Coquille,Zoologie (see p. 122). French examples of plates preceding the text are common, but their captionswere often limited to the vernacular names.

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With regard to part-works (or part-publications) and periodical issues, we note again that the 1961Code, and subsequent editions, urged librarians to retain the wrappers or covers. SeeRecommendation 21D (I.C.Z.N., 1999). Good zoological libraries do follow this advice.

Periodical issues may have masthead dates, headline dates, or gathering dates on the individualissues which provide more precise dating information, but they must be interpreted in their propercontext (see General Comments on Dates, above pp. 37-42).

Conversely, the title pages, table of contents, and other introductory material for a completed volumeof a periodical may contain relevant date information that did not appear on the individual issueswithin the year. Such pages are to be found in at least some volumes of Alauda, the Annuaire du MuséeZoologique de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences, St. Pétersbourg, Notes from Leyden Museum, and latervolumes of the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Occasionally such data arepublished in the next volume but are still generally accepted as reliable.

A preprint, which appears in advance of its later inclusion in a larger work, is required to bear itsown specified date of publication (I.C.Z.N., 1999: Glossary p. 113), that date is accepted as a basis foradvancing the date of publication (although in extremis it may be challenged for “proof” of itsavailability (Art. 21.8). In cases when a “preprint” was apparently created and distributed as reportedin a footnote to the work giving a date of that distribution – as for example, a footnote in issue 2 (Apr)of The Auk for 1887 mentions the despatch of copies to the author on 3 Feb – it is not obviously aCode-compliant preprint (although were these authors’ copies to carry those dates they wouldimmediately be Code-compliant). We nonetheless respect such dates as they have long been accepted.The period before publication can be long: on p. 195 we report a preprint which appeared 16 yearsbefore it was published within its volume.

Separates are another matter. This term is used for offprints and reprints, like preprints they areextracts from a journal or a larger work; they are distinguished from preprints in that they do nothave their own specified date of publication (I.C.Z.N., 1999: Glossary p. 115). But beware, separatesmay carry a date “read”, or “presented”, for example, separates of papers by Salvadori from hispublications in the Atti della R[eale]. Accademia delle Scienze di Torino have an “Adunanza” date whichrefers to when the paper was presented or read. Others may be dated in terms of the “month of themeeting” at which the paper was presented, for example, separates of papers by Lawrence publishedin the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York often have a date; this appears to be the lastof the meeting months covered by the gatherings combined to make up a given issue. Such dates aresome time before printing and can serve only as “not-before” dates (and are not accepted foradvancing the date of publication). There may be much potential information in this realm, but “proof”of the early distribution of separates is not easy to find, nor are publishers’ records always availableor informative as to distribution, and for any post 1999 distribution such “proof” is not enough.

Periodical issues, and possibly some books printed and distributed in parts, may also present thecomplication of occurring in two “states” as depicted above (p. 36). It should go without saying thatdates placed on the spine when a book or periodical is bound should not be relied upon, as this dateis generally supplied by the book’s owner, a librarian, or the binder, not by the publisher. In addition,when dealing with periodicals a “publication year” may have been the financial year of the institution,not the calendar year. The Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London is probably the best knowncase where its volume year started in one year and ended in another (see p. 239).

With monographs, dealing for example with the results of an expedition, a bound volume may includetwo or more separate works; not uncommonly, minor works are bound with a larger, differentlydated work that they complement, or simply with other works by the same author, and the boundvolume may take its binding date from only one of these. For example, the Systema Naturæ, 12th

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edition (Linnaeus, 1766), normally has the 3-page Addenda bound in after Pars 2 (1767) of the work,and the distinct date of Pars 2 and the Addenda, later than the Aves section in Pars 1, is sometimesoverlooked.

Other versions (printed facsimiles and digital scans)

Printed facsimiles and digital scans are to be applauded for making scarce texts available to a wideraudience than may be able to access the original work, but they must be used with caution and arenot always adequate for the kind of examination regarding identity, contents, and date that may benecessary to determine true and specific dates of publication. We therefore emphasize that dateresearch should be based on the work in its original printed form.

Many printed facsimiles were reproduced from a complete and even exemplary copy of the originalwork, with full bibliographical identifications and descriptions of the source copy, and areaccompanied by scholarly introductions and commentaries, but this is not always the case. Althoughthere are notable exceptions, they were seldom produced with the concerns or requirements oftaxonomists foremost. Some facsimiles may simply have used the nearest copy to hand, perhaps noteven the first edition; in other instances two or more copies may have been selectively merged. In allof these cases the facsimile’s value as a source for accurate citation is significantly compromised, ifnot destroyed. And even if it was faithfully made, if the source is not identified it can be difficult, ifnot impossible, to evaluate the usefulness and reliability of the reproduction. Some “facsimiles”,regrettably, are apparently not even an exact photographic reproduction of the original and erroneouscitations and inaccurate dating can occur when using these. The 1987 facsimile by New YorkUniversity Press of The Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle (see p. 98) included renumbered andre-sequenced plates with altered text references to them to reflect these changes.

Digital scans, increasingly available on the Web, present similar questions, although here scientificand bibliographic research is at least occasionally a driving force in setting the standards, and thereare several admirable efforts well underway to make the historical literature of the natural sciencesavailable in this medium. Even here, however, works may have been scanned from less-than-idealcopies of a work. The set of Jardine’s Contributions to Ornithology (see p. 203), scanned for GoogleBooks from the Radcliffe Science Library (Oxford University) set lacks some pages and plates, andthe collation is at variance with other copies and almost certainly with the intended collation of theparts. A scanned set of a part-publication may also lack the wrappers. The set of the BiologiaCentrali-Americana (see p. 140) originally scanned for the Biodiversity Heritage Library lacked these.But in that work only the wrappers confirm in which part each plate appeared. If a novelty namedin this work was depicted and named in the plate caption and its text followed later the prior dateof the plate determines the date of the name, but from the scanned set this cannot be discovered. Afew digital versions of scientific works to have had the text re-keyed rather than scanned from theoriginal pages, and it should be obvious that in these cases their value for bibliographical researchor citation is low.

Printed ephemera issued with the original work

Printed ephemera issued with books or periodicals were intended to be temporary, extraneous tothe work itself, and would normally be discarded when the work was bound. Such items includeprospectuses, part-wrappers, periodical issue covers, notices to the subscriber about the plan ofpublication, instructions to the binder for placing the plates and other technical matters (but seebelow for specific aspects of such instructions). As may easily be imagined, they are often invaluablefor understanding the publication sequence of a work, especially when it was produced in parts, but

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by definition they are extremely scarce. Copies of a work in which these elements survive areparticularly useful in determining dates; we urge that their owners, whether individuals orinstitutions, preserve them as they are (boxed rather than bound, if loose or in poor condition), andthat, in digitizing projects, these be preferred over other copies if their condition will allow it. Whenimprint dates were lacking, Sherborn sometimes assessed problem publications on the basis ofprospectuses or flyers in which the publishers stated the date of the first part (promised or printed)and the planned frequency of issue: see, for example, Sherborn (1895) on Shaw’s The Naturalist’sMiscellany (p. 146) and Sherborn (1898) on Temminck & Laugier’s Planches Coloriées (p. 153). Thismethodology is logical and laudable, and because information available from the early 19th centuryfrom reviews and library receipt dates is limited, it is likely to continue to sometimes prove necessary

– always with the understanding that better “proof” may come along later. Sherborn was workingbefore the Code, and the Code does not explicitly approve this methodology; thus, many such inferred,or deduced, dates are not strictly Code-compliant. But the Code generally endorses research todetermine when an undated work can first be demonstrated to be in existence, so his work, and thatmore recently undertaken by others, may be useful when no better evidence is available. It may notbe enough by itself, if a priority dispute must be resolved, but particularly for works that have nospecified date, exercises like this are to be welcomed and the results followed until firmer evidenceis forthcoming. When firm evidence is found, it should be borne in mind that changes to dates thathave long been employed may raise other problems relating to priority, sometimes in cases notimmediately recognized.

Binding instructions

Such instructions might be on a separate leaf or slip, or on a full page of a gathering (in this lattercase, usually in the preliminaries), and were normally sent out with the title page and preliminariesat the completion of the work. They may provide direct information on the content or timing of apart or simply implications from which such things can be deduced.

Fig. 6 In these instructions the “Heft” refers to apart as issued and “Bogen” means gatherings.Photo permission of the Natural History Museum,London

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Conclusions/Recommendations. A date no earlier than 1852 must be used since there is “proof”that the book was not published until sometime after 4 Aug 1852. No early date of receipt of a fullcopy has been noticed. B. [ECD]

Bonaparte, C.L. (1850). Conspectus Generum Avium. Vol. 1: [i-iv], 1-543. – E.J. Brill, Leiden,Netherlands.

Remarks on publishing details. A first part (pp. 1-272) ¹ was presented to the Academy of Sciencesin Paris on 24 Jun 1850, and may have been available earlier. This work has some gatherings datespresent. The second part, widely accepted as pp. 273-543, was presented to the same body on 3 Feb1851 (Richmond, 1917: 579 fn), but Hartlaub (1851) listed the full volume from 1850 with 543 pp, andZimmer (1926a: 69) reported a full review by Lafresnaye in very early 1851, which he thought showedearly distribution. Gersdorf (1851: 75) indicated that “part” two was itself issued in smaller parts anddated pp. 465-543 from 1851. Smaller and/or different sections seem to have been distributed (Zimmer,1926a: 68; van Rossem, 1946; Browning & Monroe, 1991: 382) although these may have been advancesheets circulated by Bonaparte himself (and thus not at those times available to all). Mathews (1925a:12) and Sherborn (1932: cxxxiv) both mentioned Richmond’s discovery of the fact that there weretwo printings (“the first with slightly larger type”) – this is described in Richmond (1917: 579 fn).

Reasons for considering the date problematic. The date on the last gathering (p. 537, sig. 68, dated10 Nov 1850) shows that publication of this cannot have been before mid Nov and indeed the evidencefor distribution in 1850 is not entirely conclusive, unless one accepts the information given byHartlaub. Mathews (1925a: 13) did not accept 1850, preferring to accept Richmond’s receipt dateswhile doubting the page split. Zimmer supposed that both parts appeared in 1850 and van Rossembroadly agreed (although his evidence is doubtful as the dates given for the pages of vol. 5 of theProceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia are not safe since pp. 149-155 of vol. 5 bearthe date “Feb. 1851”). There are three reasons for not accepting Hartlaub’s view, first the date ofpresentation of part 2 to the Academy in Paris, second Gersdorf’s report, and third the belief thatHartlaub may sometimes have included material not actually published quite in time, but as far aswe know this supposition has not been substantiated. Using split dates would also be complicatedby the fact that the exact page split seems to be unknown (Mathews, 1925a).

Published authorities on this case. As mentioned above Mathews (1922: 12-17) reported hisconclusion that this work appeared before the first volume of Museum Heineanum and also discussedReichenbach’s contemporary publication(s). See also Zimmer (1926a: 68-69) and Mengel (1972: 165).

