principles predators parasitoids defensesentnemdept.ufl.edu/miller/eny3005/secure/11_lecture.pdf ·...

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3/16/2012 1 ~ 25% of insects are predatory at some life stage… …and many insects are parasitoids or parasites. Predator: Definitions: Ecology – Begon, Harper, Townsend USE THESE DEFINITIONS Parasitoid: Parasite: Definitions: Ecology – Begon, Harper, Townsend USE THESE DEFINITIONS How do predators find prey? Foraging strategies: sit and wait Conserves energy Cryptic behavior: defense and offense Foraging strategies: sit and wait Aggressive foraging mimicry Carnivorous fireflies use bioluminescent lures to attract their meals.

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Page 1: Principles Predators Parasitoids Defensesentnemdept.ufl.edu/miller/eny3005/secure/11_lecture.pdf · 2012. 3. 16. · 3/16/2012 3 How do actively‐foraging predators find their hosts?

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~ 25% of insects are predatory at some life stage…

…and many insects are parasitoids or parasites.

Predator:

Definitions: Ecology – Begon, Harper, Townsend USE THESE DEFINITIONS

Parasitoid:

Parasite:

Definitions: Ecology – Begon, Harper, Townsend USE THESE DEFINITIONS

How do predators find prey?

Foraging strategies: sit and wait

• Conserves energy• Cryptic behavior: defense and offense

Foraging strategies: sit and wait

Aggressive foraging mimicry

Carnivorous fireflies use bioluminescent lures to attract their meals.  

Page 2: Principles Predators Parasitoids Defensesentnemdept.ufl.edu/miller/eny3005/secure/11_lecture.pdf · 2012. 3. 16. · 3/16/2012 3 How do actively‐foraging predators find their hosts?

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• Photuris firefly female eats males of other firefly species• Females can mimic female flash patterns of five other firefly species

• They use light to find and lure prey

Research by Dr. Jim Lloyd!Foraging strategies: sit and wait

Foraging strategies: sit and wait Foraging strategies: sit and wait

Foraging strategies: active foragingSemi‐random searching 

• Patrol microhabitat: time allocated to a patch dictated by prey capture rate

• Eat what they touch

Foraging strategies: active foragingSemi‐random searching  Directional searching 

• Patrol microhabitat: time allocated to a patch dictated by prey capture rate

• Eat what they touch

• Find prey at a distance• Use chemicals, sound and light• Sharply toothed mandibles, 

legs for seizing prey• Often flying predators

Page 3: Principles Predators Parasitoids Defensesentnemdept.ufl.edu/miller/eny3005/secure/11_lecture.pdf · 2012. 3. 16. · 3/16/2012 3 How do actively‐foraging predators find their hosts?

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How do actively‐foraging predators find their hosts?

Chemical cues:1. Kairomones2. Synomones3. CO2 – usually by blood‐feeding insects

How do actively‐foraging predators find their hosts?

Chemical cues:1. Kairomones2. Synomones3. CO2 – usually by blood‐feeding insects

Sound / Vibration: e.g., wing beat frequency, cricket songs detected by parasitoids.

Phoresy

The phenomenon of one individual being carried on the body of a larger individual of another species

Another example: botfly eggs

Individual is transported (hitchhikes) ride to prey source.e.g. human botfly captures a blood sucking dipteran (mosquitoes) and attaches a cluster of eggs to phoreticintermediate. When the dipteran takes a blood meal, the rise in temperature induces eggs to hatch.

Phoresy

Phoresy

http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent591k/torsalo.html

Ectoparasitoids:Parasitoids that live on the outside of their hosts

Endoparasitoids:Parasitoids that live on the inside of their hosts 

Page 4: Principles Predators Parasitoids Defensesentnemdept.ufl.edu/miller/eny3005/secure/11_lecture.pdf · 2012. 3. 16. · 3/16/2012 3 How do actively‐foraging predators find their hosts?

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How do endoparasitoids cope with the immune responses of the host?

• Incompatible host‐parasitoid interaction results in encapsulation.

A female of the parasitoid wasp Lysiphlebustestaceipes is ready to attack nymphs of its host 

How do endoparasitoids cope with the immune responses of the host?

• Incompatible host‐parasitoid interaction results in encapsulation.

• Parasitoids overcome the host immune system in various ways• Avoidance• Evasion• Destruction• Suppression• Subversion A female of the parasitoid wasp Lysiphlebus

testaceipes is ready to attack nymphs of its host 

What’s happening here?

