principles of tourism2-2

8/2/2019 Principles of Tourism2-2

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Principles of Tourism 2

TM2-2


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Ancient Wonders of the

World

It was built in 2560 BC forthe Ancient EgyptianPharaoh Khufu or Cheops,as he is known to theGreeks. It is part of a

complex of three pyramidsat Giza. The first pyramidwas built for the pharaohZoser. It was constructedwith seven portions andwas called the StepPyramid.


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Hanging Gardens of

Babylon -

Built by King Nebuchadnezzar II toconsole his wife, Amytis, whomissed the greenery of hermountain homeland. Thetraditional description of thegardens states that they werebuilt within the walls of the RoyalPalace. Historians also believethey were a series of landscapedterraces, constructed c. 8th -6thcentury BC. The plants did notactually "hang" but were built onthese terraces, higher than

ground level. They were irrigatedby pumps that pumped water outof the river Euphrates(Mesopotamia).


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Statue of Zeus at

Olympia

Built by Phidias, who also builtthe statue of Athena at theParthenon. The statue was almost12 meters (40 feet) high and wasmade out of gold, ivory, ebony,cedar wood, and precious stones.Zeus was seated on a large thronewith a statue of Nike in hisoutstretched right hand. In his lefthand he held a scepter with afigure of an eagle on top. Thethrone was decorated withmythical scenes and creatures

which included gods, demigods,and heroes, doing importantdeeds.


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Temple of Artemis at

Ephesus -

The original temple was builtby Croesus, king of Lydia, inabout 550 BC. It was famousfor its great size, over 350 feetby 180 feet, and its numerousworks of art. The temple

contained a magnificentstatue of Artemis that wasmade of gold, ebony, silver,and black stone. The dresswas decorated withdepictions of animals and

bees. John Turtle Woodfound the remains of thetemple in the depths of aswamp.


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Mausoleum of

Maussollos at

Halicarnasus -The name mausoleum comes

from the name of an ancientPersian Governor namedMausollos. His wife,Artemisia hired the architectPythius to design the building.She also hired the fourfamous sculptors, Scopas,Bryaxis, Leochares, andTimotheus. Each sculptor wasresponsible for one side ofthe building. The Mausoleumwas destroyed between AD1000 and AD 1400, probablyby an earthquake.


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Colossus of Rhodes

Built on an island near presentday Turkey. It was a statue of the

sun god, Helios, patron god ofRhodes. The statue was built togive thanks to him after theisland survived the siege ofRhodes. The siege was set inplace by the Macedonians afterthe Rhodians refused to helpthem attack Ptolemy I in Egypt.Eventually the Macedoniansgave up and left their suppliesand equipment. The Rhodiansthen sold the supplies and builtthe Colossus with the money

they earned. The Rhodians hiredChares of Lindos to create thestatue. It was made out ofbronze and reinforced with ironand stones.


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Pharos (Lighthouse)

of Alexandria -

The word pharos orlighthouse comes from thename of a small island off thecoast of Alexandria, Egypt. Onthis island there was amagnificent lighthouse. The

Pharos was the longest lastingof the six non-extantwonders. It aided sailors forover 1000 years before twoearthquakes in AD 1303 andAD 1323 destroyed it.


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Medieval Wonders of the World

Catacombs of Kom el Shoqafa (Catacombs of Alexandria) - This Egyptian necropolis consists of aseries of Alexandrian tombs of the Pharaonic funeral cult with Hellenistic and early ImperialRoman influences. A circular staircase leads down into tombs that were tunnelled into thebedrock during the age of the Antonine emperors (2nd century AD). The facility was in use fromthe 2nd century to the 4th century.


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Stonehenge

a prehistoric monument located in the English county of Wiltshire, about 8 miles (13 km) north ofSalisbury. One of the most famous prehistoric sites in the world, Stonehenge is composed ofearthworks surrounding a circular setting of large standing stones. Archaeologists believe thestanding stones were raised around 2200 BC and the surrounding circular earth bank and ditch,which constitute the earliest phase of the monument, have been dated to about 3100 BC.


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Coliseum of Rome

Originally the Flavian Amphitheatre is an elliptical amphitheatre in the centre of the city ofRome, Italy, the largest ever built in the Roman Empire. The name "AmphitheatrumFlavium" derives from both Vespasian's and Titus' family name ("Flavius, from the gensFlavia). The Colosseum was used for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles. It

remained in use for nearly 500 years with the last recorded games being held there as lateas the 6th century.