Conclusions/Recommendations. The volume title page is dated 1850 and if this specified date is notto be used we need sufficient evidence to show it to be incorrect, and it is clear that a substantial part,perhaps almost all of the book was out in 1850. In our view the evidence for what appeared in 1850is inconclusive, although of course the preliminary matter (title page and dedication) were evidentlynot finalised and issued before 1851 (and very possibly not till 1857 – see Fig. 10); so we suggest thatHartlaub (1851)² should be followed as regards all the text pages (accepting that there may have beenprior distributions of these by Bonaparte). Hartlaub’s subject was quite specifically the literature forthe year 1850. B. [ECD]

Notes: (1) Each full gathering in this work is of 8 pp. Part I introduces gathering dateson p. 105 (the first page of gathering 14, dated “Jan. 1850”) and these continue to p.265 (gathering 34 dated “Mart. 1850”). What has been seen as Part II runs fromgathering 35 to 68, and from “Mart. 1850” to “10 Nov. 1850”. (2) Hartlaub’s annualreports are best confirmed from other sources if possible. Quite often it appears that

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material not sent to him soon enough was dealt with as if publication was delayedwhen possibly the delay was in receipt only. He also seems to have sometimes includedadvance copies in the year before actual publication.

Bonaparte, C.L. (“1857” = 1855-57). Conspectus Generum Avium. Vol. 2. 1-252. – E.J. Brill,Leiden, Netherlands.

Remarks on publishing details. The first volume is discussed separately (above). This, the second,appeared posthumously ¹ and the title page is dated 1857. An insert, see Fig. 10, below, dates it asnot earlier than 1 Oct 1857.

Reasons for considering the date problematic. As explained by Zimmer (1926a: 69), E.J. Brill, nowestablished Dutch academic publishers, had a notice printed and inserted in the volume after printing.

Zimmer went on to mention the dates when Cabanis announced the pages that he had received (somein Jan 1855 or earlier).² It is possible to see these distributed pages as proof sheets, but Zimmerdemonstrated that Bonaparte himself thought of these distributions as effecting publication. TheCode (Art. 9) clearly does not accept that proofs constitute published work. If the view that thesewere proofs were to be upheld then, as Zimmer remarked, some of the new names would need tobe attributed to those who used these names and described their subjects prior to 1 Oct 1857. Nooriginals of the pages that Bonaparte distributed have actually been traced, but no-one seems to havesuggested that the pages were dated with anything other than gathering dates (see our Glossary).Thus we conclude that these pages are either proof sheets or advance sheets. The Code, up to 1999,permits the early distribution of separates to advance the date of publication; it does not refer toadvance sheets and, while not formally complete and thus more like proof sheets there seems to beno basis to treat advance sheets any differently to separates and so we accept dating content of thedistributions from the dates that Cabanis reported his receipt of them.

Fig. 10 The note inserted by E.J. Brillin volume 2. Here Brill used the phrase

“ne devrait avoir lieu” [“should not havetaken place”] which seems to supportthe other evidence that parts of thiswork had already circulated. Brilladded Bonaparte’s death left him topublish what was finished. Thevolume as a whole cannot have beenpublished earlier than 1 Oct 1857.Photo permission of the NaturalHistory Museum, London.

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Horsfield, T. & F. Moore (1854). A Catalogue of the birds of the Museum of the Hon.East-India Company. I: i-vi,¹ 1-451. – Wm. H. Allen & Co., London, U.K.

Remarks on publishing details. The gatherings are of 8 pages and a signature mark appears in thecentre on the direction line. Dates which are found on certain pages, usually below the normal locationof the direction line, seem to be dates of completion of text segments but might be dates of type-setting.²

Reasons for considering the date problematic. The gathering dates might be taken to suggest thatthe work was published in parts, but no other evidence for this has been found.  Zimmer (1926a)apparently found no title page for vol. 1 and thought both volumes had a title page dated “1856-58”. Care is needed in citing names from this work because, although Moore intended to name all thenovelties in the Proceedings of the Zoological  Society of London, this volume actually appeared beforemany of his papers therein (see Dickinson, 2004c, for an evaluation of this).

Published authorities on this case. Cowan (1975), Zimmer (1926a: 307-308) and Dickinson (2004c).

Conclusions/Recommendations. The imprint date of 1854 should be used and those needing a moreexact date should use 8 Nov 1854 (Cowan, 1975). R. [ECD]

Note: (1) Pages vii-xxx – sometimes bound in volume 1 – would appear to have beenissued with vol. 2 as p. xx includes details from both volumes. (2) Pages 169 (11 Aug1853), 248 (31 Dec 1853), 313 (18 Mar 1854), 345 (19 Apr 1854), 361 (2 May 1854), 413(27 Jul 1854; end of Appendix I) and 423 (19 Aug 1854; end of Appendix II). Note thatp. 248 is the verso of a leaf.

Horsfield, T. & F. Moore (“1856-58” = 1858). A Catalogue of the birds of the Museum ofthe Hon. East-India Company. II. 453-752, i-ix. – Wm. H. Allen & Co., London, U.K.

Remarks on publishing details. Although not so indicated, the work is unfinished: several familiesof birds were not reached. The direction lines on the first pages of the gatherings have the volumenumber at the left and the signature mark in the centre but no dates. However, dates are shown inor near the direction line on other pages.¹

Reasons for considering the date problematic. As noted by Dickinson (2004) several major worksin the second half of last century dated some names, new in this volume of the Catalogue, to the year1856, based either on the idea that the imprint date “1856-58” implied the issue of parts or based onsome kind of earlier distribution. That the latter took place is evident from Blyth (1857: 195) whoreferred to portions up to 649 having been received (Mark Brown in litt., 01.05.07)² but the fact thatpage 650 was not mentioned implies that Blyth had been sent proofs to comment upon. Richmond(1992) noted evidence of the receipt of the volume by the Asiatic Society of Bengal, and the recordsof various libraries suggest that they also received the volume as a single entity.

Published authorities on this case. Zimmer (1926a: 307-308), Cowan (1975) and Dickinson (2004c).

Conclusions/Recommendations. The date of 1858 should be used and those needing a more exactdate should use 30 June 1858 (Cowan, 1975). R. [ECD]

Notes: (1) Pages 521 (18 Jan 1856), 547 (12 Feb 1856), 580 (17 Mar 1856), 606 (26 Apr1856), 633 (16 Jun 1856), 649 (5 Jul 1856), 716 (31 Jan 1857), 752 (30 Jan 1858). Note thatthree of these are on the verso of leaves. All seem to be where segments end and thesecould be dates when work on those finished or dates of type-setting. The similarity tothe contemporary Conspectus of Bonaparte (see pp. 75-77) and to the MuseumHeineanum of Cabanis (see pp. 80-83) can hardly be coincidental (2) The work beginsa new text section on p. 650 which allows us to conclude that page 650 was blank.

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Hume, A.O. (1873–1875). Nests and eggs of Indian birds: rough draft. 3 vols. – Office ofSuperintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, India.

Remarks on publishing details. Published in three “parts” with title and date on the wrappers. PartI. 1873: pp. 2 ll. (Title page; dedication), pp. 1-2 (Pref., by A. O. H.), pp. 1-236; part II. 1874: pp.237-489+1; part III. 1875: pp. 1-3 (Postscript by A. O. H., dated “31st December 1874”), pp. 491-662.

Reasons for considering the date problematic. Most copies are bound in one volume without theoriginal wrappers and without the dated title pages for parts 2 and 3. Zimmer (1926a) reviewed thework, giving pagination and detailed the years of publication. Despite this, subsequent authors havemisinterpreted the date of publication for new names that appear in the second part.¹

Published authorities on this case. Zimmer (1926a: 313) and Pittie (2009).

Recommendations: The above dates should be used for the parts. R. [APt]

Note: (1) The following new names were proposed: part I (1873): Ocyceros (p. 113);Cyanocincla (p. 226); part II (1874): Nymphæus (p. 322); Drymoipus terricolor (p. 349);Corvus pseudo-corone (p. 410); Plocëella (p. 443); Munia Jerdoni (p. 448); Pycnorhamphus(p. 469). There are no new names in part III.

Jardine, W. (1843). The natural history of the Nectariniadæ, or sunbirds. Sunbirds inNaturalists’ Library. [i-viii], ix-xv, 17-277. – Lizars, Edinburgh, U.K.

Remarks on publishing details. First published as vol. XIII of the ornithological volumes in “TheNaturalist’s Library”.¹ In a later edition of that series it became vol. V (Zimmer, 1926a: 330) and seemsto have appeared in 1864.

Reasons for considering the date problematic. Iredale (1951c: 322) wrote “The data provided bySherborn, Palmer’s Index, Engelmann’s Index, Casey Wood’s Introduction and Zimmer’s Catalogueall proved erroneous in small details (small be it noted)” and his research has not been seriouslycontradicted. Iredale (1951c: 324) provided dates that he considered should be used and, for thiswork, listed 1843. In a second list, on p. 331 entitled “Dates of issue of first printings” he providedtwo columns of dates one for the Preface date, where he gave “December 1842”, and the second fora review date, of which he had none: evidently neither column provides real publication dates andso his dates on p. 324 must be seen as considered judgements. Sheets-Pyenson (1981), writing froma sociological perspective, working from some Jardine correspondence, used the date of Dec 1842but did not detail or illustrate the exact source contradicting any of Iredale’s dates so that herinformation cannot easily be rediscovered. In the circumstances, as she, unlike Iredale, is a historianrather than a bibliographer, it seems at least possible that she had no more reliable information thanwas available to Iredale and used his “Preface date” for her publication date.

Published authorities on this case. Zimmer (1926a: 324-332) and Iredale (1951c).

Conclusions/Recommendations. Use the imprint date of 1843 as used by Iredale on p. 323. R.[ECD]

Note: (1) Zimmer (1926a: 324-326) detailed the 40 volume series: 14 of the 40 volumesare ornithological, and he wrote “As the books appeared, they were tabulated in a listprinted in the front of the volumes and given a number in the order of their appearance”and added that the final numbering in series according to the subject matter was onlyclarified when the 40 volume series was completed.

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“Knip & Temminck” (“1808-1811”). See Temminck, C.J.

Latham, J. (1801). Supplementum Indicis ornithologici sive Systematis ornithologiae.i-lxxiv. – Leigh and J. & S. Sotheby, London, U.K.

Remarks on publishing details. This volume complemented Latham’s 1790 publication Indexornithologicus, sive systema ornithologiæ; complectens avium divisionem in classes, ordines, genera, species,ipsarumque varietates: adjectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, & c. That provided descriptions usingLinnean binomial nomenclature for the material that he had published in his English language GeneralSynopsis of Birds. The latter was followed by two English language supplements, the second of which(Latham, 1801) seems have appeared at or at about the same date as this Supplementum to Indexornithologicus and this again provides scientific names for birds, this time those in his English-language supplements.