Insects use structural, chemical, and behavioral defenses to avoid 

each stage of a predator encounter: 

Detection  Attack  Capture Consumption / Parasitism

by predators and parasitoids

Insects use structural, chemical, and behavioral defenses to avoid 

each stage of a predator encounter: 

Detection Attack  Capture Consumption / Parasitism

by predators and parasitoids

Page 5: Principles Predators Parasitoids Defensesentnemdept.ufl.edu/miller/eny3005/secure/11_lecture.pdf · 2012. 3. 16. · 3/16/2012 3 How do actively‐foraging predators find their hosts?

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Crypsis: HidingCan incorporate color, texture, pattern, and behavior

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=j1xosKrZtDQ#t=21s

Masquerade: Look like something else

Detection  Attack Capture  Consumption / Parasitism

Page 6: Principles Predators Parasitoids Defensesentnemdept.ufl.edu/miller/eny3005/secure/11_lecture.pdf · 2012. 3. 16. · 3/16/2012 3 How do actively‐foraging predators find their hosts?

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Detection  Attack Capture  Consumption / Parasitism

Startle displays

Detection  Attack Capture  Consumption / Parasitism

Detection  Attack Capture  Consumption / Parasitism Detection  Attack Capture  Consumption / Parasitism

Whistling caterpillars:

acoustic startle displays

Detection  Attack Capture  Consumption / Parasitism Detection  Attack Capture  Consumption / Parasitism

Aposematism:advertising 

unpalatability

Page 7: Principles Predators Parasitoids Defensesentnemdept.ufl.edu/miller/eny3005/secure/11_lecture.pdf · 2012. 3. 16. · 3/16/2012 3 How do actively‐foraging predators find their hosts?

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Detection  Attack Capture  Consumption / Parasitism

Aposematism:advertising 

unpalatability

Aposematism can be acoustic, too.

All of these moths produce aposematic clicks

unpalatable

All of these moths produce aposematic clicks

unpalatable palatable

What is this?Batesian mimicry(ant = model, treehopper = mimic)

Page 8: Principles Predators Parasitoids Defensesentnemdept.ufl.edu/miller/eny3005/secure/11_lecture.pdf · 2012. 3. 16. · 3/16/2012 3 How do actively‐foraging predators find their hosts?

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Batesian mimicry(ant = model, treehopper = mimic)

unpalatable models and palatable mimics

unpalatablemodels

mimics

unpalatablemodels

mimics

Batesian mimicry

All unpalatable!

How can this evolve?

Müllerian mimicry

Unpalatable model

All of these moths produce aposematic clicks

Unpalatable mimic Palatable mimicMüllerian mimic Batesian mimic

Detection  Attack  Capture  Consumption / Parasitism

Aposematism often relies on predator learning. After a predator consumes an unpalatable insect,it will avoid attacking similar insects in the future.

Page 9: Principles Predators Parasitoids Defensesentnemdept.ufl.edu/miller/eny3005/secure/11_lecture.pdf · 2012. 3. 16. · 3/16/2012 3 How do actively‐foraging predators find their hosts?

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Detection  Attack  Capture  Consumption / Parasitism Detection  Attack  Capture  Consumption / Parasitism

Eisner T , Aneshansley D J PNAS 1999;96:9705-9709

Chemical defenses:spraying

Detection  Attack  Capture  Consumption / Parasitism Detection  Attack  Capture  Consumption / Parasitism

Chemical defenses: Reflex bleeding (autohemorrhaging)

Chemical defenses: Enteric discharge

Detection  Attack  Capture  Consumption / Parasitism

Chemical and structural defenses: urticating hairs

Detection  Attack  Capture  Consumption / Parasitism

Page 10: Principles Predators Parasitoids Defensesentnemdept.ufl.edu/miller/eny3005/secure/11_lecture.pdf · 2012. 3. 16. · 3/16/2012 3 How do actively‐foraging predators find their hosts?

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Structural defenses:spines and cuticle

Detection  Attack  Capture  Consumption / Parasitism

Structural defenses: autotomyDetection  Attack  Capture  Consumption / Parasitism

Structural defenses:coatings and constructions

Detection  Attack  Capture  Consumption / Parasitism

Structural defenses: 

constructions

Detection  Attack  Capture  Consumption / Parasitism

(Hartbauer 2010)(Kastberger et al. 2008)

Collective defense