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Great Wall of China -

The Great Wall is the world's longest human-made structure, it is also the largest human-madestructure ever built in terms of surface area and mass. This was originally built to protect thenorthern borders of the Chinese empire from various nomadic groups. Since the 5th century BCseveral walls have been built until the 16th century, one of the most famous is the portion of the wall

built between 220-206BC by the first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang.


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Pagoda of Nanking

- is a historical archaeological site located on the south bank of the Yangtze in Nanjing, China. Itwas constructed in the 15th century during the Ming dynasty as a pagoda, but was mostlydestroyed in the 19th century during the course of the Taiping rebellion.


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Hagia Sophia

is a former patriarchal basilica, later a mosque, currently a museum, in Istanbul, Turkey.From 360BC until 1453 it served as a cathedral of Constantinople, it became a mosquefrom 1453 until 1934 and became a museum in 1935. Hagia Sophia is famous in

particular for its massive dome.


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Leaning Tower of Pisa

is the campanile, behind the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa. Although intended to standvertically, the tower began leaning to the southeast soon after the onset of construction in 1173due to a poorly laid foundation and loose substrate that has allowed the foundation to shiftdirection, it currently leans to the southwest. The tower has 7 floors and 294 steps and is made ofwhite marble. It was closed to the public on January 1990, and reopened on December 2001


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New Wonders of the World

Coliseum of Rome Great Wall of China


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Taj Mahal -

is a mausoleum located inAgra, India, that was builtunder Mughal EmperorShah Jahan in memory ofhis favourite wife, Mumtaz

Mahal. The constructionstarted in 1632 andcompleted around 1653.


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Petradescribed as a rose-red city,half as old as time, petra is a

vast, unique city, carved intothe rock by the Nabataeans,an industrious Arab peoplewho settled at Petra morethan 2000 years ago, turningit into an important junction

for the silk, spice and othertrade routes that linked China,India and southern Arabiawith Egypt, Syria, Greece andRome. Petra is usuallyidentified as Sela in the bible,

Petra is the spot where Mosesstruck a rock with his staff andwater came forth, and whereMoses' brother, Aaron, isburied, at Mount Hor, knowntoday as Mount Aaron.


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Christ the Redeemer

is a statue of Christ in Rio de Janeiro,Brazil, and is located at the peak of theCorcovado mountain, The idea forcreating a large statue atop Corcovado

had been around since mid 1850s,when Catholic priest Pedro Maria Bossrequested financing from PrincessIsabel to build a large religiousmonument. Princess Isabel did notthink much of the idea, which wascompletely dismissed in 1889. Thesecond proposal for a landmark statueon the mountain was made in 1921 bythe Catholic Circle of Rio. The designsconsidered for the "Statue of theChrist" included a representation ofthe Christian cross, a statue of Jesuswith a globe in his hands, and apedestal symbolizing the world. The

statue of Christ the Redeemer withopen arms was chosen. Constructiontook nine years, from 1922 to 1931.The monument was opened onOctober 12, 1931.


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Machu Picchu

is the site of an ancient Incacity, high in the Andes of Peru.

Located at 2,430 metres(8,000 ft), this UNESCO WorldHeritage site perched abovethe Urubamba river, is oftenreferred to as "The Lost Cityof the Incas", is one of themost familiar symbols of theIncan Empire, and is one ofthe most famous andspectacular sets of ruins inthe world. These ruins were

only rediscovered in 1911 bythe American archaeologistHiram Bingham. It is also theend point of the most popularhike in South America, theInca Trail.


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Chichen Itza

translates as "At the mouth ofthe well of the Itza" is thelargest of the archaeologicalcities of the pre-ColumbianMaya civilization in theYucatan Peninsula of Mexico.

It was granted World HeritageSite status in 1988 by UNESCOWorld Heritage Site.


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Aurora Borealis

The auroras, also known as the Northern or Southern Lights, are naturally occurringlights that create intriguing and spectacular displays in the sky. The aurora lightsfrequently appear as diffused glow lighting up the horizon. The most amazing sight iswhen the lights appear as waves across the sky; it is almost as if the lights aredancing.


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Grand Canyon

is a massive gorge located in the state of Arizona in the United States, and was created by theColorado River. Although not the steepest nor the longest canyon in the world, the GrandCanyon is recognized as a natural wonder because of the overall scale and size combined withthe beautifully colored landscape. Evidence suggests the Colorado River established its coursethrough the canyon at least 17 million years ago. Since that time, the Colorado River continuedto erode and form the canyon to the point we see it as today.