Reasons for considering the date problematic. All known copies of the original English languageSecond Supplement are dated MDCCCI (Fig. 11) but a few copies seem to be dated MDCCCII, althoughclose inspection almost always reveals the final I to have been added by hand. The specified date of1801 was almost universally accepted for the Supplementum until 1991. Since then there have beenproponents of each date. It was Browning & Monroe (1991) who suggested that 1802 should beaccepted and that this date must apply to both the second Supplement and the Supplementum.

Fig. 11 Latham’s original had the depiction of theduck on the title page coloured – note the colouredspeculum. Photo permission of the Natural HistoryMuseum, London

Fig. 12 The 1802 reprint used a modified uncolouredimage on the title page – see the all white speculum.Photo permission of the Museum für Naturkunde,Berlin

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They based this on the fact that the English Supplement refers to exact page numbers in theSupplementum arguing that that must have appeared first, and on the idea that John Latham was newas a Fellow of the Royal Society and on that account deferred publication until he could present theSociety with a copy of the work in English, which he delivered in Apr 1802. On this evidence the1802 date was accepted in the United States of America (A.O.U., 1998), in Australia (Schodde & Mason,1999) and, with reservations, by Dickinson (2003).

Subsequent investigations have shown that the date of presentation to the Royal Society in Apr 1802is correct and that the Linnean Society received its copy that month too. However, John Latham, thezoologist, was actually elected to the Royal Society in 1775 and it was a namesake, a physician fromSt. Bartholomew’s Hospital, who was elected in 1801. So it seemed improbable that a 60 year oldFellow of 26 years standing living as far away as Winchester would defer publication, and morelikely that this occasion in Apr 1802 was simply his first visit to London after publication. Of the twocopies of his Second Supplement he then presented only one has the date changed to MDCCCII byhand so that one may conclude that the extra digit was not added by Latham. Nor is it unreasonableto suppose that Latham had proofs of both works available to him from which he could extract pagenumbers thus here there is no “proof” of publication of one before the other. Two known copies ofthe English language Second Supplement, have the title page plate uncoloured (Fig. 12) with anMDCCCII imprint date and appear to represent a genuine later printing (Schodde et al., 2007); oneof these, the Berlin copy, is probably the source of the date 1802 given by Engelmann (1846), whoselisting was presumably the cause of the “corrections” made by others to 1801 title pages.

Published authorities on this case. Browning & Monroe (1991). However, their acceptance of 1802has been rejected as summarised by Schodde et al. (2010).

Conclusions/Recommendations. We consider there is now insufficient support for 1802 so stay withthe imprint or specified date of 1801. B. [ECD]

Laurop, C.P. & V.F. Fischer (1818). Sylvan, ein Jahrbuch für Forstmänner, Jäger undJagdfreunde. – J.C. Kreiger, Marburg & Cassel, Germany.

Remarks on publishing details. An almanac. One volume of the series, said by some to be for 1818(“auf das Jahr 1818”) and by others to be for 1817-18, or even 1817-19, contains in pt. V an article (no.10), which contains the original description by E. Fleischer of Falco naumanni on p. 174.

Reasons for considering the date problematic. Some sources date the publication of this from 1817,which is consistent with the understanding that the almanac was published “for” the [coming] year,but this is not agreed by all sources and nor is whether this was one issue for 1818 or part of a volumecovering two or even three years. Dated 1818 by Grant (1915)¹ who, by referring to “Part V”, willvery likely be found, when the original is inspected, to have been referring to parts with deliberatelydifferent contents all published at once in the yearbook. However, if there is no date on the title pagethat is indicative of actual publication the correct date will be unresolved.

Published authorities on this case. None known.

Conclusions/Recommendations. Best dated 1818 until evidence is produced showing that this wasin existence as a published work during 1817. B. [ECD]

Note: (1) Grant (op. cit., p. 251) mentioned a reproduction of this tract by Reichenow(1898: 142-144) and a letter from Dresser (1875: 515-517), in The Ibis, whichrecommended rejection of the name naumanni partly on the grounds that priority wasnot proved: he dated it late 1818 or early 1819 and preferred the specific name cenchris

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on the cover and that too is an “Adunanza” date. Salvadori published lists of his own publicationslisting them by year but without more precise dates. An article by Salvadori in vol. 6 on pp. 128-132with an “Adunanza” [meeting] date of “15 Gennaio 1871”, and a listing from 1871 in Salvadori’s ownprinted list of his publications up to 1880, described three new taxa and in three different volumesof Peters’ Check-list two are dated 1871 and one, inexplicably, is dated 1870. For none of the 37 articles,between 1868 and 1887, listing Salvadori as an author have we located a reliable date of publication.Nor does Salvadori seem reliable! In his second (1900) list of his published articles he gave pp. 448-450for the description of Collocalia marginata – and page number 448 is cited by Peters (1940), but theBiodiversity Heritage Library reveals this article to be on pp. 304-306. A separate with the paginationas used by Salvadori exists at the NMNH, Washington, D.C. (Dick Banks, in litt., 15.06.11.) and inthe MNSG, Genoa (Enrico Borgi in litt., 20.06.2011).

Published authorities on this case. None known to us.

Conclusions/Recommendations. More research is needed here. U. [ECD]

Atti della riunione degli Scienziati Italiani. – Various cities, Italy.

Remarks on publishing details. The annual reunions of Italian scientists were held in Sep or Oct forthe years 1839 to 1846 in a succession of venues: Pisa (183); Torino (1840), Firense (1841), Padova(1842), Lucca (1843), Milano (1844), Napoli (1845) and Genova (1846). After this, apparently for budgetreasons there were long gaps, and eventually the title ceased. We have not determined whether,when and where a 9th Congress may have been held although it is counted since the 10th was inSienna (1862) and the 11th, and last, in Rome (1873). The proceedings became voluminous: havingstarted with 31 pages for the 1839 congress, over 1000 pages were issued for each of the 6th, 7th and8th Congresses. Publication was usually in the year following the congress, but the proceedings for1841 appeared within the year and those for 1873 in 1875. We provide a Table XXV of the limitedinformation extracted from a nearly complete set in the Natural History Museum, London. Note thatthe 3rd Congress produced two volumes, the second having independent pagination and that the7th Congress also required two volumes with most of the second volume devoted to PrinceBonaparte’s catalogue of fishes.

Reasons for considering the dates of at least some issues problematic. Errors in dating have occurred,for example, due to using the date of the 1844 Congress rather than the specified date from theproceedings.

Published authorities on this case. None known.

Conclusions/Recommendations. We believe the information in our table can be relied upon for vols.1 to 8. B. [MDB, CV, ECD]

The Auk. – Various cities, U.S.A.

Remarks on publishing details. First appeared in early 1884 (Sclater, 1897) as a quarterly due in Jan,Apr, Jul and Oct. Apart from one period in the 1990s, it has appeared reasonably regularly ever since.Day-dates were introduced in vol. 29 (1912), shown together at the end of the year (in this instanceon p. 605)¹ and these, or month-dates, have continued ever since, although sometimes they weregiven issue by issue. In the early years (up to vol. 15) footnotes sometimes record that authors’separates were sent out before publication (see Fig. 18). We know of and list seven cases where suchpreprints contained new names – see Table XXVI. We assume that all these were preprints in the

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meaning of the Code and the dates are fully Code-compliant as a basis for advancing the date ofpublication.

Reasons for considering the dates of at least some issues problematic. While most dates of issueare within the target months delays did occur and Oct issues were occasionally published after theyear end (this is true for vols. 75, 95 and 119); on the other hand the Jan issues appeared in the previousDec in vols. 31, 33 and 54. A different period from late 1992 to 1996 saw more substantial problems.For more complete date information see Table XXVII. We mention above articles in the early years

Fig. 18 The Auk in early years issued “preprints”. This image is from an April issue and showsthat the author was sent his copies five or six weeks early. Photo permission of the NaturalHistory Museum, London

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where a footnote records the date of despatch, prior to publication, of the author’s copies; the datesgiven there have been treated as dates of publication (it is clear that these were “preprints”, but notknown whether they had their own date, perhaps that shown in the later footnote). Strictly, these

“preprints” are preprints in the eyes of the Code only if they have their own dates on them. A preprintof one such article by Cory (1887) has been located at Tring and examined for us by Alison Hardingand Tony Statham: it is printed with the same date as later footnoted; so extrapolating from that findwe presume that all these were dated in accordance with the footnotes.

Published authorities on this case. None known.

Conclusions/Recommendations. From 1912 look within the volume for the dates of the issues; priorto that use the imprint month and date from the last day thereof (or earlier receipt dates e.g. fromour table); and accept the preprints with dates from the footnotes). B. [JS, MK]

Note: (1) Day-dates would seem to have been available earlier since Foster (1892) wasable to give them for articles by Lawrence in the first few volumes of The Auk.

Austral Avian Record. – London, U.K.

Remarks on publishing details. Published by Gregory Mathews. Five volumes appeared in irregularissues from Jan 1912 to Jun 1927 and title pages were produced (e.g. for vols. 1 & 2 to be boundtogether). Several articles in this periodical deal with the results of bibliographic research.

Reasons for considering the dates of at least some issues problematic. There should be no problemin principle unless spine dates of bound volumes are mistakenly used. Each individual issue is datedto the day.

Published authorities on this case. Mathews (1925a: 4-5) provided the pagination and date ofpublication for each issue.

Conclusions/Recommendations. Follow Mathews (1925a). R. [ECD]

Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde (1848-1854). – Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Remarks on publishing details. This periodical has continued until the present day (eventuallybecoming Contributions to Zoology from the University of Amsterdam) and, drawing on a leaflet fromthe publishers, listing the first 26 issues, we add two more and set out the details on our Table XXVIII.The issues were more “occasional publications” than periodicals as there was no fixed intervalbetween them. Volume 1 was made up of six afleveringen, published by M. Westerman & Zoon,Amsterdam with a volume title page dated “1848-1854”. This volume has presented some problemsof dating and this is the focus of this “entry”.

Reasons for considering the dates of at least some issues problematic. There has been considerableconfusion over the dates of the six issues (afleveringen) making up vol. 1. In two cases Sherborn founddates quoted by Carus & Engelmann to be contradicted by dates on pages¹ and this appears to haveconvinced him to use Jentink’s data (and so far as the dates of formal publication are concerned heseems to have been correct).

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Fig. 19 Sherborn’s tabulation of the Bijdragen information from Jentink. The two central columns are red in theoriginal and look paler here. Photo permission of the Natural History Museum, London

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Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, in Cambridge. –Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.

Remarks on publishing details. Many numbers contained just one large article, others containedtwo or more linked to the same expedition or linked for other reasons. The first volume covered theperiod 1863-69, and included 13 "numbers", paginated consecutively and issues of the Bulletin haveapparently always been given page numbers running consecutively through the volume. The firstfifteen volumes have been examined, apart from a few missing numbers, and they present seriousdating problems. Volumes clearly overlapped in their periods of issue: for example the evidenceshows vol. 7 to have appeared between about Jul 1880 and Aug 1884 while vol. 8 probably began toappear in early 1881 and was completed that year. Covers when found show that short articles weresometimes issued together, with a shared cover. In vol. 3, nos. 15-16, dated respectively Apr 1875and Jun 1876, and relating to the exploration of Lake Titicaca, have just the month date “July, 1876”on the front cover. Dates appear close to the end of most articles but these, judged by the evidenceof the place names that sometimes appear with them, are the dates authors finished their articles andsubmitted them; they are not publication dates. As an example the last page of vol. 1 has "Cambridge,November 16, 1869", but over the years Washington DC, Chicago, Key West, Philadelphia, NewHaven, Conn., and Newport, R.I. all appear, as does Eton College! From vol. 16 (1888) month-datesare given for each article, in the list of contents, and month-dates seem to have remained the normuntil quite recently (a day-date is apparent on no. 4 of vol. 148 and such dates have been maintainedsince). The first fifteen volumes were reproduced by the Kraus Reprint Corporation, New York about1967.

Reasons for considering the dates of at least some issues problematic. It is not safe to presume thatan article in one volume must be later than an article in the preceding volume. What occurred withvols. 7 and 8 was repeated in later years. It is thus necessary to seek the original issue and to drawon the list of contents. Before such lists appeared, in vol. 16, one must seek the covers and if they areunavailable or unhelpful explore what dates are present within the work.

Published authorities on this case. None yet discovered.

Conclusions/Recommendations. Names introduced in any article in the first fifteen volumes maywell require further research as to when the article was first available as a published work. U. [ECD,DF]

Bulletin of the Raffles Museum. – Singapore.

Remarks on publishing details. Initiated in Sep 1928. Twenty-nine issues appeared before a changeof title, in Oct 1961: no. 30 being the first Bulletin of the National Museum, State of Singapore. No. 26which had been delayed appeared in Feb 1961, after nos. 27, 28 and 29. Sometimes two issuesappeared in a year, but none appeared between Sep 1941 and Oct 1947 due to the war, and no issuesappeared in 1948, 1953-54, 1957-59. Vol. 15, the monograph on Malaysian mammals, published in1940, was later “Reproduced by photo-litho at the Government Printing Office, Singapore, March,1958." (Lord Cranbrook in litt., 5 Feb 2009).

Reasons for considering the dates of at least some issues problematic. Ng et al. (1994) were notable to take full account of information on the covers. For example on 8 and 9, respectively datedDec 1933 and Dec 1934 there are printers’ notations reading “400 – 14782 – 1/34” and “17262 – 400 –2/35”. These suggest print runs of 400 copies and printing, or the orders being received for printing,in Jan 1934 and Feb 1935 respectively. As no. 21 has 12/49 on the back, but is dated Jan 1950, it is mostprobable that these back-cover dates are the dates of printing.

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On this basis publication may be assumed to have been in these months or when the cover was printedto display a later date, as in nos. 21 and 27, the later date. Back-cover dates were found on 19 of theissues from 8 through 35 for which these covers could be found and read; in a 20th issue (vol. 11) theprinter’s notation is on the last printed page. For nos. 6, 8, 9, 23, 25, 28, 30 and 32 the cover dates havethe effect of dating the volume to the following year; several others show delays of a few months.

Published authorities on this case. In preparation for this entry the work of Ng et al. (1994) wasupdated by Low & Tan (2009).¹ Table XXXI draws heavily on the fuller table in their work but, at therequest of the compilers of this book, includes some comments and further findings on the “resolved”dates proposed by Low & Tan.²

Conclusions/Recommendations. Low & Tan suggested for several volumes, e.g. vol. 10, that theprinting date should be accepted although a month earlier than a “specified date”. However, in sucha case one should accept the “specified date” as the date of printing does not disprove a later date ofpublication. They also offered dates for vols. 6 and 10 which can be updated based on new evidenceas indicated in our column of “Compiler’s comments”. B. [TSH]

Notes: (1) Access to Low & Tan (2009), in electronic form, from the museum’s web-site,allows PDFs to be downloaded of all articles affected by a correction of the year-dateof publication. (2) The table also draws on a set with many covers held by E.C.Dickinson and the compiler’s comments, shared with TSH, are his.

Figs. 21 and 22 The two successive title pages at the front of Bulletin vol. X. The volume title page, ahalf-title, is dated 1876 and is followed by the title page giving the subject of the volume. This is dated

1875. Both photographs by permission of the Natural History Museum, London

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The Humming Bird (1891-1895). – London, U.K.

Remarks on publishing details. A somewhat eccentric and eclectic periodical.¹ First published inJan 1891 and monthly issues appeared that year and the next. However, vol. III (1893) appearedquarterly with issues in Mar, Jun, Sep and Dec. Vols. IV and V also appeared quarterly and the Dec1895 issue was the last – and announced as such.

Reasons for considering the dates of at least some issues problematic. Most difficulty has arisenover the exact timetable of the issue of the parts of the book called Genera of Humming Birds whichappeared in conjunction with issues of this periodical (although in 1895 the book was also madeavailable as a complete work). We have discussed this under “Books” (see p. 78). Not all Boucard’snew hummingbirds were described in the book; some are in the periodical (see vol. 1: 17-18, Mar1891; pp. 25-26, Apr 1891; p. 43, Jun 1891; pp. 52-53, Jul 1891; vol. 2: 73-89, Sep 1892; vol. 3: 6-10, Mar1893). A parrot Pionus bridgesi (vol. 1 p. 7 Apr 1891), a bird of paradise Semioptera Gouldi (vol. 1, p. 43,Jun 1891), a tanager Ramphocelus Chrysopterus (vol. 1, p. 53, Jul 1891), and a few new insects, werealso described in this periodical.

Published authorities on this case. The Zoological Record for 1893, 1894 and 1895.

Conclusions/Recommendations. The above details, supplemented by a knowledge of what is inBoucard’s Genera of Humming Birds should suffice to date all his new names from either his periodicalor his book. R. [ECD]

Note: (1) Adolpe Boucard was a principal of Boucard, Pottier & Co. of High Holborn,who were buyers and sellers of objects of natural history and curios of many kindsand the periodical reflects his varied interests.

Ibis [from mid 1982; previously The Ibis]. – London (later elsewhere) U.K.

Remarks on publishing details. Fourteen Series, of six annual volumes each, cover the period from1859 to 1942. The 1943 volume picked up from there and was thus numbered 85 and annual volumeshave appeared since, with occasional supplements and an extra “Centenary” volume (103b), whichappeared in three issues, dated 1 Mar 1960, 1 May 1962 and 1 Sep 1963. For early history see Sclater(1897).

Reasons for considering the dates of at least some issues problematic. Precise dates of publicationwere provided from 1913 through 1990 with the set of “prelims” including the volume title page (seeTable XL). Dates before and after this period must be based on the Jan, Apr, Jul and Oct imprint dates(except for the various Supplements up to 1912 and after 1990) in each case dating from the last dayof that month. No case of an issue appearing after its specified month is known to us. Mistakencitations to The Ibis sometimes appear which relate to its re-publication of the content of the Bulletinof the British Ornithologists’ Club; for example Peters (1960: 30) cited Pyrrhulauda harrisoni from TheIbis, 1901, instead of a 1900 issue of the Bulletin.

Published authorities on this case. None known.

Conclusions/Recommendations. Where exact dates are available they should be relied on, in allother cases the last day of the given month must be used, except where library receipt stamps proveearlier dates. R. [ECD]

Note: The January 1999 issue (vol. 141, no. 1) is known to have been distributed beforethe end of Dec 1998 (George Sangster, in litt., Nov 2009). The same applies to vol. 152,no. 1 of “January 2010”, about which the British Ornithologists’ Union included a note

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in the next issue on p. 414 stating that the “print and despatch date” was 14 Dec 2009.A similar note relating to the Jan 1999 issue would be helpful because, again, a newtaxon was included and a correct date for that is important. See Recommendation 21Fof the Code (I.C.Z.N., 1999: 23).

India Review and Journal of Foreign Science and the Arts. – Calcutta [Kolkata], India.

Remarks on publishing details. First issued in mid 1836 (dates seem to first appear in no. 5 in Aug).Three volumes are supposed to have been published (but we have seen only two). Vol. 1 contained12 issues totalling 694 pp plus an index, the last issue dating from about 15 Mar 1837. Seven originalarticles by Brian Hodgson on Nepalese birds appeared in vols.1 & 2.¹ Edited by Frederick Corbyn.

Reasons for considering the dates of at least some issues problematic. Copies of issues examinedseem to have had no title pages and so may have had covers. Further slight, but not unusual confusionflows from the volumes not each relating to a calendar year. The dates found appear on pages towardsthe middle of each issue which look like title pages for a regular component of the whole issue. Ifcovers had their own dates they might be later than these “segment” dates.

Published authorities on this case. The printed details from the centre of the issues from vol. 1, no.7 to vol. 2 no. 2, were listed by Dickinson (2009) but a fuller list is given below.²

Conclusions/Recommendations. Follow Dickinson (2009) or the list below. B. [ECD]

Notes: (1) Hodgson’s last two articles came into the hands of Guérin-Méneville as one8 page pamphlet (see Revue Zoologique, 1838, p. 115) – perhaps as an author’s separate.(2) The following pages of this kind have been observed: vol. I: p. 177 (1 Aug 1836), p.225 (1 Sep 1836), p. 286 (1 Oct 1836), p. 334 (15 Nov 1836), p. 391 (15 Dec 1836), p. 459(15 Jan 1837), p. 594 (15 Feb 1837), p. 671 (15 Mar 1837); vol. II: p. 52 (15 Apr 1837) andthen on the 15ᵗ� of every month till Mar 1838 (pp. 128, 195, 272, 343, 392, 465, 518, 563,620, 674).

L’Institut. – Paris, France.

Remarks on publishing details. Began on 18 May 1833 as a weekly and published 33 Saturday issuesthat year, subsequently the frequency of issue changed to monthly and back to weekly again when,on 3 May 1838 Thursdays were publication days. By about 1840 it also split into two, with a firststream that included natural history and a second dealing with history and philosophy, etc. Itcontinued until at least 1875. All issues examined are dated to the day. Full details not explored.

L'Institut. Journal des Académies et des Sociétés scientifiques de la France et de l'étranger, 1833 only.

L'Institut. Journal général des Sociétés et des Travaux scientifiques de la France et l'étranger, 1834-1869.

In its early years this periodical did not include original articles, but it certainly did later (e.g. in 1875).It reported on meetings held by learned societies; in some cases prompt publication by L’Institutcame ahead of publication by such bodies, and some descriptions are to be found herein that mustbe cited as they have priority (e.g. the ten names introduced in Lesson, 1834). We have examined onecase where names were published here and in the Compte Rendu hebdomadaires des séances de l’Académiedes Sciences and found that the latter appeared first, each such case will need separate examination.¹

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d’Orbigny, A. & N.F.A.A. Lafresnaye, 1838. Synopsis avium ab Alcide d’Orbigny in ejus perAmericam meridionalem itinere, collectarum et ab ipso viatore necnon. – Magasin de Zoologie, 8:1-32.