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Paricutin

paricutin volcano in 1994

is a cinder cone volcano in Michoacn, Mexico. It was established as a natural wonderbecause mankind witnessed its birth. Dominic Pulido, a farmer working in a cornfieldwitnessed the beginnings of Paricutin in 1943. The volcano has been dormant since the lasteruption in 1952. The volcano was also fast growing reaching three-fourths of its size withinthe first year.


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Victoria Falls -

is a waterfall located in southern Africa on the borders of Zambia and Zimbabwe. The ZambeziRiver serves as the fall's water source. With the collective height and width of the falls, it isattributed as the largest sheet of falling water in the world. The name Victoria Falls was givenby the Scottish explorer Dr. David Livingstone in honor of Queen Victoria.


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The great barrier reef -is the worlds largest individual formation created by living organisms. As the largest coral reef inthe world, the Great Barrier Reef includes over 900 islands, over 2,900 separate reefs, andsupports one of the most diverse ecosystems in the world. The reef is located in the Coral Sea,north-east Australia. A large part of the reef is protected by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park,which helps to limit the impact of human use, such as fishing and tourism.


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The Harbor of Rio de Janeiro

- is located in Brazil and was created by erosion from the Atlantic Ocean and is also known asGuanabara Bay. The Harbour is surrounded by gorgeous granite monolith mountains thatinclude the famous Sugar Loaf Mountain at 1,296 feet (395 m), Corcovado Peak at 2,310 feet(704 m), and the hills of Tijuca at 3,350 feet (1021 m). Visitors will also experience numerousislands including Governor's island, Fundao and Snakes Island.


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New Wonders of

Nature

Amazon Rainforest andRiver

This region includes

territory belonging to ninenations. The majority of the forestis contained within Brazil, with

60% of the rainforest, followedby Peru with 13%, and with minoramounts in Colombia, Venezuela,Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana,Suriname and France (FrenchGuiana). The Amazon represents

over half of the planet'sremaining rainforests, and itcomprises the largest and mostspecies-rich tract of tropicalrainforest in the world.


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Halong BayThe name H Long is derived fromthe Sino-Vietnamese , meaning"descending dragon".

According to local legend, whenVietnam had just started to developinto a country, they had to fightagainst invaders. To assist Vietnamesein defending their country, the godssent a family of dragons as protectors.This family of dragons began spittingout jewels and jade. These jewels

turned into the islands and isletsdotting the bay, linking together toform a great wall against the invaders.Using magic, numerous rockmountains abruptly appeared on thesea, ahead of invaders' ships. Afterwinning the battle, the dragons were

interested in Earth, and then decidedto live in this bay. The place where themother dragon descended was namedH Long, the place where the dragon's

children attended upon their motherwas called Bi T Long island.


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Iguazu Falls

are waterfalls of the IguazuRiver located on the border of the

Brazilian State of Paran and theArgentine Province of Misiones.

The name "Iguazu" comes fromthe Guarani words, meaning"water", and as, meaning "big".

Legend has it that a god plannedto marry a beautiful womannamed Naip, who fled with hermortal lover Tarob in a canoe. Inrage the god sliced the river,creating the waterfalls andcondemning the lovers to aneternal fall.The first European to

find the falls was theSpanish Conquistador lvarNez Cabeza de Vaca in 1541.


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Jeju island

Tourism commands a largefraction of Jeju's economy. Jeju's

temperate climate, naturalscenery, and beaches make it apopular tourist destination forSouth Koreans as well as visitorsfrom other parts of East Asia. Themost popular tourist spots on theislandare Cheonjeyeon and Cheon

jiyeon waterfalls, Mount Halla,Hyeobje cave, and Hyeongjeisland. Depending on the season,Jeju hosts many festivals fortourists including a penguinswimming contest in winter,cherry blossom festival in spring,the midsummer night beachfestival in summer, and Jeju horsefestival in autumn, among others.
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Komodo

Komodo is one of the17,508 islands that make up

the Republic of Indonesiathe inhabitants of the island aredescendants offormer convicts who were exiledto the island and who have mixedthemselves withthe Bugis from Sulawesi.

Particularly notable here is thenative Komodo dragon. Inaddition, the island is a populardestination for diving.


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Puerto Princesa

Underground River

Near Sabang town, St. PaulUnderground River


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Table Mountain

Table Mountain is a flat-topped mountain forming aprominent landmarkoverlooking the city of CapeTown in South Africa. It is asignificant tourist attraction,with many visitors using

the cableway or hiking to thetop. The mountain forms partof the Table MountainNational Park.

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