Dresser, H.E., 1875. [Letter to the Editor.] – The Ibis (3) 5: 515-517.

Duncan, F.M., 1937. On the dates of publication of the Society’s Proceedings, 1859 -1926. – Proceedingsof the Zoological Society of London, 71-83.

duPont, J.E., 1971. Philippine Birds. i-x, 1-480. – Delaware Museum of Natural History, Greenville,Delaware.

Eck, S. & C. Quaisser. 2004. Verzeichnis der Typen der Vogelsammlung des Museums für Tierkundein den Staatlichen Naturhistorischen Sammlungen Dresden. – Zoologische Abhandlungen StaatlichesMuseum für Tierkunde in Dresden, 54: 233-316.

Edwards, M.A., 1976. The library and scientific publications of the Zoological Society of London:Part II, pp. 253-267. In: The Zoological Society of London 1826-1976 and beyond. – Symposia ofthe Zoological Society of London, 40.

Edwards, M. A. et al. (eds.), 1966-1996. [Neave’s] Nomenclator zoologicus. A list of the names of the generaand subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of Linnaeus 1758 to the .... (etc.) – The Zoological Societyof London, London. Vol. 6 (1946-1955): [i-x], 1-329 (with A.T. Hopwood) (1966); vol. 7 (1956-1965):[i-vi], 1-374 (with H.G. Vevers); vol. 8 (1966-1977): [i-vi], 1-620 (with M.A. Tobias); vol. 9(1978-1994): [i-iv], 1-747 (with P. Manly & M.A. Tobias).

Ekama, C., 1886. Fondation Teyler. Catalogue de la bibliothèque. Tome I. Sciences exactes et naturelles.Livr. 3. 181-309 (Ornithologie pp. 210-230). – Héritiers Loosjes, Harlem.

Engelmann, W., 1846. Bibliotheca Historico-Naturalis. Verzeichniss der Bücher über naturgeschichte welchein Deutschland, Scandinavien, Holland, England, Frankreich, Italien und Spanien in den Jahren 1700-1846erscheinen sind. Erster Band. i-viii, 1-786. – Leipzig. [A Supplement covered the years 1846-1860 –see Carus & Engelmann (1861); for the sequels to that see Taschenberg (1887-1923).]

Esaki, T., 1935. Zur Einführung in Philipp Franz von Siebolds Fauna Japonica. 1-54, pl. 51-58. – Shokubutsu– Bunken Kankokai, Tokyo.

Evans, A.H., 1885. Aves, pp. 1-68. In: The Zoological Record for 1882, being Volume the Twentyfirst ofthe Record of Zoological Literature. – The Zoological Society London.

Evans, D., 2006. Letter to the Editor. Ornithologie d’Angola. – Society for the History of Natural HistoryNewsletter 87: 12-13.

Evans, D., 2007. Letter to the Editor. Bocage corrections. – Society for the History of Natural HistoryNewsletter 88: 13.

Evenhuis, N.L., 1990. Dating of the livraisons and volumes of d’Orbigny’s Dictionnaire universeld’Histoire naturelle. – Bishop Museum Occasional Papers, 30: 219-225.

Evenhuis, N.L., 1997. Litteratura Taxonomica Dipterorum (1758-1930). 2 vols. – Backhuys Publishers,Leiden [1. A-K pp. i-ix, 1-426; 2. L-Z pp. 427-867]. [This work deals with books and prints, butnot journals. A few works that deal with ornithology are reported upon (e.g. King, 1826,Schomburgk, 1847-49).]

Evenhuis, N., 2003a. Dating and publication of the Encyclopédie Méthodique (1782-1832), with specialreference to the parts of the Histoire Naturelle and details of the Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. –Zootaxa, 166: 1-48.

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Evenhuis, N.L., 2003b. Publication and dating of the journals forming the Annals and Magazine ofNatural History and the Journal of Natural History. – Zootaxa, 385: 1-68.

Evenhuis, N.L., 2008. Preliminary catalog of dating sources for zoological works. – Bishop MuseumTechnical Report, 47: 1-172.

Ferguson, J.A., 1941. Bibliography of Australia. 1: 1-540. – Angus & Robertson, Sydney.

Fletcher, J.J., 1896. On the dates of publication of the early volumes of the Society’s publications. –Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, (2) 10: 533-536.

Foster, L.S., 1892. Bibliographies of American Naturalist. IV. The published writings of GeorgeNewbold Lawrence, 1844-1891. – Bulletin of the United States National Museum 40: i-xi, 1-105.

Freeman, R.B., 1973. Offprints of Darwin’s Climbing Plants, 1865. – Journal of the Society for theBibliography of Natural History, 6 (4): 293.

Froriep, L.F., 1821. Abbildungen von Vögeln. Notizen aus dem Gebiete der Natur- und heilkunde. Cols.20-22. – Erfurt.

Froriep, L.F., 1822. Abbildungen von Vögeln. Notizen aus dem Gebiete der Natur- und heilkunde. Cols.130-132. – Erfurt.

Gaskell, P., 1972. A new introduction to bibliography. – Oxford University Press, London, i-xx, 1-428.[Reprinted with corrections, 1974. pp. i-xxiv, 1-438].

Geoffroy St. Hilaire, I., 1838a. Notice sur trois nouveaux genres d’oiseaux de Madagascar. – ComptesRendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris 6: 440-444.

Geoffroy St. Hilaire, I., 1838b. Nouveaux genres d’oiseaux de Madagascar. – L’Institut, 6 (226): 127-128.

Gersdorf, E.G., 1851. Leipziger Repertorium der deutschen und ausländischen Literatur. Neunter Jahrgang,Vierte Band, pp. 75-76.

Gertz, O., 1940. Kungl. Fysiografiska Sällskapet i Lund 1772-1940. Historisk överblick ochpersonförteckningar. 1-461. – Håhan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, Lund.

Giebel, C.G.A., 1872-77. Thesaurus ornithologiae: repertorium der gesammten ornithologischen Literaturund Nomenclator sämmtlicher Gattungen und Arten der Vögel. 3 vols. – F.A. Brockhaus, Leipzig. [Vol.1: i-viii, 1-868 (1872); vol. 2: i-vi, 1-787 (1875); vol. 3: i-vi, 1-861 (1877).]

Gill, F. & M. Wright, 2006. Birds of the World. Recommended English names. i-[xii], 1-259. – PrincetonUniversity Press, Princeton, New Jersey.

Gladwin, T.W., 2006. John James Audubon (1785-1851) and William Swainson (1789-1855) inHertfordshire. – Transactions of the Hertfordshire Natural History Society, 38 (2): 218-222.

Gonzales, P.C., 1983. Birds of Catanduanes (Revised Edition). – Zoological Papers: National Museum(Manila), 2: 1-125.

Goodwin, G.H., Jr., 1957. A catalogue of papers concerning the dates of publication of natural historybooks. Third supplement. – Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History, 3 (4): 165-174.

Goodwin, G.H., Jr., W.T. Stearn & A.C. Townsend, 1962. A catalogue of papers concerning the datesof publication of natural history books. Fourth supplement. – Journal of the Society for theBibliography of Natural History, 4 (1): 1-19.

Grant, C.H.B., 1915. On a collection of birds from British East Africa and Uganda, presented to theBritish Museum by Capt. G.P. Cosens. Part II. Accipitriformes – Cypseli. – The Ibis, (10) 3: 235-316.

285

GLOSSARY

Reading one definition here will often require that another be consulted; expect tohave to search! Items marked # are definitions used in the Glossary of the Code(I.C.Z.N., 1996). Our definitions here relate to works in Western languages not withlanguages reading from right to left (for which the reader must adjust).

1/up: our abbreviation meaning numbered continuously from page 1; may apply to whole volumes,to issues or to articles within an issue. May also be used to refer to secondary pagination whenpreprints or separates are made available (see, for example, Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale desSciences de St. Pétersbourg p. 215).

Advance sheets: pages supplied by the printer and put into circulation, usually by an author, notdemonstrably proof sheets and lacking their own date of publication but circulated ahead of generalpublication. The Code needs to address these. There are arguments for not regarding such circulationas publication, but if the information was made known the result of non-acceptance is that a namerapidly published by one of those circulated must be assigned authorship based thereon (as can occurif proof sheets lead to a name being adopted early). The sheets issued early for the Proceedings of theUnited States National Museum when dated, carried dates that were probably dates of printing (see p.238), and are not preprints, in the meaning of the Code, nor are they “advance sheets” in the meaningof this Glossary; they are, instead, separates distributed in advance: but like advance sheets theyshould be dated on the basis of the evidence of publication.

Asterisk: a typographic symbol 1) used as a signature mark singly or in multiples for preliminaryor end matter; also, in the 19th century when numbers replaced letters as signature marks, attachedto a signature number to indicate subsequent leaves after the first, which is marked with the numberalone; 2) attached to page or plate numbers to indicate an insertion; when the insertion was anaddition, the number with an asterisk usually follows the same number without one, this is similarto the use of “bis” after a number in French works; when the insertion is a cancellation, the page/platebearing a number with an asterisk is meant to replace the same-numbered page/plate without one.Sometimes the unchanged page number may be reused. See also Replacement leaf, and Cancellans.

Avant la lettre (also, a.l.l.): (French) literally, before the letter; referring to printed illustrations, itmeans before the caption and/or plate number has been added to the image on a copper-plate orlithographic stone; the abbreviation “a.l.l.” is sometimes explicitly noted on such a print, which maybe considered a proof copy of the printed illustration.

Bis (Latin, used in French): a term meaning “second” attached to a page/plate number to indicate aninsertion in a numerical sequence – usually the addition of material not accounted for in the originalpagination or numeration. Comment: we use the German term ’bis’ (= up to, until) once.

Bleed-through: printing ink or colouring pigment, whether in the text or an illustration, that seepsthrough the paper and is visible from the other side.

Board(s): see Cover.

Broadsheet: a printing format in which a sheet of paper is printed as a single leaf, usually on oneside only; usually but not necessarily large, depending on the size of the sheet.

Camera lucida (Latin): literally “light room”; an optical device designed to reflect an image onto adrawing surface. In book illustrations it was sometimes used to reproduce illustrations in a smallersize.

286

Cancellans (plural: cancellantia): (Latin) a corrected leaf or set of leaves that replaces a cancellandum,usually bearing an asterisk or other symbol after the page number; also called a replacement leaf.

Cancellandum (plural: cancellanda): (Latin) one or more leaves that were (or were meant to be) deletedor replaced, usually to correct significant textual rather than typographical errors; also called areplaced leaf.

Catchword: a word printed at the right end of the direction line on a page showing the first word ofthe next page, intended to assist the type-setter in sequencing the pages of type so as to impose themcorrectly in the forme for printing.

Censor’s approval: see Imprimatur.

Chain lines: in hand-made (laid, q.v.) paper, the main wires in the paper-making mould; when therectangular mould is held for use, the chain lines run vertically, parallel to the shorter sides of theframe; they are usually slightly thicker than the wire lines, and usually about an inch apart; the webof machine-made (wove, q.v.) paper may be designed to imitate chain lines.

Chase: a rectangular metal frame containing the type-pages of the forme in the bed of the press.

Colophon: originally (in the manuscript era and in 15th century printed books) a statement at theend of the text giving the author, title, date, and sometimes the maker (for printed books, the printer)of the work; this information subsequently was moved to a title page, and the colophon as suchdisappeared. In modern times it has been revived as a statement providing additional publicationdetails, usually on the last page of the book, and usually technical information (the printer if distinctfrom the publisher on the title page, the type face, the paper stock, the fact of stereotyping, etc.); itmay sometimes include a date of publication (for example see p. 41 of one in Tori).

Collation: the sequence of gatherings and their signature marks in a printed work; it is expressed ina concise notational formula which accounts for all of the letterpress contents (not plates) of the work,including blank pages, unsigned leaves or gatherings, cancels, and errors in the signature sequence.

Conjugate (adj., noun: conjugacy): applied to the leaves on either side of a spine (sewing) fold thatare physically connected to each other, being part of the same sheet. For example in a simple folioformat the two leaves into which the printed sheet is folded and sewn are conjugate. In smallerformats like quarto and octavo, as well as in quired folios with several bi-fold sheets stacked insideeach other, there will be multiple pairs of conjugate leaves in a gathering, but the leaves in any onepair are not conjugate with those in another pair.

Copper-engraving: one of several intaglio processes for incising lines on a sheet of copper to createimages for the purpose of printing multiple copies; also, the print itself produced by such a process.See also Engraving, Intaglio.

Copyright statement: a notice of ownership of the work – literally, the right to print copies – afterregistering it with an official body, usually printed on the verso of the title page; the requirement toinclude such a notice, though not the concept itself, is a 19th century innovation, varying by country.

Corrigenda# (Latin): a list of typographical corrections to the printed text, usually appended at theend of the work. See also Errata.

Countermark: in a sheet of hand-made (laid, q.v.) paper, a design attached to the wires of the mouldgiving the name of the mill or maker, and sometimes a year of manufacture, usually placed in themiddle of one half of the full sheet opposite the watermark on the other half; the web of machine-made(wove) paper may be designed to include a countermark.

287

Cover: 1) for books, an external protection, whether a binding or a casing, that may be hard (calledboards, originally of wood, but in modern times a thick, pressed pulp material) or limp (originallyof un-supported vellum, now a thick, stiff paper, e.g., paperbacks); the cover is not part of the printedwork but is attached after the sheets have been printed, folded, and sewn (or glued); 2) for journalissues, pamphlets, preprints, and separates, an external protection, usually paper, bearing printedidentification of the text within. This latter is the use for which the ICZN (1961: 21 - Recommendation21C) urged librarians not to “remove covers that bear information relative to dates of publicationand the content of the work or its parts, or to the dates of their receipt in the library”. We do not usethis term for the paper provided to contain the parts of part-works; for this see Wrapper.

Deckle: the frame that fits on top of the mould in hand-made (“laid”) paper; most commonly usedin the term “deckle edge”, referring to the rough, slightly irregular edges of the sheet before trimming(a routine part of the binding process, after folding and sewing the printed gatherings, especiallyalong the head edge to minimize the infiltration of dust and along the fore-edge to facilitate turningthe leaves); untrimmed deckle edges can allow inferences about the original size of the sheet.

Direction line: the bottom-most line of type on a printed page, distinct from the text proper, thatmay contain 1) the signature mark (on the rectos of the first half of the leaves in a gathering); 2) adate, called a gathering date (usually on the recto of the first leaf of the gathering); 3) the volume andsometimes the part in which the gathering is to be bound (usually on the recto of the first leaf of thegathering); 4) a catchword in those older works that employ them (on every page); 5) in some 20thcentury books the page number (on every page); and 6) a press figure (usually on the verso of theleaf) q.v.

Duodecimo: a printing format in which a sheet of paper is printed with 12 pages on each side andfolded to form a 12-leaf (24-page) gathering; the position of the watermark and the direction of thechain lines are variable, depending on various impositions and methods of folding; usually rathersmall; abbreviated as 12mo or 12ᵒ.

Edges: the outer boundaries of the sheet, the board (cover) or, most commonly, the printed leaf,gathering, or text-block; at the top is the head edge, the outer-most is the fore-edge, and at the bottomis the tail edge. (The inner-most is not an edge; see Margin, and Gutter.) The edges are normallytrimmed as part of the binding process to create a text-block that when closed resists the infiltrationof dust and when opened facilitates turning the leaves; they may be gilt or decorated (stained,sprinkled, marbled, incised, etc.).

Edition: all of the copies of a publication printed from a specific setting of type; in the hand-pressperiod, once the desired number of copies of each sheet is printed the type is broken down andreturned to the type cases for re-use, and the edition is over. An edition may include more than onestate of the text, if minor corrections are made to the type-setting during the press run of a sheet;more than one issue, if some of the printed sheets remain unsold and are distributed at a later date;and more than one printing (impression), if the type is kept standing for later press runs. See alsoStereotyping and Electrotyping.

Electrotyping: invented in the 1830s, a method of producing a copper mould of a page or wholeforme of type, which when filled with type-metal replicates the original type-setting for use insubsequent printings of a text, as needed; this extends an edition and does not create a new edition.

End matter: printed content following the text proper that may include an index, colophon, andother material, usually paginated and signed as a continuation of the text and printed last. Frenchbooks almost always put the table of contents, either in lieu of or in addition to an index, in thisposition. See, by contrast, Preliminary matter.

288

End-leaf: one or more blank leaves supplied by the binder at the front and back of the text-block,not part of the printed text produced by the printer; the leaf pasted to the inside of the cover is calledthe front/back paste-down end-leaf, the next is the front/back free end-leaf, and then, if present, thefront/back fly-leaf. The term “fly-leaf” is more commonly but imprecisely used for any free end-leaves.

Engraving: a method for creating an illustration, or the resulting illustration itself, by incising linesinto a piece of metal; although technically appropriate only for the process of carving the lines byhand, it is often used to refer collectively to all intaglio processes, including, for example, etchingand aquatint, in which the lines are created by exposing the surface of the metal to an acid. Engraving(or etching) may also be used for illustrated title pages, distinct from a letterpress title page.

Errata (Latin): a list of typographical errors in the printed text to be corrected, usually appended atthe end of the work. See also Corrigenda.

Fascicle: in part-publication a gathering or group of gatherings (or plates) issued individually overtime, often in a paper wrapper identifying the part number, and intended cumulatively to form acomplete work.

First Reviser#: “The first author to subsequently cite names (including different original spellings ofthe same name) or nomenclatural acts published on the same date and to select one of them to haveprecedence over the other(s). See Article 24.”

First state: see State.

Fly-leaf: see End-leaf.

Folio: a printing format in which a sheet of paper is printed with two pages on each side and foldedonce down the middle, forming two leaves (four pages); the watermark is positioned in the middleof one of the leaves, with the chain lines running parallel to the longer sides of the leaf; usually butnot necessarily rather large, depending on the size of the sheet; abbreviated as fᵒ or 2ᵒ.

Format: the structure of a printed work as defined by the gatherings’ constituent leaves; a sheetfolded once producing two leaves (four pages) is a folio, folded a second time to make four leaves(eight pages) it is a quarto, and so on. The converse, however, does not necessarily hold true: sincea gathering may be made up of more (or less) than one sheet by quiring, half-sheet imposition, etc.,the number of leaves in a gathering is not always indicative of the printing format and must beanalysed in combination with the location of the watermark and the direction of the chain lines inthe paper. See Folio, Quarto, Octavo, and Duodecimo. Note also that, although a normally largesheet of paper printed and folded as a folio will produce a relatively large book, in the hand-pressperiod formats did not necessarily translate to any particular size; a folio printed on a small sheetproduces a small book but is still a folio.

Forme: the pages of set type comprising all of the pages intended to be printed on one side of a sheetof paper, as positioned in the bed of the press to run in the correct sequence when folded into theintended format.

Fount (font): a set of type in a particular size and style; see Type fount (font).

Foxing: brownish or discoloured spots of varying sizes in a sheet or leaf of paper, thought to becaused by impurities (mould or specks of iron) in either the rags or the water used to make the paper;generally common to an entire paper stock when present, but visible to greater or lesser degrees indifferent copies of a publication depending on each one’s exposure to conducive environmentalconditions, especially heat and humidity.

303

INDEX OF BOOKS

Titles with a T after them indicate an accompanying table on the CD-ROM

A Catalogue of the birds of the Museum of the Hon. East-India Company.[Horsfield & Moore] 109

A century of birds from the Himalaya Mountains. [Gould] 94A history of North American Birds. Land Birds. [Baird, Brewer & Ridgway] 72A history of the birds of Ceylon. [Legge] 117A History of the Birds of Europe, including all the species inhabiting the Western

Palæarctic Region. [Dresser (& Sharpe)] T 89A manual of ornithology of the United States and of Canada. [Nuttall] 127A monograph of the birds of prey (Order Accipitriformes). [Swann & Wetmore] T 151A monograph of the Jacamars and Puffbirds or families Galbulidae and Bucconidae.

[Sclater] 143A monograph of the Nectariniidae or family of sun-birds. [Shelley] 147A Monograph of the Ramphastidae, or Family of Toucans. [Gould] 95, 101A Monograph of the Trochilidae, or family of Humming-birds. [Gould] 99A Monograph of the Trochilidae, or family of Humming-birds. Supplement.

[Gould] 103A Monograph of the Trogonidae, or Family of Trogons. [Gould] 96, 101A Synopsis of the Birds of Australia, and the adjacent islands. [Gould] 97A synoptical list of the Accipitres (Diurnal Birds of Prey). [Swann] 151Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Zoologie und vergleichenden Anatomie.

[Sch;egel] 141Aggiunte alla Ornitologia della Papuasia e delle Molucche. [Salvadori] 139, 218An Introduction to the birds of Australia. [Gould] 99An introduction to the Trochilidae, or family of Humming-birds. [Gould] 101Anatomical and Zoological Researches: ... expeditions to Western Yunnan in 1868

and 1875. [Anderson] 69Animals in menageries. [Swainson] 150Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Afrika von Eduard Rüppell – Vögel.

[Cretzschmar] 84Avium Systema Naturale. Das natürliche System der Vögel ... [Reichenbach] 133Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte von Brasilien. [Wied] 164Biologia Centrali-Americana. Aves. [Salvin & Godman] T 140Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. VI. [Sharpe] 145Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. XX. [Salvadori] 140Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. XXVI. [Sharpe & Ogilvie-Grant] 145Catalogue of the Birds in the Museum [of the] Asiatic Society. [Blyth] 74Catalogue of the birds of the Peninsular of India ... [Jerdon] 112, 213Catalogue of the birds of the tropical islands of the Pacific Ocean in the collection

of the British Museum. [Gray] 104Catalogue of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds contained in the British Museum.

[Gray] 104Catalogue of the specimens and drawings of Mammalia and Birds of Nepal

and Thibet … [Gray & Gray] 105Centurie zoologique, ou choix d’animaux rares, nouveaux ou imparfaitement

connus. [Lesson] T 118

304

Check-list of Birds of the World. [Peters] 129Conspectus Generum Avium. [Bonaparte] 75-77Dictionnaire universel d’histoire naturelle. [d'Orbigny] 89Die Singvögel als Fortsetzung de vollständigsten Naturgeschichte ... [Reichenbach] 136Die Vögel Afrikas. [Reichenow] 137Die Vögel der paläarktischen Fauna. [Hartert] 120Die Vögel der paläarktischen Fauna. Ergänzungsband. [Hartert & Steinbacher] 106Die Vogelarten der Erde. [Wolters] 164Die vollständigste Naturgeschichte der Tauben und taubenartigen Vögel.

[Reichenbach] 135Encyclopédie d'histoire naturelle ou traité complet de cette science etc. [Chenu] 83Exotic ornithology, containing figures and descriptions of new or rare species of

American birds. [Sclater & Salvin] T 144Expédition dans les parties centrales de l’Amérique du Sud ... Oiseaux.

[Des Murs in Castelnau] 87Fasciculi Malayenses: ... an expedition to Perak and the Siamese Malay States,

1901-1902. Birds. [Ogilvie-Grant] 127Fauna Boreali-Americana; or the Zoology of the northern parts of British America.

[Swainson & Richardson.] 150Fauna Japonica. Aves. [Temminck & Schlegel] T 156Galerie des Oiseaux. [Vieillot & Oudart] T 159Gemeinnütziges Hand- und Hilfsbuch der Naturgeschichte. [Gloger] 93Genera Avium. Passeres. Fam. Eurylæmidae. [Hartert] 107Genera of humming birds, being also a Complete Monograph of these birds.

[Boucard] 78General Zoology. [Shaw, later Stephens] 147Getreue Abbildungen naturhistorischer Gegenstände in Hinsicht ... [Bechstein] 73Handbuch der speciellen Ornithologie. Continuatio VIII - XII …[Reichenbach] 135Handbuch der speciellen Ornithologie. Die Vögel. [Reichenbach] 135Hawaiian Almanac and Annual. [Thrum] 156Histoire naturelle des Colibris ... [Lesson] 118Histoire naturelle des Îles Canaries. Zoologie. Ornithologie Canarienne.

[Webb et al.] 162Histoire naturelle des oiseaux de l’Amérique septentrionale. [Vieillot] 157Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux de Paradis et des Épimaques. [Lesson] 121Histoire naturelle des Oiseaux-Mouches ou Colibris, constituant la famille des

Trochilidés. [Mulsant & Verreaux] 126Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux-Mouches. [Lesson] 117Histoire naturelle générale des Pigeons. [Temminck & Knip] 152Historia fisica y politica de Chile. [Gay] 92Icones ad Synopsin Avium hucusque rite cognitarum / Continuatio VIII-XII.

[Reichenbach] 135Icones Avium ... [Gould] 97Iconographie des pigeons non-figurées par Mme. Knip ... [Bonaparte] 77Iconographie Ornithologique. Nouveau recueil général de planches peintes

d'oiseaux. [Des Murs] 86Illustrations de zoologie, ou recueil de figures d’animaux peintes d’après

nature. [Lesson] T 121Illustrations of Indian Ornithology ... [Jerdon] 112

305

Illustrations of Indian Zoology; chiefly selected from the collection ofMajor-General Hardwicke, F.R.S. [Gray] 105

Illustrations of Ornithology. [Jardine & Selby] 111Illustrations of Ornithology. New series. [Jardine & Selby] 111Illustrations of the botany and other branches of natural history of the

Himalayan mountains … [Royle] 138Illustrations of the genera of birds, embracing their generic characters; with

sketches of their habits. [Brown] 79Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa. [Smith] T 148Kupfertafeln zur Naturgeseschicte der Vögel. [Kittlitz] 113Kurzgefaßte gemeinnützige Naturgeschichte des In- und Auslandes ...

Säugethiere. Vögel. Amphibien. [Bechstein] 73Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation ... [Cuvier] 85-86Les Pigeons. [Knip & Prevost] 114Les Pigeons. [Knip & Temminck] 152Les Trochilidées ou les Colibris et les Oiseaux-Mouches ... [Lesson] T 120Lexicon of Parrots/ Lexikon der Papageien. [Arndt] 70Mongoliia i strana Tangutov, trekhletnee puteshestive v vostochnoi nagornoi

Azii. Przewalski] 131Monographie des picidées, ou Histoire naturelle des picidés, picumninés, yuncinés

ou torcols. [Malherbe] 124Muséum d’Histoire naturelle des Pays-Bas. Revue méthodique et critique …

[Schlegel] 142Museum Heineanum. Verzeichniss der ornithologischen Sammlung des

Oberamtmann Ferdinand Heine. [Cabanis] 80-83Narrative of a survey of the intertropical and western coasts of Australia ... [King] 113Nests and eggs of Indian birds: rough draft. [Hume] 110Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien gehörig, entdeckt und beschrieben.

Vögel. [Rüppell] 139Notes sur l'Ile de la Réunion (Bourbon). [Maillard] 124Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle [Vieillot] 158Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées d'oiseaux. [Temminck & Laugier] 153Novitiae ad Synopsin Avium. IV – VII. [Reichenbach] 134Oiseaux dorés, ou à reflets métalliques. [Audebert & Vieillot] 70Ornis Caucasica. Die Vogelwelt des Kaukasus ... [Radde] 131Ornithologie d’Angola. [Barboza de Bocage] 72Ornithologie Nordost-Afrika’s. [von Heuglin] 160Ornithologische Sammlungen aus Celebes, Saleyer und Flores. [Büttikofer

in Weber] 80Ornithologisches Taschenbuch von und für Deutschland ... [Bechstein] 74Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des Russischen Reichs. [Pallas] 128Reise in den äussersten Norden und Osten Sibiriens. [von Middendorf] 161Reisen in Britisch-Guiana in den Jahren 1840-1844. [Schomburgk] 143Reisen in das Innere von Afrika, während der Jahre 1780 bis 1785.

[Le Vaillant / Forster] 123Supplementum Indicis ornithologici sive Systematis ornithologiae. [Latham] 115Sylvan, ein Jahrbuch für Forstmänner, Jäger und Jagdfreunde. [Laurop &

Fischer] 116Symbolæ Physicæ ... [Ehrenberg (& Hemprich)] T 91

306

Synopsis Avium, I-III. [Reichenbach] 133Systema Naturae ... [Ed. 13] [Gmelin] 93Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature. 2ᵉᵐᵉ édition.

Ornithologie. [Bonnaterre & Vieillot] 78The Animal Kingdom arranged in conformity with its organisation ... [Griffith et al.] 106The Birds of America. [Audubon] 71The Birds of Asia. [Gould] 100The Birds of Australia, and the adjacent islands. [Gould] 97The Birds of Australia, Supplement. [Gould] 100The Birds of Australia. [Gould] 98The Birds of Australia. [Mathews] T 125The Birds of Europe. [Gould] 95The Birds of Great Britain. [Gould] 102The Birds of New Guinea ... [Gould] 102The genera of birds: comprising their generic characters ... [Gray (& Mitchell)] T 103The natural history of the Nectariniadæ, or sunbirds. [Jardine] 110The Ornithological Drawings of William Swainson. Series 1. The Birds of Brazil.

[Swainson] 149The zoology of H.M.S. Beagle. The Birds. [Gould / Darwin] 98The Zoology of New Holland. [Shaw] 146The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Erebus & Terror ... [Richardson & Gray] 137Traité d'Ornithologie ... [Lesson] 119Trochilinarum Enumeratio ... [Reichenbach] 135Untersuchungen über die Fauna Peruana. [von Tschudi] T 162Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche

bezittingen. [Temminck] T 152Vertikal'noe i gorizontal'noe raspredelenie Turkestanskikh zhivornykh. [Severtsov] 144Vivarium naturæ or the naturalist’s miscellany. [Shaw] 146Voyage au Pôle Sud et dans l'océanie sur les corvettes l'Astrolabe et la Zélée...

[Dumont-d'Urville] 91Voyage autour du Monde exécuté par ordre du Roi, sur la Corvette de Sa Majesté,

La Coquille ... Zoologie. [Lesson & Garnot] T 122Voyage autour du monde sur la frégate La Vénus ... Zoologie, Mammifères, Oiseaux,

Reptiles et Poissons. [Petit-Thouars] 129Voyage aux Indes-Orientales ... Zoologie. [Lesson in Bélanger] 120Voyage dans l’Amérique méridionale ... [d'Orbigny] T 88Voyage de découvertes de l’Astrolabe. ... Dumont D’Urville. Zoologie. [Quoy &

Gaimard] 131Voyage of H.M.S. Blonde to the Sandwich Islands, in … 1824-1825. [Anson (Byron)] 70Wissenschaftliche Resultate der von N.M. Przewalski nach Central-Asien

unternommenen Reisen. [Pleaske & Bianchi] 130Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica ... [Pallas] 128Zoological Illustrations. Series 1 & 2 [Swainson] T 148-149Zoological researches in the island of Java &c. ... [Horsfield] 108Zoologie analytique ... [Duméril] 90Zoologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in Niederländisch Ost-Indien. [Weber] 80Zur Ornithologie Brasiliens. [von Pelzeln] 161

307

INDEX OF PERIODICALS

Names given in bold are those used as entry titles. T = Table on CD-ROM

A Magyar Ornithologiai Kozpont Folyoirata 178Abhandlungen / Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematische-

Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse (Munich) 167Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der Naturwissenschaftlichen Hamburg 170Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR (Berlin) 168Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematische-

Naturwissenschaftliche Abteilung [Klasse] 167Abhandlungen der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 168Abhandlungen der Koniglich-Preussichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin 168Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe der Koniglich Bayerischen

Akademie der Wissenschaft 167Abhandlungen der Physikalischen Klasse Koniglich-Preussichen Akademie der

Wissenschaften zu Berlin 168Abhandlungen der Preussichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin. Mathematisch-

Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 168Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen – Vereins in Hamburg 170Abhandlungen herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein zu Bremen T 168Abhandlungen und Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg 170Abhandlungen und Berichte aus dem Staatlichen Museum für Tierkunde in Dresden 169Abhandlungen und Berichte der Museum für Tierkunde und Völkerkunde zu Dresden 169Abhandlungen und Berichte des Königlichen Zoologischen und Antropologisch-

Ethnographischen Museums zu Dresden 169Acta Academiae Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanae 215Acta Physico-Medica Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae 225Alauda. Études et Notes Ornithologiques T 170, 228American Museum Novitates 171Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Universidad de Mexico 171Anales del Instituto Fisico-geográfica y del Museo Nacional de Costa Rica 172Annales des Sciences Naturelles (Paris) 172Annales du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (Paris) 172, 224Annali del Museo civico di Storia naturale di Genova (Giacomo Doria) 173, 219Annals and Magazine of Natural History 174Annals of Natural History 174Annals of the Carnegie Museum 174Annals of the Ditsong National Museum of Natural History 176Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York T 175Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 176Annals of the Transvaal Museum 176Annuaire du Musee Zoologique de l'Academie des Sciences (Petrograd) [de Russie] 177Annuaire du Musee Zoologique de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences T 177Annuaire du Musee Zoologique. Academie des Sciences de l’Union des Républiques

Sovietiques Socialistes (Leningrad) 177Aquila T 178Ararajuba T 178

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Archives du Musée Zoologique de l’Université de Moscou 179Archives du Muséum [National] d’Histoire Naturelle (Paris) 224Archives of the Zoological Museum. Moscow State University 179Arkiv för Zoologi 179Athenaeum (The) 241Atti della R[eale]. Accademia delle Scienze di Torino 180Atti della riunione degli Scienziati Italiani T 181Auk T 167, 181Austral Avian Record 183Berigten uit de Diergaarde (Amsterdam) 222Beschäftigingen der Berlinishen Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde 245Bijdragen over zoölogie, hydrobiologie en oceanographie van den Oost-Indischen Archipel 250Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde (Amsterdam) T 183Bolletino dei Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della Reale Universita di Torino 166Bulletin de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg 185Bulletin de la Classe Physico-Mathematique de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de

St. Pétersbourg 185Bulletin de la Société Philomathique de Paris 186Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France 187Bulletin des Sciences Naturelle et de Géologie (Paris) 188, 243Bulletin des Sciences, par la Société Philomathique (Paris) 186Bulletin du Muséum [national] d'Histoire Naturelle 189, 224Bulletin du Muséum national d'Histoire Naturelle. Zoologie, Biologie et Ecologie Animales 189Bulletin du Muséum national d'Histoire Naturelle. Zoologie 189Bulletin Férussac 188Bulletin Général et Universel des Annonces et de Nouvelles Scientifiques 188Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club T 190Bulletin of the Liverpool Museums 190Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoölogy at Harvard College, in Cambridge 191Bulletin of the National Museum, State of Singapore 191Bulletin of the Raffles Museum T 191Bulletin of the Thailand Research Society, The 220Bulletin of the United States National Museum 193Bulletin Scientifique. Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg 185Bulletin Universel des Sciences et de l’Industrie 188, 243Bulletin Zoologique 243Canadian Field-Naturalist (Ottawa) 193Chronica Naturae 221Commentarii Academiae Imperialis scientiarum Petropolitanae 215Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences 166, 193Condor. Bulletin of the Cooper Ornithological Society T 194Contributions to Zoology 183Dansk Ornithologisk Forenings Tidsskrift 194Denkschriften de Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften 195Denkschriften der Koniglichen Akademie des Wissenschaften zu München 167Denkschriften der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse der kaiserlichen

Akademie der Wissenschaften 195L’Echo du Monde Savant 195Emu T 196

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Extraits de Procès-verbaux des séances de la Société Philomathique, Paris 186Field Columbian Museum of Natural History, Ornithological Series T 197Field Museum of Natural History, Zoological Series T 197Fieldiana (Series 1) T 198Forktail T 198Gerfaut [Die Giervalk] T 198Giornale Arcadico di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti 199[Gray’s] Zoological Miscellany 199L’Hermès 195Histoire de l’Académie [Royale] des Sciences, avec les Mémoires de Mathématique

et Physique 200Humming Bird (The) 201Ibis T 201India Review and Journal of Foreign Science and the Arts 202L’Institut (Paris) 202Institut. Journal des Académies et des Sociétés scientifiques de la France et de l'étranger 202Institut. Journal général des Sociétés et des Travaux scientifiques de la France et l'étranger 202Issledovaniya po faune Sovetskogo Soyuza, 179Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR. Otdelenie fiziko-matematicheskikh nauk 185Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR. Otdelenie matematicheskikh i esteotvennykh nauk 186Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR. Otdelenie matematicheskikh i esteotvennykh.

Seriya biologicheskaya 186Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR. Seriya biologicheskaya 186Izvestiya Imperatorskoi Akademii Nauk 183Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk 183Jaarbericht Club Nederlandsche Vogelkundigen 212Japanese Journal of Ornithology 248Jardine’s ‘Contributions to Ornithology’ 40, 203Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas, Physicas e Naturaes (Lisbon) T 167, 204Journal analytique des nouvelles et des cours scientifiques 195Journal für Ornithologie 205Journal of African Zoology 241Journal of Literature and Science (Madras) 213Journal of Natural History 174Journal of Ornithology 205Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 206Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal T 206-209Journal of the Asiatic Society of Ceylon 241Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 209Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 240Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society 209Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society and National Museum 209Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums T 210Journal of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology 210Journal of the Natural History Society of Siam 220Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society 210, 236Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 248Journal of the Siam Society, Natural History Supplement 220Journal of the South African Ornithologists' Union 229

310

Journal of the Thailand Research Society ... Natural History Supplement 220Journal of the Wilson Ornithological Chapter of the Agassiz Association 252Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology T 219Journal of zoology and hydrobiology of the Indo-Australian Archipelago(and similar titles) 250Journal of zoology of the Indo-Australian Archipelago 250Kungliga [Kongliga] Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar 179, 211Limosa 212Madjalah Ilmu Alam Untuk Indonesia 221Madras Journal of Literature and Science 213Magasin d’Entomologie 213Magasin de Conchyliologie 213Magasin de Zoologie (Paris) 166, 213, 242, 243Magasin de Zoologie, Anatomie et Palaeontologie 214Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne 226Magazine of Natural History 174Magazine of Zoology & Botany 174Mélanges de Philosophie et de Mathematique de la Société Royale de Turin 218Mémoires de l’Académie des Sciences de l’Institut [Impérial] de France 200Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences de l’Institut de France 200Mémoires de l’Académie Royale des Sciences (Turin) 218Mémoires de l’Institut des Sciences et Arts 200Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg Sci. Math. -Phys. et Nat. 216Mémoires de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg T 215Mémoires de l’Académie des sciences de l’URSS 216Mémoires du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 224Mémoires présentés à l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg par divers

savants et lus dans ses Assemblées 216, 217Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria T 217Memoirs of the National Museum [of Australia] T 217Memorie della (Reale) Accademia delle Scienze di Torino 218Messager Ornithologique 229Miscellanea Philosophico-Mathematica Societatis – Privatae Taurensis 218Miscellaneous Reports of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology T 219Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, Zoologische Reihe 219Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 219Mitteilungen aus der Zoologischen Sammlung des Museums für Naturkunde in Berlin 219Mitteilungen des ornithlogischen Komitees der Koniglichen Schwedischen Akademie der

Wissenschaften 211Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society T 220Natural History Bulletin of the Thailand Research Society 220Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië 221Natuurwetenschappelijk Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië 221Naumannia 205, 221Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde 222New Zealand Bird Notes 223Nidologist 194Norwegian Journal of Zoology 226Notes from the Leyden Museum 166, 222Notornis T 223

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Notulae Naturae 167Nouveau Bulletin de Science, par la Société Philomathique 186Nouvelles Annales du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle (Paris) 224Nouvelles Archives du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle 224Nova Acta Academiae Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitanae 215Nova Acta Caeserae Leopoldino-Carolinae Germanicum Naturae Curiosum 225Nova Acta Leopoldina: Abhandlungen der Deutschen Akademie … 225Nova Acta Physico-Medica Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae 225Novi Commentarii Academiae Imperialis scientarium Petropolitanae 215Novitates Zoologicae T 226Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne (Naturvidenskapene) 226Nytt Magasin for Zoologi 226NZ Bird Notes 223Oesterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-naturalwissenschaftliche

Klasse. Denkschriften 195Öfversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar 227L’Oiseau 179, 228L’Oiseau et la Revue Française d’Ornithologie T 228Orgaan der Club van Nederlandsche Vogelkundigen 212Ornithological Review 229Ornithologische Mitteilungen 229Ornithologists’ and Oologists’ Semi-annual 252Ornitologia Colombiana T 229Ornitologicheskii Vestnik T 229Ostrich: (with various subititles) T 229Ottawa Naturalist 193Perak Museum Notes 210Philippine Journal of Science T 167, 230Physikalische Mathematische Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Akademie der

Wissenschaften zu Berlin 168Physiographiska Sålskapets Handlingar 231Postilla 167Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia T 167, 231-234Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 166, 235Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 235Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 236Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 236Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 236Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club 166, 237Proceedings of the United States National Museum 166, 237Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 36, 239Prodromus Faunæ Zeylanicæ; being contributions to the zoology of Ceylon 240Recueil de travaux zoologiques, hydrobiologques et océangraphiques 250Revista Brasiliera de Ornitologia 178Revista de la Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural 241Revue d’Histoire Naturelle Appliquée 228Revue de Zoologie africaine 241Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique africaines 241Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquée T 214, 242

312

Revue française d'Ornithologie (scientifique et pratique) 214, 228, 242Revue Zoologique Africaine 241Revue zoologique par la Société Cuvierienne T 166, 214, 242, 243Sarawak Museum Journal T 244Sbornik Trudov Gosudarstvennogo Zoologoicheskogo Muzeya (pri MGU) 179Sbornik Trudov Zoologoicheskogo Muzeya MGU 179Schriften der Berlinischen Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde 245Schriften der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 245Semi-annual, The 252Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der

Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Vienna) 245Sitzungsberichte der Naturwissenschaftlichen Gessellschaft Isis zu Dresden 246Sitzungsberichte und Abhandlungen der Naturwissenschaftlichen Gessellschaft Isis

in Dresden 246South Africa Quarterly Journal 246South African Journal of Natural History 229Stray Feathers 247Tori T 41, 247Transactions and Proceedings of The New Zealand Institute 248Transactions and Proceedings of The Royal Society of New Zealand, Dunedin 248Transactions of the Linnean Society of London T 236, 249Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 248Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 250Travaux de l’Institut Zoologique, Leningrad 177Treubia T 250Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta (Rossiiskaya) Akademiya Nauk 177Tydskrif van die Suid(er)-Afrikaanse Voëlkundige Vereniging 230Tydskrif vir publikasie van waarnemings deur lede van die Suid-Afrikaanse Voëlkundige

Vereniging 230Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft

in Wien 251Verhandlungen der zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 251Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen – Vereins in Hamburg 170Verhandlungen des zoologisch-botanischen Vereins in Wien (in Osterreich) 251Wilson Bulletin. T 252Wilson Journal of Ornithology 252Wilson Quarterly 252Yearbook of the Hungarian Institute of Ornithology 178Zapiski Akademii Nauk Soyuza 216Zapiski Imperatorskoi Akademii Nauk po - Fiziko-Matenaticheeskomu Otdenleniyo 216Zoe, a Biological Journal 252Zoological Journal (The) T 253Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 210Zoological Miscellany [Gray's] 199Zoologische Abhandlungen Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde in Dresden 169Zoosystematics and evolution : Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin 220